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J. Rad. Res. Appl. Sci., Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 885 – 901 (2012)

Green Tea attenuates some biochemical disorders induced by γ- irradiation in male rats A. S. Nada,* A. Ain-Shoka,** H. A. Abdel – Latif, ** N. E. Amin*and M. M. Aziz*. *Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority.** Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. Email: [email protected]. Received: 12/07/2012. Accepted:01/11/2012.

ABSTRACT

While radiation hazards, due to free radical generation, present an enormous challenge for biological and medical safety, green tea extract is a potent scavenger of a variety of free radicals. This study was conducted to evaluate the modulating efficacy of prolonged oral administration of green tea against gamma radiation-induced cellular damage in the liver and kidney in male rats using vitamin E as a reference drug. Green tea aqueous extract (300mg/Kg body weighty) or vitamin E (40 mg/ Kg body weighty) were administered to male albino rats via gavages during 21 successive days before whole body exposure to gamma rays (6.5Gy), from cesium-137 source, and during 7 days after irradiation. The animals were sacrificed the 7th day post-irradiation. The levels of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), urea, and creatinine, as well as activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased in sera of the irradiated rats. Moreover, radiation induced disturbances in liver and kidney content of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn). Treatment with green tea extract and or vitamin E before and post irradiation were significantly ameliorated the levels of cholesterol, TG, creatinine, and urea, as well as the activities of AST, ALT, and ALP in serum. Also, green tea extract and or vitamin E achieved significant amelioration liver and kidney contents of Ca, Mg and Mn. In conclusion, green tea extract and or vitamin E show a radioprotective impact against ionizing-radiation-induced liver and kidney injury. Keywords, Green tea, vitamin E, gamma radiation, cholesterol, urea, and

creatinine.

Nada. et al., J. Rad. Res. Appl. Sci., Vol. 5, No. 4 (2012) 886

INTRODUCTION

Ionizing radiation (X, γ-ray) consists of energetic particles and electromagnetic radiation, which can penetrate living tissue or cells and result in the transfer of radiation energy to the biological material. The absorbed energy of ionizing radiation can break chemical bonds and cause ionization of different atoms and molecules, including water and different biologically important macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, membrane lipids and proteins (1). Ionizing radiation can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the decomposition of cellular water (2). These ROS plays a critical role in cell damage by causing DNA strand breaks, lipid peroxidation, protein modification and also by initiating a variety of cellular single transduction pathways (3) which eventually result in physical and chemical damage to tissues if not scavenged. Cells are well equipped to defend themselves against ROS, with a repertoire of antioxidant enzymes and molecules(4).

Radioprotecting compounds are of importance in clinical radiation therapy. Though a large variety of compounds have shown promise as radioprotectors in laboratory studies, most of them failed even before reaching the preclinical stage due to their toxicity and side effects. Naturally occurring antioxidants like flavanoids, polyphenols, vitamin E and extracts of several medicinal plants and herbs offer protection against the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation because of their ability to scavenge free radicals (5).

The use of plants and their bioactive constituents with antioxidant activity is highly relevant in mitigation of radiation-induced oxidative damage (6). Tea is a widely consumed beverage throughout the world and reported to possess significant health promoting effects(7). Green tea extract (GTE) is derived from the plant, Camellia sinensis, family Theaceae. Green tea, unlike black and oolong tea, is not fermented, so the active constituents remain unaltered in the herb. Green tea is rich in flavonoids especially catechins. The major catechins found in GTE are epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. The later is the most abundant component and has stronger physiological activities compared to the other catechin compounds (7). Many studies have proved that green tea is capable of scavenging and neutralizing free radicals; interacting with oxidative cascade and preventing its outcome by acting as terminators of the propagation route (8); oxygen quenching and making it less available for oxidative reaction (9); enhancing the antioxidant status (10).


Vitamin E is the major lipid soluble antioxidant. It acts in adipose tissue, in plasma lipoproteins, in membranes of mitochondria and cells. Vitamin E plays an important protective role against radiation-induced peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in vitro, and erythrocyte damage in vivo (11). It is the primary chain breaking antioxidant in membranes and reduces peroxyl, hydroxyl, supperoxide radical and singlet oxygen (12).

