I N D E X

Note: page numbers in italics refer to fi gures, those in bold refer to tables.

AB blood group typing 715–17, 1102, 1103abdominal artery aneurysms 691ABO blood group typing 1101AC133 66acanthocytes 146acetaminophen (paracetamol), oxidative

injury 240–1, 242acetylcholinesterase 1148, 1154!1-acid glycoprotein 266acid phosphatase (ACP) 1148, 1150, 1153acid–citrate–dextrose (ACD) 765, 766acrodermatitis, lethal in bull terriers 404actin 565

cytoskeletal of neutrophils 1119actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex

565activated clotting time (ACT) 1091

acquired coagulopathies 657avian 705

activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 92, 93, 597, 1091

acquired coagulopathies 657assay 1086–7coagulation factor assays 1088compound-related increases 93–4elephants 946fi sh 998normal range 1086prolongation 1086–7reagents 1086, 1087shortening 1087

activated protein C (APC) 637, 645FVa proteolysis 643infl ammation 652

activated protein C resistance (APCR) 1090–1

acute erythroleukemia 479, 481acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) 176acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 462,

463B cell 493–5T cell 494, 526–7

acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AML) 479, 481

acute monoblastic leukemia (AML) 479, 481

acute monocytic leukemia (AML) 479, 480–1

acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) 478, 479, 480

acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) 462, 463

cytochemical staining 1144acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 475–82

classifi cation 476–7clinical fi ndings 476defi nition 475diagnosis 477–8, 479, 480–2laboratory fi ndings 476leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity

1151nomenclature 478, 479organ involvement 476

1176

subtypes 478, 479, 480–2terminology 478, 479

acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML) 479, 480, 481

acute phase proteinsdetection 1160electrophoresis 1159marine mammal infections 954measurements 1160–1

acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML) 479, 480

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), neutrophils 273–4

acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) 477, 478, 479

ADAMTS13defi ciency 598inherited macrothrombocytopenia 620von Willebrand disease 612, 1128

Addison’s disease see hypoadrenocorticismadditive solutions (AS) 733adducin 565adenosine diphosphate/adenosine

triphosphate (ADP/ATP) receptors 569–71

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), production in RBCs 132

adenovirusconditionally replicative (CRAd) 553,

556equine 407serotype 5 (Ad5) 551, 552structure 551

adipose tissue, bone marrow 9adverse drug reactions (ADRs) 98, 100

acquired susceptibility 99cats 103–4dogs 100–3evaluation 100genetic susceptibility 99horses 104mechanism of action 93, 93oxidative injury 99–100site of action 99type A 99type B 99

dogs 101, 102ADVIA 120/2120® analyzer 1056–7, 1058,

1059, 1060, 1061–2, 1064, 1065reticulocyte evaluation 1068, 1069, 1070,

1071afi brinogenemia 664agammaglobulinemia, equine 401agarose gel electrophoresis 1158, 1159agglutination tests 718

manual 1085!-globin chain 125agranulocytosis, drug-induced 87, 89, 90Akt activation 59albendazole adverse reactions, cats 103albumin 744–5Alcian blue stain 1146Alder–Reilly bodies 328alkaline phosphatase 266, 267

see also leukocyte alkaline phosphatasealkaloids 306

allergic diseasebasophil role 291, 294, 295eosinophil role 286mast cells 294, 295parasitic diseases 310

allergic reactions, transfusion therapy 771

alloantibodies 725–6blood screens 759disorders 727platelet GP binding 728

alpaca, blood groups 720alpha granules, platelet 566–7, 643alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)

1146, 1152alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase (ANBE)

1146, 1152–3alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) 1160–1alpha-globins 5alpharetroviruses 441AMD3100 786American College of Rheumatology

diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus 389, 390

amino acid transport defi ciency 193amino acids, transport in RBCs 132"-aminocaproic acid (EACA) 697aminolevulinate synthase 129!-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase

(ALA-D) 177!-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase

(ALA-D) porphyria 176amiodarone, adverse reactions in dogs

103amphibians, MHC 780amyloid, vascular 690–1amyloid A 1160amyloidosis

spleen 371, 379systemic 655–6, 665

analytical bias 1023analytical quality specifi cations 1022–3analytical variation 1035anaphase 425–6anaphylaxis

basophils 294IgA defi ciency 772mast cells 294

anaplasmosis 200–1leukocyte changes 309neutropenia 310neutrophils 315, 315, 327thrombocytopenia 600

androgens, erythropoiesis stimulation 163anemia

anaplasmosis 200–1avian 763

chronic 764babesiosis 204, 205–7bleeding time 740blood loss 157, 159blood smear morphology 157, 158camelid RBC response 911classifi cation systems 153–7clinical manifestations 152cytauxzoonosis 207

COPYRIGHTED M

ATERIAL

INDEX 1177

decreased erythropoiesis 249diabetes mellitus 249diagnosis 157, 159drug-induced 88–9embryos 5endocrine disease 249equine infectious anemia 119, 213–14,

237–8, 601erythrocyte volume 155–7erythropoietin treatment 791estrogen-induced in dogs 100etiology 157, 158, 160ferrets 765–6Haemoproteus 208, 209hemoglobin concentration 155–7hemorrhagic 88HgbC 126hydration status 153hyperthyroidism 249hypoadrenocorticism 249hypoproliferative 88immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

589induced suicidal erythrocyte death 88infections 211–14infl ammation 246–7laboratory diagnosis 152laboratory parameters 152–3lymphadenopathy 414macrocytic hypochromic 155macrocytic normochromic 155–6marine mammals 951microcytic hypochromic 155

copper defi ciency 170microcytic in iron defi ciency 168multiple myeloma 513mycoplasmas 201–4neonatal isoerythrolysis 236, 237neonates 5neoplasia 247–8non-regenerative 153, 159–60

hypothyroidism 249normocytic normochromic 155, 978oxidative injury 239–44phosphofructokinase defi ciency 181Plasmodium 208–9protozoal infections 204–9pyruvate kinase defi ciency 184, 185rabbits 766refractory 468, 469, 470, 472

with excess blasts 468–9, 469, 470–1, 473

with excess blasts in transition 468with ringed sideroblasts 468, 469, 470,

472regenerative 153, 157renal disease 248–9reticulocytes 138rickettsial infection 199–201rodents 766sarcocystis 208secondary myelofi brosis 114severity 152–3sideroblastic 169–70, 471–2systemic lupus erythematosus 387trypanosomiasis 207–8waterfowl 978see also aplastic anemia; autoimmune

hemolytic anemia (AIHA); Heinz body anemia; hemolytic anemia; immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)

anaerobic glycolysis see Embden–Meyerhof pathway

anesthesiablood collection 74

feline 732, 734fi sh 994–5laboratory primates 869, 870

aneurysms 691angiogenesis, sustained 435–6

angio-immunoblastic T cell lymphoma 533

angiopoiesis 65–6angiopoietin-1 17Animal Leukemia Study Group, AML

classifi cation adaptations 477animal studies

hemotoxicological 86routine laboratory studies 92–3see also laboratory animals

anion exchange protein 124, 140see also band 3

anisocytosis 144–5, 155phosphofructokinase defi ciency 181

ankyrin 124defi ciency 190

antibacterial drugsadverse drug reactions

dogs 101–2horses 104

aplastic anemia in cattle 259antibodies

against coagulation factors 656drug-dependent 87drug-independent 87drug-induced 87fl ow cytometry 1077see also autoantibodies

antibody detection, feline immunodefi ciency virus 396–7

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 364

antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) 693

anticoagulant(s)fi sh 998monitoring tests 1091

anticoagulant defi ciency, DIC 683anticoagulant preservative solutions (APS)

733anticoagulant rodenticides 658–9

toxicity 598anticoagulant therapies

biomarker development 95–7DIC 685, 686pharmacologic 656thrombotic disorders 699–700

anticonvulsant drugs, adverse reactions in dogs 102–3

anti-DEA 1.1 713, 1102antifi brinolytic drugs 697antigen presenting cells (APCs) 360, 361,

362enhanced antigen presentation 554signaling 363T cell interactions 387

defective 541antigen processing, dendritic cells/

macrophages 302antigen–antibody complexes, immune-

mediated vasculitis 693–4antigen–antibody interactions 726antigenic stimulation

chronic 342lymphocytosis 353

antiglobulin test 1107anti-infl ammatory drugs

adverse effects in dogs 100DIC 685, 686–7platelet hypofunction 628see also non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory

drugs (NSAIDs)anti-infl ammatory proteins, neutrophil

granules 266anti-infl ammatory response, lymphocytes/

monocytes 304antimalarial drugs, systemic lupus

erythematosus 392anti-neoplastic therapies, myelosuppression

248antineutrophil antibodies 87, 726

antineutrophil antibody tests 1107–8antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) 386, 389,

390autoimmune disease 1111canine 1111–12testing 1109–12

antioxidants, RBCs 141antiparasitic drugs, adverse reactions in

dogs 103antiphospholipid syndrome inhibitors

659–60antiphospholipid-protein antibodies

(APLAs) 656, 659, 660!2-antiplasmin 651

assay 1092antiplasmin defi ciency 667antiplatelet antibodies 627

detection 728, 1078tests 1108–9

antiplatelet drugs 698–9antiretroviral drugs 397antithrombin 94, 638, 644, 646

activity assay 597, 1090defi ciency 669

inherited 1090thromboembolism risk 673

aortic rupture 691aortic thromboembolism 676apheresis 733–4

platelets 752, 754aplastic anemia 256–60

antibacterial drug-induced in dogs 102anti-infl ammatory induced in dogs 101bovine 263canine 103, 104, 258, 260chlorinated hydrocarbons 110chronic 256diagnosis 257drug-induced 87, 258equine 259estrogen-induced in dogs 100feline 257–8, 343FeLV-associated 254idiopathic 258immune-mediated 257infections 257–8models 257mycotoxins 110, 259pathogenesis 256–7ruminants 259–60

apoferritin 128apolipoprotein AI-derived amyloid

691apoptosis 386

evasion in neoplasia 435feline immunodefi ciency virus 395neutrophils 1120–1

arachidonic acid 572lipid body storage 283platelet agonist 1126

arsenichematopoietic cell injury 109poisoning in dogs 471

arterial degeneration 690–1arterial hypertrophy 691–2arterial mineralization 691arterial rupture 691arteriovenous fi stula 690arteritis, verminous 693ascorbate 135aspirin

platelet hypofunction 628thrombotic disorders 698

asplenia 381asthma

eosinophil role 286platelet hyperfunction 629

atherosclerosis 690thromboembolism risk 673

Atoxoplasma, avian leukocytes 348Aurora kinases 425

1178 INDEX

autoagglutination of whole blood, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia 228

autoantibodies 385–6, 389, 726disorders 727drug-induced 1112platelet GP binding 728

autoimmune disease, antinuclear antibodies 1111

autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) 218

canine 216–19drug-induced 87immunopathogenesis 218–19predisposing factors 218see also immune-mediated hemolytic

anemia (IMHA)autoimmune thrombocytopenia,

drug-induced 87autoimmunity induction 385automated hematology systems 1054–65

centrifugal analysis 1056electronic impedance 1055in-house instruments 1063, 1064, 1065light scatter 1055–6

automated latex enhanced turbidimetric assay 1085

avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses (ALSVs) 443

azathioprineadverse drug reactions

cats 103dogs 101

systemic lupus erythematosus 391azidothymidine 397

adverse reactions in cats 104azurophils

cytochemical staining 1146–7reptile 1006, 1008, 1011

B cell(s) 12, 61, 359, 364–6activation 365class switching 62–3development 62–3differentiation 365immune system diseases 401–3lymph node migration 371memory 365–6programmed hypermutation 62proliferation 365self-reactivity 385spleen 370systemic lupus erythematosus 386, 387

B cell immune system diseases 401–3B cell lymphoma 423, 491–2

diffuse large-cell 504–7large 504–7, 523–4small lymphocytic 495–7

B cell progenitors 5B cell receptor (BCR) 360, 365B cell tumors 491–509

mature 495–509precursor 493–5

babesiosis 204, 205–7immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

594large canine 205–6small canine 206

bacillary hemoglobinuria 212–13bacteria permeability-enhancing factor

(BPI) 271bacterial infections

anemia 211–13elasmobranch 1016endotoxin release 579fi sh 1002, 1016lymphadenitis 416marine mammals 954RBCs 1167, 1168thrombocytopenia 600transfusion-associated sepsis 773see also named organisms and diseases

bacterial lymphadenitis 416bacterial sepsis, acute infl ammation 108–9bactericidal assays 401bactericidal/permeability-increasing

protein (BPI) 266Bactrian camel see camelidsband 3 124, 140–1

autoantibodies against 218, 219clustering 141functions 189hereditary defi ciency 188–9, 190see also anion exchange protein

band cells, psittacine 975band granulocytes 46Bartonella 379basic fi broblast growth factor (bFGF) 16basket cells 336basopenia 296

avian 355canine 329–30causes 330equine 318feline 342ruminants 310

basophil progenitors (BaPs) 48basophilia 296

avian 354–5canine 329–30causes 329, 330diffuse cytoplasmic 337feline 342ruminants 310

basophilic rubricytes 37, 38basophilic stippling 149, 155basophil/mast cell progenitors (BMCPs)

44, 48basophils 48

activation 294–5allergic disease 294, 295anaphylaxis 294avian 354–5biologic functions 291bovine 831canine 804caprine 840cervids 921, 925chickens 963cytochemical staining 1146cytogram 1061development 12elephant 944, 945, 946eosinophil interactions 295equine 824Fc receptors for IgG1 294feline 342, 814–15ferret 890, 891fi sh 1003gerbil 901, 902

stippling 903guinea pig 894, 896hamster 905–6, 907histamine release assays 296host defense 295–6hypersensitivity reactions 295IgE binding 293infl ammation 295–6laboratory animals

primates 872–81, 884–5rabbits 864, 866, 867rodents 857

laboratory evaluation 296mediators 293–5microscopic appearance 296migration 291ovine 840parasitic diseases 296production 290–1products 295properties 292psittacine 970, 973raptors 984–5, 982

ratite 991–2reindeer 937, 937, 939, 939–40reptile 1006, 1007, 1010tissue distribution 291turkeys 963water buffalo 928, 929

batroxobin test 1087Bcl-xl 40BCR-Abl translocation 447Bence Jones proteins

multiple myeloma 513Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia

517benzene, hematopoietic cell injury 109–10benzocaine, oxidative injury 242, 243Bernard–Soulier syndrome 728

PFA-100 use 1128beta-globin chain 125beta-globins 5betaretroviruses 441bias 1028–9

reference intervals 1038bicytopenia, aplastic anemia 256bilirubin 142

formation 126biliverdin 126, 142Binet staging for chronic lymphocytic

leukemia 497biological variation 1023, 1035Birbeck granules 374birds

anemia 763avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses 443basophils 354–5blood collection 704, 765blood donor selection 764–5blood group antigens 764blood smears 346, 347, 348blood storage 765coagulation factors 703–6coagulation testing 704–5defensins 963DIC 706eosinophils 355erythropoietin 980fi brinolysis 704granulopoiesis 349growth factors 961hematopoiesis 349hemoglobin 962hemorrhagic disorders 705–6hemostasis 703–6hepatotoxins 705–6heteropenia 351–2, 356heterophilia 351, 356heterophil:lymphocyte ratio 355–6heterophils 962–3ineffective erythropoiesis 763infections 706leukocytes 345–56leukocytosis 350leukograms 349–50leukopenia 350, 352liver disease 705–6lymphocytes 349–53lymphocytosis 352–3lymphopenia 352, 353monocytes 353–4RBCs 961–2reference intervals 349thrombocytes 704transfusion reactions 765transfusion therapy 706, 763–5venipuncture technique 704viral infections 352vitamin K defi ciency 705white blood cell count 346see also chickens; psittacines; raptors;

ratites; turkeys; waterfowlBirman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly

