karsikSaRsavRCavG MBI R)ak;Q ñÜlGb,brmasRmab ;]sSahkm μkat ...€¦2 / 55 matika...

karsikSaRsavRCavGMBI R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmasRmab;]sSahkm μkat;edrkm<úCa

éf¶TI 30 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2009

eroberogeday ³

bNÐit kg c½nÞtarar½tñ lIv daENt

viTüasßankm<úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_

KaMRTeday ³ mCÄmNÐlGb;rMc,ab;sRmab;shKmn_

mGcs

CLEC

v iTüas ß ankm < úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_

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matika esckþIEføgGMNrKuN 6

xøwmsarsegçb 7

EpñkTI 1 ³ savtarénKeRmag 14

1> R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenARbeTskm<úCa 14

2> eKalbMNgénkarRsavRCav 15

3> dMeNIrkarénkarRsavRCav 15

EpñkTI 2 ³ EbbbTsRmab;kMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 17

4> niymn½yénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 17

5> ninñakarénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmakñúgsklelak 17

6> CMh‘anénkarviPaK 20

7> eKalbMNgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 21

8> ktþacaM)ac;EdlRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgkarKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 23

9> rUbmnþKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 24

EpñkTI 3 ³ lT§plénkarRsavRCav 25

10> GMBIkmμkr 25

10>1 savtar 25 10>2 sßanPaBRKYsar 26 10>3 sßanPaBkargar 27

11> ehtuGVI)anCacaM)ac;RtUvmanR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma? ¬eKalbMNg¦ 30

12> etIktþaGVIxøHEdlKYrEtRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgkarKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma? ¬ktþacaM)ac;¦ 33

12>1 ktþacaM)ac;TI 1 ³ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkrkat;edr 33

12>2 ktþacaM)ac;TI 2 ³ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk 44

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13> R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv 45

14> karBinitüeLIgvijelIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 47

15> kareRbobeFobR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaCamYynwgsUcnakrsMxan;² 48

15>1 ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk 48 15>2 R)ak;QñÜlmFüm (GDP mñak;² ) 49 15>3 témøbEnßmkñúgkm μkrmñak;² 51

15>4 kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg 52

EpñkTI 4 ³ esckþIsnñidæan nig Gnusasn_ 54

ÉksarBieRKaH 55

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bBa¢IrUbPaB rUbPaBTI 1 ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenAbNþaRbeTsnaMsemøókbMBak;ecjsMxan;² ¬KitCa PPP$ / 2007¦ 19 rUbPaBTI 2 ³ CMh‘anénkarviPaKénkarRsavRCav 21

rUbPaBTI 3 ³ rUbmnþTUeTAsRmab;karKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 24 rUbPaBTI 4 ³ TMhMRKYsar 27

rUbPaBTI 5 ³ cMnYnkmμkreTAtamcMnYnqñaMénbTBiesaFn_kargarkñúgeragcRkbc©úb,nñ 28 rUbPaBTI 6 ³ R)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg tamFatupSM 29 rUbPaBTI 7 ³ R)ak;QñÜlCak;EsþgKitCatémøbc©úb,nñ tamextþ ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 30 rUbPaBTI 8 ³ eKalbMNgtRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma-tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;km μkrkat;edr 30 rUbPaBT I 9 ³ etImanbERmbRmYlenAkñúgR)ak;Efmem:agkñúgqñaM2009xøHeT? 32

rUbPaBTI 10 ³ ktþacaM)ac;tRmUv[dak;bBa©ÚlkñúgR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 33

rUbPaBTI 11 ³ cMNayCamFümelItRmUvkarcaM)ac; tammuxcMNay ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 34 rUbPaBTI 12 ³ cMNayCamFümelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 35 rUbPaBTI 13 ³ cMNayCamFümelIGahar tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 36 rUbPaBTI 14 ³ R)ak;QñÜlCak;EsþgKittaméføbc©úb,nñ nig cMNayelIGahar tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 36 rUbPaBTI 15 ³ cMNayCamFümelIkarsñak;enA tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 38 rUbPaBTI 16 ³ cMNayCamFümelIkareFVIdMeNIr nig karTMnak;TMng tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex ¦ 40 rUbPaBTI 17 ³ cMNayCamFümelIsemøókbMBak; tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 41

rUbPaBTI 18 ³ cMNayCamFümelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 43

rUbPaBTI 19 ³ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦ 44 rUbPaBTI 20 ³ rUbmnþKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 45 rUbPaBTI 21 ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv ¬esNarIy:UTI 1¦ 46 rUbPaBTI 22 ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv ¬esNarIy:UTI 2¦ 47

rUbPaBTI 23 ³ ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk nig R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma ¬kñúg1éf¶-éføduløarbc©úb,nñ¶¦ 49 rUbPaBTI 24 ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma nig GDPmñak;² ¬qñaM2009¦ 50 rUbPaBTI 25 ³ témøbEnßm nig R)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg kñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr ¬2004-2009¦ 51

rUbPaBTI 26 ³ TMhMénPaBcMeNjenAkñúg]sSahkm μkat;edr enARbeTsmYycMnYn ¬°¦ 53

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bBa¢Itarag tarag 1 ³ TMhMsMNak 16 taragTI 2 ³ kRmitvb,Fm’rbs;GñkRtUv)ansmÖasn_ 25 taragTI 3 ³ cMnYnGñkRtUv)ansmÖasn_EdlCYlbnÞb;sñak;enA 38 taragTI 4 ³ etImuxcMNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;mYyNaEdlsMxan;bMput? 43

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esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

tagnam[RkumsikSaRsaRCav ´sUmGrKuNcMeBaHGgÁkar Oxfam Novib Edl)anpþl;mUlniFi tamry³ mCÄmNÐlGb;rMc,ab;sRmab;shKmn_ ¬CLEC¦ dl;karsikSaRsavRCavd¾mansar³sMxan;enH CaBiess sUmGrKuNcMeBaHelak emOn tula RbFankm μviFIsiTi§kargarenA CLEC Edl)anpþÜcepþImKMniteFVI[KeRmagenH dMeNIrkaredayrlUn .

h

´k¾sUmGrKuNy:agRCaleRCAbMput cMeBaHkm μkrkat;edrTaMgGs;Kña Edl)ancMNayeBlevlad¾mantémø RBmTaMgkmøaMgkaynigcitþ edIm,IcUlrYmpþl;karsmÖasn_CamYyRkumRsavRCavrbs;eyIg´ k¾dUcCakarBiPakSa CaRkumpgEdr . RbsinebIminmankic©shRbtibtþikarBI;GñkTaMgGs;KñaeT karsikSaRsavRCavenHBuMGacdMeNIr kareTA)aneLIy .

h

CaTIbBa©b;enH ´sUmEføgGMNrKuNCaBiessdl;buKÁlik énviTüasßankm<úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_ Edl)an CYydl;kargarsikSaRsavRCavenH edayminKitBIPaBenOyht; EdleFVI[KeRmagenHseRmceCaKC½ykñúg ry³eBld¾xøI RBmTaMgGrKuNpgEdrdl;GñksRmbsRmYlenAmUldæan nig GñkbBa©ÚlTinñn½yEdlbMeBjkargar y:agmanRbsiT§PaB kñúgkarsikSaRsavRCavenH .

bNÐit kg c½nÞtarar½tñ RbFanRkumKeRmag naykviTüasßankm<úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_ ¬CIDS¦

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xøwmsarsegçb EpñkTI 1 ³ savtarénKeRmag qñaM1997 c,ab;kargarkm<úCaRtUv)anGnum½t ehIy)anpþl;siT§idl;RksYgkargarkñúgkarkMNt;kRmitR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmasRmab;kargarRKb;vis½yTaMgGs; . taMgBIeBlenaHmk manEt]sSahkm μ vaynP½NÐ semøókbMBak; nig Es,keCIg ¬niyay[xøI ]sSahkmμkat;edr¦ b:ueNÑaHeT EdlmanR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUv)ankMNt;esμInwg 50duløarkñúg1Exnabc©úb,nñ . KN³kmμaFikarRkumRbwkSakargar ¬LAC¦ nwgBinitüR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaeLIgvij kñúgqñaM 2010 . rhUtmkdl;bc©úb,nñkal minmanRbkassþIBIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma ehIyk¾minmansþg;dar sRmab;karkMNt;kRmitsmRsbeT .

mCÄmNÐlGb;rMc,ab;sRmab;shKmn_ ¬CLEC¦ )anesñIsuM[viTüasßankm<úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_ ¬CIDS¦ eFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav edIm,ICamUldæankñúgkarbegáItEbbbTmYy RbkbedaytmøaPaB nig gayRsYlkñúgkar kMNt; R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv sRmab;]sSahkmμkat;edrkm<úCa . karsikSaRsavRCavenHk¾nwgpþl;KuN RbeyaCn_Edr dl;vis½ydéTeTot edaybgðajpøÚvkñúgkarerobcMRkbx½NÐbBaØtþi sþIBIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma . elIsBIenHeTot karsikSaRsavRCavenHk¾mansar³sMxan; sRmab;KN³kmμaFikarRkumRbwkSakargarpgEdr dUcCa pþl;nUvTinñn½yf μ I²bMput nig karviPaKGMBIsßanPaBkm μkrkat;edr .

karsikSaRsavRCavenHEp¥kelImUldæanbIKW ³ r)aykarN_ nig ÉksarGMBIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenARbeTsdéT eTot bTsmÖasn_CamYykmμkrkat;edrcMnYn300nak;enAkñúgtMbn;cMnYn5 ¬TIRkugPñMeBj extþkMBg;qñaMg extþkNþal extþRBHsIhnu nigextþsVayerog¦ nig kic©BiPakSaRkumeKaledACamYynwgkm μkr kat;edrcMnYn50nak;enAkñúg tMbn;TaMg5 . EpñkTI 2 ³ EbbbTénkarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma edIm,I[manmUldæanrYmkñúgkarcrcaRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB dMbUgeyIgRtUvdwgniymn½yénBakü {R)ak;QñÜlGb, brma} . eBlxøH BaküdUcCa {cMNUlGb,brma} nig {R)ak;QñÜlsmrmü} RtUv)aneRbIRcLMCamYynwgBakü

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{R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma} ebIeTaHbIGtßn½yénBaküxagelIenHxusKñak¾eday . {R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma} CaR)ak; QñÜlmYyEdlnieyaCkminGacbnÞabkRmitva)an ehIykRmitrbs;vaRtUv)ankMNt; nig Fanaedayc,ab; . {cMNUlGb,brma} CakRmitcMNUlmYyEdlFana[Blrdæmñak; nigRKYsarrbs;eKrs;)anenAkñúgsgÁm eday minGaRs½yeTAelIRbePTkargarrbs;eKeT . {R)ak;QñÜlsmrmü} CaR)ak;QñÜlmYyEdlmankRmitRKb;RKan; sRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig RKYsar RBmTaMgmansl;sRmab;snSMedIm,IGnaKt .

kñúgGMLúgeBlBIqñaM 2001 dl; 2007 R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenAkñúgBiPBelak)anekIneLIgCamFüm 5/7°

kñúg1qñaM EdlkñúgRbeTseCOnelOnman 3/8° enAeBlEdlkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_man 6/5° kñúg1qñaM . enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgGs;EdlQanmuxeKkñúgkarnaMsemøókbMBak;ecj )anGnuvtþn_R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmasRmab; kmμkrkat;edr . KitCakmøaMgTijénR)ak;duløarnAkñúgRbeTsGaemrik ¬PPP$¦ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmamankRmit x<s;bMputenAkñúgRbeTsétv:an; ¬955 PPP$¦ enAeBlEdlkmμkrkñúgRbeTsbg;køaedsTTYl)ankRmitTabbMput ¬69 PPP$¦ kñúgqñaM 2007 . kRmitR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenARbeTskm<úCaKW 156 PPP$ TabCagenARbeTs cinEdlman 204 PPP$ b:uEnþRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgRbeTs\NÐÚensuI ¬142 PPP$¦ nigRbeTsevotNam ¬120 PPP$¦ kñúgqñaM 2007 .

ebIeTaHbICaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma KWCa]bkrN_TUeTAsRmab;neya)aykat;bnßyPaBRkIRkk¾eday k¾mkdl;eBl enHenAminTan;mansþg;darrYmmYysRmab;KNnakRmitrbs;va[)anRtwmRtUvenAeLIyeT . b:uEnþ CaeKallkarN_ rUbmnþsRmab;KNnaRtUvKitGMBIeKalbMNg nig lkçN³vinicä½yEdltRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma .

karsikSaRsavRCavenHnwgbgðajBIrebobKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUvmYy edayeRbIviFIsa®sþCabICMh‘anKW ³ 1¦ kMNt;eKalbMNgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 2¦ kMNt;ktþacaM)ac;TaMgLayeTAkñúgR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma nig 3¦sRmYlrUbmnþKNnaeTAtamCMh‘anTI1 nig TI2 . CMh‘anTI1 nigTI2 RtUvEtKitKUrGMBIsßanPaBCak;Esþg rbs;kmμkr RBmTaMgtRmUvkarrbs;eK dUecñHehIy RtUvBwgEp¥kelIkarsmÖasn_ nigBiPakSaCamYyRkumeKaledA . tamry³enH eyIgGacFanafa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEdlrkeXIj vanwgRtwmRtUv RBmTaMgqøúHbBa©aMgBItRmUvkar caM)ac;rbs;kmμkr .

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tamry³ÉksarRsavRCav eKalbMNgrYmrbs;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaman ³ FanatRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr ¬eBlxøHRBmTaMgGñkkñúgbnÞúk¦/ karBarkarFøak;cuHénR)ak;QñÜl/ elIkTwkcitþ[RbwgeFVIkar/ nigeFVI[mansmPaB kñúgkarTTYlplénkMeNInesdækic© ¬smPaBénR)ak;cMNUl¦ . eRkayBIeyIgdwgGMBIeKalbMNgxagelIénR)ak; QñÜlGb,brma eyIgnwgkMNt;ktþacaM)ac;TaMgLayEdlRtUvrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkRmitrbs;va . CaTUeTAktþacaM)ac; TaMgLayEdleKykmkKitKW ³ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr ¬eBlxøHRBmTaMgGñkkñúgbnÞúk¦/ kRmitTUeTA R)ak;QñÜl/ RbB½n§snþisuxsgÁm nig ktþaesdækic© dUcCa kRmiténPaBK μankargareFVI/ plitPaBkargar nig PaBRbkYtRbECg .