Trace elements act as essential activators or cofactors for antioxidant enzymes to exert their action. They increased the antioxidant capacities, and preventing the accumulation of pathological concentration of oxygen radicals or in repairing damage caused by irradiation injury (13). Manganese is a mineral form, found in the human body in very minimal amount. Mn is an actual component of manganese super oxide dismutase enzyme a powerful antioxidant. Magnesium is involved in the synthesis of protein, and it is an important co-factor in more than 300 enzymatic reactions in the human body. While calcium affects muscle contractions, magnesium balances that effect and relaxes muscles. Manganese deficiency can cause abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates, and cholesterol.

Because radiation-induced cellular injury, it is anticipated that green tea extract treatment should delay or prevent the onset of radiation-induced tissue injury. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the radio-protective effects of green tea extract against organ injury induced by ionizing radiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental animals

Male Wistar albino rats weighting 120-150 g, were purchased from the National Research Center (Giza, Egypt), were kept for about 15 days before the onset of the experiment under observation to exclude any intercurrent infection and to acclimatize the laboratory conditions. The animals were kept in metal cages with good aerated covers at normal atmospheric temperature (25+5˚c) and at normal daily 12 hrs dark/light cycles. They were fed commercial food pellets and provided with tap water ad-libitum. All animals procedures were carried out in accordance with the Ethics committee of National Research Center conformed to the “Guide for the case and use of laboratory animals” published by the US National Institute of Health (NIH publication, No.85-23, 1996).


Radiation processing Whole body gamma irradiation performed with a Canadian Gamma

Cell 40-Cesium, 137 biological sources, belonging to the National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Cairo, Egypt. The radiation dose level was 6.5 Gy at dose rate 0.79 rad/sec calculated according to the Dosimeter department in the NCRRT.

Treatment Green tea extract: green tea was obtained commercially from local

market (Isis Company, Egypt). Green tea extract was prepared according to Khan et al., (14) by adding 2.5g of green tea to 50ml boiling water and steeped for 20 minutes. The extract was cooled to room temperature then filtered. The tea leaves were extracted again with 50 ml of boiling water and filtered, and then the two filtrates were combined to obtain 2.5% green tea extract. The extract was preserved in dark bottle and stored at 4 C○. Green tea extract used in oral dose of 300mg/kg (15). Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. Vitamin E was used in an oral dose of 40 mg/kg (16).

Experimental design

After an adaptation period of one week, the animals were randomly divided into 6 equal groups, each of 8 rats. Control group: rats received distilled water via gavages during 28 successive days. RAD group: rats received distilled water via gavages during 21 successive days before whole body gamma irradiation with 6.5 Gy and continued received distilled water during 7 successive days after irradiation. GTE group: rats received green tea extract (300mg/Kg/day) via gavages during 28 successive days. GTE+RAD group: rats received green tea extract (300mg/Kg/day) during 21 successive days before whole body gamma irradiation with 6.5 Gy and continued received green tea extract during 7 successive days after irradiation. Vit. E group: rats received vitamin E (40mg/Kg/day) via gavages during 28 successive days. Vit.E+RAD group: rats received vitamin E (40mg/Kg/day) during 21 successive days before whole body gamma irradiation with 6.5 Gy and continued received vitamin E during 7 successive days after irradiation. The animals were scarified by decapitation 7th day post-irradiation and blood samples were collected and put into chilled non heparinized tubes to obtain serum, which were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 4° C for the measurements of cholesterol, TG, urea, and creatinine, as well as the activities


of AST, ALT, and ALP. The liver and kidney were quickly excised, washed by deionized water for further biochemical analysis.

Biochemical analysis

Serum AST and ALT were determined according to Reitman and Frankel (17) and serum ALP detected according to Belfield and Goldberg (18). Serum urea and creatinine were measured according to Fawcett and Scott (19) and Schirmeister et al., (20) respectively. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride were estimated following the method of Allian et al., (21) and Fossati and Principe (22) respectively. Green tea plant and extract as well as liver and kidney tissues samples were digested to determine the concentration of Ca, Mg and Mn by adding pure concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide at 5:1 ratio (23), sample digestion was carried out using Milestone MLS-1200 Mega, High performance Microwave Digestor Unit, Italy. The selected elements were estimated using Unicam 939 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, England, equipped with deuterium back ground correction. All solutions were prepared with ultra pure water with a specific resistance 18 Ω cm -1, obtained from ELGA, Ultra Pure Water Station, England. The biochemical assay was achieved using Herios γ UV/VIS Spectrophotometers, Japan.