276, 277

INDEX 1179

bison, Americannormal hematology 931–2, 933–4RBCs 931, 932, 933reference intervals 931–2, 933–4

blast cellsacid phosphatase 1153acute myeloid leukemia 477leukemia 493

blast crisis, chronic myeloid leukemia 464blastogenesis test 401bleeding disorders 656–7

hereditary 746–7bleeding time

anemia 740measurement 95normal 1124

blood banking 731–7collection 73–5, 731–5component separation 734–6donors 731–2quality control 737storage 736–7

blood collection 73–5, 731–4additive solutions 733anticoagulant preservative solutions 733apheresis 733–4avian 704, 765

poultry 958–9psittacines 971–3raptors 982ratites 987–8waterfowl 979–80

bison 931bovine 761canine 731–2, 733chickens 958–9contamination 760elephants 942–3equine techniques 759–60feline 732, 733ferret 888fi sh 995gerbil 899guinea pig 893hamster 904health of animal 731–2laboratory animals

primates 869rabbits 862rodents 853

marine mammals 950–1principles 732–3psittacines 971–3raptors 982ratites 987–8reindeer 940reptiles 1004screening 732supplies 733–4systems 732, 733turkeys 958–9waterfowl 979–80whole blood 732, 734

blood crossmatching see crossmatchingblood donors 767

canine 731–2feline 732preoperative autologous 759selection

avian 764–5equine 758–9ruminants 761

blood dyscrasias, drug-induced 99–105blood fi lms, manual slide evaluation

1025–6blood fi lters 741blood group(s) 711–21

AB typing 715–17, 1102, 1103ABO typing 1101applications 720–1avian 764

bovine 717–18, 719typing 1103

canine 712–15typing 1102, 1103

feline 231, 715–17, 811typing 1102, 1103

livestock 717–20blood group antigens 711

avian 764canine 712–15feline 715–17, 811livestock 717–20nomenclature 712, 713

blood islands 4, 6blood products

stored whole blood 738transfusion therapy 695–6see also fresh whole blood (FWB); fresh-

frozen plasma (FFP); plasma products; whole blood

blood smears 75avian 346, 347, 348canine 799–800chickens 959fi sh 995immune-mediated hemolytic anemia 221morphology in anemia classifi cation 157,

158platelet estimation 607thrombocytopenia 582turkeys 959

blood storage 736–7avian 765

blood transfusion see transfusion reactions; transfusion therapy

blood typing 759, 1101–3clinical methods 1102–3laboratory testing 1101–2

blood vessel anatomy 689, 690blood viscosity, marine mammal 955blood volume

guinea pig 893psittacines 972

blood-borne disease, transmission 760bone marrow

acute infl ammatory response 108–9adipose tissue 9aspiration 1039–40, 1041B cell ALL 493biopsy 1040–1bovine 834

collection 1041camelids 914–15

collection 1042canine 806–9

collection 1039–41, 1043caprine 841cellular organization 11–12cellularity evaluation 1045–6chemotherapeutic agent susceptibility

99chickens 960clonigenic assays 76coagulation necrosis 107collagen 9collection 1039–45cytology 75–6cytospin slides 1045elephants, collection 942–3embryonic 5equine 827–8

collection 1041estrogen-induced suppression 100, 257evaluation 582–3, 1039–46failure in hematopoietic neoplasms 492feline 816–19

collection 1039–40, 1041ferret 891–2fi brosis 310fl ow cytometry 1079–80gerbil 903

guinea pig 897hamster 907–8hematopoietic function 33hematopoietic stem cells 783, 785histopathology 75immunophenotyping sample preparation

1134infections 118–20innervation 10–11iron levels 168ischemia 107laboratory animals

collection/processing 1042–5cytology preparations 1044–5primates 883, 885–6rabbits 867–8rodents 860–1staining 1045

llama 1042long-term culture 1049lymphadenopathy 415lymphocytosis 112lymphoid aggregates 113macrophage proliferation 113mastocytosis 297mesenchymal stem cells 785microenvironment 30–2microvascular injury 106–9monkey 1043multiple myeloma infi ltration 514necrosis 310neoplasia 248neutrophil transit time 47non-regenerative anemia 159–60ovine 841

collection 1042particle-squash preparations 1045plasmacytosis 113porcine 845processing in laboratory animals 1042–5proliferative activity 1080psittacines 973–6pure red cell aplasia 220push smear preparation 1044–5RBC clearance 142regeneration 154reptile 1008–9reticulocytes 137rodents

collection 1043fl ow cytometry staining 1044laboratory 860–1

ruminants, collection 1041–2secondary myelofi brosis 114–15serous atrophy of fat/gelatinous

transformation 116sinus architecture 9–10sinusoidal system innervation 10–11slide preparation 1045smears

evaluation 1045–6preparation 1045

staining 1045stromal cells 8–9structure 8–12suppression

drug-induced 88neutropenia 310

thrombocytopenia assays 598transdifferentiation 788turkeys 960vasculature 9–10venous sinuses 10waterfowl 980–1wedge-type smears 1045see also myeloid : erythroid (M : E) ratio

bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) 57

bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC)feline immunodefi ciency virus 119multiple myeloma 512

1180 INDEX

bone marrow transplantation 783after lethal irradiation 33–4canine lymphoma 459G-CSF therapy 792purifi ed hematopoietic stem cells 785SCID

Arabian foals 408X-linked recessive 410

whole marrow 785bone marrow-derived stem cells 16bone marrow-derived tumors 436–7

sarcomas 447–9bovine congenital erythropoietic porphyria

174–5bovine herpesvirus-1 infection 379bovine leukemia virus 119–20, 444

lymphocytosis 310–11bovine leukocyte adhesion defi ciency

(BLAD) 275–6, 310bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

379bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 119,

279, 310platelet hypofunction 627

bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) 379

bracken fernaplastic anemia 259hematopoietic cell injury 109

brassicas, oxidative injury 244bromodeoxyuridine 1080buccal mucosal bleeding time 1123–4buffalo see water buffalo

see also Bison, AmericanBurkitt’s lymphoma 507–9Burkitt-type lymphoma 495, 509

large B cell lymphoma differential diagnosis 507

treatment 509burst-forming units–erythroid (BFU-Es) 37

time to maturation 41burst-forming units–megakaryocyte

(BFU-MK) 56

C1-inhibitor 644C3 defi ciency 404Cabot’s rings, camelid RBCs 911calcium

fi brin clot formation 650metastatic mineralization 691platelet 566, 570plateletpheresis 752RBCs 132thrombin amplifi cation 648see also hypercalcemia; hypocalcemia

calcium diacylglycerol guanine nucleotide exchange factor I (CalDAG–GEFI) disorder 621, 622–3

calvesfailure of transfer of passive immunity

720leukocyte counts 308neutrophil dysfunction 278–9thymic hyperplasia 368

camelidsaging 914–15anemia 911–12blood groups 720bone marrow 916–17

collection 1042environmental factors 915–16eosinophils 311–12gender 914genetic relationships 910hemotrophic mycoplasmas 204leukocytes 914–15, 916, 917

responses 311–12leukocytosis 312leukogram 311, 312neutrophilia 312normal hematology 910–18

platelets 914–15RBCs 910–14, 914–15

oxygen affi nity 911reference intervals 914–16transfusion therapy 720, 761see also llama

camels, bone marrow collection 1042cancer

cell cycle 426heritable syndromes 433–4see also neoplasia

cancer procoagulant (CP) 672cancer stem cells 17, 19, 438Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum

202–3Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum

202Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae 204Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis 203canine adenovirus (CAV) 553canine cutaneous histiocytoma 540, 541,

542–3canine distemper virus 326, 327

thrombocytopenia 601canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis 200canine hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma

248canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) 692canine histiocytic sarcoma complex 430,

541, 543–5canine histiocytosis 541–7canine juvenile polyarteritis syndrome

(CJPS) 694canine leukocyte adhesion defi ciency

(CLAD) 276canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME)

199–200canine parvovirus (CPV) 119canine reactive histiocytoses 541, 545–7hCAP-18 266capillary electrophoresis 1158–9, 1160capillary zone electrophoresis 1158–9, 1160CAR (coxsackie adenovirus receptor) 551,

552carbohydrate metabolism in RBCs 132carcinogenesis

molecular events 437see also neoplasia

carcinogenicity studies 72–3cardiac disease

erythrocytosis 163, 165infective endocarditis 673platelet hyperfunction 629thromboembolism risk 673

cardiomyopathy 673cardiovascular drugs, adverse reactions in

dogs 103carprofen, adverse reactions in dogs 101catalase 134cathelicidins 267cathepsin G 271cats

AB blood group typing 715–17, 1102, 1103

adverse drug reactions 104–5aortic thromboembolism 676aplastic anemia 258–9, 343B cell prolymphocytic leukemia 497–8babesiosis 206–7basophils 342, 814–15blood collection 732, 733blood donation 732blood groups 231, 715–17, 811

AB system 715–17, 1102, 1103Mik 717typing 1102, 1103

bone marrow 816–19collection 1039–40, 1041erythroid series 816–17granulocytic series 817–18megakaryocytic series 818, 819

cancerepidemiology 428–9risk assessment 431

Chediak–Higashi syndrome 622cytauxzoonosis 207drug-induced oxidative injury 99–100enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma 530eosinophils 342, 814extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma 533Heinz bodies 126Heinz body anemia 99hemangiosarcoma 431hematocrit 812–13hemoglobin 126, 240, 812–13hemolytic anemia with increased

erythrocyte osmotic fragility 193hemolytic transfusion reactions 770hemotrophic mycoplasmas 202–3hereditary stomatocytosis 193histiocytic proliferative diseases 547–9Hodgkin’s lymphoma 520immune response to rhEPO 254immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

226–31immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

591infectious thrombocytopenia 601large B cell lymphoma 506leukemia 341, 342–3, 429, 462–5

B cell prolymphocytic 497–8risk 431T cell large granular lymphocytic 528–9

leukocytes 335–43, 813–15leukogram 336, 337lymphadenopathy 415–17

classifi cation 413lymphocytes 341–2, 815, 819lymphocytosis 342lymphoma 428–9, 456–7, 458

enteropathy-type T cell 530extranodal NK/T cell 533large B cell 506lymphoplasmacytic 498mantle cell 500, 501T cell 243T cell-rich large B cell 523–4

lymphopenia 342lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma 498mantle cell lymphoma 500, 501mast cell tumors 431, 488–9MHC 779monocytes 341, 815, 819monocytopenia 341monocytosis 341mucopolysaccharidosis 338, 339multiple myeloma 514mycoplasmas 202–3mycosis fungoides 531mycotoxin sensitivity 259myelodysplastic syndrome 343, 472–3

classifi cation 468, 469myelonecrosis 107neonatal isoerythrolysis 717neutropenia 340–1neutrophilia 340neutrophils 337–41, 814normal hematology 811–19nude kittens 403oxidative injury

causes 240–2drug-induced 99–100

platelets 581, 815–16porphyria 176pulmonary artery medial hypertrophy

692pure red cell aplasia 253–4pyruvate kinase defi ciency 184–5RBCs 811–13

lifespan 138morphology 811, 812quantitative parameters 812–13

INDEX 1181

red cell antigens 715–17reticulocytes

count 138release 137types 153, 154–5

secondary dysmyelopoiesis 473splenic infections 379systemic lupus erythematosus 388T cell large granular lymphocytic

leukemia 528–9T cell lymphoma 243T cell-rich large B cell lymphoma 523–4taurine defi ciency 629thrombocytopenia

immune-mediated 591infectious 601

thrombosis 670, 671transfusion reactions 716–17, 770von Willebrand disease 613, 614whole blood

collection 734separation into components 736

see also feline entriescattle

acute infl ammation 108–9anaplasmosis 309aplastic anemia 259B cell prolymphocytic leukemia 497–8babesiosis 206bacillary hemoglobinuria 212–13basophils 831blood collection 761blood groups 717–18, 719

typing 1103bone marrow 834

collection 1041CalDAG–GEFI disorder 621, 622–3cancer risk 432eosinophils 831granulocytic anaplasmosis 200–1hemotrophic mycoplasmas 204hereditary band 3 defi ciency 188–9,

190immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

233–8infectious thrombocytopenia 601inherited macrothrombocytopenia 620leptospirosis 213leukocytes 830–3lymphocytes 831–2lymphoma 432malignant catarrhal fever 692MHC 779–80monocytes 832–3mycotoxin toxicity 259–60neoplasia 429neutrophils 830–1

dysfunction in periparturient dairy cattle 278

granules 266oxidative metabolic burst activity

943–4normal hematology 829–34

environmental/physiological variables 833–4

oxidative injury 243–4parturition 309plasma proteins 834platelets 833RBCs 829–30

lifespan 138metabolism 830

theileriosis 204–5transfusion therapy 761trypanosomiasis 207von Willebrand disease 613, 614see also calves

CC chemokines 270, 272CD1 541

feline progressive histiocytic proliferations 548, 549

feline progressive histiocytosis 548histiocytic sarcoma 544–5

CD3 494, 1135lymphoblastic T cell lymphoma 527T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia 526

CD3e 1135CD4 63, 359, 1135CD5 1135CD8 63, 359, 1135CD11a 270, 726

antibodies 726CD11b 269, 726

antibodies 726CD11c 54, 270CD11/CD18 269–70, 273

canine cutaneous histiocytoma 542canine leukocyte adhesion defi ciency 276canine leukocytic differentiation 541defi ciency 727granulocyte antigens 726histiocytic sarcoma 544, 545

CD11d 270CD14 54, 448, 1135CD14+ cells 66CD18 269–70

canine cutaneous histiocytoma 542feline progressive histiocytosis 548granulocyte antigens 726leukocyte adhesion defi ciency 275, 276

CD20 459, 493, 495B cell prolymphocytic leukemia 498Burkitt’s lymphoma 508follicular lymphoma 504large B cell lymphoma 506lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma 498mantle cell lymphoma 501–2marginal zone lymphoma 499

CD21 1135CD30, enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma

530CD34 15, 448, 577, 1135

bone marrow transplantation 785expression in leukemia 463mast cells 291

CD36 31, 567, 577CD41 576CD42 576, 577CD44 31CD45 448, 1042–4, 1080, 1135CD61 576CD63 264CD68 264CD71 1042, 1080CD79 365CD79a 493, 495, 1135

B cell prolymphocytic leukemia 498Burkitt’s lymphoma 508follicular lymphoma 503, 504large B cell lymphoma 506lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma 498mantle cell lymphoma 501–2, 502marginal zone lymphoma 499, 500

CD117 448CD133 66CD142 see thromboplastin; tissue factor

(TF)CDK1 422, 425CDK2 422, 423, 424CDK3 422CDK4 422, 423, 424CDK5 422CDK6 422, 423CDK-activating kinase (CAK) 422, 423CDR3 1136–7cell cycle

cancer 426negative regulation of entry 423phases 421, 422

cell cycle engine 421–3cell hemoglobin of reticulocytes (CHr)

1069

cell sorters 1074–5, 1076cell surface antigens 725

detection by fl ow cytometry 1134CELL-DYN® 3500 Hematology Analyzer

(Abbott) 987, 988, 992, 1062cellular transformation, acquired

characteristics 435cellular typing 777cellulitis, puppy strangles 416cellulose acetate electrophoresis 1158centrifugal analysis 1056cephalosporins, adverse reactions in dogs

102cerebral amyloid angiopathy 690–1ceruloplasmin 170, 1161cervids

aging 923disease response 923, 926gender 923leukocytes 919, 920–2, 925, 926normal hematology 918–19, 920–2, 923,

923–5, 927platelets 919, 923RBCs 918, 919, 923, 927

sickling phenomenon 918, 919reference intervals 923, 923–4reproductive status 923see also reindeer

Chagas’ disease 207Charcot–Leyden crystal protein (CLCP)

283Chédiak–Higashi syndrome 276, 277,

307–8, 621, 622feline 338–9platelet aggregation 1126

chemicals, hematopoietic cell injury 107–8

chemiluminescence alteration in Weimeraners 277

chemokineseosinophil recruitment 284eosinophil traffi cking 285modulation 554neutrophil receptors 270

chemotactic factors, eosinophil recruitment 284

chemotaxis, neutrophils 270, 1116–17chemotherapeutic agents

adverse drug reactionscats 100dogs 100–1

bone marrow susceptibility 99lymphoma 455, 456, 457–8, 459mast cell tumors 487, 488multiple myeloma 515neutropenia 341

dogs 324thrombocytopenia induction 602

chickensblood collection 958–9blood smears 959bone marrow 960defensins 963endothelium 961granulocytes 962–3granulopoiesis 960–1growth factors 961hematopoiesis 960–1leukocyte count 959, 960lymphocytes 963, 964medullary sinuses 961MHC 780monocytes 963, 964normal hematology 958–66RBCs 961–2, 965

count 959–60reference intervals 965spleen 960, 961thrombocytes 962, 963, 965thymus 960