EpñkTI 3 ³ lT§plénkarRsavRCav GñkEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_man 90° CaRsþIEdlmanGayuCamFüm24qñaM . eKTaMgenaHPaKeRcInenAlIv ehIyCa GñkrkcMNUleGayRKYsar . 94° énkmμkrKWminmankRmitvb,Fm’elIsBIfñak;TI9eLIy . esÞIrEtkmμkr TaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgPñMeBj ¬90°¦ KWmkBIextþ CaBiessmkBIéRBEvg nig extþkMBg;cam . RsedogKñaenHEdr kmμkr 67° eFVIkarenAkñúgextþkNþal nig kñúgextþRBHsIhnu KWCakmμkrcMNakRsuk . cMENkÉkmμkreFVIkar enAextþsVayerog nigextþkMBg;qñaMgKWCaRbCaCnkñúgextþ . RKYsarrbs;km μkrkat;edrCamFümmansmaCik 4nak; EdlkñúgenaH2nak;CaGñkrkcMNUlciBa©wmRKYsar . 60° én300RKYsar kmμkrEdleyIg)ansmÖasn_ minmanR)ak;cMNUleRcInCag50duløarkñúg1ExeT ¬edayminrab;bBa©ÚlR)ak;Exrbs;km μkr ¦ .

km μkrcMnYnTaMg300nak;KWmkBIeragcRkcMnYn 74 . PaKeRcInénkmμkrTaMgenaHeFVIkarkñúgEpñkedr Edlman bTBiesaFn_kargarkñúg]sSahkmμcMnYn3qñaM nig 2/5qñaMenAkñúgeragcRkbc©úb,nñ . 49° énkmμkrKWCasmaCik énshCIB . CamFüm kmμkrrkcMNUlCak;Esþg)an 86/88duløarkñúg1Ex kñúgry³eBlcugeRkayenH . km μkrenAkñúgextþRBHsIhnuGacrk)aneRcInCageKbMput ¬90/17duløarkñúg1Ex¦ eBlEdlkm μkrenAkñúgextþ sVayerogrk)anticCageKbMput ¬82/56duløarkñúg1Ex¦ . CaTUeTA kmμkredrsuIbug nig¼b¤ EdlmanEfm em:ageRcIn rkcMNUl)aneRcInCagkRmitmFümkmμkrTUeTArk)an .

eyagtamkarBiPakSaCaRkumCamYynwgkmμkrenAkñúgextþcMnYn 5 mankaryl;eXIjCarYmfa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma BitCacaM)ac; edIm,IeKalbMNg2y:ag ³ 1¦FanatRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr nigGñkkñúgbnÞúk nig 2¦ karBar

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karFøak;cuHénR)ak;QñÜl . Tak;TgnwgeKalbMNgTI1 km μkr)anbBa¢ak;fa katBVkic©cm,grbs;eKKW eFVIkar kat;edr edIm,I)ancMNUlCaluyeTA[RKYsar . Rbsinkm μkrrkcMNUlmin)anRKb;RKan;epJIeTApÞHeT «Bukmþay rbs;eKnwgehAeK[RtLb;eTApÞHvij . dUecñH R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUvEtFana[)antRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs; km μkr nigGñkkñúgbnÞúk . Tak;TgnwgeKalbMNgTI2 R)ak;QñÜlbbc©úb,nñrbs;km μkrKWBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelI cMNUlBIem:agEfm . enAeBlEdlesdækic©Føak;cuH dUcbc©úb,nñenH KYbpSMnwgkarRbkYtRbECgd¾twgEtgenAkñúg ]sSahkm μkat;edr karfycuHénR)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg edaysarkarkat;bnßy b¤ bM)at;em:agEfm kmμkrmin manlT§PaBkñúgkaredaHRsaytRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;eKnigGñkkñúgbnÞúkeT. edIm,IFana dl;CIvitkargarrbs;kmμkr vaCaerOgcaM)ac;bMputtRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmamYyFanaedayc,ab; EdlCakRmitTabbMputénkarFøak;cuH rbs;R)ak;QñÜl.

RsbtameKalbMNgTaMgBIr kmμkr)anTamTarktþaBIrsMxan;²dak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma ³ 1¦ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig 2¦ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk . ktþaTaMgBIrenHRtUvEtbMeBj[)an edIm,IFana[mankmøaMgBlkmμRKb;eBlsRmab;]sSahkmμkat;edr EdlCamUldæand¾caM)ac;sRmab;esßrPaB nig nirnþPaB én]sSahkmμkat;edr CaBiesskñúgeBlEdlesdækic©kMBugFøak;cuH .

tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkrEdlRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH KWEp¥kelIxÞg;cMNaybc©úb,nñrbs;km μkr elItRmUvkarcaM)ac; b:uEnþvaGacminqøúHbBa©aMg BItRmUvkarBitEdlcaM)ac; sRmab;RTRTg;suxPaB . Ep¥ktam lT§plénkarRsavRCavenH kmμkrcMNay CamFüm56/99duløarkñúg1ExsRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;eK Edlkñúg enaH32/79duløarsRmab;Gahar nig 24/20duløar sRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac;déTeTotdUcCa sRmab;karsñak;enA kareFVIdMeNIr semøókbMBak; karEfTaMsuxPaB .l. ebIeTaHbItRmUvkarcaM)ac;maneRcInRbePTk¾eday kmμkr TaMgGs;yl;eXIjfa cMNayeTAelImðÚbGaharCaGaTiPaBTI1 enAeBlEdlsRmab;suxPaBCaGaTiPaBTI2 . eRBaHeKyl;fa ebIcMNaysRmab;ktþaTaMgBIrenHminRKan;eT enaHeKk¾minGaceFVIkar)anEdr .

kñúgkarKNnatRmUvkarcaM)ac;énGñkkñúgbnÞúkrbs;kmμkr RkumRsavRCav)anEp¥keTAelITwkR)ak;EdlkmμkrcaM)ac;RtUv epJIeTARKYsarRbcaMEx . kRmitTabbMputénR)ak;beBaØIKWCakgVHxatrbs;RKYsar EdlvaCakatBVkic©rbs;kmμkrRbcaMEx

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sRmab;RKYsar . qøgtamRkumBiPakSa kmμkrRtUvEtepJIy:agehacNas;k¾15duløarkñúg1ExEdr edIm,ICYyedaHRsay karrs;enArbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk .

eyageTAtameKalbMNg nigktþacaM)ac;Edlkmμkrkat;edr)ansMNUmBreLIg rUbmnþsRmab;KNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb, brmamYyd¾RtwmRtUv nig smRsbeTAtamsßanPaB]sSahkmμkat;edrkm<úCa KW R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma = tRmUvkar caM)ac;rbs;kmμkr + tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk . tamry³rUbmnþenH eyIgKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEdl mankRmitepSg²Kña edayGaRs½yeTAelIesNarIy:UBIry:ag . esNarIy:UTI1 KWKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma eday Ep¥keTAelIxÞg;cMNaybc©úb,nñsRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr tamry³enHeyIgTTYl)anR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma mankRmit71/99duløarkñúg1Ex . esNarIy:UTI2KW KNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma edayEp¥kelIsßanPaBmYyEdl karcMNayrbs;kmμkrelIGaharmankRmitesμInwgkarcMNayrbs;mnusSTUeTA ¬BIkRmit1/06duløarkñúg1éf¶ ekIn eTA 1/15duløarkñúg1éf¶/ Ep¥ktamviTüasßanCatisßiti¦ . eBlenaH eyIgTTYl)anR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaman kRmit 74/85duløarkñúg1Ex .

km μkr)anbBa¢ak;fa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKYrEtBinitüemIleLIgvijCaerogral;qñaM edaysarmUlehtu3y:ag . TI1¦ suxPaBrbs;km μkrcuHexSayCaerogral;qñaM EdleFVI[cMNayekIneTAtamenaHEdr . TI2¦ sßanPaB esdækic©BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaMBi)aknwgsμanTuk. TI3¦ sßanPaBRKYsark¾ERbRbYlBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaMEdr dUcCa RtUv erobkar b¤ RtUvmankUnCaedIm .

CaTUeTA karbegáIt[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma vaGacbgá[manplvi)akGviC¢maneTAdl;esdækic© nig sgÁm EdldUecñHehIy vaCaerOgcaM)ac;bMputEdltRmUv[mankareRbobeFobkRmitR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEdlrkeXIj CamYynwgsUcnakrsMxan;²déTeTot ³ - ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaesμInwg 71/99duløarkñúg1Ex b¤ 2/32duløarkñúg1éf¶ KWsßitenA

EpñkxagelIputExSbnÞat; Edlesμ I0/81duløarenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj 0/68duløarenAtamCayRkug nig 0/61duløarenACnbT .

- R)ak;QñÜlmFüm ³ sUcnakrenHCaTUeTARtUv)aneRbIsRmab;vas;emIlPaBminesμIKñaénR)ak;QñÜlenAkñúg esdækic© . tambTBiesaFn_ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmad¾RtwmRtUvKWmankRmitesμ Inwg 111° énGDPmñak;²

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¬ebIKitCaéføTMnijbc©úb,nñ¦ b¤ 115° én GDPmñak;² ¬ebIKitCatémøefr¦ . k¾b:uEnþ sUcnakrvamin sMxan;sRmab;krNIRbeTskm<úCaeT edaysarmUlehtuBIry:ag . TI1 eKalbMNgEdltRmUv[man R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKWminEmnedIm,Ikat;bnßyKmøaténR)ak;ExeT k¾b:uEnþ KWedIm,IFanatRmUvkarcaM)ac; rbs;kmμkr nig GñkkñúgbnÞúk RBmTaMgkarBarkarFøak;cuHénR)ak;QñÜl . TI2 GDPmñak;² ¬64/37 duløarkñúg1Ex KitCaéføTMnijbc©úb,nñ¦ KWminRKb;RKan;eTsRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig Gñkkñúg bnÞúk ¬Edlman 71/99duløarkñúg1Ex¦ .

- témøbEnßmrbs;kmμkrmñak;;² ³ témøbEnßménkmμkrmñak;² KWCalT§plkargarEdlkmμkrmñak;²pþl;[ eragcRk ehIyvaKWCaRbPBénR)ak;QñÜlkmμkr . dUecñH vaCaerOgsMxan;bMputkñúgkarBinitüemIlPaKry énR)ak;QñÜlenAkñúgtémøbEnßmenaH . eyIgeXIjfa KmøatrvagR)ak;QñÜl nig témøbEnßménkm μkr mñak;²mankRmitFM ehIymanninñakarkan;EtFMeTot . kñúgGMLúgeBlBIqñaM 2004 dl; 2009 R)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþgrbs;kmμkr manCamFüm24°éntémøbEnßm; kñúgGMLúgqñaM 2007-2009 va)an Føak;cuHmkRtwm 19° . ebIeyIgeFVIkareRbobeFob RbeTscinman 34° nig RbeTs\NÐÚensuIman 25°

kñúgqñaM 2008 . mann½yfa kmμkrenARbeTsTaMgenaHTTYlcMENkénplkargareRcInCag km μkrenAkm<úCa .

- kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg ³ ebIeTaHCaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCamankRmitx<s;CagRbeTsdéT eTot ¬KitCaPPP$¦ k¾eday k¾TMhMénkarcMeNjenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrkm<úCa ¬31°¦ x<s;Cag RbeTsKURbkYtRbECgEdr ³ \NÐa ¬11/8°¦ \NÐÚensuI ¬10°¦ evotNam ¬6/5°¦ eN):al; ¬4/4°¦ nig RbeTscin ¬3/2° EdlTabCageKbMput¦ . dUecñH karekIneLIgénkRmitR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma vanwgmineFVI[RbeTskm<úCa)at;bg;kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg b¤k¾ElgCaRbeTseKaledAGñkvinieyaKeT .

EpñkTI 4 ³ esckþIsnñidæan nig Gnusasn_ sRmab;]sSahkm μkat;edrkm<úCa karsikSaRsavRCav)anbgðajfa ³ - R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmabc©úb,nñEdlesμInwg 50 duløarkñúg1Ex KWminRKb;RKan;sRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr

nig GñkkñúgbnÞúkeT . kmμkrRtUvkarticbMput 71/99 duløarkñúg1Ex kñúgenaH 56/99 duløar bMeBjtRmUv karcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig 15duløareTotbMeBjtRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúkrbs;eK . CaBiess km μkr)anesñIsuM[manR)ak;RKb;RKan;sRmab;cMNayelIGahar edIm,IrkSasuxPaB nig kmøaMgkñúg kargar .

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- caM)ac;RtUvBinitüR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaeLIgvijCaerogral;qñaM edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarpøas;bþÚrénsßanPaB esdækic© ¬dUcCa GtiprNa¦ nig suxPaBRTuteRTamRbcaMqñaM nigkarERbRbYlenAkñúgRKYsarrbs;kmμkr .

- enAtMbn;epSg²Kña vamincaM)ac;tRmUvkar[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaxus²KñaeT BIeRBaHcMNaysrubsRmab; tRmUvkarcaM)ac;KWesμ IKñaRKb;kEnøg . dUecñH vaKYrEtmanR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmaEtmYyKt; sRmab;]sSahkm μ kat;edrTaMgmUl .

- kñúgkarts‘UmtiedIm,ITamTarR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv vaKYrEtcab;epþImBIkRmit71/99duløarkñúg1Exsin BIeRBaHvaqøúHbBa©aMgBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñrbs;km μkr .

- karekIneLIgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmanwgmineFVI[RbeTskm<úCaxatbg;kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg b¤ ElgTak;Taj GñkvinieyaKeT BIeRBaHTMhMcMeNjenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAx<s;CagRbeTsRbkYtRbECg dUcCa \NÐÚensuI evotNam eN):al; nig cin . pÞúyeTAvij R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma Edlx<s;nwgeFVI[plitPaBkan;Etx<s; BIeRBaHkmμkrmñak;²TTYlnUvGarmμN_FanaGMBIR)ak;cMNUl .

- enAkñúgkic©BiPakSaCamYyRkumeKaledA kmμkr)anesñIsuM[manKN³kmμaFikarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmamYy EdlmanshCIBtMNag[km μkr nig m®nþIrdæaPi)al cUlrYmedayRsbc,ab;kñúgkic©crca .

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EpñkTI 1 ³ savtarénKeRmag

1> R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenARbeTskm<úCa

kñúgqñaM1997 c,ab;kargarRtUv)anGnum½tedayraCrdæaPi)alénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa . c,ab;enH)anpþl;siT§i dl;RksYgkargar ¬MOL¦ kñúgkarkMNt;kRmitR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmasRmab;kargarRKb;vis½yTaMgGs; . eRkay mkeTot kñúgqñaMdEdl RksYgkargar)anecjesckþIRbkasB½t’mansþIBIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma eday)ankMNt; R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaesμInwg 40 duløarkñúg1Ex EdlCalT§plénkarcrcarvagtMNagnieyaCk nig nieyaCit kñúgvis½yvaynP½NÐ semøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIg ¬CarYm ]sSahkmμkat;edr¦. kñúgqñaM 2000 R)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmaRtUv)anbegáIndl; 45 duløarkñúg1Ex . 6qñaMeRkaymk ¬qñaM 2006¦ RksYgkargar)anecjesckþI CUndMNwgmYyepSgeTot eday)anbegáInR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma dl; 50 duløarkñúg1Ex sRmab;kmμkrkñúg]sSah kmμkat;edr EdlCakRmitR)ak;QñÜlbc©úb,nñenAkñúg]sSahkmμenH .