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed using one way analysis variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test. Results were expressed as means± Standard Error (SE). Differences were considered significant at P<0.05. Graph pad soft ware instant (version 2) was used to carry out these statistical tests (24).

RESULTS

In the present study, rats fed a normal diet and supplemented with green tea and /or with vitamin E for 28 days, showed no significant changes in the activities of serum AST, ALT, ALP and levels of cholesterol, triglycerides urea and creatinine. Also, Ca, Mn and Mg contents in liver and kidney showed approximately normal ranges at all experimental time intervals compared with control (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).

On the other hand, whole body gamma irradiation of rats with 6.5 Gy (one shot dose) provokes a significant increase in the activities of serum: AST, ALT, ALP and the content of cholesterol and triglycerides by 37%, 32%, 35%, 34% and 62% from the normal level respectively (Tables 1 and 2). In parallel


Table (1): Effect of green tea and/ or vitamin E on activities of aspartate aminotransfersae (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in different animal groups

Parameter Treatment

AST (U/ml) % change of Control

ALT (U/ml)

% change of Control

ALP (IU/l)

% change of Control

Control 53.13 ± 0.99 100% 29.63 ± 0.60 100% 88.62 ± 1.42 100%

Green tea 51.13 ± 0.81 96% 28.00 ± 0.65 94% 86.26 ± 1.76 97%

Vitamin E 49.25 ± 0.92 93% 27.25 ± 0.37 92% 94.52 ± 2.44 107%

Irradiated (a)

73.00 ± 1.12 137% (a) 39.13 ± 0.72 132% (a)

119.90± 1.23 135%

Irradiated +Green tea

(a,b,c) 114%

(a,b,c) 114%

(b,c) 101%

60.75± 1.00 33.75 ± 0.70 88.70 ± 2.36

Irradiated +Vitamin E

(b) 54.25 ± 1.39 102% (a)

36.63 ± 0.65 124% (a,b) 100.10± 1.61 113%

Values are expressed as means of 8 records ± standard Error a : Significant (P≤0:05) when compared with the control group. b : Significant (P≤0:05) when compared with the corresponding irradiated group. c : Significant (P≤0:05) when compared with the corresponding irradiated + vitamin E Table (2): Effect of green tea and/ or vitamin E on serum cholesterol and

triglycerides levels in different animal groups Parameter Treatment

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

% change of Control

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

% change of Control

Control 87.61 ± 1.72 100% 42.78 ± 1.06 100%

Green tea (a)

77.94 ± 1.30 89%

(a) 38.75 ± 0.87

91%

Vitamin E 86.25 ± 1.68 98% 40.30 ± 0.66 94%

Irradiated (a)

117.10 ± 1.87 134%

(a) 69.48 ± 0.80

162%

Irradiated + Green tea

(a,b) 101.70 ± 1.35

116% (a,b,c)

59.96 ± 0.88 140%

Irradiated + Vitamin E

(a,b) 97.05 ± 1.76

111% (a,b)

55.92 0.96 131%

Legands are as in Table (1)

significant increase in the levels of urea and creatinine by 59% and 50% respectively were recorded (Table 3). Also, irradiation of rats induced no


significant effect on liver Mg content while significant elevation in liver Ca content by 16% and significant decrease in liver Mn content by 25% were observed in comparison to normal content (Table 4). In parallel a continuous significant decrease in the kidney Ca, Mn and Mg contents by nearly 20% were observed in comparison to normal content (Table 5).