Chinese chive, oxidative injury 242

1182 INDEX

Chlamydophila psittaci 349avian leukocytes 348

chlorambucil, systemic lupus erythematosus 391

chloramphenicol, adverse reactions in dogs 102

chloride–bicarbonate exchange, defective 189

chlorinated hydrocarbons, hematopoietic cell injury 110

chloroacetate esterase (CAE) 1143, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151

chromatin condensation 425chromogenic substrates, coagulation tests

1085chronic granulomatous disease, Doberman

Pinschers 277chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) 112,

463–4angiogenesis 436B cell 463, 464, 495–7B cell prolymphocytic leukemia

differential diagnosis 498canine 463–4clinical features 497diagnosis 464hyperglobulinemia 415lymphocytosis 331staging 497T cell 463, 529treatment 463, 464

chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) 460chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) 464–5

essential thrombocythemia differential diagnosis 608, 609–10

treatment 464–5chronic myelomonocytic leukemia 468,

1146chronic myeloproliferative diseases 608

essential thrombocythemia differential diagnosis 609–10

chronic renal failureanemia 248aplastic anemia in cats 258

circulating endothelial cells (CECs) 66circulating endothelial progenitors (CEPs)

66circulating immune complexes (CIC) 386,

389circulating neutrophil pool (CNP) 336citrate toxicity 773citrate–phosphate–dextrose (CPD) 735, 739,

765, 766c-kit 16, 448

mast cells 291c-kit ligand see stem cell factor (SCF)classical swine fever virus (CSFV) 119–20Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

(CLSI), reference interval guidelines 1034–5

clinical decision limits 1034clonal evolution theory 438clonality 1136–9

leukemia assays 1139lymphoma 1139quality control 1138results interpretation 1138samples 1137–8sensitivity/specifi city 1138testing 1136–7

clopidogrel 699Clostridium haemolyticum 212–13Clostridium perfringens type A 211–12clot detection methods 1083–4clotting cascade 636clotting time 1084

prolonged 93–4cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens 20,

21–3, 24–5integration 24structure 24

tissue distribution 24–5see also individual CDs

CMAH gene 716coagulation 636

elephants 946excessive activation 669feedback regulation by thrombin 649ferret 892fi sh 998guinea pig 897hamster 908laboratory animals

primates 882, 885rabbits 868rodents 859–60

porcine 846rate 638–9screening tests 1085–7

coagulation assays 1084chromogenic/fl uorogenic substrates

1085coagulation defects, transfusion therapy

696coagulation disorders, laboratory testing

1082–97coagulation enzymes 636–8coagulation factors

activators 1084assays 1088–9

thromboelastography 1094–7avian 703–4chromogenic assays 1089consumption 655–6defi ciencies 654–6

autosomal 664–7hereditary 662, 746–7X-linked 661–4

elephants 946inhibitor assays 1088–9laboratory rodents 859–60recombinant 746–7, 748–9see also individual named factors

coagulation inhibitors 644–5, 656, 659–60coagulation panel screen 582

acquired coagulopathies 657, 658hemophilia diagnosis 662hypercoagulability 673

coagulation pathwaycell surface membranes 647common 637, 639–40, 643–4contact 640–1extrinsic 637, 639–40, 641–2intrinsic 93, 637, 639–40, 642–3systemic lupus erythematosus 388

coagulation pathway inhibitors 95coagulation proteins 93–4, 636, 637

enzymatic activation 636, 638thrombin generation 639–45

coagulometers 1083–4coagulopathies

acquired 654–60classifi cation 654–6clinical evaluation 656–7disorders 657–60pathogenesis 654–6physical examination 657plasma therapy 747point-of-care tests 657

dilutional 655–6hereditary 661–7

plasma therapy 747X-linked 661–4

plasma therapy 747volumes 760

vitamin K antagonists in birds 705cobalamin, inherited selective

malabsorption 196–7, 198codocytes 146

marine mammals 955–6coeffi cient of variation (CV), imprecision

1028

cofactors 636inhibition 638phospholipid interactions 639

Coggins test 238cold agglutinin disease 231cold agglutinins, immune-mediated

hemolytic anemia 221–2cold stress 279collagen

binding 561bone marrow 9platelet agonist 1126

collagen gel technique for chemotaxis 1117collagen receptors 571–2colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

granulopoiesis regulation 44see also granulocyte colony-stimulating

factor (G-CSF); granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

colony-forming unit–erythroid (CFU-E) 37

erythropoietin role 790time to maturation 41

colony-forming units–megakaryocyte (CFU-MK) 56

colony-forming unit–spleen (CFU-S) assay 1047

colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) 448

combinatorial diversity 61–2common lymphocyte progenitors (CLPs)

30, 44, 50–1common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) 37,

44, 47, 50–1comparative genomic hybridization 1173,

1175complement

MHC encoding 776RBC clearance 141

complement system defi ciencies 404complementarity determining region see

CDR3complementary DNA (cDNA) generation

1166computed tomography (CT), pulmonary

thromboembolism 675–6congenital anemia, dyskeratosis, and

progressive alopecia in polled Hereford calves 198

congenital dyserythropoiesis 196–8polymyopathy and cardiac disease 198

congenital erythropoietic porphyriabovine 174–5carrier state detection 175

congenital heart disease, erythrocytosis 163, 165

contact activation 640contact factor

defi ciency 666pathway 704

contagious streptococcal lymphadenitis 416

Coombs’ test 1106–7immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

221–2, 228, 235, 1106–7systemic lupus erythematosus 387

copper defi ciency 170neutrophil function 280oxidative injury 243–4

copper toxicityelasmobranchs 1016–17oxidative injury 244

COPRO I 174, 176coproporphyria, hereditary 177coproporphyrin 174, 175, 176core binding factors (CBFs) 57corpuscular Hgb concentration mean

(CHCM) 1056corrected reticulocyte percentage (CRP)

154

INDEX 1183

corticosteroid therapy, thromboembolism risk 672

cortisol, erythropoiesis stimulation 163corynebacteriosis 213coulometry 1162coumadin 658–9coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) 551,

552cranial mediastinal lymphoma 527–8C-reactive protein

marine mammals 955measurement 1160porcine 846

crossmatching 759, 1101, 1103–5avian 764gel microtubes 1105indications 1103, 1104large animals 1104limitations 1103–4rabbits/rodents 767saline replacement technique 1104–5standard procedure 1104–5

cryoprecipitate 735, 745–6fi brinogen defect treatment 664hemophilia A response 749storage 736see also transfusion therapy

cryosupernatant 735, 746storage 736see also transfusion therapy

Cushing’s disease see hyperadrenocortismcutaneous histiocytoma 540, 541, 542–3cutaneous histiocytosis 540, 541, 545–6

immunophenotypic studies 546morphological features 546pathogenesis 546–7treatment 547

cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) 531CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) 44CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) 30, 31,

44thrombopoiesis 59

CXC chemokines 270, 272CXCL12 30, 31cyclic hematopoiesis in gray collies 277,

311, 621, 622G-CSF therapy 792GM-CSF therapy 793

cyclin(s) 421–2G0 phase maintenance 423

cyclin B 425–6cyclin–CDK complexes 422, 424, 425cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs)

422–3, 426cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 422

see also individual named CDKscyclo-oxygenase (COX) 628, 698cyclophosphamide 391cytauxzoonosis, feline 207cytochemical staining 1141–54

applications 1149, 1150, 1151–4azurophils 1146–7basophils 1146erythroid cells 1149hematopoietic cells 1142–3, 1144, 1144–5,

1146–9lymphocytes 1147–8mast cells 1149megakaryocytes 1148–9monocytes 1146–7pattern 1142peroxidase (PEROX) activity 1142–3,

1144–5, 1146–9platelets 1148–9principles 1149, 1150, 1151–4reactions 1144Sudan black B staining 1142–3, 1144–5,

1146–9cytochemistry

principles 1141species differences 1142

cytochrome c reduction assay 1118cytogenetics 1173, 1174, 1175cytopathicity, direct 442cytopenias

chemotherapeutic agent-induced 99compound-related 85–91

preclinical studies 85–6drug-induced 86–90

immune 86–8investigations 90–1

idiosyncratic reactions 87myelodysplastic syndromes 467refractory with multilineage dysplasia

468–9, 469, 470, 472–3cytoplasm, dysplastic changes 106cytospin slides, bone marrow 1045cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) 553

feline immunodefi ciency virus 396

dacryocytes 147camelid 911

dalteparin 1096darbepoetin alfa 791Darier’s sign 484D-dimer, fi brinolysis 650D-dimer assays 583, 597, 1093

DIC 94, 684hypercoagulability 673pulmonary thromboembolism 675

DEA see dog erythrocyte antigens (DEA)deer see cervidsdefensins 266, 267

antimicrobial properties 271avian 963

dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis 191deltaretroviruses 442demarcation membrane system (DMS) 58,

577dendritic cells

antigen processing 302B cell proliferation 365canine 541circulation 53cytokine regulation 51differentiation from macrophages and

monocytes 54expansion 52function 53–4generation 52histiocytic disorders 541histiocytic sarcoma 544–5innate immunity 359interstitial 541intraepithelial 541lymph nodes 372microenvironment 53production 50–1recruitment by neutrophils 272skin 374T cells

activation 360–1development 360

tissue distribution 53transcriptional regulation 51

dense granule defect 622dense granules 565–6dense tubular system (DTS) 564–5desmopressin 697

inherited intrinsic platelet disorders 624von Willebrand disease treatment 617

diabetes mellitusanemia 249Heinz body formation in cats 249oxidative injury 241, 242–3platelet hyperfunction 629thromboembolism risk 673

diagnostic test validation 1027–33analytical performance 1027, 1031clinical performance 1031control material 1029detection limit 1030

imprecision 1028linearity checks 1029method comparison 1029–30overlap performance 1031predictive values 1032receiver-operating-characteristic curves

1032sensitivity/specifi city 1031–2spiking recovery 1029

Diamond–Blackfan syndrome 253diffuse large B cell lymphoma 504–7

clinical features 507pathologic features 505–7

dilutional coagulopathy 659dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), adverse

reactions in horses 104dioxins, chlorinated 110diphosphoglycerate 6, 181diphosphoglycerate pathway, RBCs

132–3direct antiglobulin test (DAT) 1106, 1107

drug-induced autoantibodies 1112Dirofi laria (heartworm) 330, 673

vasculitis 693disseminated intravascular coagulation

(DIC) 93, 599, 659, 679–87antithrombin testing 583avian 706chronic 685compound-related 94D-dimer testing 583defi nition 679diagnosis 683–5diagnostic assays 597–8, 599endothelial cell dysfunction 683fulminant 684hemorrhage due to neoplasia 248hemorrhagic 684

coagulation factor defi ciency 696immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

220infl ammatory response 683initiation 680–1laboratory criteria 684, 685neoplasia association 602non-overt 679, 680, 681

diagnosis 683, 684–5overt 679, 680, 683

coagulation factor defi ciency 696diagnosis 683–4

pathogenesis 599, 680–1, 682, 683perpetuation 683phosphatidylserine role 681plasma therapy 747platelet consumption 579, 598platelet hypofunction 627primary disease conditions 679, 681progression 681, 682thrombocytopenia 599, 602treatment 685–7

distemper vaccine, modifi ed live virus (MLV) 594

divalent metal iron transporter-1 (DMT-1) 127–8

DNAabnormalities 437amplifi cation 1167isolation for molecular diagnosis 1166replication 437sequencing 1167

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) 62

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), SCID in Arabian foals 407, 408

dog erythrocyte antigens (DEA) 712–14DEA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 712–13

typing 1102, 1103DEA 3 713–14DEA 4,5,6,7,8 714transfusion reactions 712–13

1184 INDEX

dogsadverse drug reactions 100–3anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity 598antinuclear antibodies 1111–12aortic thromboembolism 676aplastic anemia 257–8autoimmune hemolytic anemia 216–19B cell prolymphocytic leukemia 497–8babesiosis 205–6basopenia 329–30basophilia 329–30basophils 804blood collection 731–2, 733blood donation 731–2blood groups 712–15

C system 715D system 714–15Dal type 715DEA system 712–14NeuAc/NeuGc 714typing 1102, 1103

bone marrow 806–9collection 1039–41, 1043erythroid series 806–7granulocytic series 807–8megakaryocytic series 808–9myeloid:erythroid ratio 809

buccal mucosal bleeding time 1124Burkitt’s lymphoma 508–9CalDAG–GEFI disorder 621, 622–3

Döhle bodies 106, 307canine 326feline 337–8

dolphins see marine mammalsdrepanocytes 144dromedary camel see camelidsdrug eruptions, cutaneous 747drug toxicity mechanisms 99–100drug-associated conditions

agranulocytosis 87, 89aplastic anemia 258, 259blood dyscrasias 98–104immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

trigger 87, 220, 230–1, 233–4immune-mediated thrombocytopenia 87,

594myelofi brosis 115platelet hyperfunction 630platelet hypofunction 628secondary dysmeylopoiesis in dogs 471sideroblastic anemia 170systemic lupus erythematosus 384thrombocytopenia 600, 601, 602thrombocytosis 607

drug-induced autoantibodies 1112ductus arteriosus, persistent 690ductus venosus, persistent 690dyserythropoiesis, congenital 196–8dysfi brinogenemia 664

plasma therapy 747dysmegakaryopoiesis, selective 471dysmyelopoiesis, secondary

cats 473dogs 471–2

E selectin 268–9E2F transcription factors 424"-aminocaproic acid (EACA) 697E-cadherin 541, 542eccentrocytes 147, 239, 240echinocytes 146, 147

canine 799echocardiography, pulmonary

thromboembolism 675ehrlichiosis 118, 199–201

aplastic anemia 257–8feline 339–40, 341immune-mediated thrombocytopenia 593lymphocytosis 331neutropenia 310, 324, 341neutrophils 327, 328

elasmobranchsheterophils 1013, 1014, 1014–15infections 1016leukocytes 1013, 1014movement between fresh and saltwater

1016normal hematology 1013–14, 1015,

1016–17RBCs 1013, 1014thrombocytes 1013, 1014, 1016

elastase 267, 271electronic impedance 1055electrophoresis 1157–61

detection 1157monoclonal peak detection 1160patterns in different species 1159protein fraction correlation 1159–60separation 1157types 1158–9

elephantsaging 947bone marrow collection 942–3coagulation 946endotheliotropic herpesviruses 947, 948gender 947infections 947–8leukocytes 943–5, 946, 947monocytes 944, 945, 946, 946–7, 948myoglobin 943, 947normal hematology 942–8parasitic diseases 948platelets 946RBCs 943, 947reference intervals 946–7

elk, RBCs 918, 919elliptocytes 147, 148elliptocytosis see hereditary elliptocytosisEmbden–Meyerhof pathway 132, 179–81embryonic stem cells (ESCs) 14emus see ratitesendocrine disease, anemia 249endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) 674endomitosis 58endosteal blood vessels 8endothelial cells

atherosclerosis 690blood vessel 689bone marrow 57dysfunction in DIC 683hemostasis 645–6NO synthesis 646von Willebrand factor synthesis 612,

613endothelial precursor cells 16endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) 65–6endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) 645endothelium

antithrombotic properties 646chickens 961prothrombotic properties 646turkeys 961

endotoxemiacanine 324, 325DIC 679, 681neutropenia 340thrombocytopenia 600

endotoxins 579platelet hypofunction 627water buffalo response 930

enteric system, MALT 374enteropathy-type T cell lymphoma (ETTCL)

530enterotoxemic jaundice 211–12enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENT) 445enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

(ELISA) 1085serum ferritin measurement 1163

eosinopenia 288avian 355camelids 311–12canine 328–9

causes 328–9equine 318feline 342mechanisms 328–9ruminants 310stress 329

eosinophil(s) 47–8, 281–8activation 284allergic disease 286antitumor effect 286asthma 286avian 355basophil interactions 295bison 931, 932, 934bovine 831camelids 311–12, 914, 916canine 803–4caprine 839–40cell surface receptors 283–4cervids 921, 924chickens 963cytochemical staining 1143, 1144–5,

1146–9cytokine release 287development 12effector functions 285–7

mechanisms 287elasmobranchs 1013, 1014, 1015elephant 944, 945, 946equine 315, 316, 823–24, 823feline 342, 814ferret 890, 891fi sh 1002, 1013, 1014, 1015gerbil 901, 902granule protein release 287granules 282–3guinea pig 894, 896hamster 905–6, 907helminthic parasite defense 285–6homeostasis involvement 284–5immune system involvement 284–5infl ammation 285laboratory animals

primates 872–82, 883–4rabbits 864, 866, 867rodents 857

lipid bodies 283lipid mediators 287mast cell interactions 295membrane-bound primary granules