KN³kmμaFikarRkumRbwkSakargar ¬LAC¦ EdlmantMNagmkBIRksYgkargar nieyaCk nig shCIB manEpnkar BinitüeLIgvijGMBIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenAkñúgvis½ykat;edr kñúgqñaM2010 edIm,IseRmcfa etIRtUvkRmitbc©úb,nñ enHRtUvbegáIn b¤k¾y:agNa ehIyebIsinCabegáIn RtUvbegáIndl;kRmitNa .

rhUtmkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñ minmanRbkassþIBIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmasRmab;vis½yepSg² ehIyk¾minmansþg;dar sRmab;karkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma[)anRtwmRtUvEdreT . eRkABIvis½ykat;edr minmanR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma enAkñúgvis½ydéTeToteT .

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2> eKalbMNgénkarRsavRCav eKalbMNgénkarsikSaRsavRCavenHKW edIm,IbegáItEbbbTRbkbedaytmøaPaB nig PaBgayRsYlGnuvtþ kñúgkar kMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmasRmab;vis½ykat;edrkm<úCa . lT§plénkarRsavRCav vanwgpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl; ³ - kareroberogEbbbTpøÚvc,ab; kñúgeBlGnaKt GMBIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmasRmab;déTeTot nig karerobcM

RbkasGMBIkarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma .

- karBinitüR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaeLIgvijkñúgqñaM2010 sRmab;]sSahkm μkat;edr edaypþl;nUvTinñn½yf μ I² bMput nig karviPaKGMBIsßanPaBrbs;kmμkrkat;edr .

enAkñúgEbbbTénkarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma kic©karsMxan;rbs;karsikSaRsavRCavenHKW EsVgrknUveKal bMNg ktþacaM)ac; nig rUbmnþ sRmab;kMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma RBmTaMgkMNt;mUldæan nigGNtþiénkar BinitüeLIgvij . lT§plénkarsmÖasn_ nwgRtUvykmkeRbIkñúgkarKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma kñúg]sSahkmμ kat;edr.

3> dMeNIrkarénkarRsavRCav

karsikSaRsavRCavcab;epþImCamYynwgkarviPaKelIÉksarsMxan;²GMBIRbB½n§R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma enAkñúgRbeTs epSg² TaMgRbeTseCOnelOn nig RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ edIm,IbegáItEbbbTrYmmYy . edIm,I[mansar³sMxan; dl;fñak;dwknaMeKalneyay nig sßab½nBak;B½n§enARbeTskm<úCa RBmTaMgedIm,IFanafa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaqøúH bBa©aMgtRmUvkarCak;Esþgrbs;kmμkrkat;edr RkumkargarRsavRCav)anEksRmYl viFIsa®sþénkarRsavRCav nig viPaK[smRsbeTAnwgsßanPaBCak;Esþgrbs;km μkrkat;edr . kñúgn½yenH RkumRsavRCav)ansmÖasn_kmμkr cMnYn 300 nak; enAkñúgtMbn;sMxan;²cMnYn 5 KW ³ TIRkugPñMeBj extþkMBg;qñaMg extþkNþal extþRBHsIhnu nig extþsVayerog ¬sUmemIltaragTI 1¦ . elIsBIenH RkumRsavRCav)anRbmUlB½t’mansuICeRmAtamry³eFVIkar BiPakSaCaRkum ¬FGD¦ CamYynwgkmμkrcMnYn 50 nak;enAkñúgtMbn;TaMg5enaH .

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tarag 1 ³ TMhMsMNak

tMbn; cMnYn PaKry

TIRkugPñMeBj 196 65/3extþkNþal* 30 9/7extþRBHsIhnu 24 8/3extþsVayerog 25 8/3extþkMBg;qñaMg 25 8/3srub 300 100/0

kMNt;sMKal; ³ kñúgcMeNamkm μkrEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_enAextþkNþal manbYnnak;eFVIkarenATIRkugPñMeBj b:uEnþeFVIdMeNIrBIpÞHeTAkEnøgeFVIkarerogral;éf¶

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EpñkTI 2 ³ EbbbTsRmab;kMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 4> niymn½yénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma edIm,I[manmUldæanrYmkñúgkarcrcaRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB dMbUgRtUvdwgniymn½yénBakü {R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma} Camunsin . eBlxøH BaküdUcCa {cMNUlGb,brma} nig {R)ak;QñÜlsmrmü} RtUv)aneRbIRcLMCamYynwgBakü {R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma} ebIeTaHbIGtßn½yénBaküxagelIenHxusKñak¾eday . niymn½yRtUvmandUcxageRkamenH ³

‐ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma CaR)ak;QñÜlmYyEdlnieyaCkminGacbnÞabkRmitva)an ehIy {kRmitrbs;vaRtUv)an kMNt; nig Fanaedayc,ab; .}1

‐ cMNUlGb,brma CakRmitcMNUlmYyEdlFana[Blrdæmñak; nigRKYsarrbs;eKrs;)anenAkñúgsgÁm eday minGaRs½yeTAelIRbePTkargarrbs;eKeT . enAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanRbB½n§R)ak;;cMNUlGb,brma RbsinebI cMNUlBIkargarticCagcMNUlGb,brma rdæaPi)alRtUvpþl;[kmμkrnUvcMnYnR)ak;EdlxVH. 2

‐ R)ak;QñÜlsmrmü CaR)ak;QñÜlmYyEdlmankRmitRKb;RKan; sRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig RKYsar RBmTaMgmansl;sRmab;snSMedIm,IGnaKt .3

tamry³niymn½yenH R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaCaTUeTAticCag b¤ esμIR)ak;cMNUlGb,brma nig R)ak;QñÜlsmrmü . karsikSaRsavRCavenHepþateTAelIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEtb:ueNÑaH .

5> ninñakarénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmakñúgsklelak

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaCa]bkrN_eKalneya)ayTUeTA EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaybNþaRbeTsesÞIrEtTaMgGs; . kñúgGMLúgeBlBIqñaM 2001 dl; 2007 R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaBit)anekIneLIgKYr[kt;sMKal; TaMgenARbeTs kMBugGPivDÆn_ nig enARbeTseCOnelOn edIm,Ikat;bnßyKmøaténkñúgR)ak;cMNUl nig edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

1 See Wikipedia, “minimum income”, and (Pember, R. & Dupré, M., Unknowm) 2 (Pember, R. & Dupré, M., Unknown) 3(Prasanna, R. and Gowthaman, B., 2005)

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rbs;km μkr . CamFüm R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaBit)anekIneLIg 5/7° kñúg1qñaM ¬3/8°enARbeTseCOn elOn nig 6/5°enARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_¦.4

ninñakarekIneLIgkñúgR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenAelIBiPBelak )anekItmaneLIgkñúgeBlEdlRbeTsCaeRcInseRmc )annUvkMeNInesdækic©RbkbedaynirnþPaB . karEktRmUvR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaGacnwgmankarlM)akCagmunkñúg sßanPaBesdækic©bc©úb,nñ EdlkMBugCYbRbTHvibtþi . karFøak;cuHénesdækic©)anCMruj[mankarepþatGarmμN_eTA elIktþacMNayelIR)ak;QñÜlrbs;kmμkr EdleFVI[mankar)armÖkan;EtxøaMgeLIgGMBIkar)at;bg;kargar . k¾b:uEnþ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmak¾mansarsMxan;sRmab;sþarsßanPaBesdækic©[egIbeLIgvijpgEdr BIeRBaH vamantYnaTIFana [kmμkrmanRbPBsRmab;cMNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;CarhUt .5

RbeTsmYycMnYn)anseRmccitþminbeNþay[vibtþiesdækic©BiPBelakenH bg¥ak;dMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmarbs;eKeT dUcCa enARbeTseGs,:aj nig RbeTseRbsuIl R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaBitRtUv )antemøIg edIm,IseRmac)annUveKaledAesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© ry³eBlEvg . enARbeTsGaløWm:g; rdæaPi)al )anseRmcBRgIkvisalPaB énR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEdlRtUv)ancrcaedaysmUhPaB eTAdl;vis½yepSg²eTot Edl)anRsUbykkmμkrcUleFVIkarsrubcMnYn 1/7 lannak; . pÞúyBIenH RbeTsmYycMnYn)anseRmccitþbM)at; R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma dUcCa enARbeTskUer:xagt,Úg .6

sRmab;]sSahkmμkat;edrCaskl bNþaRbeTsFM²EdlnaMecjnUvsemøókbMBak; )anGnuvtþn_RbB½n§R)ak;QñÜl Gb,brma sRmab;km μkrvaynP½NÐ nig kat;edr . rUbPaBTI1xageRkambgðajBIkRmitR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma enAbNþaRbeTsnaMsemøókbMBak;ecjnana EdlCaKURbkYtRbECgCamYynwgRbeTskm<úCa . R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma RtUv)anKNnaCatémøduløarenAkñúgRbeTsGaemrik ¬PPP$¦ edIm,IeFVIkareRbobeFob rvagRbeTsTaMgenaH . PPP$

KWCaGRtabþÚrR)ak;mYyEdlekIteLIgBIkareRbobeFobKñarvagtémøénTMnijenAkñúgRbeTsNamYy CamYynwgtémø énTMnijdUcKñaenAkñúgRbeTsGaemrik . ktþacm,gEdlman\T§iBleTAelIkRmitén PPP$ KWkarvivDÆn_énGtiprNa enAkñúgRbeTsGaemrik nig RbeTsNamYyepSgeTotEdlykmkeRbobeFob . RbsinCaGtiprNaenARbeTs

4 (ILO, 2008) 5 Paraphrased from (ILO, 2009) 6 (ILO, 2009)

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enaH x<s;CagenARbeTsGaemrik enaH PPP$ nwgmankRmitTab . EtRbsinCaGtiprNaenARbeTsenaHTab CagenARbeTsGaemrik enaH PPP$ nwgmankRmitx<s; .

dUcmanenAkñúgrUbPaBTI1 R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmax<s;bMputKWenAétv:an; ¬955 PPP$¦ ehIyTabCageKbMputenA RbeTs bg;køaeds ¬69 PPP$¦ . kRmitR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenARbeTskm<úCaKW 156 PPP$ ¬edayR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmaKitCaéføduløarbc©úb,nñenAkm<úCa esμInwg50duløarkñúg1Ex nig GtiprNaman5/9°7 kñúgqñaM 2007¦ TabCagenARbeTscin ¬204 PPP$¦ b:uEnþRbhak;RbEhlKñanwgenARbeTs\NÐÚensuI ¬142 PPP$¦ nig enA RbeTsevotNam ¬120 PPP$¦ .

rUbPaBTI 1 ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenAbNþaRbeTsnaMsemøókbMBak;ecjsMxan;² ¬KitCa PPP$ / 2007¦

955

204 156 142 120 118 113 69

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

étv:an; ¬cin¦

cin km<úCa \NÐÚensuI evotNam ):aKIsßan \NÐa bg;køaeds

PPP$

kñúg1E

x

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma ¬PPP$ qñaM 2007¦

RbPB ³ GgÁkarBlkm μGnþrCati ¬2009¦

7 National Institute of Statistics

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6> CMh‘anénkarviPaK

edIm,I[dMeNaHRsaymanRbsiT§PaB nig eqøIytbeTAnwgsßanPaBénRkumeKaledA edaykat;bnßy\T§iBl GviC¢mandl;RkumdéTeTotkñúgsgÁm karviPaKRtUvEtEp¥keTAmUldæanCak;Esþgedayxanmin)an . enAeBl Edlneya)ayénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUv)antak;Etg vaman3CMh‘ansMxan;bMputEdlykmkeRbI ³ 1) kMNt;eKalbMNgéneKalneya)ay ³ etIeyIgcg;[R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaseRmc)anGVI? b¤ ehtuGVI

)anCacaM)ac;RtUvmanR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma?

2) kMNt;ktþacaM)ac; ³ enAeBlEdlkMNt;eKalbMNgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmac,as;las;ehIy eyIg caM)ac;RtUvkMNt;ktþacaM)ac;TaMgLay b¤sþg;darsRmab;vinicä½yfaetI R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmanwgseRmc)an eKalbMNgenaHEdrb¤eT . etIktþaGVIxøHcaM)ac;RtUvEtdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenaH?

3) begáItrUbmnþKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma ³ eRkayBIqøgkat;CMh‘anTI1 nig TI2 eyIgmanmUldæan eroberogsmIkar sRmab;KNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmad¾RtwmRtUvmYy .

CMh‘anénkarviPaKTaMgenH ¬bgðajkñúgrUbPaBTI2¦ vaCaRkbx½NÐkñúgkarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma . enAkñúg EpñkbnÞab;²eTot eyIgnwgbgðajTidæPaBTUeTAGMBI eKalbMNg ktþacaM)ac;epSg² nig rUbmnþénkarkMNt; R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma EdlFøab;)anGnuvtþn_enAkñúgRbeTsdéTeTot. EpñkTI3énr)aykarN_enHnwgeFVIkarEk sRmYlEbbEpnénkarKNna[RsbeTAtamsßanPaBén]sSahkmμkat;edrkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigCaBiesseTA tamtRmUvkarénkmμkr edayeRbIR)as;nUvB½t’manEdlTTYlBIkarsmÖasn_ nig B½t’mansuICeRmAEdl)antamry³ BiPakSaCaRkum .