Table (3): Effect of green tea and/ or vitamin E on serum urea and creatinine levels in different animal groups

Parameter Treatment

Urea (mg/dl)

% change of Control

Creatinine (mg/dl)

% change of Control

Control 39.10 ± 0.73 100% 0.74 ± 0.01 100%

Green tea 36.85 ± 0.80 94% 0.72 ± 0.01 97%

Vitamin E 38.01 ± 1.03 97% 0.74 ± 0.01 100%

Irradiated (a)

62.09 ± 1.09 159%

(a) 1.11 ± 0.02

150%


(a,b) 51.54 ± 0.97

132% (a,b)

0.93 ± 0.01 126%


(a,b) 50.99 ± 1.11

130% (a,b)

0.94 ± 0.02 127%

Legands are as in Table (1). Table (4): Effect of green tea and/ or vitamin E on liver calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) contents in different animal groups

Parameter Treatment

Ca (μg/g) % change of Control Mg (μg/g)

% change

of Control

Mn (μg/g)

% change

of Control

Control 209.10 ± 5.81 100% 614.20 ± 10.33 100% 2.49 ± 0.03 100%

Green tea 211.30 ± 5.28 101% 599.40 ± 9.90 98% 2.37 ± 0.03 95%

Vitamin E 213.40 ± 3.17 102% 578.80 ± 14.39 94% (a)

2.33 ± 0.02 94%

Irradiated (a)

243.40 ± 7.08 116% 597.80 ± 16.03 97%

(a) 1.86 ± 0.04

75%

Irradiated +Green tea

(b) 218.30 ± 6.32

104% 607.60 ± 10.07 99% (a,b,c)

2.06 ± 0.05 83%


(b) 219.80 ± 4.81

105% 572.90 ± 14.08 93% (a)

1.85 ± 0.02 74%

Legands are as in Table (1).

Table (5): Effect of green tea and/or vitamin E on kidney calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) contents in different animal groups


Parameter

Treatment

Ca (μg/g)

% change

of Control

Mg (μg/g)

% change

of Control

Mn (μg/g)

% change

of Control

Control 353.10± 5.88 100% 696.50 ± 12.47 100% 1.46 ± 0.04 100%

Green tea 340.10± 5.32 96% (a)

612.70 ± 24.15 88% 1.44 ± 0.03 99%

Vitamin E 339.10± 8.65 96% (a)

515.60 ± 12.43 74% 1.38 ± 0.02 95%

Irradiated (a) 281.50± 3.49

80% (a)

555.80 ± 6.89 80%

(a) 1.14 ± 0.02

78%


(a,b) 313.10± 6.65

89% (a)

528.00 ± 7.74 76%

(a,c) 1.13 ± 0.03

77%


(a,b) 316.00±11.79

90% (a,b)

494.90 ± 7.52 71%

(a,b) 1.01 ± 0.02

69%

Legands are as in Table (1).

Supplementation of rats with green tea (300 mg/kg) and/or with vitamin E (40mg/Kg/day) during 21 successive days before whole body gamma irradiation with 6.5 Gy and during 7 successive days after irradiation, ameliorated and reduced significantly the induced changes recorded with the above-investigated parameters which the changes recorded were less pronounced as compared to those of the irradiated rats (Tables 1,2,3,4 and 5). Considerable amounts of Ca, Mg and Mn were identified in green tea plant as well as extract (Table 6).

Table (6): The concentrations of some metallo-elements in green tea plants and green tea extract

Element Ca Mg Mn Concentration in green tea plants (μg/g)

3679 ± 188.6 99808 ± 7048 2931 ± 104.4

Concentration in green tea extract (μg/ml)

408.2 ± 7.86 612.8 ± 8.35 245.7 ± 8.65

All values are expressed as mean ± SE of 6 samples.

DISCUSSION

Ionizing radiations are known to induce oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species resulting in an imbalance of the pro-oxidant and antioxidant status in the cells (25). Radiations are commonly used in a number of medical and industrial situations; however, their pro-oxidative effects limit their applications. Since free radicals play a major role in radiation toxicity, supplementation of antioxidants will be of great significance to patients


undergoing radiotherapy to prevent damage to normal tissues. The present study demonstrates that supplementation of rats with green tea and /or with vitamin E prior to gamma irradiation protected against the tissue damage produced by radiation.

In the present study, whole body gamma irradiation of rats with 6.5 Gy (one shot dose) provokes a significant increase in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, and creatinine.

Ionizing radiation generates ROS as a result of water radiolysis. In actively metabolizing cells, there is considerable water apart from the target macromolecules. These ROS can induce oxidative damage to vital cellular molecules and structures including DNA, lipids, proteins and membranes (26). Products of lipid peroxidation such have the ability to interact with and alter macromolecules, possibly resulting in damage in several organs (27). These effects are accompanied by elevated activities of AST, ALT, ALP and increased levels of urea and creatinine, as well as decreased contents of Ca, Mn and Mg contents in serum of rats irradiated with cesium- 137 source, indicating liver and kidney injury.