283metabolism 282morphology 282–3ovine 839–40phagocytosis 286plasma membrane 282–3porcine 844production 281psittacines 970, 972–3raptors 982, 984ratite 991regulation 281reindeer 937, 937– 938, 939–40release 281reptile 1006, 1007, 1010structure 282–3surface molecules 283–4tissue distribution 282traffi cking 285turkeys 963water buffalo 928, 929

eosinophil cationic protein 284eosinophil peroxidase 282, 284eosinophil sombrero vesicles (EoSVs) 284,

287eosinophil-derived neurotoxin 282, 284eosinophilia

avian 355canine 328–9causes 328equine 317–18

INDEX 1185

feline 342hypersensitivity reactions 342infl ammatory reactions 342laboratory primates 883–4mechanisms 287–8, 328parasitic diseases 310, 839–40ruminants 310seasonal parasitism 839–40

eosinophilic syndrome, spleen 380eotaxin-1 282epigenetics 1172–3epinephrine, platelet agonist 1126epsilonretroviruses 442Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)

Burkitt’s lymphoma 507–8T cell lymphoma 243

equine adenovirus, SCID in Arabian foals 407

equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) 692equine infectious anemia 213–14, 237–8

thrombocytopenia 601equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) 119,

213–14equine purpura hemorrhagica 694equine viral arteritis 692

thrombocytopenia 601equinins 267eryptosis 88, 132erythroblast(s), primitive 4erythroblast macrophage protein (EMP)

41erythroblastic islands 11, 12, 41erythrocyte(s)

polychromatophilic 977, 989see also red blood cell(s) (RBCs)

erythrocyte antigen (EA) 717, 718–21erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

elephant 943ferret 892guinea pig 897hamster 908marine mammals 954

species variations 955water buffalo 929

erythrocyte-bound immunoglobulins, fl ow cytometry 1078

erythrocytosis 81absolute 162–4clinical signs 164diagnosis 164–5endocrinopathy-associated 163–4hemoglobin variants 165primary 162–3

treatment 165relative 162, 164

treatment 165secondary 163

treatment 165tissue oxygenation 164–5treatment 165

erythroid burst forming units (BFU-Es) 31

erythroid cells 4cell surface molecules 38, 39cytochemical staining 1149differentiation 39proliferation 39

erythroid hypoplasia 159erythroid Kruppel-like transcription factor

(EKLF) 40erythroid precursors 6, 37–8, 136

nomenclature 38erythroid progenitor cells 790erythrokinetics 41erythroleukemia, acute 479, 481erythrophages, reptile 1006erythropoiesis 12, 36–41

adhesion molecules 41anemia with decrease 249cytokine regulation 39–40defi nition 36

equine 828failure 251growth factor regulation 39–40humoral inhibitors 40ineffective 159, 229

avian 763ferrets 766

microenvironment 41molecular control 39–41negative regulators 41primitive 6process 36–8psittacines 974–5pure red cell aplasia 251strength 153–5transcription factors 40waterfowl 980

erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) 248–9

erythropoietic niche 31–2erythropoietic protoporphyria, bovine

174–5erythropoietin (EPO) 6, 32, 39, 790–1

adverse reactions 103, 791avian 980erythrocytosis 163, 164, 165excessive production 163platelet hyperfunction 630psittacine 974RBC effects 82veterinary uses 791waterfowl 980

erythropoietin, recombinant (rEPO) 248–9erythropoietin, recombinant canine (rcEPO)

791erythropoietin, recombinant feline (rfEPO)

791erythropoietin, recombinant human

(rhEPO) 249, 398, 791pure red cell aplasia 253, 254

erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) 39essential thrombocythemia 608–10

JAK2 gene mutation 608–9megakaryocytes 608reactive thrombocytosis differential

diagnosis 608, 609, 610estimates of random error (CV) 1029–30estrogen

adverse drug reactions 101bone marrow suppression in dogs 101,

258toxicosis in dogs 324

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)fi sh blood preservation 995neutrophil artifacts 326pseudothrombocytopenia 580, 603raptor blood collection 982reptile blood samples 1004–5

European–American classifi cation of lymphoid neoplasms 453

revised 454, 460, 492excitement

camelids 914cervids 923leukocyte changes 858leukogram changes 308

exerciseneutrophil effects 273stress 279

exocytosis 265exosomes 137, 193external quality assessment (EQA) 1023extracellular signal related kinases (ERK)

16extramedullary plasmacytoma 516–18

clinical manifestations 517diagnosis 517prognosis 517–18treatment 517

extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type 533

FACSAria 1075FACSCalibur 1075factor II

defi ciency 665vitamin K-dependent 94

factor V 566, 643acquired inhibitors 656activated (FVa) 637defi ciency 667

factor VII 640, 641–2activated (FVIIa) 641, 642, 665activated recombinant (rhFVIIa) 697, 746defi ciency 665tissue factor binding 642vitamin K-dependent 94

factor VIII 612, 642–3acquired inhibitor 1089concentrate 746defi ciency 656, 661gene mutation 661, 663–4inhibitory antibodies 656, 659, 1089recombinant human 746

factor IX 642acquired inhibitor 1089activated (FIXa) 642, 648concentrate 746defi ciency 661gene mutation 663recombinant human 746vitamin K-dependent 94

factor X 643acquired inhibitor 1089defi ciency 665–6FIXa substrate 642gene mutations 666vitamin K-dependent 94

factor X, activated (FXa) 95, 640, 643, 644, 648

inhibition 95–7synthetic inhibitors 700

factor X clotting (FX:C) assay 95–7factor X coagulant activity (FX:C) 665, 666factor Xa-FVa complex 640factor XI 640, 642

activated (FXIa) 648contact factor pathway 704

factor XI defi ciency 666insertion 1173

factor XII 579, 640activated (FXIIa) 640, 651contact factor pathway 704contact pathway 640–1defi ciency 666

factor XIIIactivation 649defi ciency 667

familial stomatocytosis–hypertrophic gastritis 192–3

Fas 41Fas ligand (FasL) 41fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome 706Fc receptors, monocytes/macrophages 300Fc"RI 293febrile, non-hemolytic transfusion reactions

(FNHTRs) 771febrile reactions, transfusion 771feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) 693feline histiocytic sarcoma complex 549feline immunodefi ciency virus (FIV) 119,

393–8antibody detection 396–7clinical disease 395diagnosis 396–7direct detection 396epidemiology 393–4genes 393global distribution 394hematological disorders 395–6immune reaction 396immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

593

1186 INDEX

incidence 393–4latent infection 394–5maternal antibodies 397pathogenesis 394–5PCR 396prevalence 394prognosis 398progression of disease 395thrombocytopenia 601transmission 393–4treatment 397–8vaccination 397virus isolation 396

feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 693thrombocytopenia 601

feline leukemia virus (FeLV) 119, 444aplastic anemia 258genotypes 444immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

trigger 230immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

593neutropenia 341neutrophil dysfunction 279peripheral lymph node hyperplasia 342platelet hypofunction 627pure red cell aplasia 254thrombocytopenia 601transmission 444

feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) 119feline progressive histiocytosis 547–8feline pulmonary Langerhans cell

histiocytosis 548–9Fell pony syndrome 408–9ferrets

anemia 765–6bone marrow 891–2

estrogen-induced suppression 100coagulation 892leukocytes 890, 891normal hematology 888–92peripheral blood cells 888, 889–90, 891platelets 888, 891RBCs 888, 889transfusion therapy 765–6

ferrireductase duodenal cytochrome b 128ferritin 125, 129

serum levels 168, 1163ferroportin 127, 128ferrous iron 127fetal hemoglobin (HgbF) 126fi brin 744

cascade model of formation 639clot

dissolution 650structure 649–50

deposits in bone marrow acute infl ammatory response 108

formation 639, 648, 649infl ammation 651, 652monomers 1093–4soluble 1093–4thrombin in formation 649

fi brin degradation products (FDPs) 94, 597assay 1093coagulation inhibitor actions 656fi brinolysis 650platelet hypofunction 627–8

fi brinogen 566, 744assays 1087–8avian 704, 705bovine 834DIC 684elephants 946hemostasis 649–50hereditary defects 664liver disease 655marine mammal infections 954plasma levels 93, 597, 928

porcine 846water buffalo 928

fi brinogen defi ciency 664plasma therapy 747

fi brinolysis 700–1avian 704complications 700defects 656DIC 683enzymes 636–8functional tests 1091–3hemostasis 650–1neoplasia 672

fi brinolysis inhibitors 651fi brinolytic drugs 700–1fi brinopeptide A 1093fi brinopeptides 649, 650fi broblast growth factor (FGF) 17fi broblasts 689, 690fi bromuscular dysplasia 692fi bronectin 566fi bronectin-1 449fi brosis

bone marrow 310macrophage induction 303secondary myelofi brosis 114

fi lariasis, elephants 948fi sh

anesthesia 994–5anticoagulants 998blood cell formation 996blood collection 995coagulation 998granulocytes 995, 996, 998, 999hematocrit 1000, 1001hematologic techniques 994–5hematopoiesis 996hemoglobin 995, 996, 1000, 1001infections 1002leukocytes 994, 995, 1002lymphocytes 995, 996, 997, 1002MHC 780monocytes 995, 998, 1000, 1002neutrophils 998, 1002normal hematology 994–1002RBCs 994, 1000, 1001reticulocytes 996rostral blood island 996thrombocytes 995, 996, 997see also elasmobranchs

fl avine adenine dinucleotide defi ciency 147fl ow cytometers, analytical 1074–6fl ow cytometry 76, 1074–80

antibodies 1077applications 1078–80bone marrow 1079–80

staining in laboratory animals 1042–4cell surface antigen detection 1134chickens 959erythrocyte-bound immunoglobulins

1078fl uorescence 1075–6fl uorochrome 1077indications 1133–4instrumentation 1074–6

maintenance 1077–8leukocytes 1076, 1079light scatter 1075–6neutrophils 1079, 1119–20

phenotyping 726platelet-rich plasma 1128–9platelets 1078–9

activation 1109, 1129, 1130function 1124, 1128–30

results reporting 1135reticulocytes 1078samples

analysis 1077preparation 1076processing 1076–7

turkeys 959

Flt3 expression 30, 52fl uorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

1173, 1174, 1175fl uorine-18-fl uoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose

(18F-FDG) 1052–3fl uorogenic substrates, coagulation tests

1085Foa–Kurloff cells 897foals

age-related changes 825–6failure of transfer of passive immunity

758neonatal isoerythrolysis 236–7, 721–2,

759transfusion 760

neutrophil dysfunction 278normal hematology 825–6SCID in Arabian foals 406–8

foamy viruses 442FOG-1 41follicular lymphoma 372, 502–4

clinical features 503, 504clinical presentation 503pathology 503–4treatment 504

fondaparinux 700Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 71,

72database for drug toxicity 100

ForCyte® analyzer, reticulocyte evaluation 1068

fox squirrel porphyria 176French–American–British (FAB) leukemia

classifi cation system 460, 462acute myeloid leukemia 476B cell leukemia 492myelodysplastic syndromes 467–8T cell leukemia 492

fresh whole blood (FWB) 734, 735–6indications 739transfusion 738, 754

fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) 735, 739, 745

acquired coagulation factor defi ciencies 747

massive transfusions 742storage 736see also transfusion therapy

friend leukemia integration 1 (FLi1) 57friend of GATA1 (FOG1) 57frozen plasma 745fungal infections 120

deep 113granulomas 114macrophage proliferation 113thrombocytopenia 601see also mycotoxins; named diseases

G protein-coupled receptors 570G protein-gated inwardly rectifying

potassium channels (GIRKs) 571G1 phase 421, 422

progression 423–4restriction point 423–4transition to S phase regulation 424

G2 phase 421, 422DNA damage checkpoint 425progression 425

GA-binding protein 57gallinacin-3 963gallopavin-1 963gammacarboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues

639gammaretroviruses 441Gap (G0) phase 421

maintenance 423transition to G1 423–4

garlic, oxidative injury 242, 243, 244gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)

378gastric ulceration 374

feline immunodefi ciency virus (FIV)—Continued

INDEX 1187

GATA1 57GATA2 57GATA-binding proteins 6, 40, 41G-banded chromosomes 1173gel microtube crossmatching 1105gelatinase 266gelatinous transformation, serous atrophy

116gelsolin 565gene(s)

expression profi ling 1173mutations 433, 434, 435, 438neoplasia risk 433–4silencing 17, 437

gene therapy 550–7cell-specifi c targeting 551–2clinical trials 556–7expression targeting 552–3future directions 556–7immune modulation 553–5leukemia 555–6lymphoma 555–6neoplastic outcomes 555novel vectors 556osteosarcoma 556promoters 552–3strategies 550–1suicide 553tumor cell killing 553tumor targeting 551–3tumor vaccines 553vector detargeting 551vector structures 550–1viral vectors 552X-linked SCID 410, 555

genetic diseases 1171–2autosomal dominant 1171autosomal recessive 1171–2carriers 1172cytogenetics 1173, 1174, 1175deletions 1173expression profi ling 1173insertions 1173mutation detection 1173tests 1174X-chromosomal recessive 1172

genetic screening, SCID in Arabian foals 408

genome-side association analysis (GWAA) 1172

genomic imprinting 437genomics 1171, 1173gerbil, Mongolian

bone marrow 903leukocytes 901, 902–3normal hematology 899, 900–1, 902–3platelets 902RBCs 899, 900, 902

Gla proteins 639, 643, 644Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia 620–2, 728,

729PFA-100 use 1128platelet aggregation 1126

glucocorticoidseosinopenia 329eosinophilic infl ammation 285equine leukogram 317erythropoiesis 40heterophilia induction in birds 351immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

222, 223, 228leukocytosis in dogs 322lymphopenia 353stress response 311, 336systemic lupus erythematosus 391

glucose, movement into RBCs 132glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

134defi ciency 147

glucuronic acid 126#-glucuronidase 1150, 1153

glutaredoxin 134glutathione 134

high potassium RBCs 194oxidized 134RBC defi ciency 193RBC levels 138reduced 134, 240

glutathione peroxidase 134, 240RBC levels 138

glutathione reductase 240glycophorins 124, 218, 219glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 9, 646goats

anaplasmosis 309babesiosis 206basophils 840blood groups 719–20bone marrow 841corynebacteriosis 213eosinophils 839–40hemoglobin 126, 836hemotrophic mycoplasmas 204leukocytes 838–41

counts 308lymphocytes 840–1MHC 780monocytes 841neutrophils 838–9parturition 309platelets 841RBCs 836, 837, 838

lifespan 138good laboratory practice (GLP) 79GP130 signaling 46GP!2#1 complex 728GP!IIb#3 728, 729Gpi transmembrane protein (IV) 24, 25GPIb! 573GPIb-IX-V complex 561, 565, 571, 728GPIIb-IIIa 561, 597

antibodies against 627Glanzmann thrombasthenia 620–2

GPIIb-IIIa inhibitors 87, 628GPVI 561, 570, 571graft versus host disease

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 786, 787

prevention 785transfusion-related 772–3

graft versus leukemia, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 786

granulocyte concentrate 754–5granule membrane proteins 565, 566granuloctye antigens 726granulocyte(s) 12, 47–8, 725–7

antimicrobial properties 271band 46cell surface antigens 725chickens 962–3differentiation 44elasmobranch 1013, 1016equine 316fi sh 995, 996, 998, 999maturation 962Pelger–Huët anomaly 278psittacine 975raptors 983–4, 985ratite 991–2transfusion 754–5turkeys 962–3waterfowl 980, 981

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 791–2

granulocyte transfusion 755granulopoiesis 45–6hematopoietic stem cell mobilization

786neutrophil mobilization 47recombinant canine (rcG-CSF) 792recombinant human (rhG-CSF) 397–8uses 792

granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 32, 40, 792–3

basophil development 48dendritic cell production 51granulopoiesis 45hematopoietic stem cell mobilization 786recombinant canine (rcGM-CSF) 793recombinant human (rhGM-CSF) 397uses 793

granulocyte–monocyte progenitors (GMPs) 44, 47

granulocytic anaplasmosis 200–1granulocytopenia, drug-induced immune

1112granulomas 113–14

lipid 114granulomatous disease

idiopathic systemic granulomatous infl ammation 305

metastatic mineralization 691granulomatous enteritis 331granulopoiesis 43–8

avian 349chickens 960–1developmental stages 46endosteal niche 43–4microenvironment 43–4psittacine 975regulation 43transcription factor regulation 44, 45turkeys 960–1waterfowl 980, 981

granzyme B 266green fl uorescent protein (GFP) 553griseofulvin, adverse reactions in cats 103growth factors

avian 961B cell development 62clinical use 790–4erythropoiesis 39–40hematopoietic cell culture 1049–50T cell 63

growth hormonedefi ciency in T cell defi ciency in dogs

403–4erythropoiesis stimulation 163

guanaco see camelidsguinea pig

bone marrow 897coagulation 897Foa–Kurloff cells 897heterophils 894leukocytes 894, 896, 897MHC 779normal hematology 893–4, 895–6, 897peripheral blood cells 893–4, 895–6, 897platelets 893, 894RBCs 893, 894, 895

