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    THE COLORS OF BIRDS.THE COLORS OF BIRDS.THE WATER-BUFFALO INTHE WATER-BUFFALO INDELTA RIVER AXIOS.DELTA RIVER AXIOS.

    11stst T.E.E POLICHNIST.E.E POLICHNIS

    2003-042003-04

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    SOME THOUGHTS

    DELTA RIVER AXIOS

    WETLANDS

    THE WATER-BUFFALO

    CONTRIBUTORS

    A DIFFERENT APPROACH

    THE COLORS OF BIRDS

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    MODEL:

    YIOLI DIMITRI

    CREATION:YIOTA PETALOTI

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    MODEL:DIMITRI YIOLI

    CREATION:

    YIOTA PETALOTI

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    MODEL:

    DIMITRI YIOLI

    CREATION:YIOTA PETALOTI

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    Their size is 28 cm. They have a characteristic bright-coloured plumage. They feed on beesand other insects. Their beak protects them from bee stings and they have developedbehaviour mechanisms for the removal of stings. It lives in groups, flies gracefully like theswallow, with its wings still. It prefers bushy areas.

    It nestles in colonies, in cavities dug out in slopes, sand dunes and river banks. It winters outin Africa and is a summer visitor to Europe. In the Axios delta, it makes small colonies ofnests in spring.

    BEE-EATER (MEROPS APIASTER}

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    MODEL:

    MINA LIAKOU

    CREATION:POPI TSAKIRI

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    I

    MODEL:MINA LIAKOU

    CREATION:POPI TSAKIRI

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    MODEL:MINA LIAKOU

    CREATION:POPI TSAKIRI

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    It has a length of 16 cm and its plumage a variety of colours. It stalks its aquatic prey anddives to a depth of 0.5 meters in 1.5 seconds, catching fish up to 7 cm long. It can hover overone location like a helicopter. It is a solitary bird and forms life-long permanent relationships,although this has not been verified scientifically. Fishermen complain that it decimates fish-stocks, environmentalists, however, insist that it feeds on aquatic insects, which in turn feed

    on fish larvae, and so in the end it actually protects fish production.In the Axios delta, it is observed throughout the year but especially in winter.

    HALCYONE (ALCEDO ATTHIS)

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    MODEL:CHRYSA KEKELIADOU

    CREATION:CHALKIA RANIA

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    MODEL:

    CHRYSA KEKELIADOU

    CREATION:RANIA CHALKIA

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    HOOPOE (UPOPA EPOPS)

    tI is about 30 cm long. It has distinct feathers on its crest which are black at the top. Its head, neckand breast have a brown-red colour. It mainly lives on the edge of forests bordering on meadows andpastures, where sheep graze. It hunts for insects and their larvae, seeking them with its beak in treecrevices, animal dung and in every cleft or hole it will find. It flies slowly like a butterfly, gracefully

    showing the black and white designs of its plumage. It is found throughout Europe as a migratory bird.It comes to the Axios delta to nestle in spring. The area is also important for migration.

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    MODEL:DIANA APOSTOLIDOU

    CREATION:CHRYSA KARPETOPOULOU

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    MODEL:DIANA APOSTOLIDOU

    CREATION:CHRYSA KARPETOPOULOU

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    MODEL:

    DIANA APOSTOLIDOU

    CREATION:CHRYSA KARPETOPOULOU

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    It has a distinctly long and pointed tail and colourful plumage, especially the male. Its idealhabitat is in small woods, alternating with forests, cultivated shrubs, pastures,thick hedges,sun-drenched slopes covered with shrubs, brooks and swamps. It is a mainly vegetarian bird,feeding on seeds of cereals corn, wheat, oats, forest fruit, roots and turnips, green leaves and

    young shoots. But it does not diregard worms, beetles or insects, even small reptiles, lizzardsor snakes. Occasionally, it also picks pieces of gravel which it stores in its crop; this facilitatesthe disintegration of food and its digestion.

    PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus)

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    MODEL:MARINA KOYIAVA

    CREATION:ELENI YIANNOPOULOU

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    A bird of creative invention

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    MODEL:LEDIA SELENITSA

    CREATION:DESPINA SIANOU

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    and a not-so-creative

    story of disappearance

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    MODEL:

    LEDIA SELENITSA

    CREATION:DESRENA SIANOU

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    WETLANDSWetlands have played a very important role in the history of mankind, being among the Earths most

    productive eco-systems.Wetlands are areas, natural or man-made, permanently or periodically inundated with water . They

    maintain aquatic flora and fauna, that is, species that depend on water for all or part of their lives.The term wetland, therefore, describes a great variety of habitats which usually come under thefollowing categories:

    #Coastal wetlands #Internal wetlands # Man-made wetlandsWetlands are important because:They are reservoirs of waterThey provide cleaner waterThey have biological wealthThey offer protection from floods and erosionThey help balance the climateThey offer protection from the greenhouse effectThey ofer a variety of subjects for scientific research and trainingThey are areas where various civilizations have left their mark.Despite the huge benefits which wetlands offer, they are still regarded today as sources of disease,

    obstacles to development or areas appropriate for draining and other uses.Their destruction in the developed countries has assumed such dimensions that the negative repercussions

    are already apparent:#Loss of the subterranean water deposits# Lack of adequate quantities for irrigation# Intense floods# Erosion# Accumulation of pollutants and other important problems.The populations of many plants and animals living in wetlands have begun falling. The losses have

    accelerated as mechanical equipment and draining methods have improved.

    GREEK WETLANDS ARE DISAPPEARING

    In Macedonia, 37.7% of lakes and 94.3% of swamps have been drained since 1930.In total, 75% of Macedonias wetlands and two-thirds of those in the northern Amvrakikos Gulf have been

    lost in the last 45 years.Wetlands are threatened by:Draining, designed to turn them into farm land.Qualitative downgrading. Illegal hunting, unlicensed construction activity, burning of reed-thickets, illegal

    logging, overgrazing and overfishing.

    Excessive drawing of water. It results in the penetration of sea-water which downgrades its quality.Destruction of riverside vegetation which reduces their protective potential against erosion and flooding.

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    The western coast of Thermaikos Gulf hosts one of our countrys most important wetlands. Four rivers havecontributed to its formation:Gallikos: It is 65 km long. In recent years, due to the intense drawing of water for the requirements of theThessaloniki conurbation and its industrial area, the river dried up and its estuary subsided. As a result, sea-water

    has flooded large areas and created marshes and shallow swamps.Axios: It is the longest river in the Balkans, 380 km, of which 74 are in Greece.Loudias: It is the shortest of the four rivers. It flows out west of Axios and does not form a delta.Aliakmonas: It is Greeces longest river, 350 km, and flows out west of Loudias into Thermaikos Gulf. Its deltaspreads out over an area of 2,200 hectares. The soil is fertile and favour the growth of varied vegetation, whichincludes the alophytic zone, covering most of the delta, shrubland and thrifts along the river bed, reed thickets,prairies with rushes, aquatic vegetation and trees. There are more than 500 species of flora. A total of 215species of birds have been observed, of which 79 are permanent inhabitants. Herons, spoonbills, glossy ibis,cormorants, black winged stilt, avocets etc have been observed.

    Some birds under immediate threat of extinction, or are extremely rare worldwide, like the easternwhite pelecan,dalmatian pelecan, sea eagle, slender-billed curlew, pygmy cormorant. Human activities include agriculture, animalfarming and fishing. The are accounts for 70% of the countrys total rice production. Animal farming has beenrestricted in recent years, and grazing animals are mainly cattle and 50 water buffalos. Fishing is an importanteconomic activity in the area, and concerns many species of fish and shells, mainly mussels. Thermaikos Gulfaccounts for 90% of the countrys mussel production.What are the effects of the human presence? (Note that the wetland is protected under the RAMSAR Treaty, inwhich it is listed as an internationally important wetland).

    DELTA OF AXIOS

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    Illegal construction: Dispersed in the estuaries of Axios and Loudias are mussel-farming installations.Small tavernas and holiday huts of people from neighbouring villages have begun making theirappearance in the same areas. Unfortunately, all these constructions are unlicensed and multiplying.Recently, wooden huts of doubtful aesthetics have been erected in the framework of the EU LEADERprogram, but the unlicensed constructions remain.

    Animal farming: Unlicensed constructions have also been erected as stables, mainly for cattle. Largenumbers of cattle, which are difficult for the eco-system to support, graze in Axioss extended riverbed.Agriculture: Extensive rice cultivation causes pollution from fertilizers and pesticides.

    Hunting: It is supposed to be strictly banned in the area. However, a visit in winter suffices for one torealize the existence of hundreds of spent cartridges. Further evidence is offered by the fact thatmany wounded birds at the Greek Centre for the Rehabilitation of Wild Animals (EKPAZ) come fromthe particular area. As if this were not enough, a makeshift shooting range was recently set up nearGallikos river (designated as protection area A).

    Garbage dumps: A garbage dump is operated on the eastern edge of Kalohori marshland by the localmunicipality. Another dump site, operated by the Halastra municipality, lies to the west and a shortdistance from the extended bed of the Axios river.