The increase in the enzymatic activities (AST, ALT) after irradiation is related to either the release of enzymes from radio-sensitive tissues or to the extensive breakdown of liver parenchyma or due to the change in tissues permeability as a result of radiation exposure (28). Also, significantly increases in ALP activity which is in agreement with Pratheeshkumar and kuttan (29), might be due to the radiation-induced changes in the amino acid residues and catalytic activity of ALP (30) or due to destruction of the inhibitor of this enzyme by radiation (31).

Cholesterol, TG and free radicals are also risk factors that tend to damage arteries, leading to heart disease. Marked significant elevation in serum cholesterol and triglycerides of irradiated rats are in agreement with results of Baker et al., (32), who attributed the increase of cholesterol and triglycerides levels to the stimulation of cholesterol synthesis in the liver after gamma irradiation or due to the degeneration effect on hepatic cell and bio-membranes, resulting in releasing of structural phospholipids (33). In the current study, green tea and /or with vitamin E were found to reduce serum cholesterol, and TG levels in serum, indicating modulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism in cells.


The elevation in serum creatinine level post-irradiation may be due to the back-leakage of the filtered creatinine, which may occur through the damaged tubular epithelium along the concentration gradient established by salt and water re-absorption (34). The elevation in serum urea level may be due to an increased oxidative deamination of amino acids in liver, resulting in excess urea formation (35) or due to the impaired detoxification function of the liver caused by irradiation (36).

The results of the present study showed significant decrease of Ca and Mg contents in kidney, while in the liver Ca content showed significant increase but Mg content displayed insignificant change. The increase of calcium content in liver may be attributed to hypoxia induced by oxidative stress (37). Irradiation causes ischemic cell injury associated with rushed influx of calcium from extra-cellular into intra-cellular compartment and such ischemia results from the damaged small blood vessels (38). The disturbances of calcium and magnesium metabolism after irradiation may be attributed to the insufficient renal function (39). The redistribution of calcium and magnesium in tissue organs may be responsible for the recovery from radiation-induced pathology and for repairing the damage in bio-membrane to prevent irreversible cell damage (40).

Concerning Mn content, results showed significant decrease of Mn content in liver and kidney after irradiation. This decrease may be due to excess utilization in de novo synthesis of Mn dependent enzymes required for utilization of oxygen and prevention of superoxide anion radical accumulation (41), or might be due to indirectly contribute to the decrease of many enzymes especially the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase which contains Mn in its active site (42).

It is hypothesized that if the oxidative stress is involved in the origin of tissue damage, then successful antioxidant treatment should delay or prevent the onset of that damage (43). The present result demonstrates that supplementation of rats with green tea aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) and/or with vitamin E (40mg/Kg/day) during 21 successive days before whole body gamma irradiation with 6.5 Gy and during 7 successive days after irradiation, ameliorated and reduced significantly the induced changes recorded with the above-investigated parameters which the changes recorded were less pronounced as compared to those of the irradiated rats.

Ward (44) reported that 70% of cellular damage produced by ionizing radiation is due to hydroxyl radical formed from water radiolysis. Catechins


(antioxidants present in green tea) especially epicatechins scavenge a wide range of free radicals including the most active hydroxyl radical, which may initiate lipid peroxidation. It prevents the loss of lipophilic antioxidant α-tocopherol, by repairing tocopheryl radicals and protection of the hydrophilic antioxidant ascorbate (45). Therefore, it may decrease the concentration of lipid free radicals and terminate initiation and propagation of lipid peroxidation (46). Catechins are effective scavengers of physiologically active reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including superoxide (47), peroxyl radical (46), peroxynitrite (48). It was reported that, epicatechines can react with superoxide radical via one electron transfer mechanism or by a hydrogen abstraction mechanism to form the corresponding semiquinone (49). Catechins may chelate metal ions, especially iron and copper, which, in turn inhibit generation of hydroxyl radicals and degradation of lipid hydroperoxides which causes reactive aldehyde formation (50).

Kara (51) found that among 18 different herbal teas, black tea and green tea had got the highest concentration of manganese which is a constituent or activator of many enzymes and its deficiency can cause abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates, and cholesterol (52). The highly content of essential trace elements in Camellia sinensis plant may offer a medicinal chemistry approach to overcoming radiation injury.