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) 374–5

H1 antagonists, mast cell tumors 487–8, 489

H2 antagonists, mast cell tumors 487, 489Haemoproteus 208, 209Hageman factor see factor XIIhairy vetch poisoning 380hamster, Syrian (golden)

bone marrow 907–8coagulation 908leukocytes 905–6, 906–7normal hematology 904, 905–6, 906–8platelets 904, 906RBCs 904, 905–6, 906

sedimentation rate 908haplotype 1171haptoglobin 1160

bovine 834porcine 846

harderoporphyria 177

1188 INDEX

Hassall’s corpuscles 367, 368Haversian canals 10Hayfl ick limit 435hCAP-18 266heart disease see cardiac diseaseheartworm (Dirofi laria) 330

thromboembolism risk 673vasculitis 693

heavy metalselasmobranch toxicity 1016–17hematopoietic cell injury 109see also lead poisoning

Heinz bodies 89, 134, 150–1, 239, 240artifacts 1072camelids 911cat 126counting 1070–2diabetes mellitus 249evaluation 1067laboratory primates 870–1lymphoma 248oxidative toxins 1072size 1067species variations 1072staining 1070–2

Heinz body anemia 135, 141cats 99etiology 157

Helicobacter 374helminthic parasites

basophils in defense 291eosinophils in defense 285–6

hemangioblasts 4, 65hemangiosarcoma 448–9

canine 428, 430–1diagnosis 448equine 431feline 431genes 449thrombocytopenia 602

hematological parameters 75hematopoiesis

accelerated 34animal models 33–4avian 349bone marrow venous sinuses 10chickens 960–1compound-related effects 86cytokine effects 88cytokine signaling 32–3defi nitive 4–5fi sh 996function evaluation 33–4genetically altered mice 34model 18plasticity concept 30primitive 4regulation 11reptiles 1008–9species specifi city 30spleen function 369turkeys 960–1see also cyclic hematopoiesis in gray

collieshematopoietic cells 367

cell cycle control 421–6culture 1047–50

growth factors 1049–50types 1048–9

cytochemical staining 1142–3, 1144, 1144–5, 1146–9

injury 106, 109–10long-term bone marrow culture 1049long-term culture initiating cell assay

1049neoplastic 1141–2progenitor assays 1048, 1049protective conditioning for

transplantation 778hematopoietic growth factors see growth

factors

hematopoietic neoplasia see neoplasiahematopoietic progenitor cells 5, 29–30

nomenclature 28–9hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) 4–5, 14,

27–9amplifi cation to mature RBCs 41blood cell development 18bone marrow-derived 783, 785CD34 15conditioning complications 787differentiation 37drug-induced destruction 99dye effl ux 15failure 17G-CSF induced release 46granulocyte differentiation 44homing on endosteal niche 43–4life-span 28lineage commitment 28markers 785migration 6multipotent 28, 36–7nomenclature 28–9oligopotent 28pluripotent 27–8, 43precursors 29–30purifi cation 785–6regulation 783sources 785–6stem cell niches 12, 30, 31transdifferentiation 788transplantation 783–8 (see also bone

marrow transplantation)allogeneic 784applications 787–8autologous 784bone marrow 785complications 787donor selection 786donors 784–5methodology 786–7outcomes 787post-transplantation immune

suppression 787procedure 787recipient conditioning 786–7space theory 786syngeneic 784types 784–5xenogeneic 784–5

hematopoietic system 3–6, 27–34cell cycle control 421–6development 3–4

molecular mechanisms 6functional anatomy 367–74organs 367–74

hematopoietic transcription factors 28, 29hematotoxicity studies see toxicological

studiesheme 142

biosynthesis 125catabolism 126synthesis 172–3

disorders 169–70lead toxicity 177

heme enzymes 172, 173heme iron 127heme oxygenase 126, 142heme pocket 125heme proteins 172hemochromatosis 170hemoglobin

ADVIA 120/2120® analyzer 1056avian 962bison 931, 932, 933camelids 910, 911, 912–13canine 799–800, 801caprine 836cervids 919, 923, 924, 940chickens 965clearance time 126

crystals 149, 911denaturation 140, 141dissociation 142elephant 943, 947equine 822feline 126, 240, 812–13fetal 126fi sh 995, 996, 1000, 1001free plasma 126glycated 140hamster 904, 905–6heme synthesis 172–3laboratory animals

primates 870, 871, 872–8rodents 856

measurement 1056ovine 836oxygen affi nity 133psittacines 968, 969, 971, 972raptors 982reindeer 940reptile 1005, 1009structure 124–5switching 5–6synthesis 125transfusion threshold 738, 739turnover 126types in animals 126waterfowl 979

hemoglobin C (HgbC) 126hemoglobinopathies, erythrocytosis 165hemoglobin–spectrin cross-linking 141hemolysis

non-immune 774in vitro testing 76

hemolytic anemia 88–9cold 231diagnosis 157drug-induced immune-mediated 87

horses 104hereditary red cell membrane defects

187–91immune-mediated 107increased erythrocyte osmotic fragility in

cats 193RBC infections 1167–8spleen 371zinc intoxication in dogs 141, 242see also autoimmune hemolytic anemia

(AIHA)hemolytic transfusion reactions 769–71, 774

acute 770delayed 770–1

hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)platelet consumption 579, 598thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

differential diagnosis 598hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma, canine

248hemophagocytic syndrome 305hemophilia A 656, 661–4

cryoprecipitate response 749diagnosis 661–2, 663genetics 663–4inheritance 661–2, 663plasma therapy 747treatment 663

hemophilia B 661–4diagnosis 661–2, 663genetics 663–4inheritance 661–2, 663plasma therapy 747treatment 663

hemoplasmas 201–4hemorrhagic disorders

avian 705–6drug therapy 696–8plasma therapy 746–7topical agents 697–8treatment 695–8, 706

hemosiderin 128

INDEX 1189

hemosiderin granules, neutrophils 327, 328hemosiderosis 170

splenic 380hemostasis 92, 635–52

activation tests 1093–4avian 703–6blood sample processing/storage 1083blood sampling 1083buccal mucosal bleeding time 1123–4cells 645–7chromogenic substrates 1085coagulometers 1083–4compound-related alterations 92–7

clinical signs 94–5defi nition 636dilutional defects 656endothelial cells 645–6enhanced with RBC transfusion 740fi brinogen 649–50fi brinolysis 650–1fl uorogenic substrates 1085hereditary defects 656immunochemical methods 1085infl ammation 651–2laboratory rodent parameters 859plasma-based testing 1083–5platelets 646RBC transfusions 740thrombin 644, 645, 646, 648–9thromboelastography 1094vascular-bed-specifi c 670

hemostatic defects, treatment 695–701Hep-2 substrate, antinuclear antibody

testing 1111heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)

646heparin

adverse reactions in horses 104assays 1091low molecular weight 699, 1091

thromboelastography 1096neoplastic cell production 1089overdose 660thrombocytopenia 1112unfractionated 660, 699

heparin cofactor II 645hepatitis, infectious, thrombocytopenia 601hepatosplenic gamma-delta T cell

lymphoma (HSTCL) 534hepatotoxins, avian 705–6Hepatozoon infection 326, 327hepcidin 128, 246–7hephaestin 128, 170hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) 177hereditary elliptocytosis 191hereditary gangliosidosis, emus 991hereditary spherocytosis 188–91hereditary stomatocytosis 149, 191–3heritable cancer syndromes 433–4heritable traits, cancer phenotypes 434herpesviruses

bovine 379canine 692endotheliotropic in elephants 946, 948equine 692macrophages 304thrombocytopenia 601vasculitis 692

heteropenia, avian 351–2, 356heterophil(s)

avian 350–2, 962–3chickens 962–3cytochemical staining 1142–3, 1144, 1144,

1144–5defi cient production 352elasmobranch 1013, 1014, 1014–15elephants 943–4, 946, 947guinea pig 894marine mammals 955, 956psittacines 969–70, 972raptors 984, 985

ratites 987, 991, 992reptile 1007, 1010shift from circulating to marginal pool

352turkeys 962–3waterfowl 978, 979, 979

heterophilia, avian 351, 356heterophilic granulocyte, marine mammals

955, 956heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, avian 355–6hexose-monophosphate shunt 180high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK)

666high-altitude adaptations, camelids 914

RBCs 911high-altitude disease 691hirudin 656histamine 294histiocytic differentiation 541–2histiocytic proliferative diseases 540–9

canine 540–7feline 547–9

histiocytic sarcoma 381canine 430, 541, 543–5disseminated 543, 545hemophagocytic 544immunophenotypic studies 544–5localized 543morphology 543–4prognosis 545treatment 545

histiocytic sarcoma complex, feline 549histiocytoma

canine cutaneous 540, 541, 542–3metastatic 542–3regression 542solitary 542, 543

histiocytosiscanine 541–7feline progressive 547–8splenic 380

histone deacetylases (HDACs) 424Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis)

120canine 326, 327feline 339, 340immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

594Hodgkin’s lymphoma 520–4

animals 523–4classifi cation 520lymphocyte depletion 522lymphocyte-predominant 521lymphocyte-rich classic 521mixed cellularity 522nodular 521pathologic features 521–2Reed–Sternberg cells 520, 521, 522

horsesacute infl ammation 108–9adverse drug reactions 104agammaglobulinemia 401aplastic anemia 259babesiosis 206basopenia 318basophils 824blood collection techniques 759–60blood donor selection 758–9blood groups 718–19

typing 1103bone marrow 827–8

collection 1041cancer

epidemiology 429risk 431

colic 273corticosteroid leukogram 317crossmatching 1104eosinopenia 318eosinophilia 317–18eosinophils 315, 316, 822, 824

erythropoiesis 828exercise stress 279Fell pony syndrome 408–9granulocytes 316granulocytic anaplasmosis 200hemangiosarcoma 431hemoglobin crystals 823hepatosplenic gamma-delta T cell

lymphoma 534Howell–Jolly bodies 822, 822hypereosinophilic syndrome 318immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

233–8immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

592infections 317infectious thrombocytopenia 601infl ammation 317inherited macrothrombocytopenia 620laminitis 273large B cell lymphoma 506leukemia 318leukocytes 822, 822, 823–4

cell morphology 315, 316response 314–19

leukocytosis 317leukogram 314–15

changes 315–16endotoxemia 319response patterns 317–19septicemia 319serial 319

leukopenia 315lymphocytes 822, 823lymphocytosis 318lymphoma 431

hepatosplenic gamma-delta T cell 534large B cell 506lymphoplasmacytic 498

lymphopenia 318lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma 498mast cell tumors 489megakaryocytes 828MHC 780monocytes 824monocytopenia 318myelodysplastic syndrome 473neoplasia 429neutropenia 315, 318–19neutrophils 316, 824

age-related changes 825, 826hyper/hyposegmentation 314–15

normal hematology 821–8age-related changes 825–6breed-related differences 825gender-related differences 826training infl uence 827

oxidative injury 243parasitic diseases 318platelets 823, 824–5

age-related changes 826RBCs 821, 822, 822, 824

age-related changes 825, 826agglutination 822, 824Howell–Jolly bodies 822, 823lifespan 138rouleaux 821transfusion 759

red maple toxicity 243reticulocyte release 137SCID 406–9selective IgM defi ciency

equine 403SCID in Arabian foals 407

splenic atrophy 380stress 317systemic lupus erythematosus 388theileriosis 205thrombocytopenia

immune-mediated 592infectious 601

1190 INDEX

thrombosis 671–2transfusion reactions 760–1transfusions 721, 757–61von Willebrand disease 613, 614see also equine entries; foals

host cell proliferation, stimulation 442host defense, basophils 295–6host versus graft (HVG) response 786

see also graft versus host diseaseHowell–Jolly bodies 150, 155, 1071–2

canine 196, 197, 799equine 822, 823marine mammals 956poodle macrocytosis 196, 197

HOX genes 555–6human genome project 1167human leukocyte antigens (HLA) 726, 778

genes 778see also major histocompatibility complex

(MHC)human neutrophil antigens (HNA) 726human platelet antigen (HPA) system

727–8human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)

444T cell lymphoma 243

hydroxyurea, polycythemia treatment 165hyperadrenocortism 329

thromboembolism risk 672hypercalcemia

lymphadenopathy 414–15multiple myeloma 512, 513, 516

hypercoagulability 669laboratory tests 673–4

hypercoagulable syndromes 672–3hypercortisolism 672–3hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) 288–9

canine 328equine 318

hyperfi brinogenemia 673avian 705bovine 834

hyperfi brinolysis 656hyperglobulinemia

lymphadenopathy 414–15platelet hypofunction 627pyruvate kinase defi ciency 185

hypersensitivity reactionsbasophils 295eosinophilia 342mast cells 295spleen toxic injury 380type 1 293, 295

hypersplenism 380thrombocytopenia 580

hypertensionsystemic 691see also pulmonary hypertension

hyperthyroidismanemia 249oxidative injury 241

hyperviscosity syndrome 512, 513Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia 517

hypoadrenocorticismanemia 249lymphocytosis 331

hypocalcemiacitrate toxicity 760plateletpheresis 752

hypocholesterolemia, multiple myeloma 512, 513

hypochromasia 145copper defi ciency 170iron defi ciency 169waterfowl 977

hypofi brinogenemia 664, 1088avian 705

hypofi brinolysis 669–70hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy in

dogs, transient 403

hypoproteinemia, plasma therapy 747volumes 760

hyposplenism 381hypothermia, platelet morphology 580hypothyroidism, nonregenerative anemia

249hypotrichosis with thymic aplasia 403

IDEXX VetAutoRead™ 1063idiopathic systemic granulomatous

infl ammation 305idraparinux 700IgA defi ciency

anaphylaxis 772canine 402–3diagnosis 402–3Fell pony syndrome 408human 402treatment 403

IgM defi ciencyFell pony syndrome 408SCID in Arabian foals 407selective equine 403, 407

immune disordersjuvenile llama immunodefi ciency

syndrome 311plasma therapy 747spleen 379–80vasculitis 693–4see also feline immunodefi ciency virus

(FIV)immune modulation 553–5

transplantation therapy 554–5immune modulators 397–8immune response

adaptive 272, 359innate 358–9macrophage function 301

immune stimulation, non-specifi c 555immune system, eosinophil involvement

284–5immune-mediated hematologic disease

antineutrophil antibody tests 1107–8antinuclear antibody testing 1109–12antiplatelet antibody tests 1108–9drug-induced autoantibodies 1112testing 1106–12see also Coombs’ test

immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) 107

acute infl ammation 108acute onset 220antiglobulin test 1107aspirin therapy 698autoagglutination of whole blood

228autoantibody persistence 223cats 226–31

clinical signs 228diagnosis 228outcome 228primary 228–30secondary 229–31treatment 228

cattle 233–8chronic onset 220clinical features 234

cats 228dogs 220–1

Coombs’ test 221–2, 228, 235, 1106–7defi nition 216–17diagnosis 234–5

cats 228dogs 221–2

DIC 679, 681differential diagnosis 235dogs 216–24

clinical presentation 220–1diagnosis 221–2nonregenerative 220, 251–2outcome 223–4

primary 216–19prognosis 223–4secondary 219–20spleen 379–80treatment 222–3venous thromboembolism 672

equine 233–8equine infectious anemia 237–8IgG-mediated 226IVIG therapy 747, 749lymphocytosis 112monitoring 223–4neonatal isoerythrolysis 237nonregenerative 217, 226, 229

dogs 220, 251–2pathogenesis 226–8, 234primary 233

cats 228–30dogs 216–19

prognosis 235cats 228dogs 223–4

regenerative 229secondary 233

cats 229–31dogs 219–20

spherocytes 148spleen 379–80treatment 235, 698

cats 228dogs 222–3

triggers 219–20vaccine-associated 220, 223–4venous thromboembolism 672see also autoimmune hemolytic anemia

(AIHA)immune-mediated neutropenia (IMN) 725,

727immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT)

586–94, 729antiplatelet antibody tests 1108–9assays 589–90canine 586–91, 729causes 588diagnosis 588–90, 591equine 592feline 591history 586, 591infections 593–4IVIG therapy 747, 749neoplasias 592outcome 590–1pathogenesis 587–8physical exam 586–7, 591platelet concentrations 588–9platelet transfusion 753primary 586–92secondary 592–4, 602splenectomy 590systemic autoimmune diseases 592treatment 590, 591