21 / 55

rUbPaBTI 2 ³ CMh‘anénkarviPaKénkarRsavRCav

7> eKalbMNgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma

enAkñúgEpñkenH eyIgnwgbgðajedaysegçbGMBIKMehIjBIkarRsavRCavÉksar Tak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma enARbeTsepSg²eTot . tamry³enH eyIgnwgGacerobcMEbbbTrYmmYy sRmab;kMNt; R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma[)anRtwmRtUv .

ehtuGVI)anCacaM)ac;RtUvmanR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma? R)ak;QñÜlGacmanTm¶n;y:agxøaMgeTAelIkarRbwgERbg kñúgkar kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk elIkkm<s;CIvPaBrs;enA nig begáInplitPaBkargar . CaTUeTA eKalbMNgénneya)ay R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaman4sRmab; ³ FanatRmUvkarcaM)ac;kñúgCIvPaBrs;enA/ karBarkarFøak;cuHénR)ak;QñÜl/ elIk Twkcitþ[kmμkrRbwgeFVIkar nigeFVI[mansmPaBR)ak;cMNUl . eKalbMNgénneya)ayR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma EtgEtxusKñaBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy GaRs½yeTAtambribTesdækic© sgÁmkic© nig dMNak;kalénkar GPivDÆn_ . eyIgnwgbgðajedaysegçbGMBIeKalbMNgnImYy² dUcteTA ³

CMh‘anTI 1 ³ kMNt;eKalbMNgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma ¬BIkarsikSaRsavRCav nig FGD¦

CMh‘anTI 3 ³ kMNt;rUbmnþ ehIyKNnaR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmaRtwmRtUv

CMh‘anTI 2 ³ kMNt;ktþacaM)ac;kñúgkarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜÜl Gb,brma ¬BIkarsikSaRsavRCav nig FGD¦

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FanatRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr kñúgRbvtþisa®sþ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgeKalbMNgedIm,I[ kmμkrTTYlR)ak;QñÜlkñúgkRmit mYyEdly:agGn;Nas;k¾GacFanaCIvitrs;enA . kñúgn½yenHeKalbMNgsMxan;bMput KW karFanaelIcMNayén tRmUvkarcaM)ac; ¬Gahar semøókbMBak; karsñak;enA suxPaB nig karsikSa¦ RBmTaMgeBlxøHsRmab;bMeBj tRmUvkarrbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúkpgEdr .

karBarkarFøak;cuHénR)ak;QñÜl

eKalbMNgmYyepSgeTotsRmab;karbegáItR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKW edIm,Ipþl;nUvsuvtßiPaBcMNUldl;km μkrEdl gayrgeRKaH CaBiesskmμkrEdleFVIkarenAkñúgvis½yesdækic©EdlgaynwgERbRbYlxøaMg. elIsBIenHeTot shRKasEdlmankarRbkYtRbECgxøaMg eRcInEtkat;bnßycMNayplitkm μ tamry³bnÞabR)ak;QñÜlrbs; km μkr . dUecñH eKalbMNgénkarbegáIt[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKW edIm,IkarBarmin[mankarFøak;cuHRCul énR)ak;QñÜlrbs;km μkrenAkñúgvis½yrebobxagelI .

elIkTwkcitþkm μkr[RbwgeFVIkar enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn dUcCa nUev:lehSLg;8 R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IelIkTwkcitþmnusS [eFVIkar . eKalbMNgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmakñúgn½y KWedIm,ITak;TajRbCaCn[eFVIkar BIeRBaHkarxatén »kasvaekItmaneLIg ebIsinCaeKmineFVIkarvij . eKalbMNgrebobenHminsUvsMxan;eKsRmab;RbeTskMBug GPivDÆn_ CaBiessRbeTsTaMgLayNaEdlenAminTan;manRbB½n§suvtþPaBsRmab;nikmμCn . RbCaCnCaeRcIn enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_minGacrs;)an edayminmanrkcMNUlenaHeT .

kat;bnßyKmøaténkarEbgEckplkMeNInesdækic© eKalbMNgTI4sRmab;karkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma KWedIm,IFanafa kmμkrnwgTTYl)annUvcMENkRtwmRtUvmYyBI kMeNInesdækic© . eKalbMNgcm,gKW FanafakmμkrminRtUv)anekgRbv½Ba© pÞúyeTAvijRtUvEtTTYl)annUvkar elIkTwkcitþsRmab;kargarrbs;eK . R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEdlKitbBa©ÚlTaMgrgVan;sRmab;eCaKC½yrbs;eragcRk

8 (New Zealand Employers’ Federation, 1999)

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KWCameFüa)aymYysRmab;elIkTwkcitþdl;kmμkr kñúgkarbegáInplitPaBénkargarrbs;xøÜnEfmeTot . CamYy KñaenHEdr eKalbMNgenHKWedIm,Ikat;bnßyKmøaténR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgesdækic© . 8> ktþacaM)ac;EdlRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgkarKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma

vKÁenHbgðajGMBIktþacaM)ac;TUeTA EdleKykmkdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaTUTaMgBiPBelak dUcCa tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr kRmitTUeTAénR)ak;QñÜl RbB½n§snþisuxsgÁm nig ktþaesdækic© .

tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr ktþasMxan;bMputEdlKitbBa©ÚlenAkñúgR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKW tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr . CaeKalkarN_ R)ak; QñÜlGb,brmaminRtUvenAeRkamkRmiténcMNaysRmab;EtmYyrs;eT . R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUvEtmankRmit mYyEdlkmμkrGacedaHRsaytRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;eK dUcCa Gahar semøókbMBak; karsñak;enA nig suxPaB CaedIm . eyIgGacdwgtRmUvkarcaM)ac;tamry³karBinitüeTAelIxÞg;cMNayrbs;kmμkr . pÞúyeTAvij vamin RtUvEp¥keTAelIGVIEdlkmμkrcg;)an b¤k¾RsemIRsémeT BIeRBaHebImindUecñaHeT karTamTarnwgminmansar³sMxan; ehIyk¾GacBRgIkKmøaténR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgsgÁm .9

kRmitTUeTAénR)ak;QñÜl

kRmitTUeTAénR)ak;QñÜlRtUv)anKWCaR)ak;cMNUlmFümrbs;RbCaCnmñak;² . CaFm μta RbPaKrvagR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmaCamYynwgR)ak;cMNUlmFüm KWCaxñatmYyd¾sMxan;sRmab;eRbobeFobsßanPaB énkm μkrCamYynwg RbCaCnTUeTA .

enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUv)ankMNt;kñúgcenøaHBI 30° eTA 60° énR)ak;cMNUlRbCaCn mñak;² . b:uEnþenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ vaenAcenøaHBI 30° eTAelIsBI 100° .

9 (Shaheed, Z. Notes on Minimum Wage Fixing, p.113)

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RbB½n§snþisuxsgÁm RbB½n§snþisuxsgÁmmantYnaTICasMNaj;suvtßiPaBsRmab;RbCaCngayrgeRKaH mann½yfavaKWCasBaØaéntRmUv kar[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmamYyEdlmankRmitsmrmü . enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn eKalbMNgFMbMputén karbegáIt[manR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmaKW edIm,IeFVICasMNaj;suvtßiPaBsRmab;kmμkr .10

ktþaesdækic© ktþaesdækic©k¾CaktþacaM)ac;d¾sMxan;mYypgEdr kñúgkarBicarNaenAeBlkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma edIm,IbeBa©óskar ExVgKMnitKñarvagPaKIBak;B½n§ ¬dUcCakmμkr nieyaCk nig rdæaPi)al¦ nigkarbHe)arRbqaMgedayyfaehtu . ktþaesdækic©sMxan;²rYmman GRtaénPaBmankargareFVI/ GRtaénPaBKμankargareFVI/ \T§iBlrbs;R)ak;QñÜlGb, brmaEdlGacmaneTAelIsßanPaBénPaBKμankargareFVI/ plitPaBkargar nig kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg . ktþacaM)ac; BIrepSgeTotKW smtßPaBbg;R)ak;QñÜlrbs;nieyaCk nigl½kçx½NÐsRmab;GPivDÆn_esdækic© .11

9> rUbmnþKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma

etIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUv)ankMNt;edayrebobNa? ebIeTaHbICaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKWCa]bkrN_TUeTAsRmab; neya)aykat;bnßyPaBRkIRkk¾eday k¾mkdl;eBlenHenAminTan;mansþg;darrYmmYysRmab;KNnakRmitrbs;va [)anRtwmRtUvenAeLIyeT . b:uEnþ CaeKallkarN_ rUbmnþsRmab;KNnaRtUvKitGMBIeKalbMNg nig ktþacaM)ac; EdltRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma . R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUvKWCaplbUkénktþacaM)ac;EdlERbRbYl eTAcMnYneKalbMNgEdlman ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI3¦ .

rUbPaBTI 3 ³ rUbmnþTUeTAsRmab;karKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma

10 (Shaheed, Z. Notes on Minimum Wage Fixing, p. 114) 11 (Shaheed, Z. Notes on Minimum Wage Fixing, p. 113)

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma = ∑ ktþacaM)ac; eKalbMNgTI

eKalbMNgTI1

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EpñkTI 3 ³ lT§plénkarRsavRCav 10> GMBIkmμkr

muneBlcab;epþImkarviPaK caM)ac;bMputRtUvyl;dwgBIsßanPaBrbs;RkumeKaledA énR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma-kmμkr kat;edr . karyl;dwgenHnwgCamUldæanénkarviPaK CaBiessGMBIeKalbMNg tRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma nig ktþacaM)ac;TaMgLayEdlRtUvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarKNna .

10>1 savtar

kñúgcMeNamkmμkr300nak;EdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_ man90° ¬270nak;¦ CaRsþI . CamFüm kmμkrmanGayu 24 qñaM enAeBlEdlPaKeRcIneKmanGayu21qñaM . 68° énkmμkr300nak;KWenAlIv/ 25° erobkar nig 7° Caemm:ay¼eBaHm:ay . manEt12° ¬b¤35nak;¦ b:ueNÑaH CaemRKYsar eRkABIenH ¬88° b¤ 265nak;¦ Ca GñkrkcMNUl pÁt;pÁg;RKYsar . kmμkresÞIrEtTaMgGs; ¬94/3°¦ énkmμkrKWminmankRmitvb,Fm’elIsBI fñak;TI9eLIy ¬sUmemIltaragTI2¦ .

taragTI 2 ³ kRmitvb,Fm’rbs;GñkRtUv)ansmÖasn_

kRmitvb,Fm’EdlseRmc)an cMnYn PaKry PaKrybUkbnþ minecHGkSresaH b¤esÞIrEtminecHGkSresaH 11 3/7 3/7mincb;bzmsikSa 77 25/7 29/3bzmsikSa ¬fñak;TI1-6¦ 71 23/7 53/0GnuviTüal½y ¬fñak;TI 7-9¦ 124 41/3 94/3viTüal½y ¬fñak;TI10-12¦ 15 5/0 99/3sBaØab½RtbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs ¬1-3qñaM¦ 1 0/3 99/7briBaØab½Rtrg b¤x<s;Cag 1 0/3 100/0

srub 300 100/0

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kmμkrEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj 90° mkBIextþ CaBiessmkBIéRBEvg ¬23°¦ nig extþkMBg; cam ¬20°¦ eRkABIenHmkBIextþepSg²eTot dUcCa extþsVayerog extþkMBg;FM extþkNþal nig extþtaEkv . kmμkr 67° eFVIkarenAkñúgextþkNþal KWCakmμkrcMNakRsuk CaBiessmkBIextþéRBEvg enAeBlEdl 33° epSgeTotKWCakmμkrmUldæan . RsedogKñaenHEdr kmμkr 67° eFVIkarenAkñúgextþRBHsIhnu k¾CakmμkrcMNak RsukpgEdr CaBiessmkBIextþkMBt . cMENkÉ kmμkrTaMgGs;EdleFVIkarenAextþsVayerog nig extþkMBg;qñaMg KWCaRbCaCnkñúgextþ .

10>2 sßanPaBRKYsar

kmμkrCaTUeTAmansmaCik4nak;enAkñúgRKYsar ¬rYmTaMgGñkRtUv)ansmÖasn_ dUcbgðajkñúgrUbPaBTI4¦ Edlkñúg enaH 2nak;CaGñkrkcMNUl mñak;Caksikr nig mñak;eTotCakmμkrenAeragcRk . edayminrab;bBa©ÚlcMNUlrbs; kmμkr RKYsarnImYy²rkcMNUl)anCamFümRbEhl 66duløarkñúg1Ex . ebIKitCaPaKeRcIn RKYsarcMnYn60° rkcMNUl)anminelIsBI50duløarkñúg1ExeT . 54°én300RKYsarmandItUcCag 1 hicta . CaTUeTA kmμkr esÞIrEtTaMgGs;mkBIRKYsarRkIRk ehIyedaysarEtvb,Fm’sgKuNRKYsard¾xøaMg km μkrmankatBVkic©RtUvCYy Caluykak; edIm,ITMnukbRmugeTAdl;smaCikRKYsardéTeTot .

27 / 55

rUbPaBTI 4 ³ TMhMRKYsar

kMNt;sMKal; ³ 1mann½yfa GñkRtUv)ansmÖasn_minmanGñkkñúgbnÞúk

10>3 sßanPaBkargar

km μkrcMnYnTaMg300nak;KWmkBIeragcRkcMnYn74 . esÞIreEtBak;kNþaleFVIkarEpñkedr ¬46/3°¦ eRkABIenH eFVIkarenAkñúgEpñkBinitüKuNPaB kat; G‘ut begðIykar nigEpñkepSg²eTot . RbEhlCa 49° énkmμkrKWCa smaCikénshCIB .

CamFümkmμkrTaMgenaHmanbTBiesaFn_kargarcMnYn3qñaMenAkñúg]sSahkmμ enAeBlEdl47/3°manbTBiesaFn_ ticCag3qñaM nig mYycMnYnmanbTBiesaFn_ticCag10qñaM . rUbPaBEdleXIjfa mankmμkrfμI² cUleFVIkarenA kñúgeragcRk ebIeTaHbICa]sSahkmμkat;manGayuelIsBI10qñaMk¾eday KWvabBa¢ak;fakmμkrkat;edr CaTUeTAmin enAeFVIkarenAkñúgvis½ykat;yUrGEgVgeLIy .

cMnYnRK

Ysar

TMhMRKYsarbUkrYmTaMgGñkRtUv)ansmÖasn_

28 / 55

mü:agvijeTot kmμkr)aneFVIkarenAeragcRkbc©úb,nñ)anry³eBlCamFüm 2/5 qñaM ebIeTaHCa 48° ¬b¤ 145 nak;¦ )aneFVIkarenAeragcRkbc©úb,nñminelIsBI1qñaMk¾eday ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI5¦ . R)ak;GtItPaBkargarEdltam c,ab;kMNt; nieyaCkRtUvbg;[kmμkr12 kñúgkrNIkmμkreFVIkarkñúgeragcRkbc©úb,nñEtb:ueNÑaH . dUecñH eTaHbICa kmμkrmanbTBiesaFn_kargar10qñaMk¾eday enAeBlEdleKcakecjeTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkmYyepSgeTot enaHR)ak;GtItPaBkargarRtUv)ankMNt;[esμInwgsUnüvij .

rUbPaBTI 5 ³ cMnYnkm μkreTAtamcMnYnqñaMénbTBiesaFn_kargarkñúgeragcRkbc©úb,nñ

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

cMnYnqñaMénGtItPaBkargar 0

20

40

60

80

10094

51

16

35 33

20

106 8 7 5

10

3 1 1

kñúgry³eBlcugeRkay CamFüm kmμkrTTYl)anR)ak;ExCak;Esþg 86/88duløarkñúg1Ex bUkrYmTaMgR)ak;Ex eKal R)ak;Efmem:ag nigR)ak;rgVan;déTeTot . R)ak;ExeKal ¬EdlCaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma¦ mankRmitelIs Bak;kNþal ¬58°¦ énR)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg . kmμkrrk)anR)ak;Efmem:agCamFüm 14/55duløar EdlesμInwg 17°énR)ak;QñÜlsrub . FatupSMepSg²eToténR)ak;QñÜlrbs;kmμkrrYmman R)ak;rgVan;kargareTogTat; R)ak; GtItPaBkargar R)ak;CYyRTRTg;CIvPaB R)ak;CMnaj nig R)ak;]btßmÖepSg² . kmμkresÞIrEtTaMgGs;)anelIk eLIgfa eKeFVIkarCaFmμta 8 em:agkñúg1éf¶ nig 6éf¶kñúg1s)þah_ .

