Jacque Kelly

University of Hawaii at Manoa

Linking Thermal Remote Sensing and Ground-based Studies to Determine Scales, Character, and

Distribution of Submarine Groundwater Discharge

SGD and the Subterranean Estuary

After Oki et al 1999

Tracer Groundwater Ocean Method

Temperature Cold Warm TIRMultiparameter

Meter

Salinity Low/High High Multiparameter Meter

Silica Very High Low Nutrient Analysis

Radon Very High Low In-situ radon measurements

Radium Very High Low Water collection for later

measurement

SGD Tracers

Thermal Infrared Surveying

Jacq

ue

Mik

e &

Bob

Liv

e

Data

Infrared Camera7.5-13.5 μm

Thermistors

Sea Surface Water Temperature

Top < 1 mm of water3.2 m resolution0.5°C resolution

2133 m

GPS-INS

Radon Surveying

RAD-7Submersible

PumpGPS &

Depth Sounder

Air-WaterExchanger

RA

D-7

Air

-Wate

r E

xch

an

ger

Multi-parameterMeter

After Johnson et al 2008

SGD: Scales, Character, Distribution

Easy determination of surface plume size

Point source vs diffuse flow

Tidally-modulated flow?

Numerous locations along coastline

Ocean-mixing characteristicsAfter Johnson et al 2008

PEARL CITY PENINSULA HOUSING

PEARL CITY PENINSULA HOUSING

PEARL CITY PENINSULA HOUSING

PEARL CITY PENINSULA HOUSING

SGD: Scales, Character, Distribution

Rn concentration higher at intermediate depth than at surface

High Rn concentrationExtends from the coastlineabout 65 meters at depth

Lens of fresher water underneath the main seawater column

Linking air-based and ground-based techniques provides a more comprehensive view of SGD than either technique alone

Provide clues about the scale, character, and distribution of SGD over multiple time scales and investigation scales (local to regional)

Conclusions