Supplementation with antioxidant vitamin E leads to a significant rise in plasma vitamin E level, thus preventing or minimizing cholesterol oxidation (53). Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) can maintain the balance between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic clusters inside the cell membrane and suppress the effect of hydrolyzed products that affect membrane stability (54) and by this way it can keep the membrane intact. Vitamin E attenuates the chronic renal injury, scavenges free radicals (55) and attenuates redox-sensitive mechanisms (56), protecting the membrane-bound lipase against peroxidative damage (57), restoration of mitochondrial enzymes activities and improve the intracellular Ca homeostatic mechanisms (56).

Based on the results obtained in the current study, it appears that, green tea extract and/or vitamin E would attenuate the severity of biochemical disorders in the liver and kidney, mainly attributed to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. Supplementation of GTE could be useful in alleviating radiation-induced liver and kidney injury in rats.

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اإلشعاعیةاإلشعاعیةبحوث بحوث مجلة المجلة ال والعلوم التطبیقیةوالعلوم التطبیقیة

)٢٠١٢( ٩٠١ – ٨٨٥ ص ص ٤ عدد ٥ مجلد

فى اإلشعاعیخفف بعض االختالالت البیوكیمیائیة التى یحدثھا الشاي األخضر ذكور الجرذان

نور الدین أمین ـ **عبد اللطیف حكمھ عبد التواب ـ **عفاف عبد المنعم عین شوكة ـ *أحمد شفیق ندا *مھا مراد عزیزـ * محمد

قسم ** .ولوجيا اإلشعاع، هيئة الطاقة الذريةقسم البحوث الدوائية اإلشعاعية ،المركز القومي لبحوث وتكن* .القاهرة، جامعة الصيدلة، كلية األدوية والسموم

تھدف ھذه الدراسة إلى تقییم الدور الوقائي للشاى األخضر ضد التغیرات البیوكیمیائیة التي ن ھذة الدراسة ولتحقیق الھدف م. تحدث نتیجة للتعرض االشعاعى مع استخدام فیتامین ھ كمرجع للمقارنة

كجم من وزن الجسم / مجم ٣٠٠مستخلص الشاى األخضر بجرعة أماتم حقن الجرذان عن طریق الفم أیام ٧یوم قبل و ٢١( ٢٨كجم من وزن الجسم قبل وبعد التشعیع لمدة / مجم ٤٠أو فیتامین ھ بجرعة یاس مستوى إنزیمات الناقل األمینى وفى نھایة التجربة تم ذبح الجرذان وقد تم ق). بعد التعرض لإلشعاع

، وكذلك مستوى الكولیستیرول، (ALP)إنزیم الفوسفاتیز القلوي ، ALT, AST)(االنین واسبرتیت أیضا تم تعیین محتوى الكبد والكلى من الكالسیوم، . الدھون الثالثیة، البولینا والكریاتنین في مصل الدم

قد أظھرت ) جراى ٦٫٥(إلى أن الجرذان التي تعرضت لإلشعاع وتشیر النتائج. الماغنیسیوم والمنجنیز )ALPإنزیم الفوسفاتیز القلوي ، ALT & ASTالناقل األمینى (ارتفاعا في نشاط إنزیمات الكبد

ایضا تسبب االشعاع فى .ومستوى كل من البولینا و الكریاتینین والجلسریدات الثالثیة والكولیستیرول. توى كل من الكالسیوم، الماغنیسیوم والمنجنیز في انسجھ الكبد والكلياحداث بعض الخلل في مح

أو ) كجم من وزن الجسم/ مجم ٣٠٠(وأسفرت نتائج ھذه الدراسة إلى أن المعالجة بالشاي األخضر بفیتامین ھـ قبل وبعد التعرض لإلشعاع أدى إلى تحسن في معظم القیاسات الكیمیائیة الحیویة المختلفة

خلصت الدراسة إلى أن الشاى األخضر بما یحتویة من مواد فعالة وعناصر شحیحھ لھ . كرھاالسابق ذ .دور وقائي ضد اإلشعاع المحفز لبعض التغیرات البیوكیمیائیة واإلجھاد التأكسدى

Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences Green ... · activity is highly relevant in...

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