12 If employed at factory for 1 year, receive $2 per month; 2 years, $3 per month; 3 years, $4 per month; 4 years or more, $5 per month (maximum).

cMnYnk

mμkr

29 / 55

rUbPaBTI 6 ³ R)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg tamFatupSM

R)ak;Efmem:ag14/55duløar

R)ak;CYyRTRTg;CIvPaB5/46duløar

6%

R)ak;CMnaj1/43duløar

2%

epSg²*

8/34duløar9%

R)ak;QñÜlCak;EsþgsrubKW 86/88 duløarkñúg1Ex

KittamtMbn; ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI7¦ kmμkrenAextþRBHsIhnurk)aneRcInCageK ¬CamFüm90/17duløarkñúg1Ex¦/ Ékm μkrenAextþsVayerogrk)anticCageKbMput ¬82/56duløarkñúg1Ex¦ . kmμkrEdlrkcMNUl)anx<s;Cag kRmitmFüm eRcInEtCa ³ 1) kmμkredrsuIbug ³ kmμkredrsuIbugrk)anCamFüm 107/60duløarkñúg1Ex eBlenAeBlEdlkmμkr

eFVIkarFmμtark)an 83/03 duløarkñúg1Ex

2) km μkrmanem:agEfm ³ cMeBaHkm μkrEdlrkcMNUl)anelIskRmitmFüm KWkmμkrTaMgenaHTTYl )ancMNUlBIem:agEfmcMnYn25duløarkñúg1Ex . cMENkkmμkrEdlrkcMNUl)anesμInwgkRmitmFüm eKTaMgenaHTTYlR)ak;BIem:agEfmRtwmEt15duløarEtb:ueNÑaH enAeBlEdlkmμkrTaMgLayEdl rkR)ak;cMNUlTabCagkRmitmFüm eKminmanR)ak;cMNUlBIEfmem:agTal;EtesaH .

3) TaMgBIrxagelI ³ kmμkredrsuIbug nigmanEfmem:ag .

30 / 55

1¦FanatRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkrkat;edr nig GñkkñúgbnÞúk

2¦pþl;karkarBarR)ak;QñÜl

rUbPaBTI 7 ³ R)ak;QñÜlCak;EsþgKitCatémøbc©úb,nñ tamextþ ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

90.17

87.6486.88

85.97

83.0482.56

78.00

80.00

82.00

84.00

86.00

88.00

90.00

92.00

extþRBHsIhnu TIRkugPñMeBj RKb;tMbn; extþkNþal extþkMBg;qñaMg extþsVayerog

duløark

ñúg1Ex

11> ehtuGVI)anCacaM)ac;RtUvmanR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma? ¬eKalbMNg¦

qøgkat;karBiPakSaCaRkumCamYynwgkm μkr50nak;enAkñúgextþcMnYn 5 mankaryl;eXIjCarYmfa eKalbMNg cm,gbMputénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKW TI1¦ edIm,IFanatRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig GñkkñúgbnÞúk nig 2¦ karBarkarFøak;cuHénR)ak;QñÜlrbs;kmμkr .

rUbPaBTI 8 ³ eKalbMNgtRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma-tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;kmμkrkat;edr

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eKalbMNgTI 1 ³ FanatRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr nig GñkkñúgbnÞúk l½kçx½NÐTI1 EdlminGacCMTas;)anKWfa R)ak;QñÜlGb, brmay:agehacNas; k¾RtUvbMeBjtRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs; km μkrEdr . bEnßmelIenH km μkr)anelIkeLIgfa R)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmaRtUvEtbMeBjtRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs; GñkkñúgbnÞúkpgEdr . edayminKitBIkmμkrcMNakRsuk b¤ rs;enAkñúgextþeT kmμkrTaMgGs;)anbBa¢ak; [dwgfa mUlehtu sMxan;rbs;eKEdlcUlmkeFVIkarkñúgvis½ykat;edrKW edIm,IrkR)ak;CYypÁt;pÁg;RKYsar . enHKWCa ebskmμ nigkatBVkic©d¾sMxan;bMputrbs;eKenAkñúgRKYsar . RbsinebIeKminGacseRmcebskmμenH)aneT eKRtUv EtRtLb;eTApÞHsEm,gvij . dUecñH l½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;kñúgkarFana[mankmøaMgBlkmμsRmab;vis½ykat;edrrhUt KWfa kmμkrRtUvEtTTYl)ancMNUly:agGn;Nas;k¾ sRmab;edaHRsaytRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;eK nig GñkkñúgbnÞúk Edr.

eKalbMNgTI 2 ³ karBarkarFøak;cuHénR)ak;QñÜl

edaysarktþaCaeRcIn R)ak;QñÜlrbs;kmμkrcaM)ac;RtUvEtRtUv)ankarBar . TI1 karRbkYtRbECg d¾twgEtgenAkñúg ]sSahkmμkat;edrGacnwgCMruj[m©as;eragcRkrwtbNþwgcMNay tamry³kat;bnßyR)ak;Exrbs;kmμkr CYnkal TabCagkRmitEdlkmμkrGacrs;)an enHebIsinCaBuMmanc,ab;karBarR)ak;ExeT . TI2 kmμkrkat;edrsBVéf¶rs;enA GaRs½yTaMgRsugeTAelIR)ak;cMNUl)anBIEfmem:ag . kñúgkrNIEdlKμanEfmem:ag R)ak;cMNUlrbs;kmμkrmin GacRKb;RKan;sRmab;edaHRsaytRmUvcaM)ac;rbs;eK RBmTaMgGñkkñúgbnÞúkeT . enAkñúgsßanPaBEdlesdækic©CYb vibtþi m©as;eragcRk)ankat;bnßy b¤ bM)at;karEfmem:ag ¬45° énkmμkr300nak;)anCYbRbTHkarFøak;cuHén em:agEfmkñúgqñaM 2009/ sUmemIlrUbPaBBI9¦ . ebIKμancMNUlsRmab;Tb;Tl;eT kmμkr nig RKYsarrbs;eK nwg gayFøak;cUleTAkñúgCIvPaBRkIRk .

{´RtUvEtepJIluyeTApÞH. ebI Gak;xanmin)anepJIeTA3ExenaH»Bukmþay´ nwgehA´eTApÞHvij . eFVIkareFVIGVI ebI minGacCYyRKYsar)anpgenaH. eTAeFVIERsvijl¥Cag .”

kmμkrenAextþRBHsIhnu kic©BiPakSaCaRkumenAéf¶TI 26 Ex Exkkáda qñaM 2009

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rUbPaBT I 9 ³ etImanbERmbRmYlenAkñúgR)ak;Efmem:agkñúgqñaM2009xøHeT?

fycuH13645%

ekIneLIg92

31%enAdEdl

6221%

mindwg103%

enAeBlCYbRbTHnwgvibtþicMNUl edaysarEtkarFøak;cuHénesdækic© kmμkr)anbBa¢ak;BIdMeNaHRsayrbs;eK dUcteTAenH ³ ‐ eRbIR)as;R)ak;snSMkalBIeBlmun ³ karcayR)ak;snSMEdlmantictYceFVI[kmμkr)at;bg;suvtßiPaB nig gay

CYbbBaða eBlmanGasnñekIteLIg .

‐ kat;bnßycMNaypÞal;xøÜn ³ CaBiess briePaKGaharmanKuNPaBTabCagmun . enHeFVI[kmμkrCYbRbTH nUvbBaðasuxPaB EdleFVI[eKminmankmøaMgRKb;RKan;kñúgkargar .

‐ kat;bnßybeBaØIeTA[GñkkñúgbnÞúk ³ kñúgkrNIEdlcayluysnSMGs; kat;bnßycMNaypÞal;xøÜn ehIyenAmin RKb;RKan;eTot enaHkmμkrnwgkat;bnßyR)ak;beBaØIeTApÞHCaCeRmIscugeRkay . plvi)akKWfa CIvPaBRKYsar rbs;kmμkrkat;edrk¾nwgFøak;cuHeTAkñúgPaBminRKb;RKan;Edr .

dUecñH \T§iBlyUrGEgVgénvibtþiesdækic©mkelIRbCaCnEdlrkcMNUl)anTab dUcCa kmμkrkat;edrGacmansPaB F¶n;F¶r . edaysarGMNacénshCIBkmμkrkat;edrkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ enAmanPaBexSayenAeLIy mann½yfa karcrcaTamTarR)ak;ExkñúgkRmiteragcRk Bi)aknwgTTYl)aneCaKC½y karkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaedayc,ab; KWCaneya)aymYyd¾caM)ac;bMput kñúgkarCYykarBarkmμkrkat;edrmin[CYbvibtþixøaMgedaysarkar ERbRbYlén esdækic© .

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12> etIktþaGVIxøHEdlKYrEtRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgkarKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma? ¬ktþacaM)ac;¦

RsbeTAnwgeKalbMNgrbs;kmμkrkat;edr EdltRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma manktþasMxan;bMputBIrEdl RtUvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarKNnakRmitR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma sRmab;]sSahkmμkat;edrkm<úCa³ TI1-tRmUvkar caM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig TI2-tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk .

rUbPaBTI 10 ³ ktþacaM)ac;tRmUv[dak;bBa©ÚlkñúgR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma

ktþacaM)ac;TaMgBIrxagelIenHKWCal½kçx½NÐcaM)ac;EdlRtUvEteFVI[)an RbsinebIcg;rkSakmøaMgBlkmμ[manrhUt sRmab;]sSahkmμkat;edr k¾dUcCaesßrPaB nig kMeNInén]sSahkmμkat;edr CaBiesskñúgeBlénvibtþiesdækic© . kñúgkrNIEdlkmμkrkat;edrminGacrkR)ak;cMNUlRKb;RKan;edIm,ItRmUvkarrbs;eK nig epJIeTARKYsar eKnwgecjBI kargarkmμkrkat;edreTArkkargarenAkñúgvis½yepSgeTot b¤k¾eTACYyeFVIkarRKYsarenAÉRsuk .

12>1 ktþacaM)ac;TI 1 ³ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkrkat;edr

eKalbMNgcm,génR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma dUc)anerobrab;xagelI KWedIm,IFanafa kmμkrkcMNUlRKb;RKan;edIm,I edaHRsaytRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;eK . dUecñH ktþacaM)ac;EdlRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgkarKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKW tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr . tamry³karsmÖasn_ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkrkat;edrrYman Gahar semøókbMBak; karsñak;enA kareFVIdMeNIr suxPaB karTMnak;TMng karsikSa nig karEfTaMxøÜnR)aN . tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs; km μkrEdlEp¥kelIxÞg;cMNaybc©úb,nñ vaRKan;EtCarUbPaBmYyGaRs½ynwgR)ak;cMNUlrbs;kmμkrEtb:ueNÑaH b:uEnþvaminqøúHbBa©aMgBItRmUvkarcaM)ac;BitR)akd EdlEp¥kelIl½kçx½NÐsuxPaBeLIy .

1¦ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr 2¦ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk

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kñúgcMeNamkm μkr300nak;EdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_ cMNayCamFümeTAelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;KW 56/99 duløar ¬rUbPaBTI 11¦ . KittamtMbn; kmμkrenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nig extþRBHsIhnu cMNayeRcInCagkRmitmFüm bnþic Edlman58/2duløar nig 57/28duløar ¬rUbPaBTI12¦ . kmμkrenAextþkNþal extþkMBg;qñaMg nig extþsVayerog pÞúyeTAvij cMNayticCagkRmitmFüm EdlkñúgenaHkm μkrenAextþsVayerogcMNayticCag eKbMput ¬52/38duløarkñúgEx¦ . eyagtamkarsmÖasn_ PaBxusKñakñúgkarcMNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;KW GaRs½y elIPaBxusKñaénR)ak;cMNUl minEmnPaBxusKñaénsuxPaBeT . kmμkrTaMgLayEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlx<s; km μkrTaMgenaHmancMNayeTAelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;eRcIn . kmμkrenAkñúgextþsVayerogmanR)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg TabbMput KW 82/56duløarkñúg1Ex cMENkÉkmμkrenAextþRBHsIhnuvijmanR)ak;QñÜlx<s;CageKbMput KW 90/17 duløarkñúg1Ex .

rUbPaBTI 11 ³ cMNayCamFümelItRmUvkarcaM)ac; tammuxcMNay ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

Gahar33/17dular

57%

semøókbMBak;3/54duløar

6%

karsñak;enA5/96duløar

10%karEfTaMxøÜn2/29duløar

4%karEfTaMsuxPaB

1/81duløar3%

famBlnigGKÁIsnI3/79duløar

7%karsikSa

0/31duløar1%

kareFVIdMeNIr nig karTMnak;TMng4/92duløar

9%

epSg²1/95duløar

3%

cMNaysrubelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;KWmanCamFüm 56/99duløarkñúg1Ex cMNaysrubrbs;kmμkrelIGaharman 57° kñúgeBlEdlcMNayepSg²eRkABIGahar dUcCa karsñak;enA kareFVIdMeNIr karTMnak;TMng famBl-GKÁIsnI karEfTaMxøÜnR)aN karEfTaMsuxPaB/ karsikSa -l- man43° . eyIgnwgeFVIkarbgðajbEnßmeTotGMBImuxcMNayTaMgenH [)anlMGit .