Immuno Polymorphism Database 780immunoassays, serum ferritin measurement

1163immunocytochemistry 1133immunodefi ciency diseases 400–1

B cell 401–3diagnosis 401immunologic testing 401retrovirus-induced 442T cell 403–4viral infections 404see also feline immunodefi ciency virus

(FIV)immunodefi ciency syndrome in Shar-pei

dogs 403immunofi xation electrophoresis 1159immunofl uorescence testing, indirect

1108immunoglobulin(s) 744–5

erythrocyte-bound 1078

horses—Continued

INDEX 1191

immunoglobulin A (IgA) 375see also IgA defi ciency

immunoglobulin E (IgE)cytokine synthesis/secretion 294excessive production 295surface Fc receptor 293

immunoglobulin G (IgG), binding to RBCs 140–1

immunoglobulin (Ig) genes 1136, 1137immunoglobulin M (IgM)

B cell development 62Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia 517see also IgM defi ciency

immunoglobulin M (IgM) macroglobulinemia 516, 517

immunohistochemistry 1133immunologic diversity 61–2immunophenotyping 1133–6

antibody panels 1134–5fl ow cytometry results reporting 1135indications 1133–4leukemia 461, 1139leukocytes 1079lineage determination 1136lymphoma 456, 1139malignant cells 1135–6preparation of samples 1134

immunosuppression, feline immunodefi ciency virus 395

immunosuppressive therapyimmune-mediated thrombocytopenia

590, 591pure red cell aplasia 252–3, 253–4systemic lupus erythematosus 391–2

immunotherapy, selective for systemic lupus erythematosus 392

imprecision 1028indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) 1106indirect immunofl uorescence (IIF) assay

1109, 1110infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus

(IBRV) 279infective endocarditis, thromboembolism

risk 673infl ammation

anemia 246–7basophils 291, 295–6chronic 112–14eosinophilia 342eosinophilic 285

treatment 289equine 317granulomatous 113–14hemostasis 651–2heterophilia induction in birds 351labeling of sites 1052–3leukocyte changes 858leukocytosis in dogs 322–3leukogram 337

changes 309marine mammals 951, 954, 955modulation by eosinophils 286neutrophilia 323neutrophil-mediated amplifi cation

271–2neutrophil-mediated tissue injury 272platelets

hyperfunction 628–9hypofunction 627

tissue factor–FVIIa complex 651infl ammatory disorders

hyperfi brinogenemia 93neutrophils 273spleen 379–80

infl ammatory mediators 652infl ammatory response

acute in bone marrow 108–9DIC 683eosinophilic 109

inhibitor replacement, DIC 685, 686–7inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) 962

insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 40insulin-like growth factor 1, recombinant

human (rhIGF-1) 398insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-12) 17integral membrane proteins 24, 124integrin(s) 6, 30, 269–70

basophil receptors 291erythropoiesis 41

#1-integrin 6#4-integrin 6integrin !2#1 571integrin !IIb#3 see GPIIb-IIIaintegrin receptors 300–1intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)

269intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2)

270, 573intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3)

270intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (ICAM-4)

31, 41interferon ! (IFN!) 398interferon $ (IFN$) 40, 554interleukin 1 (IL-1), erythropoiesis humoral

inhibitor 40interleukin 1# (IL-1#), neutrophil release

272interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) 554

X-linked recessive SCID 409interleukin 3 (IL-3) 39, 45, 793–4

basophilsdevelopment 48function 291

mast cell development 48uses 794

interleukin 5 (IL-5) 281interleukin 6 (IL-6) 33

canine tumor regression 554granulopoiesis 46marine mammals 955multiple myeloma 512neutrophil release 272platelet hyperfunction 629

interleukin 7 (IL-7), B cell development 62

interleukin 10 (IL-10) 17, 301, 363interleukin 12 (IL-12) 88interleukin 13 (IL-13) 281intermediate cell mass, fi sh 996international normalized ratio (INR) 1085International Prognostic Scoring System,

myelodysplastic syndromes 469International Society of Thrombosis and

Hemostasis (ISTH), disseminated intravascular coagulation

defi nition 679diagnostic scoring systems 684, 685,

686International Working Formulation for

hematologic malignancies 453intestinal T cell lymphoma 530intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 747,

749iron

absorption in intestine 127bone marrow levels 168cellular uptake 127marine mammal infections 954non-heme 127overload 170RBC transfusions 740serum levels 168

measurement 1162–3storage 128total iron binding capacity 168, 1163toxicity 170transport 128, 170

iron defi ciency 168–9anemia 145causes 168clinical features 168–9

functional 169hemoglobin content of RBCs 145hypochromasia 145

waterfowl 977indices 167laboratory features 169portosystemic shunts 169RBCs 169reticulocytes 1069, 1071secondary dysmeylopoiesis in dogs 471

iron disorder evaluation 167–8iron metabolism 126–8

macrophages 303molecules involved 127–8

iron regulatory proteins, genetic control 128–9

iron-responsive elements (IREs) 128–9ischemia/reperfusion injury, neutrophils

272–3isoerythrolysis see neonatal isoerythrolysis

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JRSV) 444–5Jack Russell terriers, SCID 410JAK2 gene 40–1, 59

genetic testing 610mutation in essential thrombocythemia

608–9Janus kinase/signal transducers and

activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) 16

negative regulation of signal transduction 32–3

Janus tyrosine kinases (JAKs) 32, 362jaundice, enterotoxemic 211–12Johne’s disease 302

metastatic mineralization 691junctional complexes 124junctional diversity 62juvenile llama immunodefi ciency syndrome

(JLIDS) 311

kallikrein 651kallikrein–kinin pathway 640–1kaolin, thromboelastography 1095, 1096keratinocytes 374keratocytes 148Ki-67 486Kiel hematological malignancy

classifi cation 452, 453killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) 364kininogens 641Kit

expression 45mutations in mast cell tumors 483–4,

486Kit inhibitors, mast cell tumors 487Knudson “two-hit” hypothesis 434Kupffer cells 53, 128Kurloff cells 897

laboratory animalsbone marrow

collection/processing 1042–5cytology preparations 1044–5staining 1045

normal hematology 852–86primates 869–71, 872–83, 883–6rabbits 862, 863–6, 867–8rodents 852–4, 854–5, 856–61

transgenic mouse studies 86lactoferrin 266, 271laminitis, equine 273lamivudine 397Langerhans cell(s) 374, 541Langerhans cell histiocytosis 540, 541, 543Langerhans cell tumors, regression 554large B cell lymphoma 504–7

clinical features 507mediastinal 506pathological features 505–7T cell-rich 523–4

1192 INDEX

large granular lymphocytic leukemia, T cell 528–9

LaserCyte® analyzer 1064, 1065reticulocyte evaluation 1068, 1069

LDS-751 staining solution 1042–4, 1080lead poisoning

diagnosis 177–8hematopoietic cell injury 109porphyria 177–8secondary dysmeylopoiesis in dogs 471splenic hemosiderosis 380

Leishmania (leishmaniasis) 118, 119immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

594macrophage proliferation 113secondary dysmeylopoiesis in dogs

471Leishmania donovani 327Leishmania infantum 379lentiviruses 442

monocytes 304leptocytes 148leptospirosis 213Leriche’s syndrome 700leukemia 159

acute 462–3, 1136blast cells 493blood smear morphology 461bone marrow fl ow cytometry 1079–80canine 333, 428, 462–5

B cell prolymphocytic 497–8chronic lymphocytic 463–4risk assessment 430T cell large granular lymphocytic

528–9CD markers 25chronic 463–5, 1136classifi cation 451–4, 460, 492–3clonality assays 461, 1139diagnosis 460–1equine 318feline 341, 342–3, 429, 462–5 (see also

feline leukemia virus (FeLV))B cell prolymphocytic 497–8risk 431T cell large granular lymphocytic

528–9gene therapy 555–6immunophenotyping 461, 1135–6, 1139large granular lymphocytic T cell 528–9lineage determination 1136lymph nodes 371lymphocytic 1136lymphocytosis 353lymphoma differential diagnosis 1136myeloid origin 1136neutropenia 341prognosis 463prolymphocytic B cell 497–8recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities

461–2T cell

large granular lymphocytic 528–9prolymphocytic 529

see also named acute and chronic leukemiasleukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 16leukemia stem cells (LSCs) 460leukemogenesis 460leukemoid reactions, canine 323leukoagglutination method 1107–8leukocyte(s)

avian 345–56assessment techniques 356function 349–50production 349

bison 931, 932, 934bovine 830–3camelids 914, 915, 916

responses 311–12canine 801, 802–6

responses 321–33

caprine 838–41cervids 919, 920–2, 924, 925clonality determination 1079cytoplasmic vacuolation 335–6depression 89DNA ploidy determination 1079elasmobranch 1013, 1014elephant 943–4, 945, 946equine 822, 823, 824–5

cell morphology 315, 316response 314–19

feline 335–43, 813–15responses 335–43

ferret 890, 891fi sh 994, 995, 1002, 1013, 1014fl ow cytometry 1076, 1079fl uorescence 1079gerbil 901, 902–3granules 307–8guinea pig 894, 896, 897hamster 905–6, 906–7immunophenotyping 1079innate immunity 359laboratory animals

rabbits 864, 866, 867rodents 856–8

laboratory primates 872–81, 883–5anesthesia effects 869, 870

morphologyartifacts 335–6changes 307–8, 347–9evaluation 1025

nonpathologic responses 336ovine 838–41pathologic responses 336–7platelets

adhesion 1079interactions 573

porcine 844–5psittacines 969–71, 972–3raptors 982, 984–5reindeer 936–7, 938–9, 939, 940reptile 1006–8, 1010–11ruminant responses 307–12water buffalo 927–8, 929

corticosteroid response 929waterfowl 978, 979

leukocyte adhesion defects, leukocyte changes 858

leukocyte adhesion defi ciency (LAD) 275–6, 727

artifacts 348–9see also bovine leukocyte adhesion

defi ciency (BLAD)leukocyte alkaline phosphatase 1146, 1147,

1150, 1151leukocyte organisms 309leukocyte reduction fi lters 741leukocyte–platelet aggregates 1129, 1130leukocytosis

avian 350B cell prolymphocytic leukemia 497camelids 312canine 322–3chronic lymphocytic leukemia 463elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus

948equine 317estrogen-induced in dogs 100heterophilic 350infl ammatory 322–3physiologic 336

Leukocytozoon, avian leukocytes 348leukogram

age-related changes 308–9avian 349–50camelid 311, 312canine pattern 322–8equine 314–15

changes 315–16endotoxemia 319

response patterns 317–19septicemia 319serial 319

feline 336, 337infl ammatory 337left shift 337, 347pathologic effects 309stress-induced 336

leukemogenesis, retrovirus-induced 442leukopenia

avian 350, 352canine 806

parvovirus infection 324cervid disease 925drug-induced 89equine 315fi sh 1002systemic lupus erythematosus 387

leukotrienes 271–2, 286, 287levamisole 392light transmission aggregometry

platelet aggregation 1124–5platelet function 1124

likelihood ratios 1032–3Lin– 16linearity checks 1029linkage analysis 1172linkage disequilibrium 1172lipid granulomas 114lipid mediators 294lipid membrane bilayer 647lipopolysaccharide see endotoxinslithium heparin, reptile blood samples

1004–5liver disease

acquired coagulopathies 654–5, 657–8birds 705–6coagulation factor defi ciency 696plasma therapy 747platelet hypofunction 627–8

llamablood groups 720bone marrow collection 1042transfusion therapy 720

LMP genes 776, 778long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC)

1049long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC)

assay 1049L-selectin 268, 269luciferin/luciferase 1126Lukes and Collins hematological

malignancy classifi cation 452, 453luna 1154lupus anticoagulant 656

assay 1088–9lymph nodes 371–4

anatomy 412antigen sorting/processing 372biopsy 415cytology of aspirate 415deep cortical nodules 372–3dendritic cells 372enlargement 413germinal centers 371–2hyperplasia 372lymphadenopathy diagnosis 414, 415lymphoma 458mantle cell cuff 372medullary cords/sinuses 373–4paracortex 372–3peripheral hyperplasia in FeLV 342

lymphadenitis, bacterial 416lymphadenopathy

benign 412–17bone marrow 415cervical 416–17classifi cation 413defi nition 412diagnosis 414–15distribution 414

INDEX 1193

evaluation 414–15feline immunodefi ciency virus 395generalized 412idiopathic 416–17imaging 415infectious 415infi ltrative 413inguinal 416–17laboratory evaluation 414–15mineral-associated 417pathogenesis 413physical examination 414reactive 413regional 412solitary 412

lymphangiectasia 331lymphangioblasts 65lymphoblastic T cell lymphoma 527–8lymphoblasts 331–2, 341, 365

psittacine 976lymphocyte(s) 61

activation of autoreactive 218anti-infl ammatory response 304avian

predominance 350production 349responses 352–3

bison, 932, 934 931bovine 831–2camelid 911–12canine 803, 809

counts 321caprine 840–1cervids 919, 922, 926

reindeer 936–7, 937– 938, 939–40chicken 963, 964clonality testing 1136–7congenital defi ciency 331cytochemical staining 1147–8elasmobranchs 1013, 1014, 1014,

1015–16elephant 944–5, 946, 946–7equine 823, 825feline 341–2, 815, 819ferret 890, 891fi sh 995, 996, 997, 1002granular 331, 332, 341 (see also natural

killer (NK) cell(s))guinea pig 894, 896hamster 905–6, 906–7laboratory animals

primates 872–80, 883, 884rabbits 864, 866, 867rodents 857–8, 860

malignant 371, 1135marine mammal species variations 955morphology 372

alterations 331–2ovine 840–1plasmacytoid 992porcine 844–5psittacine 970, 976raptors 983–4, 985ratites 990, 992reactive 331, 992recirculation 360, 361reindeer 936–7, 937– 938, 939–40reptile 1006, 1007–8, 1010subsets 358thymic cortical 368–9turkeys 963, 964, 966water buffalo 927, 929, 929waterfowl 978, 979see also B cell(s); natural killer (NK)

cell(s); T cell(s)lymphocyte antigens (LA) 776lymphocyte function-associated antigen

(LFA-1) 270lymphocyte transformation test 401lymphocytic leukemia, T cell large granular

528–9

lymphocytosis 112avian 352–3benign 112bovine leukemia virus 310–11canine 330–2causes 330–1chronic lymphocytic leukemia 463, 464equine 318feline 342mechanisms 330–1pyruvate kinase defi ciency 185ruminants 310–11

lymphoid aggregates 113lymphoid progenitor cells 11, 12lymphoid systems of body surfaces 374–5lymphoma

anemia 248B cell 423, 491–2

diffuse large-cell 504–7large 504–7, 523–4small lymphocytic 495–7

bovine 432Burkitt’s 507–9Burkitt-type 495, 507, 509canine 428, 455, 456, 457–8, 459

Burkitt’s 508–9enteropathy-type T cell 530extranodal NK/T cell 533lymphoblastic T cell 527mantle cell 500, 501prognosis 460risk assessment 429–30unclassifi able, high-grade plasmacytoid

535centroblastic 505, 506chemotherapy 455, 456, 457–8, 459classifi cation 451–4, 455–6clinical presentation 456–7clonality assays 1139cranial mediastinal 527–8diagnosis 455–6diffuse large B cell 504–7equine 431

hepatosplenic gamma-delta T cell 534

large B cell 506lymphoplasmacytic 498

features 455–60feline 428–9, 456–7, 458

enteropathy-type T cell 530extranodal NK/T cell 533large B cell 506lymphoplasmacytic 498mantle cell 500, 501risk assessment 431T cell 243T cell-rich large B cell 523–4

follicular 372, 502–4gastric 374gastrointestinal 456–7, 458–9

intestinal T cell 530gene therapy 555–6Heinz bodies 248immunoblastic 505, 506immunophenotyping 456, 1139intestinal T cell 530large B cell 504–7

T cell-rich 523–4leukemia differential diagnosis 1136lymph node hyperplasia differential

diagnosis 372lymph nodes 371lymphoblastic T cell 527–8lymphocytosis 331lymphoplasmacytic 498mantle cell 500–2marginal zone 498–500, 507mediastinal large B cell 506nasopharyngeal 457non-Hodgkin’s 436oxidative injury 241, 243

plasmablastic 506prognosis 455, 456, 457–8, 459–60relapse 459remission assessment 458–9small lymphocytic 529