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    A. THE FORMATION OF:

    1.MELANIN: This is the most common pigment in plumage. The more

    melanin there is,the darker the colour. Melanin produces black,grey, dark brown, light brown, brick red, light yellow.

    2. CAROTENE: Pigments obtained by birds through their food, such asyellow carotene from seeds, grass and other plant material. Theyproduce bright yellow and bright red colours

    3. PORPHYRINES: Pigments related to blood components (such ashaemoglobin). They Produce brown and red-brown.

    4. STRUCTURAL COLOURS: These colours are due to the analysis ofwhite light, due to the structure of the feather. They producewhite, blue and green.5. IRIDATION (?)Due to the synthesis of

    filters in the cell walls (keratin) or to melanin particles.

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    B. FUNCTION

    Birds colourings help them survive and are not for decorative

    purposes.Plumage that has one of the pigments referred to aboveis stronger(melanin is linked to increased quantities of keratin) andabsorb heat from the suns rays, which is sometimes useful tobirds. They also block harmful ultra-violet solar radiation,protecting birds sensitive skins from sunburn. Even birds withwhite plumage have either black sins (melanin) or grey plumage

    beneath the white (such as seagulls and pelicans).Generally thepigments are distinguished as cryptics and phanerics.

    1. Crypticsf. Plumage colour matches the external environment. So if birds live

    in an earthy or sandy environment they have a soft-smoothpigmentation pattern. If they live on stony ground they have a

    rough pigmentation pattern. By the same token, the colours changeaccording to the season (winter-summer, winter-summer suit).

    g. Contrasting colours co-existing in plumage pigmentation reducethebirds three-dimensional image and transform it into a flat,invisible object.

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    c. The plumage of a number of birds has separate colour segmentsthatprevent them from being recognized (ducks, . Etc.) by apotentialpredator

    2. Phanericsd. Distinguishing colours are needed as a sign for rapid recognition of

    a friend as distinct from foe or to keep a flock together. A birdhas to be wearing the right clothes in order to belong to a socialgroup of the same species

    e. Distinguishing colours as recognition signs are of

    considerableimportance for reproduction, as they enable birds torecognise members of the opposite sex

    f. Many species use colours as part of their mating rituals, to attractmates, to arouse them and coordinate the male and femalereproductive cycles.

    g. Colours can be used as a warning or to frighten off predators.

    Thus they are used as a means of preserving strength, since theyavert conflict.h. Strong, rich colours (usually in the male) attract foes away from

    the nest, in contrast to the camouflage colours of the female whostay in the nest to protect the young.

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    Efforts must be stepped up to increase the number of buffalos because:Their ability to adapt to even unfavourable environments must not be lost for ever.Their populations offer a significant amount of genetic information.

    Our future needs in buffalo products and services are uknown. Also, it is impossible toforesee either future diseases or the available sources of animal foods.We have no right to destroy the native genetic material which we inherited from our

    ancestors and which rightfully belongs to our descendants.

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    SOME THOUGHTSSOME THOUGHTS

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    SOME THOUGHTSSOME THOUGHTS.several noteworthy animal species prevailed, which were better adapted to the new intensive

    production systems and demands of the market. On the other hand many other species, whose

    breeding was linked to the intensive exploitation of a particular environment, decline and some even

    became extinct. A. Georgoudis, professor, animal production sector, Agronomy Department,

    Thessaloniki University.The wetlands are disappearing, for various reasons, and along with them dozens of species of the

    animal kingdom are at risk.

    An example: Now only about 50 animals of the Mediterranean sub-species of waterbuffalo remain

    in the region, one of the last remaining in Greece, compared to 100000 animals in the whole of the

    country 50 years ago.

    Also are being disappeared many of the representatives of the winged species. The colour of birds

    plumage is adapted to the need to survive in their natural habitat. It is the result of the evolutionaryprocess of adaptation over thousands of years in an environment that has changed extremely

    slowly in the human concept of time. The colours therefore do not help them survive in an

    environment that Is changing rapidly due to human intervention.

    The purpose of the programme was to help school students realise the importance of conserving

    the Axios River Delta and wetlands in general, to study the dangers arising from uncontrolled

    human intervention, and to draw conclusions in a broader section of society.

    I am well aware of the students ability to influence society outside their school, displaying the

    talents and the knowledge they acquire at the school.The applied educational process at this project was mainly experienced in field. So many visits at

    Delta River Axios were taken place by the students and pictures were taken as well. Also students

    practiced with each other, the technique of body-painting which is part of the school curriculum,

    focusing on the bird colours and the head of the water Buffalo .

    Hopping that I accomplished the goal of the project

    KLEANTHIS VASDOKAS teacher/coordinator

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