35 / 55

rUbPaBTI 12 ³ cMNayCamFümelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

58.0257.28 56.99

56.22

54.07

52.38

49.0050.0051.0052.0053.0054.0055.0056.0057.0058.0059.00

TIRkugPñMeBj extþRBHsIhnu RKb;tMbn; extþkNþal extþkMBg;qñaMg extþsVayerog

duløark

ñúg1Ex

c MNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr

12>1>1 Gahar

CamFümkmμkrcMNay 32/79duløarkñúg1Ex b¤ 1/06duløarkñúg1éf¶ elIGahar ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI13¦ . cMNayelIGaharman57/6°éncMNaysrubelItRmUvkarcaM)ac; . tamkarviPaKeyIgeXIjfa cMNayeTAelI GaharvaTak;TgxøaMgeTAnwgkRmiténR)ak;cMNUlCak;Esþg dUcCa GñkEdlmancMNUlx<s; eKcayeTAelIGahar k¾eRcInEdr ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI14¦ . kmμkrenAextþRBHsIhnuEdlrkcMNUl)anx<s;CagkmμkrenAextþdéTeTot KW 90/17 duløarkñúg1Ex cMNayelIGahark¾eRcInCageKEdr ¬35/26duløarkñúg1Ex b¤ 61/6°éncMNaysrub¦. cMENkÉ kmμkrenAextþsVayerogEdlrkcMNUl)anTabCageKbMputKW 82/56duløarkñúg1Ex cMNayticbMput elIGahar KW 30/68duløarkñúg1Ex ¬58/6°éncMNaysrub¦ .

36 / 55

rUbPaBTI 13 ³ cMNayCamFümelIGahar tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

35.26(61.6%)

33.13(57.1%) 32.79

(57.6%)

31.69(56.4%) 31.11

(57.5% ) 30.68(58.6%)

28.00

29.00

30.00

31.00

32.00

33.00

34.00

35.00

36.00

extþRBHsIhnu TIRkugPñMeBj RKb;tMbn; extþkNþal extþkMBg;qñaMg extþsVayerog

duløark

ñúg1Ex

cMNayelIGaharrbs;kmμkrmñak;²

kMNt;sMKal; ³ tYelxenAkñúgvg;RkckCa ° éncMNaysrubelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr

rUbPaBTI 14 ³ R)ak;QñÜlCak;EsþgKittaméføbc©úb,nñ nig cMNayelIGahar tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

TIRkugPñMeBj

extþRBHsIhnu

RKb;tMbn;extþkNþalextþkMBg;qñaMg

extþsVayerog30

31

32

33

34

35

36

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

cMNay

elIGah

ar ¬dul

øarkñúg1

Ex¦

R)ak;QñÜlCak;EsþgKittaméføbc©úb,nñ ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

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enAkñúgkic©BiPakSaCaRkum kmμkrRtUvsYrfa etIcMNaybc©úb,nñrbs;eKelIGaharRKb; RKan; EdrrWeT . km μkrmñak;enAextþkNþal )anniyayfa ³{´cMNayRbEhlCa 5/000 erolkñúg1éf¶elI Gahar . vasmlμmnwgR)ak;Exrbs; b:uEnþvaminRKb;RKan;sRmab;suxPaBeT . ´mansmtßPaBRtwmEtTij mðÚbEdlman KuNPaBGn;Etb:ueNÑaH . ´minGacTijmðÚb EdlmanCIvCatix<s; dUcCa éføeQI)aneT.} enHKWCa karyl;eXIjrbs;kmμkrTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;EdleyIgeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav . kmμkrTaMgRbus nig RsI)an bBa¢ak;fa edIm,I[mansuxPaBl¥ eKRtUvkarRbEhlCa 10/000 erolkñúg1éf¶ .

km μkr)anrkSa)ancayt,itet,ótelIGahar edaysarPaKeRcIneKykGgármkBIpÞH . ]TahrN_ km μkrenA extþkMBg;qñaMg )anniyay[dwgfa eKykGgárBIpÞHkñúg1Ex15K>Rk Edlmantémøesμ IRbEhlCa 8 duløar ehIybriePaKGs; ½ K>Rk kñúg1éf¶ .

12>1>2 karsñak;enA

kñúgkm μkr 10 nak; man8nak;CYlpÞHeKedIm,Isñak;enA ¬sUmemIltaragTI3¦ . km μkrenATIRkugPñMeBjesÞIrEt TaMgGs; ¬90/8°énkmμkrEdlRtUv)ansmÖasn_enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj¦ CYlpÞHedIm,Isñak;enA edaycMNayCa mFüm 6/24duløarkñúg1Ex EdlCakRmitx<s;bg¥s;eFobnwgtMbn;epSg²eTot ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI15¦ . kmμkr PaKeRcInbMputenAextþRBHsIhnu ¬88°¦ nig enAextþkNþal ¬79/3°¦ k¾CYlpÞHedIm,Isñak;enAEdr eday cMNayCamFüm 5/96 nig 4/10 duløar1mYyEx . cMENkÉkm μkrPaKeRcInenAextþsVayerog nig extþkMBg; qñaMgrs;enAkñúgpÞHpÞal;xøÜn elIkElgEtkmμkrEdlrs;enAq¶ayBIeragcRkb:ueNÑaH eTIbCYlpÞHenAEk,rkEnøgeFVIkar edIm,Ikat;bnßycMNayelIkareFVIdMeNIr .

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taragTI 3 ³ cMnYnGñkRtUv)ansmÖasn_EdlCYlbnÞb;sñak;enA

tMbn; cMnYn °énGñkRtUv)ansmÖasn_ TIRkugPñMeBj 178 90/8 extþRBHsIhnu 22 88/0 RKb;tMbn; 242 80/7 extþkNþal 23 79/3 extþsVayerog 11 44/0 extþkMBg;qñaMg 8 32/0

rUbPaBTI 15 ³ cMNayCamFümelIkarsñak;enA tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

6.24(10.8%)

5.96(10.4%) 5.33

(9.4%)

4.10(7.3%)

3.13(6.0%)

1.23(2.3%)

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

TIRkugPñMeBj extþRBHsIhnu RKb;tMbn; extþkNþal extþsVayerog extþkMBg;qñaMg

duløark

ñúg1Ex

cMNayelIkarsñak;enArbs;km μkrmñak;²


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minfatMbn;Na b¤extþNaeT sßanPaBsñak;enA KWRbhak; RbEhlKña. bnÞb;CaTUeTAminelIsBI12m2 edayRtUv cMNayRbEhlCa 25 duløarkñúg1Ex bUkrYmTaMg éføTwk EtminbUkéføePøIgeT . edIm,Ikat;bnßycMNay elIkarsñak;enA kmμkr3-5nak;sñak;enACamYyKña . CaTUeTA enAkñúgbnÞb;minmankgðareT BIeRBaHEtkmμkr minGacéllkéføePøIg)aneT EdlenHeFVIM[bnÞb;ekþA nig hb;enAeBlyb; . kmμkrCaeRcIn)ant¥Újfa {Bi)ak

edkeBlyb;Nas; eRBaHekþANas; CaBiessenAExR)aMg . eRcInyb;Edrkñúg1Ex² ´edkminlk; ehIyeTA eFVIkarGt;mankmøaMgkEmðg rhUt´QW .}13 eBlBiPakSakñúgRkum kmμkr)anbBa¢ak;fa sßanPaBrs;enAnwgl¥ RbesIr RbsinebIbnÞb;mansmaCikEt2nak; ehIyEckKñaecjéføbnÞb; . b:uEnþ eKminGacéllkEbbenH)aneT BIeRBaH)anR)ak;ExticeBk .

12>1>3 kareFVIdMeNIr nig karTMnak;TMng

km μkrcMNayCamFüm5/34duløarkñúg1ExelIkareFVIdMeNIr nig karTMnak;TMng Edlesμ Inwg 9/4°éncMNay srubelItRmUvkarcaM)ac; ¬dUcmanbgðajenAkñúgrUbPaBTI16¦. kmμkrenAextþkMBg;qñaMg sVayerog nig extþ kNþal cMNayeTAelIkareFVIdMeNIreRcInCagkRmitmFüm enAeBlEdlkmμkrenAkñúgextþRBHsIhnu nig TIRkug PñMeBjeRkamkRmitmFüm . krNIenHKW edaysarkmμkrenAextþkMBg;qñaMg sVayerog nig extþkNþal eRcInrs; enAÉpÞHq¶ayBIkEnøgeFVIkar EdltRmUv[eKeFVIdMeNIrtamrfynþ . cMENkkm μkrkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nig extþRBH sIhnueRcInEtCYlpÞHenAEk,rkEnøgeFVIkar .

13 Quote from worker in Sihanoukville during FGD on July 26, 2009.

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rUbPaBTI 16 ³ cMNayCamFümelIkareFVIdMeNIr nig karTMnak;TMng tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex ¦

8.02(14.8%)

6.86(13.1%)

5.82(10.4%) 5.34

(9.4%) 4.90(8.4%) 4.01

(7/0%)

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

extþkMBg;qñaMg extþsVayerog extþkNþal RKb;tMbn; TIRkugPñMeBj extþRBHsIhnu

duløark

ñúg1Ex

c MNayelIkareFVIdMeNIr n ig karTMnak;TMng rbs;km μkrmñμak;²

kMNt;sMKal; ³ tYelxenAkñúgvg;RkckCa ° éncMNaysrubelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr

enARKb;tMbn; lkçN³énmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr sßanPaBeFVI dMeNIrKWdUcKñaTaMgGs; . rfynþkUer:1etanknøHEdlKμanekAGI GgÁúyRtUv)aneRbICameFüa)aydwkCBa¢Únkmμkr . tamsMdIrbs; GñkebIkfynþ 1eCIg² eKdwkkmμkrBI 40 eTA 60nak; . éføCiHkñúg1Ex²sRmab;kmμkrmñak;²mancab;BI 7 eTA 10 duløar kñúg1Ex edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgéf¶Efmem:ag nig éf¶GaTitü . km μkrCaTUeTArs;enAkñúgcMgayCamFüm10K>mBIeragcRk . enAkñúgextþkMBg;qñaMg kmμkrRtUveFVIdMeNIrrhUtdl; 30K>m eTAeragRck EdlenHCamUlehtueFVIkar[eKman cMNayx<s;CageKelIkareFVIdMeNIr . karEdléføeRbg\n§n³eLIgkñúgqñaM2008knøgmk kareFVIdMeNIrk¾)aneLIg éføRsbKñaEdr .

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12>1>4 semøókbMBak;

km μkrcMNayelIsemøókbMBak; nigEs,keCIg CamFüm3/58duløarkñúg1Ex Edlesμ Inwg6/3°éncMNaysrub elItRmUvkarcaM)ac; ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI17¦ . PaBxusKñaenAkñúgcMNayelIsemøókbMBak;rvagtMbn; nig tMbn; KWmankRmittictYcEtb:ueNÑaH ¬Rtwm0/64duløarkñúg1Ex¦ .

rUbPaBTI 17 ³ cMNayCamFümelIsemøókbMBak; tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

cMNayelIsemøókbMBak;rbs;km μkrmñak;²4.08(7.1% )

3.79(7.2% )

3.78(6.7% )

3.74(6.9% ) 3.58

(6.3% ) 3.44(5.9% )

3.00

3.20

3.40

3.60

3.80

4.00

4.20

extþRBHsIhnu extþsVayerog extþkNþal extþkMBg;qñaMg RKb;tMbn; TIRkugPñMeBj

duløark

ñúg1Ex

kMNt;sMKal; ³ tYelxenAkñúgvg;RkckCa ° éncMNaysrubelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr

enAkñúgkic©BiPakSaCaRkum km μkr)anbBa¢ak;[dwgfa eKTijsemøókbMBak;RbEhlCa 10sRmab;kñúg1qñaM . eK cMNayCaeRcIneTAelIsemøókbMBak;sRmab; cUlqñaMExμrRbéBNICati buNüP¢úMbiNÐ nig BiFIbuNüGuMTUk EdlCa mFüm 30 duløarkñúgbuNümþg² . eRkABIbuNüRbéBNIBiess²TaMgenH kmμkrTijsemøókbMBak;erog;2-3mþg Edlmþg²minelIsBI 10 duløareT .

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12>1>5 suxPaB

karcMNayedIm,IsuxPaBrbs;kmμkr dUcCa karCYb CamYyRKUeBTü karBüa)al nig fñaMeBTü KWmankRmit R)ak;Rbhak;RbEhlKña BIextþmYyeTAextþmYyRbEhl Ca 1/75 duløarkñúg1Ex CamFüm ¬3°éncMNay srubelItRmUvkarcaM)ac; sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 18¦ . karcMNayeTAelIsuxPaBEdlmankRmitTabdUecñH minEmnmann½yfa kmμkrkat;edrmansuxPaBl¥ ehIyminRtUv karesvasuxPaBenaHeT pÞúyeTAvij vaqøúHbBa©aMg BIcMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlkmμkrGacmansmtßPaB edaysarEt R)ak;QñÜlrbs;eKmankRmitTab.

kñúgeBlBiPakSaCaRkum kmμkrenARKb;extþTaMgGs;)anbBa¢ak;fa suxPaBrbs;eK)ancuHexSaybnþicmþg² taMgBI eKcab;epþImeFVIkarenAeragcRkmk . eKyl;eXIjfa mankmμkrRbEhlCa70°QW BIeRBaHEtCatiKImI FUlI GgÁúy yUr eBltictYcsRmab;Gahar nig eBltictYcsRmab;bt;eCIg . kmμkrk¾bBa¢ak;pgEdrfa 30°eTotEdl minTan;QW k¾nwgQWCabnþbnÞab;enAkñúgqñaMeRkay²Edr . CaTUeTA eK)ant¥ÚjEt¥rBIGakar dUcxageRkam ³

‐ QWk,al ³ kmμkrQWk,al2-3éf¶kñúg1s)þah_ . eKGacTTYl)anfñaMBIeBTüeragcRkmþgkñúg1éf¶ . RbsinebI minRKb;RKan;eT eKeTATijenA»sfsßanbEnßmeTot edaycMNay 3/000 erol ¬0/75duløar¦ .

‐ RKuneBaHevon ³ enARKb;kEnøg kmμkresÞIrEtTaMgGs;CYbRbTHCm¶WRKuneBaHevon bnÞab;BIeFVIkarenAeragcRk)an 1-2qñaM ehIyRtUvcMNaymþgBI 200/000 eTA 400/000 erol ¬50-100duløar¦ . kmμkrxøHmanCm¶W RKuneBaHevonelIsBImYydg .

{\LÚvenH ´QWjwkjab;CagkalBI2mun . ´QWRkBH eRBaH´minmanlT§PaBTijGaharEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ nigedaysarmaneBltictYcsRmab;sRmakb:ueNÑaH bnÞab;BIGaharehIy . eBlsRmab;sRmakGahar

KWmanEt30naTIb:ueNÑaH.}

kmμkrenAextþkNþalniyayenAkñúgkic©BiPakSaCaRkum kalBIéf¶TI13ExsIha qñaM2009 .