B cell 495–7spleen involvement 381T cell 525–35

enteropathy-type 530feline 243hepatosplenic gamma-delta 534intestinal 530lymphoblastic 527marginal zone lymphoma differential

diagnosis 500oxidative injury 243

T zone 532–3translocations 435treatment 455, 456unclassifi able, high-grade plasmacytoid

535see also Hodgkin’s lymphoma

lymphopeniaavian 352, 353canine 330–2causes 330, 331cervids 926equine 318feline 342feline immunodefi ciency virus 395mechanisms 331ruminants 310–11stress response 311systemic lupus erythematosus 387water buffalo 930

lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma 498lymphopoiesis 61–6

psittacine 976spleen function 369

lymphoproliferative disorderscanine 333feline 342–3

lysosomal enzymes, neutrophil 1118lysosomal granules 567lysosomal integral membrane protein

(LIMP) 567lysosomal storage disorders

macrophage proliferation 113, 305–6neutrophils 328

lysosomal-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) 264, 567

lysozyme 266, 271, 839

M cells 374, 375M phase see mitosis (M) phaseMac-1 (CD11b/CD18) 269macrocytosis 145–6, 155

poodle 196, 197!2-macroglobulin 645macrophage(s) 12, 53, 298–9

activation 301antigen processing 302antimicrobial mechanisms 301, 302benign proliferation 304cell surface receptors 300central 41chicken 964complement receptors 300cytokine expression 301, 302dead cell removal 303differentiation from dendritic cells and

monocytes 54distribution 303fate 303Fc receptors 300fi brogenic cytokine production 115fi brosis induction 303function 301–3granulomas 113–14idiopathic systemic granulomatous

infl ammation 305

1194 INDEX

immune response 301infections 305

control 301, 302integrin receptors 300–1iron metabolism 303laboratory rodents 860lysosomal storage disorders 113,

305–6mannose receptors 301metabolism 299neovascularization regulation 303primitive 4proliferation 113psittacine 975–6scavenger receptors 301secretory products 299–300tissue-specifi c 53Toll-like receptors 301, 302tumor cell interactions 303turkey 964ultrastructure 299viral infections 303–4

macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) 52

macrophage disorders 304–6macrothrombocytopenia 806

inherited 619–20, 621major acute-phase protein (MAP), porcine

846major basic protein (MBP) 282, 284

airway epithelium toxicity 286major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

361–2, 776–8amphibian 780bovine 779–80canine 779caprine 780cellular typing 777chicken 780, 960class I 541, 776class II 541, 542, 776

feline progressive histiocytic proliferations 548, 549

histiocytic sarcoma 544, 545class III 776equine 780feline 779fi sh 780guinea pig 779molecular typing 777–8ovine 780primate 778–9rabbit 779reptilian 780rodent 779serologic typing 776–7species variation 778–80swine 780turkeys 960

malignant catarrhal fever 692malignant histiocytosis 381, 541manatees see marine mammalsmannose receptors 301mantle cell lymphoma 500–2

clinical features 502pathologic features 501–2translocation 502

marginal zone cells 499–500marginal zone lymphoma (MZL)

498–500clinical features 500clinical presentation 499diagnosis 499–500large B cell lymphoma differential

diagnosis 507pathologic features 499–500

marine mammalsanemia 951disease 954–5infection response 951, 954

normal hematology 950–1, 952–4, 954–6

species variations 955–6mast cell(s) 48

activation 294–5allergic disease 294, 295anaphylaxis 294biologic functions 293cytochemical staining 1149degranulation 294eosinophil interactions 295Fc receptors for IgG1 294hypersensitivity reactions 293, 295IgE binding 293IgE-mediated degranulation 286laboratory evaluation 297laboratory rodents 861mediators 293–5morphology 297production 291products 295properties 292staining 297structure 297tissue distribution 291

mast cell growth factor see stem cell factor (SCF)

mast cell tumors 483–9anatomic location 484, 485bone marrow aspiration 484buffy coat smear 484canine 430, 483–8chemotherapy 487, 488clinical signs 484clinical staging 485cutaneous 488diagnosis 484equine 489feline 431, 488–9growth rate 486heparin production 1089histologic grade 485history 484intestinal 489Kit mutations 483–4, 486lymph node aspiration 484prognostic factors 485–6proliferation markers 486radiation therapy 487, 488splenic 488–9staging 484–5supportive care 487–8surgery 486, 489treatment 486–8

mastocythemia 297mastocytosis

bone marrow 297ehrlichiosis 118

mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)camelids 910, 912–13canine 801, 802chickens 960feline 813fi sh 995, 1000, 1001laboratory animals

primates 870, 872–82rabbits 863, 865, 867

marine mammal species variations 955psittacines 969raptors 983, 986turkeys 960

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

anemia 155bison 932, 933camelids 910, 912–13canine 801, 802chickens 960feline 813fi sh 995, 1000, 1001iron defi ciency 167

laboratory animalsprimates 870, 872–81rabbits 863, 865rodents 856

marine mammal species variations 955psittacines 969, 971, 972–3raptors 983, 986ratites 989turkeys 960waterfowl 979

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)anemia 155bison 932, 933canine 801, 802chickens 960, 965equine 824, 826feline 813fi sh 995, 1000, 1001hamster 904, 905–6iron defi ciency 167laboratory animals

primates 870, 872–82rabbits 863, 865, 867rodents 856

marine mammal species variations 955psittacines 969, 971, 972raptors 983, 986ratites 987, 988, 989turkeys 960water buffalo 929waterfowl 978, 979

mean corpuscular volume (MCV) retic 1069

mean peroxidase activity index (MPXI) 1061

mean platelet component concentration (MPC) 582, 597, 1130

equine 824hypercoagulability 674

mean platelet component distribution width (MPCDW) 674

mean platelet volume (MPV) 581, 597canine 806equine 824feline 816immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

589meclofenamic acid, adverse effects in dogs

101medial calcifi c sclerosis 691mediastinal large B cell lymphoma 506megakaryoblasts 808

feline 818megakaryocyte colony-forming cells (Meg-

CFCs) 56megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP)

37, 56megakaryocytes 56, 577

bone marrow evaluation 582–3canine 808, 809cytochemical staining 1148–9development 11–12differentiation 58equine 828feline 818, 819fi brogenic cytokine production 115giant hyperlobulated 608hamster 908immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

589laboratory rodents 860maturation 58Pelger–Huët anomaly 278platelet production 606ploidy 60, 95, 1080primitive 4progenitors 577responsiveness to thrombopoietin 59

megakaryocytopoiesis/megakaryopoiesis 59, 576–7, 597

evaluation 1045, 1046

macrophage(s)—Continued

INDEX 1195

immune-mediated thrombocytopenia 590

thrombocytosis 607melanocytes 374melatonin 963membrane glycoprotein disorders 620–2membrane Na, K-ATPase, high activity in

dogs 193–4membrane protein 4.1 139–40memory B cells 365–6memory T cells 365–6mercury, hematopoietic cell injury 109Merkel cells 374mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 16, 785

multipotent 447mesenchymal tumors 448–9messenger RNA (mRNA) 1166, 1173, 1175metamyelocytes 46

canine 808feline 818infl ammation 323psittacine 975

metaphase 425metarubricytes 37–8, 136, 150metastatic mineralization 691methemoglobin 89, 239

RBCs 135methemoglobinemia 135methimazole, adverse reactions in cats 103methionine synthase defi ciency 196–7method evaluation decision (MEDx) chart

1030methyl cypridina luciferin analog (MCLA)

1118methylene blue 135

oxidative injury 241–2methylmalonic-CoA mutase 196micro RNA (miRNA) 17, 1173microcytosis 146

copper defi ciency 170microglial cells 53!2-microglobulin 516microlymphocytotoxicity assay 776–7microparticles (MPs) 647, 681, 682microsatellite markers 777microtubules 58, 561, 563, 577

assembly 58mineral-associated lymphadenopathy 417miniature pigs 849–50mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)

294mitosis (M) phase 421, 422

progression 425–6molecular diagnosis 1165–9

application of techniques 1167–9nucleic acid isolation 1166RNA-based applications 1166sample submission 1165–6

molecular typing 777–8Monckeberg’s arteriosclerosis 691monkey, bone marrow collection 1043monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 20

immunophenotyping of lymphoma/leukemia 461

lymphoma treatment 459monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain

signifi cance (MGUS) 511, 512monoclonal paraproteins 1089monocytes 298

anti-infl ammatory response 304avian 353–4bison 931, 932, 934bovine 832–3canine 803, 804, 808, 809caprine 841cell surface receptors 300cervids 922, 925

reindeer 937, 937– 938, 939–40chickens 963, 964complement receptors 300cytochemical staining 1146–7

cytokine regulation 51differentiation

to dendritic cells 53from dendritic cells and macrophages

54disorders 303–4distribution 303elasmobranchs 1013, 1014, 1014, 1015elephant 944, 945, 946, 946–7, 948equine 824expansion 52fate 303Fc receptors 300feline 341, 815, 819ferret 890, 891fi sh 995, 998, 1000, 1002generation 52gerbil 901, 902guinea pig 894, 896, 897hamster 905–6, 907integrin receptors 300–1laboratory animals

primates 872–81, 883, 884rabbits 864, 866, 867, 868rodents 857, 858, 860

lentiviruses 304mannose receptors 301maturation 964metabolism 299ovine 840, 841phenotypic heterogeneity 299porcine 845production 50–1psittacines 970, 972–3, 975–6raptors 983–4, 985ratite 992reindeer 937, 937– 938, 939–40reptile 1006, 1008, 1010scavenger receptors 301transcriptional regulation 51turkeys 963, 964ultrastructure 299viral infections 303–4water buffalo 927–8, 929

monocytopenia 303avian 354canine 332–3causes 333elephants 947equine 318feline 341mechanisms 333ruminants 311

monocytosis 304avian 354canine 332–3causes 332–3elephant 947elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus

948feline 341mechanisms 332–3ratites 992ruminants 311

monogenic trait loci (MTLs) 1172monogenic traits 1172mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) 126mouse

MHC 779normal hematology in laboratory animals

852–61RBC lifespan 138transgenic 86

mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) 445MS-222, fi sh anesthesia 994mucopolysaccharidosis 276–7, 328

feline 338, 339mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

(MALT) 371, 374mules, neonatal isoerythrolysis 722multimerin 566

multipass transmembrane protein (III) 24, 25

multiple myeloma 415, 511–16clinical manifestations 512–13diagnosis 513–14disease evolution 512epidemiology 511–12etiology 512feline 514monoclonal paraproteins 1089pathogenesis 512prognosis 516skeletal lesions 512, 513, 514treatment 515–16

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) 273–4

multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) 785

murine leukemia virus (MuLVs) 445mutator phenotype 434, 437mycobacterial infections, elephants 947–8Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

(MAP) 302mycoplasma

camelids 911–13hemotrophic 201–4RBCs 1167, 1168

Mycoplasma felis 379mycosis fungoides 531–2mycotoxins

aplastic anemia 110, 259–60hematopoietic cell injury 110

myeloblasts 46, 47canine 807feline 817hamster 907psittacine 975

myelocytes 46, 282canine 808feline 817–18hamster 907–8infl ammation 323psittacine 975

myelodysplastic syndromes 159, 467–73bone marrow fl ow cytometry 1079–80canine 469–71

classifi cation 468, 469, 469classifi cation 467–9equine 473feline 343, 472–3

classifi cation 468, 469nucleated RBCs 150secondary 471secondary dysmyelopoiesis differential

diagnosis 472, 473unclassifi able 471

myelofi brosis 159drug-induced 115fi brogenic cytokines 115inherited in pigmy goats 115osteosclerosis association 115periparturient 115secondary 114–15

myeloid leukosis, poultry 482myeloid progenitor cells 11myeloid:erythroid (M:E) ratio

bovine 834camelids 916canine 809caprine 841determination 1046equine 828feline 819ferret 891gerbil 903guinea pig 897hamster 907laboratory animals

primates 885rabbits 868rodents 860

1196 INDEX

ovine 841porcine 845psittacine 976

myelonecrosis 106, 107cats 107coagulation necrosis 107dogs 107drug-induced 107individual cell necrosis 107

myeloperoxidase 266–7cytochemical staining 1149, 1150defi ciency in cyclic hematopoiesis of gray

collies 277myeloproliferative disorders

canine 333feline 342–3nucleated RBCs 150

myelosuppressionanti-neoplastic therapies 248eosinophilic infl ammation 285

myoglobin, elephant 943, 947

N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NeuAc) 714, 715, 716

N-acetyl-para-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) 241

NADPH oxidase 270–1, 277eosinophil plasma membrane 283

Nanog 17naphthalene, oxidative injury 242naproxen, adverse reactions in dogs 101National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Comparative Oncology Trial 556natural killer (NK) cell(s) 61, 63, 331, 332,

364development 63progenitors 12

natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms 535

natural resistance-associated macrophage protein-1 (Nramp1) 303

negative predictive value (NPV) 1032neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

594, 728neonatal isoerythrolysis 236–7, 711

canine 713equine 721–2

transfusion 759, 760feline 717

neonates, anemia 5neoplasia

anemia 247–8anti-growth signals 435bone marrow 248bovine reference population 429canine

reference population 428risk assessment 429–31

cattle 432DIC 679, 680, 681epidemiology 427–32epigenetic events 437equine

reference population 429risk 431

felinereference population 428–9risk assessment 431

fi brinolysis 672gene therapy 550

outcomes 555genetic instability 437genetics 433–8growth signals 435hallmarks 434–5hemorrhage 248hyperfi brinolysis 656immortalization 435immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

592

immunophenotyping 1135–6initiation 437invasion 436–7Knudson “two-hit” hypothesis 434leukocyte changes 858macrophage interactions 303marine mammals 954platelet hyperfunction 628–9platelet hypofunction 627progression 437promotion 437RBC destruction 248retrovirus-induced oncogenes 442–3risk 433–4spleen 376, 377, 380–1sporadic 434thrombocytopenia 600, 601, 602thrombosis 672see also metastases

neoplastic cells, staining 1141–2neoplastic disease, immune-mediated

hemolytic anemia trigger 219, 230neovascularization 65

macrophage regulation 303nephrotic syndrome 672

platelet hyperfunction 629NeuAc (N-acetyl-neuraminic acid) 714,

715, 716neutropenia

canine 323–8canine parvovirus infection 324cervid disease 926chemotherapeutic agent-induced 100defi nition 99ehrlichiosis 310, 324equine 315, 318–19feline 340–1feline immunodefi ciency virus 395immune-mediated 725, 727

diagnosis 1107–8ruminants 309–10viral infections 310

neutrophil(s) 47, 856acquired function defects 278–80actin detection 1119acute respiratory distress syndrome

273–4adaptive immune response 272adherence 268–70

evaluation 1117–18fl ow cytometry 1119

anaplasmosis 315, 316antigens 726

clinical disorders 727apoptosis evaluation 1120–1asynchronous nuclear maturation 325bactericidal assays 401, 1118–19bactericidal mechanisms 270–1bison 931, 932, 934bovine 830–1

dysfunction in periparturient dairy cattle 278

camelid 912–13, 916canine 802–3, 806

counts 321immune-mediated destruction 325morphologic alterations 325–8

caprine 838–9cellular movement 1116–17cervids 919, 920, 925

reindeer 936, 937, 938, 939–40chemiluminescence evaluation 1118–19chemotaxis 270, 1116–17circulating pool 336collagen gel matrix 1117congenital function defects 275–8cytochemical staining 1142–3, 1144,

1144–5cytokine secretion 272cytoplasmic alterations 326–8cytoplasmic vacuolation 326, 337, 339

defi cient production 340–1development 12diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia 337dysfunction

neonates 278–9parasitic diseases 279periparturient dairy cattle 278viral infections 279

EDTA-induced artifact 326equine 316, 824

age-related changes 825, 826hyper/hyposegmentation 314

feline 337–41, 814ferret 890, 891fi sh 998, 1002fl ow cytometry 1079, 1119–20function

disorders 275–80evaluation 1114–21nutrition effects 279–80stress effects 279

gradient centrifugation 1115granulation anomaly 339granules

alterations 276–7contents 265, 266function 264–7release 265species differences 266–7structure 264types 263–4, 265

hamster 905–6, 906hemosiderin granules 327, 328hypersegmentation/hyposegmentation

314–15, 338immune-mediated destruction 325infectious agents 326–7, 328, 339–40infl ammation amplifi cation 271–2infl ammatory conditions 273intracellular dysfunction 340ischemia/reperfusion injury 272–3isolation 1115–16laboratory animals

primates 872–81, 883, 884rabbits 864, 866, 867rodents 857

leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity 1151

lysosomal enzymes 1118magnetic beads separation 1115–16marginated pool 336marine mammals 955, 956maturation 264microvascular thrombosis 274morphologic alterations 325–8, 337–40morphology changes 307–8mucopolysaccharidosis 328multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

