KEF1_Εφαρμογές Πληροφορικής 2014.pdf

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    1: -

    1: (Hardware)

    2: (Software)

    3:

    4:

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    (Hardware)

    1.1 1.2 ()1.3 1.4

    -

    .

    :

    . . . -

    .

    ; ; ; ; ;

    , (Hardware), , , , , , ,, , ,

    . (hardware).

    (hardware) , . . .

    1

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    9 (Hardware)

    1

    1.1.

    1.2. Blue Gene/P Argonne NationalLab - 250.000 .

    1.3.

    1.1

    . -

    . (), , - ., . - , - .

    -

    , . :

    (supercomputers) -

    (mainframes) ,

    (personal computers - PC) (laptops, netbooks, ultrabooks)

    (smartphones)

    (tablets) (.. SMART -

    ) ( , ).

    , , , - , -

    .

    . , - .

    1945 -- - .

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    ( ) .

    . , , . ( ). - :

    () ( )

    .

    , , :

    (webcamera) (scanner)

    : .

    , - . -

    .

    1.4.

    1.1.

    1.2. -

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    - -

    - -.

    (Motherboard)

    (motherboard) - . -

    , - . -:

    (cpu socket) .

    ( 1.9).

    (chipset) ,

    Flash ROM, - BIOS ( /)

    -

    ,

    -,

    :

    () PS/2 () USB

    - - .

    1.5.

    - -

    - - .

    - BIOS -

    .

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    1.6.

    1.8. (wafer) -

    1.7. -

    1.2 ()

    (Central Processing Unit CPU) -

    -.

    , - :

    (Arithmetic andLogic Unit ALU), - (, , , -) (, , ,).

    , . , - . , /.

    (Registers), , - . - : (Program Counter),

    , -.

    (Instruction Register). . -, , -

    . (Accumulator), - .

    - :

    . (Instruction Set

    Architecture - ISA), (word size).

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    1 (Hardware)

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    - ,

    . - . 2 4 GHz.

    - . - -, .

    , CISC RISC. CISC , -. , RISC , . , o - .

    -

    . 0 1 (bit) . . , - . , - .

    32 bit 64 bit.

    - - -

    . , - -. -

    Hertz (), - (Heinrich RudolfHertz). (1)Hz (Hertz) . kHz (1000 Hz) MHz (1.000.000 Hz).

    (pipeline)

    - . - .

    .

    (fetch) . - . (cache) (pipeline), .

    (decode). . , -

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    , - ,

    . -; :http://www.cpubenchmark.net/

    (opcode), , , .

    (execute) . , - .

    - (store writeback).

    -

    .

    ,

    . - . , . ,

    . , , - , .

    - (benchmarks), - .

    1.3.

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    1 (Hardware)

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    1.3

    - , -

    .

    -. , - . -, byte . - byte

    .

    - . (cells), .

    byte( 8 bit) 16, 32 64 bit. byte, - .

    -

    , - - -

    , - - -.. W. Burks, . . Goldstine,

    J. von Neumann

    -

    -

    (1946)

    32 bit -

    232 = 4294967296 .

    64 bit - ;

    1.4.

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    1.1. DRAM

    chip

    (ns)

    (ns)

    (ns)

    1980 64Kbit DRAM 180 150 250

    1983 256Kbit DRAM 150 120 220

    1986 1Mbit DRAM 120 100 190

    1989 4Mbit DRAM 100 80 165

    1992 16Mbit DRAM 80 60 120

    1996 64Mbit SDRAM 70 50 110

    1998 128Mbit SDRAM 70 50 100

    2000 256Mbit DDR1 65 45 90

    2002 512Mbit DDR1 60 40 80

    2004 1Gbit DDR2 55 35 70

    2006 2Gbit DDR2 50 30 60

    2010 4Gbit DDR3 36 28 37

    2012 8Gbit DDR3 30 24 31

    . -

    2 4 GB - .

    - (Random Access Memory RAM) , , - (Dynamic Random-Access Memory DRAM), . :

    (access time), - .

    (cycle time), . , - - . , - ,

    , (refresh time) .

    (bandwidth), - . - MB/s.

    -. , .

    bit -

    0 1.

    1 byte = 8 bit1 KB = 210byte = 1024 byte1 MB = 220byte = 1024 KB1 GB = 230byte = 1024 MB1 TB = 240byte = 1024 GB

    1.9. DDR

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    1 (Hardware)

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    1.4

    2700 .. 2300 .. , -

    . -. , Pascal(1642), (1837) - (1890).

    - . -

    . - (Colossus), - (vacuumtubes), . ENIAC, - .

    - (transistor) -

    . - (integrated circuit) chip. , . - , . - . , - (Small-Scale Integration - SSI),

    (MSI) 70 (LSI).

    - . , (1945-1955), (1955-1965) (1965-1980). 1980 , - (VLSI).

    1.10. Pascal

    1.11.

    1.12. (transistor)

    1.13.

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    , - , , (microprocessor). -

    . .

    , (PDA) . - - . -

    (smartphones), , - .

    (Moore), . , -.

    -

    , . - , . , 3D - , ( ), (GPU).

    . (CRT)

    OLED (organic light-emitting diode). - (wearable) . -(virtual reality - VR)

    1.16.

    -

    ( ). , - - - .

    -

    , . - -

    .

    1.14. CRT

    1.15. OLED

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    (augmented reality - AR).

    (Hard Disk Drive HDD), 8TB,

    (Solid State Drives - SSD). - - .

    - . . , -

    , . , , - . .

    - . , , -

    laser 3D . , . , - . , ;

    1.18.3D

    1.19.

    1.17.

    - -

    - -

    .