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rUbPaBTI 18 ³ cMNayCamFümelIkarEfTaMsuxPaB tamtMbn; ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

1.89(3.4%)

1.86 (3.2%)

1.82(3.4%)

1.75(3.1%)

1.29 (2.3%) 1.16

(2.2%)

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

extþkNþal TIRkugPñMeBj extþkMBg;qñaMg RKb;tMbn; extþRBHsIhnu extþsVayerog

duløark

ñúg1Ex

c MNayelIkarEfTaMsuxPaBrbs;kmμkrmñak;²


karBinitüelIcMNaycaM)ac;lMGiteTAtamxÞg;nImYy²dUcxagelI )aneFVI[eyIgeXIjc,as;fa kRmiténkarcMNay elItRmUvkarcaM)ac; KW GaRs½yTaMgRsugeTAelIR)ak;cMNUlbc©úb,nñrbs;eK EdlmankRmitTab . edIm,Icg;dwgfa ktþacaM)ac;NamYyEdlsMxan;CageKkñúgkarseRmccitþrbs;kmμkr RkumRsavRCaveyIg)ansYrkmμkrGMBIGaTiPaB éntRmUvkarrbs;eK ¬sUmemIltaragTI4¦.

taragTI 4 ³ etImuxcMNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;mYyNaEdlsMxan;bMput?

tMbn; GaTiPaBTImYy GaTiPaBTIBIr TIRkugPñMeBj Gahar suxPaB

extþRBHsIhnu suxPaB Gahar extþkNþal Gahar suxPaB

extþsVayerog suxPaB Gahar extþkMBg;qñaMg Gahar suxPaB

RbPB ³ Ep¥kelIkic©BiPakSaCaRkumCamYykmμkr

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kmμkr)anbBa¢ak;fa karcMNayelIGaharKWCaGaTiPaBTI1 enAeBlEdlsuxPaBCaGaTiPaBTI2 BIeRBaHeKyl; eXIjfa ³ ‐ Gahar ³ GaharCYy[rkSasuxPaB nig kmøaMgrbs;eKenAkñúgkargar .

‐ suxPaB ³ eKnwgminGaceFVIkar)aneT enAeBlEdleKQW .

12>2 ktþacaM)ac;TI 2 ³ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk

CamFüm RKYsarrbs;kmμkrmansmaCik4nak; ¬bUkrYmTaMgkmμkrxøÜnÉg¦ EdlkñúgenaH 2nak;CaGñkrkcMNUl nig 2nak;eTotCaGñkkñúgbnÞúk . cMeBaHGñkenAkñúgbnÞúk eyIgmankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;[c,as;las;GMBIkRmit éntRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;eK edaysarEtmanesdækic©RKYsarCYyTMnukbRmug . viTüasßanCatisßiti ¬NIS¦ mantY elxxøHGMBIcMNayCamFümrbs;mnusSmñak;²enAtamCnbT k¾b:uEnþtYelxTaMgenaHcas; EdlminGacbBa©ak;BI cMNaybc©úb,nñ)aneT . CadMeNaHRsaykrNIenH CIDS )ansYrkm μkrGMBIcMnYnR)ak;beBaØITabbMputEdleK RtUvepJIeTApÞHkñúg1Ex² . kRmitR)ak;beBaØITabbMputenH KWCaEpñkmYyénTwkR)ak;cMNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs; GñkkñúgbnÞúkénkmμkrkat;edr . vaKWCafvikakgVHxatrbs;RKYsar EdlkgVHxatenHkmμkrkat;edrRtUvEtmankatBV kic©bMeBjerogral;Ex . tamry³kic©BiPakSaCaRkum kmμkr)anbBa¢ak;fa eKRtUvEtepJI15duløarkñúg1Ex Ca mFümeTApÞH .

rUbPaBTI 19 ³ tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk ¬duløarkñúg1Ex¦

tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk = R)ak;beBaØIcaM)ac;Gb,brma = 15 duløarkñúg1Ex

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13> R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv eRkayBI)andwgBIeKalbMNgrbs;kmμkr EdltRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma RBmTaMgdwgGMBIktþacaM)ac; EdlRtUvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarKNna dUc)anerobrab;xagelI; eyIgGacbegáItrUbmnþsamBaØmYy edIm,IKNna R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUvmYy sRmab;]sSahkmμkat;edrkm<úCa ¬sUmemIlrYbPaBTI20¦ ³

rUbPaBTI 20 ³ rUbmnþKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma

xageRkamenH eyIgnwgKNnaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmasRmab;]sSahkmμkat;edr edayeRbIR)as;rUbmnþxagelI KYbpSM nwgB½t’manEdlTTYl)anBIkarsmÖasn_ RBmTaMgkic©BiPakSaCamYykmμkrkat;edrCaRkum . eyIgKNnaR)ak;Gb, brmamanBIrkRmit edayEp¥kelIesNarIy:UBIrepSgKña ³ ‐ esNarIy:UTI1 ³ Ep¥ktamcMNaybc©úb,nñelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr ‐ esNarIy:UTI2 ³ begáInfvikasRmab;Gaharrbs;kmμkrdl;kRmitmFüm

esNarIy:UTI 1 ³Ep¥ktamcMNaybc©úb,nñ lT§plénkarRsavRCavbgðajfa bc©úb,nñ kmμkrcMNay56/99duløarkñúg1ExelItRmUvkarcaM)ac; EdlkñúgenaH 32/86duløarelIGahar nig 24/13duløareTotelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;eRkABIGahar ¬dUcCa karsñak;enA kareFVIdMeNIr suxPaB .l.¦ . tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúkmanRbEhlCa 15 duløarkñúg1Ex EdlCacMnYnTwkR)ak;TabbMputEdlkmμkrRtUvEtepJIeTA b¤ ebImindUecñaH RKYsarrbs;eKnwgehAeKeTApÞHvij . edayeRbItYelxenHCamYynwgrUbmnþxageli eyIgeXIjfa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma RtwmRtUvtamesNarIy:UTI1 esμInwg 71/99duløarkñúg1Ex ¬dUcbgðajkñúgrUbPaBTI21¦ . R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma kRmiténR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma = tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr + tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk

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enHFanafa kmμkrrkSa)ankRmitcMNaybc©úb,nñrbs;eK ehIyk¾Fanafa kmμkrmansmtßPaBepJIR)ak;eTApÞH )ankñúgkRmitmYyEdlcaM)ac;bMput .

rUbPaBTI 21 ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv ¬esNarIy:UTI 1¦

esNarIy:UTI 2 ³ begáInfvikasRmab;Gaharrbs;km μkrdl;kRmitmFüm dUcEdl)anbgðajrYcmkehIy cMNaybc©úb,nñrbs;km μkrelIGahar ¬32/86duløarkñúg1Ex b¤ 1/06 duløar kñúg1éf¶¦ KWminRKb;RKan;eTAtamtRmUvkarsuxPaBeT . eyagtamTinñn½yTTYl)anBIviTüasßanCatisßiti ¬NIS¦ mnusSmñak;²enATIRkugPñMeBj cMNayCamFüm 1/15duløarkñúg1éf¶elIGahar . ebIsinCaeyIgcg;[km μkr manGaharRKb;RKan;eTAtamtRmUvkarsuxPaB enaHeyIgKYrEttMeLIgR)ak;sRmab;cMNayelIGahar [dl;kRmit mFüm dUcEdl)anrkeXIjedayviTüasßanCatisßiti . kñúgkrNIEdleyIgKitfa cMNayrbs;kmμkreTAtRmUv karcaM)ac;eRkABImðÚbGahar nig tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúkminERbRbYl enaHR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEdl RtwmRtUvtamesNarIy:UTI2KWman74/85duløarkñúg1Ex . kRmiténR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenHFanafa kmμkr TTYl)anmðÚbGaharRKb;RKan;dUcRbCaCnTUeTAkñúgRkugPñMeBj enAeBlEdleKenAEtmanluyepJIeTARKYsarRbcaM ExkñúgkRmitcaM)ac;dEdl ¬dUc bgðajenAkñúgrUbPaBTI22¦.

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma = tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr + tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk

= 56/99 + 15/00

= 71/99 duløarkñúg1Ex

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rUbPaBTI 22 ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv ¬esNarIy:UTI 2¦

14> karBinitüeLIgvijelIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma

etIry³eBlb:unμanqñaMEdltRmUv[mankarBinitüeLIgvijelIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma ? etIktþaGVIxøHRtUvykmkBicar Na? enARbeTsCaeRcIn ktþacaM)ac;sRmab;BinitüeLIgvijelIR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmarYmman karERbRbYlén cMNaykñúgkarrs;enA karERbRbYléncMNUl nig karERbRbYlénrebobrbbrs;enA . RbeTsmYycMnYnBinitü R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaeLIgvijerogral;qñaM RbeTsxøH3qñaMmþg . manRbeTsxøH eKBinitüeLIgvijelIR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brma KWenAeBlEdlmankarbHe)arenAkñúgsgÁmEtb:ueNÑaH .

eyagtamkarBiPakSaCaRkumCamYynwgkmμkrenAkñúgextþcMnYn 5 kmμkr)anyl;eXIjCarYmfa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma KYrEtRtUv)anBinitüeLIgvijerogral;qñaM edayeKmanmUlehtusMxan;²3KW ³ ‐ karekIneLIgkñúgkarcMNayelIsuxPaB ³ kmμkr)anbBa¢ak;fa suxPaBrbs;eKcuHexSayeTA²BImYyqñaM

eTAmYyqñaM EdlnaM[eKRtUvcMNayelIsuxPaBkan;EteRcIn . kmμkrFøak;xøÜnQW1qñaMeRkayBIcab;epþImeFVIkar enAeragcRk PaKeRcInQWk,al nig RKuneBaHevon . dUc)anerobrab;xagelI kmμkrQWk,alkñúg1GaTitü BI2eTA3dg . eRkayeFVIkarkñúgeragcRk)anBI1eTA2qñaM kmμkrmanCm¶WRKuneBaHevonEdlBüa)almþg² RtUvcMNayBI50duløareTA100duløar .

‐ karERbRbYlénesßrPaBesdækic© ³ CaBiesskarERbRbYlénéføTMnij nig karERbRbYlénm:aRkUesdækic© vaeFVI[R)ak;cMNUlCak;Esþgrbs;kmμkr)at;bg;esßrPaB .

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma = tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr + tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúk

= 59/85 + 15/00

= 74/85 duløarkñúg1Ex

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‐ karERbRbYlsßanPaBRKYsar ³ BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM sßanPaBRKYsarrbs;kmμkrEtgEtpøas;bþÚr edaysarEteK sßitkñúgv½yerobkar ¬CamFümGayu24qñaM¦. karerobkar b¤ karmankUn KWCakarERbRbYlEdleFVI[mankar ekIneLIgéncMNay .

15> kareRbobeFobR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaCamYynwgsUcnakrsMxan;²

edIm,IFanafa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmanwgminBRgIkKmøaténR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgesdækic© nig sgÁm ehIyedIm,IFana fa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaR)akdCamansar³sMxan; nig RtwmRtUveTAtambrbTénRbeTs CaTUeTA eKEtgEteFVIkar eRbobeFobR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaCamYynwgsUcnakrsMxan;²mYycMnYn dUcCa ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk kRmitTUeTAén R)ak;QñÜl nig plitPaBkargar . xageRkamenH eyIgnwgeFVIkareRbobeFobR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEdl)an KNnaeRkamesNarIy:UTI1 ¬71/99duløar kñúg1Ex¦ CamYynwgsUcnakarTaMgenH .

15>1 ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaKWCa]bkrN_TUeTA sRmab;neya)aykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . dUecñHkRmitR)ak;QñÜlRtUvsßit enAEpñkxagelIénExSbnÞab;PaBRkIRk edIm,IFanafaeKalneya)ayseRmceKaledA . eyagtamRksYgEpnkar ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI23¦ ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk14KW3/258erolkñúgRbCaCnmñak;² ¬b¤ 0/81 duløar¦ enAkñúgTIRkug PñMeBj/ 2/705erol ¬b¤0/68duløar¦ enATIRbCuMCndéTeTot nig 2/429erol ¬b¤0/61duløar¦ enACnbT KittaméføTMnijqñaM2009 . R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaeRkamesNarIy:UTI1EdlesμInwg 71/99duløarkñúg1Ex b¤ 2/32duløarkñúg1éf¶ KWsßitenAEpñkxagelIénExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk dUecñHehIyvaeqøIyeTAnwgeKaledAénneya)ay kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk .

14 Poverty line is adjusted to 2009 prices by CIDS using Consumer Price Index (CPI) figures from the National Institute of Statistics (NIS)

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rUbPaBTI 23 ³ ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk nig R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma ¬kñúg1éf¶-éføduløarbc©úb,nñ¶¦

$0.81 $0.68 $0.61

$2.32

$‐

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk ³ TIRkugPñMeBj ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk ³ tMbn;CayRkug ExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk ³ tMbn;CnbT R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv

duløark

ñúg1éf

¶

KittaméføTMnijqñaM2009

RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar viTüasßanCatisßiti nigviTüasßankm<úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUvminEmnmanEttRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkreT EfmTaMgmantRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;Gñk kñúgbnÞúkeTotpg . enAkñúgR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma71/99duløarkñúg1Ex KWman56/99duløarsRmab; tRmUvkarcaM)ac; rbs;kmμkr eBalKW 1/84kñúg1éf¶ . dUecñH R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUvsßitenAEpñkxagelI énbnÞat;PaBRkIRk . sßanPaBenH eyIgRtUvmankarRbugRby½tñenAkñúgkarGtßaFib,ay . karEdlkmμkrTTYlR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma mankRmitelIExSbnÞat;PaBRkIRk minmanmann½yfa km μkrElgRkenaHeT . ebIeyIgeRbobeFobeTAnwgmnusS TUeTAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjEdleKcay CamFüm3/01duløarkñúg1éf¶sRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac; ¬1/15duløarsRmab; mðÚbGahar¦ enaHeyIgeXIjfa kmμkrmansßanPaBRkCag BIeRBaHkmμkrmansmtßPaBcayeTAelItRmUvkarcaM)ac; RtwmEt1/84duløarkñúg1éf¶b:ueNÑaH ¬1/06duløarsRmab;Gahar¦ .

15>2 R)ak;QñÜlmFüm (GDP mñak;² )

R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaCaTUeTARtUv)anykmkeRbobeFobCamYynwgR)ak;QñÜlmFüm edIm,I[dwgfa etIR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brmaenaHGackat;bnßyKmøaténR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgesdækic©Edrb¤eT . kñúgkrNIEdlBuMmanB½t’manGMBIR)ak; QñÜlmFüm eKykR)ak;cMNUlmñak;mkeRbICMnYs . dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbPaBTI24 R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaeFob

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eTAnwgR)ak;cMNUlmñak;²man 111° ¬KitCaéføbc©úb,nñ¦ b¤ 115° ¬KitCatémøefr¦ . enAkñúgRbeTsCa eRcIn R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUv)ankMNt;CaTUeTARtwmEt 30° eTA 60° énR)ak;cMNUlmñak;² ebIeTaHbICaenA kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ vaenAcenøaHBI eRkam30° eTAelIsBI 100° énR)ak;cMNUlmñak;²k¾eday .15

kñúgkrNIRbeTskm<úCa kareRbobeFobR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma CamYynwgR)ak;cMNUlmñak;² vapþl;sar³sMxan;eT edaysarmanmUlehtuBIry:ag . TI1 eKalbMNgcm,g EdltRmUv[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenAkñúgvis½y kat;edrKWminEmnedIm,Ikat;bnßyKmøaténR)ak;cMNUleT k¾b:uEnþ KWedIm,IFanafakmμkrkat;edrmanR)ak;RKb;RKan; sRmab;cMNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;eK nig sRmab;GñkkñúgbnÞúk RBmTaMgedIm,IkarBarkarFøak;cuHénR)ak;QñÜl . TI2 R)ak;cMNUlmñak;²kñúgRbeTskm<úCabc©úb,nñ KWTabCagcMNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig GñkbnÞúk rYcehIy . dUecñH ebIykR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma[es μInwgR)ak;cMNUlmñak;² enaHmann½yfa kmμkrkat;edrminman luyRKb;RKan;sRmab;cMNayelItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;eK nig GñkkñúgbnÞúkeLIy .

rUbPaBTI 24 ³ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma nig GDPmñak;² ¬qñaM2009¦

71.99

47.96

64.37

41.56

‐

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Kittaméføbc©úb,nñ Cak;Esg

duløark

ñúg1Ex

Minimum Wage

GDP per Capita

111%115%

RbPB ³ viTüasßanCatisßiti nig viTüasßankm<úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_

15 (ILO, 2009)

GDPmñak;² R)ak;QñÜlGb,

51 / 55

15>3 témøbEnßmkñúgkmμkrmñak;²

CaTUeTA mankarbkRsayfa kmμkrminRtUvTTYl)anR)ak;QñÜlelIsBIlT§plkargarEdleKpþl;[eragcRkeT eRBaHebImindUecñHeragcRknwgdYlrlM . lT§plEdleKpþl;[eragcRkRtUv)an[eQμaHfa témøbEnßm . témø bEnßménkmμkrmñak;² KWCaRbPBénR)ak;cMNUlrbs;kmμkr . dUecñH vaCaerOgsMxan;Nas; EdlRtUveFVIkar eRbobeFobrvagR)ak;cMNUlrbs;kmμkrCamYynwgtémøbEnßmrbs;kmμkr .

rUbPaBTI25 bgðajBIkareRbobeFobtémøbEnßménkmμkrmñak;²enAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr CamYynwgR)ak;QñÜl Cak;Esþgrbs;kmμkr . dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbPaB eyIgeXIjfa KmøatrvagR)ak;QñÜl nig témøbEnßménkmμkr mñak;²mankRmitFM ehIymanninñakarkan;EtFMeTot . kñúgGMLúgeBlBIqñaM 2004 dl; 2009 R)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg rbs;kmμkr manCamFüm24°éntémøbEnßm; kñúgGMLúgqñaM 2007-2009 va)anFøak;cuHmkRtwm19° . ebI eyIgeFVIkareRbobeFob RbeTscinman 34° nig RbeTs\NÐÚensuIman 25° kñúgqñaM 2008 mann½yfa kmμkr enARbeTsTaMgenaHTTYlcMENkénplkargareRcInCagkmμkrenAkm<úCa .16

rUbPaBTI 25 ³ témøbEnßm nig R)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg kñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr ¬2004-2009¦

235.89 244.63 250.28 266.51

290.22 283.94

59.69 58.59 58.70 56.16 49.66 55.26

‐

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009/p

duløark

ñúg1Ex

témøbEnßmkmμkrmñak;² R)ak;QñÜlCak;Esþg

RbPB ³ viTüasßanCatisßiti RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ nigviTüasßankm<úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_/ p ³ BüakrN_TukCamun

16 CIDS database, compiled from official sources in different countries

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ninñakardUcmanenAkñúgrUbPaBTI25 KWCaTinñnakarmYyminl¥Tal;EtesaHsRmab;kmμkrkat;edr EdlenHbgðajBI PaBcaM)ac;fa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtUvEtEktRmUv[eTACameFüa)aymYy edIm,I[kmμkrTTYl)ancMENksmrmü BIkarrIkceRmInénesdækic© . karFøak;cuHéntémøbEnßmrbs;kmμkrmñak;²kñúgqñaM2009 KWedaysarEtkarFøak;cuHén esdækic©kñúgBiPBelak minEmnedaysarplitPaBkargarkmμkrFøak;cuHeT .

15>4 kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg manmtielIkeLIgfa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaenARbeTskm<úCa vamankRmitx<s;CagenAkñúgRbeTsRbkYtRbECgdéT eTotrYceTAehIy dUcCa RbeTs\NÐÚensuI evotNam nig bg;køaeds ¬dUcbgðajkñúgrUbPaBTI1¦ . dUecñH karekIneLIgén R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmanwgeFVI[]sSahkmμkat;edrenAkm<úCa)at;bg;kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg . edIm,I yl;[kan;Etc,as; GMBI\T§iBlrbs;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmamkelIkmøaMgRbkYtRbECg eyIgRtUvkarcaM)ac;Binitü eTAelITMhMénPaBcMeNj CaCagBinitüeTAelIkRmitR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma . ebIeTaHbICaR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmax<s; CagenARbeTsdéTeTotd¾eday RbsinebITMhMénPaBcMeNjenAEtFM enaHm©as;eragcRkenAkm<úCak¾ enAEtyl; eXIjfaRbeTskm<úCaenAEtkEnøgpþl;PaBcMeNj nig eKminseRmccitþbþÚrTItaMgeLIy .

dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbPaBTI26 TMhMénPaBcMeNjenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrkm<úCa ¬31°¦ mankRmitx<s;Cag y:ageRcIn ebIeFobeTAnwg \NÐa ¬11/8°¦/ \NÐÚensuI ¬10°¦/ evotNam ¬6/5°¦/ eN):al; ¬4/4°¦ nig cin ¬EdlmankRmitTabCageKbMputRtwmEt3/2°b:ueNÑaH¦ . enHbBa¢ak;fa karekIneLIgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmakñúg rUbPaBmYysmrmü vanwgmineFVI[RbeTskm<úCa)at;bg; kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg b¤k¾ElgCaeKaledAénGñkvinieyaKeT .

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rUbPaBTI 26 ³ TMhMénPaBcMeNjenAkñúg]sSahkm μkat;edr enARbeTsmYycMnYn ¬°¦

43.10%

31.0%

11.8%10.0%

6.5%4.4% 3.2%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

bg;køaeds km<úCa \NÐa \NÐÚensuI evotNam eN):al; cin

GRtacMN

UleFobnwg

témøTinñp

l¬%¦

T MhMMMénPaBcMeNj

RbPB ³ viTüasßankm<úCaedIm,IsikSakarGPivDÆn_ nig RbPBepSg² ¬sUmemIlbBa¢IÉksarBieRKaH¦

pÞúyeTAvij karekIneLIgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmanwgnaM[mankarekIneLIgénplitPaBkargarrbs;kmμkr . enAkñúgkic©BiPakSaCaRkum kmμkr)anbBa¢ak;fa ebIsinR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmax<s;Cagmun enaHeKnwgmanGarm μN_ kk;ekþA ehIynwgmanTwkcitþeFVIkar Büayam nig GMNt;Cagmun EdlnwgmanlT§plRbesIrCagmunsRmab; eragcRk . CamYyKñaenHEdr kmμkr)anelIkeLIgfa karEdlmanR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv enaHeFVI[R)ak; cMNUlRbcaMExrbs;eKnwgminGaRs½yTaMgRsugeTAelI kmøaMgsuxPaBrbs;eK . mann½yfa km μkrTTYl)annUv R)ak;QñÜlEdlmankarFanaenAkRmitGb,brma ebIeTaHbIkñúgkrNIeKFøak;xøÜnQWk¾eday . kñúgkrNIenH km μkr enHnwgTTYleBlRKb;RKan;edIm,IsuxPaBl¥eLIgvij eKnwgmanGarmμN_l¥enAkñúgkargarsRmab;eragcRk .

54 / 55

EpñkTI 4 ³ esckþIsnñidæan nig Gnusasn_

karsikSaRsavRCavenH)anrYmcMENkkñúgkarbegáIt[manviFIsa®sþc,as;las;mYy kñúgkarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb, brma[)anRtwmRtUvsRmab;]sSahkmμkat;edrkm<úCa nig sRmab;vis½ydéTeTot . viFIsa®sþman 3 CMh‘anKW ³ 1¦ kMNt;eKalbMNgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brma 2¦ kMNt;ktþacaM)ac;TaMgLayEdlRtUvdak;eTAkñúgR)ak;QñÜl Gb,brma nig 3¦sRmYlrUbmnþKNnaeTAtamCMh‘anTI1 nig TI2 . CMh‘anTI1 nigTI2 RtUvEtKitKUrGMBI sßanPaBCak;Esþgrbs;kmμkr RBmTaMgtRmUvkarrbs;eK dUecñHehIy RtUvBwgEp¥kelIkarsmÖasn_ nig BiPakSa CamYyRkumeKaledA . tamry³enH eyIgGacFanafa R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEdlrkeXIj vanwgRtwmRtUvRBmTaMg qøúHbBa©aMgBItRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;km μkr .

sRmab;]sSahkm μkat;edrkm<úCa karsikSaRsavRCav)anbgðajfa ³

‐ R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmabc©úb,nñEdlesμInwg 50 duløarkñúg1Ex KWminRKb;RKan;sRmab;tRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig GñkkñúgbnÞúkeT . kmμkrRtUvkarticbMput 71/99 duløarkñúg1Ex kñúgenaH 56/99 duløar bMeBjtRmUv karcaM)ac;rbs;kmμkr nig 15duløareTotbMeBjtRmUvkarcaM)ac;rbs;GñkkñúgbnÞúkrbs;eK .

‐ caM)ac;RtUvBinitüR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaeLIgvijCaerogral;qñaM edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarpøas;bþÚrénsßanPaB esdækic© ¬dUcCa GtiprNa¦ nig suxPaBRTuteRTamRbcaMqñaM nigkarERbRbYlenAkñúgRKYsarrbs;kmμkr .

‐ enAtMbn;epSg²Kña vamincaM)ac;tRmUvkar[manR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaxus²KñaeT BIeRBaHcMNaysrubsRmab; tRmUvkarcaM)ac;KWesμ IKñaRKb;kEnøg . dUecñH vaKYrEtmanR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaEtmYyKt; sRmab;]sSahkmμ kat;edrTaMgmUl .

‐ kñúgkarts‘UmtiedIm,ITamTarR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmaRtwmRtUv vaKYrEtcab;epþImBIkRmit71/99duløarkñúg1Exsin BIeRBaHvaqøúHbBa©aMgBIsßanPaBbc©úb,nñrbs;km μkr .

‐ karekIneLIgénR)ak;QñÜlGb,brmanwgmineFVI[RbeTskm<úCaxatbg;kmøaMgRbkYtRbECg b¤ ElgTak;Taj GñkvinieyaKeT BIeRBaHTMhMcMeNjenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAx<s;CagRbeTsRbkYtRbECg dUcCa \NÐÚensuI evotNam eN):al; nig cin . pÞúyeTAvij R)ak;QñÜlGb,brma Edlx<s;nwgeFVI[plitPaBkan;Etx<s; BIeRBaHkmμkrmñak;²TTYlnUvGarmμN_FanaGMBIR)ak;cMNUl .

‐ enAkñúgkic©BiPakSaCamYyRkumeKaledA kmμkr)anesñIsuM[manKN³kmμaFikarkMNt;R)ak;QñÜlGb,brmamYy EdlmanshCIBtMNag[km μkr nig m®nþIrdæaPi)al cUlrYmedayRsbc,ab;kñúgkic©crca .

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ÉksarBieRKaH Business New Zealand (2002). Annual Review of the Minimum Wage. Report Submitted to the

Labour Market Policy group, Department of Labour. Wellington, New Zealand.

International Labour Organization (2008). Global Wage Report 2008/09. Geneva: ILO.

International Labour Organization (2009). Update on Minimum Wage Developments. (Discussion Paper for Governing Body of the Committee on Economic and Social Policy GB.304/ESP/3). Geneva: ILO

Pember, R. & Dupré, M. (1997). Statistical Aspects of Minimum Wage Determination. Geneva: Bureau of Statistics, ILO. Retrieved from www.ilo.org on July 2009.

Prasanna, R. and Gowthaman, B. (2005). Sector Specific Living Wage for Sri Lankan Apparel Industry Workers. Report prepared for AlaRM for Wider Discussion.

Saget, C. (2004). Minimum Wage – Does it Cut Poverty?. Labour Education 2004/1-2, No. 134. Retrieved from www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/actrav/publ/134/17.pdf on July 2009

Shaheed, Z. (1994). Notes on Minimum Wage Fixing. Derived from “Minimum wages and low pay: An ILO perspective,” International Journal of manpower, Vol. 15, No. 2/3, 1994 (pp. 49-61).

RbPBsRmab;rUbPaBTI 26 ³ TMhMénPaBcMeNjén]sSahkmμkat;edrenAbNþaRbeTseRCIserIsmYycMnYn ¬°¦ ³ Bangladesh: Yamagata, T. (2007). Prospects for Development of the Garment Industry in

Developing Countries: What Has Happened Since MFA-Phase Out?. IDE: Japan Cambodia: CIDS estimates based on data from Nathan Associations (2007). Factory Level

Value Chain Analysis of Garment Industry in Cambodia; Yamagata, T. (2007). Prospects for Development of the Garment Industry in Developing Countries: What Has Happened Since MFA-Phase Out?. IDE: Japan

India: Joshi, G (2002). Garment Industry in South Asia: Rags or Riches? ILO: New Delhi

Indonesia: Bala Ramasamy and Matthew Yeung (2008). Does China Have A Competitive Advantage in Low-End Garment Industry? A Case Study Approach.

Vietnam Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Dec 3, 2008). Vietnam’s Textile Profit Margin Down 8 percent since WTO Membership. http://vibforum.vcci.com.vn/news_detail.asp?news_id=14696

Nepal: Joshi, G (2002). Garment Industry in South Asia: Rags or Riches? ILO: New Delhi

China: China Statistics Bureau

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