273–4nuclear alterations 325–6nuclear hypersegmentation/

hyposegmentation 325ovine 838–9oxidative metabolic burst activity 943–4,

1118–19, 1120oxidative metabolism defects 277particle uptake 1118phagocytosis 270, 1116–19

fl ow cytometry 1119–20porcine 844, 845primary granules 326production kinetics 47reactive oxygen species 1118, 1120redistribution 341reindeer 936, 937, 938, 939–40respiratory burst activity 1118–19scintigraphy 1051, 1052secretory vesicle membranes 266sedimentation techniques 1115sequestration 341storage 1114–15

myeloid:erythroid (M:E) ratio—Continued

INDEX 1197

structure 263–4surface adhesion molecules 1119tissue injury 272–4toxic change 326, 337–8toxic granulation 337–8ultrastructure 263, 264under-agarose 1117water buffalo 927, 929, 929

neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) 271neutrophil granulation anomaly, Birman

cat 276, 277neutrophil receptors, chemokine binding

270neutrophilia

camelids 311, 312, 914canine 323–8elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus

948feline 340infl ammation 323physiologic 914ruminants 309–10water buffalo 930

Nevada red water 212–13N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (NeuGc) 714,

715, 716nitric oxide 134

synthesis 646NKT cells 364no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)

78, 83no observed effect level (NOEL) 78non-epitheliotropic lymphoma 532non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 436nonspecifi c esterase (NSE) 1141, 1142,

1147, 1148, 1150, 1152–3non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs

(NSAIDs)platelet hypofunction 628systemic lupus erythematosus 392

normoblastosis, phosphofructokinase defi ciency 182

nuclear factor-erythroid (NF-E2) 57nutrient artery 9

capillaries 10

oak leaves, oxidative injury 244Oct-4 17omega-exonuclease (OEN) 1146, 1154oncogenes 435

retrovirus-induced 442–3oncogenic transformation 442oncolytic viruses 553oncoviruses, retroviral 443–5onions, oxidative injury 242, 244open canalicular system (OCS) 563–4optical platelet aggregation 1124–5Origin of Replication Complex (ORC) 425osteoblastic niche 12osteoblastogenesis 447osteoblasts 8, 9

psittacine 976osteoclasts 8

psittacine 976osteosarcoma 448, 556osteosclerosis 115

pyruvate kinase defi ciency 184ostrich see ratitesOtamixaban 95ovalocytes 147, 148oxidants, RBCs 133–4

protection 134–5oxidative injury

adverse drug reactions 99–100anemias 239–44bovine 242–4causes 240–4equine 243feline 240–2

drug-induced 99–100hemoglobin susceptibility 240

pathophysiology 240RBCs 89, 133–4, 150–1sheep 244

oxidative metabolic burst activityelephant heterophils 943–4neutrophils 1118–19, 1120

oxygen affi nityavian RBCs 962camelid RBCs 911

oxygen carrying solution 758, 764–5oxygen extraction ratio (ERo2) 758oxygen storage, marine mammal 955oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve,

camelids 911Oxyglobin® 758, 764–5, 766

P2 purinergic receptors 569–71p16/INK4A cyclin-dependent kinase

inhibitor 555P100 tumor antigen 553packed cell volume (PCV)

bison 931, 932, 933camelids 914, 916canine 801, 802cervids 923chickens 960, 965elephant 943, 947ferret 892fi sh 1000, 1001laboratory primates 870, 871psittacines 968, 969, 971, 972raptors 982RBC transfusion 741reptile 1005, 1009transfusion

avian 763, 764equine 760large animals 757RBC 741threshold 738, 739, 758, 767

turkeys 960water buffalo 929waterfowl 978, 979

pagetoid reticulosis 532pancreatic necrosis, acute 672pancreatitis

DIC 679, 681platelet hypofunction 627thrombosis 672

pancytopenia, aplastic anemia 256Pappenheimer bodies 151para-aminophenol (PAP) 241paracetamol see acetaminophen

(paracetamol)paraneoplastic leukocytoclastic vasculitis

694paraneoplastic syndrome

eosinophilia 328mast cell neoplasia 1089

parasitic diseasesallergic disease 310basophils 296elasmobranch 1016elephants 948eosinophilia 310, 839–40equine 318helminthic 285–6, 291neutrophil dysfunction 279reptile RBCs 1006

PARR (PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements) assay 1136, 1138

parvovirus infection 119aplastic anemia 257–8leukopenia in dogs 324macrophage proliferation 113neutropenia in dogs 324pure red cell aplasia 253thrombocytopenia 601

passive immunity, failure of transfercalves 720foals 758

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 361

pathogenicity, host determinants 442pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 361

see also Toll-like receptorsPelger–Huët anomaly 277–8, 325–6, 824

feline 338pemphigus foliaceus 747penicillin, adverse reactions in horses 104pentose phosphate pathway, RBCs 134–5percent platelet recovery 754percent platelet yield 736periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths 369, 370periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain 1148, 1150,

1152periosteal arterioles 10peripheral neuropathy, Waldenström’s

macroglobulinemia 517peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise

specifi ed (PTCL-NOS) 534–5peroxidase (PEROX) activity, cytochemical

staining 1142–3, 1144–5, 1146–9peroxidase (PEROX) cytogram 1059, 1060,

1064peroxidase (PEROX) stains 1149, 1150peroxiredoxins 134peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-$

(PPAR-$) 447Peyer’s patches 374, 375phagocytic inhibition test 1108phagocytic process, evaluation 1116–19phagocytosis

eosinophils 286neutrophils 270, 1116–19

fl ow cytometry 1119–20platelet destruction 580, 602RBC clearance 141

phagosomes 265defective maturation 276

phenazopyridine, oxidative injury 241phenobarbital, adverse reactions in dogs

102phenothiazine

adverse reactions in horses 104oxidative injury 243

phenylbutazoneadverse effects in dogs 101aplastic anemia in horses 259

phenytoin, adverse drug reactions in dogs 102–3

Philadelphia chromosome 464phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 1117, 1118phosphatidylethanolamine (PEth) 647phosphatidylserine (PSer) 573, 574, 577

cell surface membranes 647DIC role 681

phosphofructokinase 180, 181phosphofructokinase defi ciency 181–3

canine 181–3diagnosis 183inheritance 183life expectancy 183liver-type 181muscle-type 181platelet-type 181treatment 183

phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) 16phospholipase A2 (PLA2) 294phospholipase C 211, 212, 213phosphorus, metastatic mineralization 691photosensitization dermatitis 693PI3 kinase pathway 572–3pigs

blood groups 720, 721bone marrow 845coagulation 846fetal hematology 849hemotrophic mycoplasmas 203–4infectious thrombocytopenia 601leptospirosis 213leukocytes 844–5

1198 INDEX

MHC 780miniature 849–50neutrophils 844, 845normal hematology 843–50

age infl uence 846, 847breed infl uence 846disease infl uence 848–9fetal 849gender infl uence 846lactation infl uence 846, 848miniature swine 849–50parturition infl uence 846, 848pregnancy infl uence 846, 848stress infl uence 848

plasma proteins 846platelets 844, 845porphyria 175–6RBCs 843, 844reference intervals 843, 844transfusions 721

PINCH1 adaptor protein 57piroplasms 204, 205, 206, 207PKLR gene 183plasma

constituents 744–5hemostatic proteins 744

plasma cell tumors 511–18canine 430

plasma cells 331, 332, 365–6plasma components 744, 745–6

administration 748plasma concentrates

coagulation factor defects 696transfusion in inherited intrinsic platelet

disorders 624plasma cryoprecipitate, vWF replacement

therapy 617plasma derivatives 746

administration 748–9plasma membrane calcium ATPases

(PMCAs) 565plasma products

adverse reactions 749–50hyperimmune 758immune-mediated reactions 749–50sources 748storage 736transfusion 744–50

administration guidelines 748–9indications 746–7

see also fresh-frozen plasma (FFP); platelet-rich plasma

plasma proteinsbovine 834elasmobranch 1016laboratory rodents 859–60porcine 846reindeer 940

plasma proteins, recombinant 746administration 748–9

plasma transfusion 721failure of transfer of passive immunity

761large animals 758processing 760volumes 760

plasmacytic tumors 516–18plasmacytoid lymphoma, unclassifi able

high-grade 535plasmacytosis 113plasmapheresis 760plasminogen 650

acquired abnormalities 1092assay 1092

plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) 651

assay 1092–3hypofi brinolysis 669–70

plasminogen activators 650–1, 700–1assays 1092

Plasmodium 208–9plasticity concept in hematopoiesis 30platelet(s)

abnormal distribution 580accelerated consumption 579activation 95, 274, 569, 570, 573– 574

blood vessel injury 597drug-induced 602fl ow cytometry 598, 1129, 1130markers 1078–9measurement 1128pathways 569–73thrombin 649

activation-dependent surface changes 1129

adhesion 597ADVIA 120/2120® analyzer 1057, 1058,

1059aggregation 95

clinical disorders 1126collagen-induced 572destruction 580evaluation 1124–6thrombotic microangiopathies 579

aggregometry 674agonists 1125–6alpha granules 566–7, 643apheresis 752, 754, 760assessment for transfusion 751–2automated hematology analyzers 581–2blood smear microscopic examination

582bovine 833buccal mucosal bleeding time 1123–4calcium pool 566, 570camelid 914canine 806caprine 841cell surface antigens 725cervids 919, 923chilled 752–3circulating lifespan 577clot retraction 597clumps 602–3collagen receptors 571–2concentration in blood 597cryopreserved 753cytochemical staining 1148–9cytoplasmic structural elements 561,

563–5cytoskeleton 565dense tubular system 564–5destruction 579–80, 599development 12disorders with complex mechanisms 600distribution disorders 600elephant 946equine 822, 823–5

age-related changes 826feline 581, 815–16ferret 888, 891fl ow cytometry 1078–9formation 58function 569, 596–7

assays 95, 674evaluation 1123–30fl ow cytometry 1128–30

gerbil 902granules 565–7, 643, 648guinea pig 893, 894hamster 904, 906hemostasis 646

altered 95hyperfunction 1128

acquired 628–30hyperreactivity 669hypofunction 1127–8

acquired 626–8hypothermia effects 580immune destruction 579–80indium-111 labeled 1051–2

kinetics 576–83, 597laboratory animals

primates 872–81, 885rabbits 867rodents 858, 859

leukocytesadhesion 1079interactions 573

loss 579, 598lyophilized 753lysosomal granules 567marine mammals 951, 955

species variations 955mass 60membrane structure 561membranous elements 561, 563–5microdomain lipid rafts 561microparticles 1078–9microtubules 561, 563, 577mitochondria 565non-mammalian species 577–8numbers 577

estimation from blood smears 607open canalicular system 563–4ovine 839, 841P2 purinergic receptors 569–71percent recovery 754percent yield 736phagocytosis 602pooling 600, 602porcine 844, 845procoagulation activity 573–4production 576–7, 597, 606

decreased/defective 578–9disorders 600neoplasia 602

quality control for counts 1026receptors 561, 562–3, 569–73

cross-talk 569refractoriness 728–9reindeer 939, 939–40reticulated 598scintigraphy 1051–2secretion techniques 1126senescence 577structure 561–7substitutes 753thrombin generation 648thrombin receptors 572–3turnover 597von Willebrand factor 612, 613water buffalo 928whole blood-derived 752wound closure 597

platelet activating factor (PAF) 287, 646platelet antigens 727–9

alloimmunization 754clinical disorders 728–9identifi cation 728inherited defi ciency 729

platelet component concentration distribution width (PCDW) 582, 825

mean 674platelet concentrates 736, 752

storage 736–7transfusion 754

platelet count 92, 93altered hemostasis 95blood loss anemia 159disseminated intravascular coagulation

94normal 605, 606pseudothrombocytosis 607quality control 1026

platelet disordersacquired 626–30

hyperfunction 628–30hypofunction 626–8PFA-100 use 1128platelet aggregation 1126

extrinsic 619

pigs—Continued

INDEX 1199

function defect detection 1127inherited intrinsic 619–25

diagnosis 624management 624–5

mutations 621transfusion therapy 696

platelet distribution width (PDW) 581platelet factor 3 (PF3) test 1108platelet factor 4 (PF4) 59–60

thrombocytopenia 1112Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100®) 615,

1126–8closure time 1127platelet function 1124

defect detection 1127test principle 1126–7

platelet inhibitors 628platelet products

storage 736–7, 752–3transfusion 753–4

platelet surface-associated immunoglobulin (PSAIg) 587, 591, 592, 593, 594, 1108–9

fl ow cytometry 598platelet transfusion 751–4

outcome 753–4prophylactic 753quality/quantity assessment 751–2reactions 754storage of platelet products 752–3therapeutic 753

platelet-activating factor 274plateletcrit 581–2platelet-derived growth factor # (PDGF-#)

436platelet-endothelial cell adhesion

molecule-1 (PECAM1) 57platelet–neutrophil aggregates 274plateletpheresis 752, 754, 760platelet-rich plasma 735–6, 752

fl ow cytometry 1076, 1128–9platelet aggregation evaluation 1125storage 736–7transfusion 754

inherited intrinsic platelet disorders 624

poikilocytosis 144, 145, 146chemotherapeutic agent-induced 101iron defi ciency 169

point mutations 1173polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 1158polychromasia 144–5

phosphofructokinase defi ciency 182polychromatophilic rubricytes 37, 38polycythemia treatment 165polycythemia vera 162–3

essential thrombocythemia differential diagnosis 608, 609–10

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 1165DNA amplifi cation 1167

polymerase chain reaction, real-time (RT-PCR) 1166

quantitative 1167poodle macrocytosis 196, 197porphyrias 172

acquired toxic 177–8acute intermittent 176chemical 177classifi cation 174clinical observation 173cutanea tarda 176diagnosis 173–4erythropoietic 174–6feline 176hepatic 174, 176–7hepatoerythropoietic 177laboratory detection 173–4, 174–5lead poisoning 177–8normal 176swine 175–6variegate 177

porphyrin, synthesis 172–3porphyrinurias 172, 177–8

clinical observation 173diagnosis 173–4laboratory detection 173–4

portosystemic shunts, iron defi ciency 169positive predictive value (PPV) 1032post-transfusion purpura 594, 728, 771–3potassium, RBC

levels 132, 193, 194membrane 131–2

poultrymyeloid leukosis 482see also chickens; turkeys

pre-B cell receptor 62preclinical studies see toxicological studiespregnancy

cervids 923marine mammals 955pigs 846, 848reindeer 940

prekallikrein 640, 641contact factor pathway 704defi ciency 666

primateslaboratory

aging 885bone marrow 883, 885–6coagulation 882, 885Heinz bodies 870–1leukocytes 872–81, 883–5normal hematology 869–71, 872–83,

883–6platelets 872–81, 885RBCs 870–1, 872–81, 883reference intervals 869, 872–83species differences 869

MHC 778–9monkey bone marrow collection 1043

primidone, adverse reactions in dogs 102prion diseases 379procoagulant expression disorders 623–4profi ciency testing 1023, 1025progenitor assays 1048, 1049programmed cell death

RBCs 88see also apoptosis

progression elevated gene-3 (PEG-3) 552–3prolymphocytic leukemia, B cell 497–8promegakaryocytes 808

feline 818promyelocytes 46

canine 807–8proplatelets 58propylene glycol, oxidative injury 241propylthiourea, adverse reactions in cats

103prorubricytes 37, 38prostaglandin H2 572prostaglandins 271–2, 287protease activated receptors (PARs) 572–3,

645DIC 683infl ammation 651, 652TF–FVIIa activation 651

proteasomes 776protein 4.1 defi ciency 191protein C 644, 645

activity measurement in liver disease 658

assay 1090–1defi ciency 669pathway 644–5see also activated protein C (APC)

protein C inhibitor 645protein S 644, 645

assay 1091protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor

645protein-losing enteropathy 331protein-losing nephropathy 672

proteins induced by vitamin K absence or antagonism (PIVKA) 655

proteomics 1173prothrombin 643–4

cleavage 648–9defects 665

prothrombin fragment F 1+2 (F 1+2) 1093prothrombin time (PT) 92, 93, 597, 1085–6

acquired coagulopathies 657avian 705coagulation factor assays 1088compound-related increases 93–4fi sh 998prolongation 1086shortening 1086thromboplastin effects 97

prothrombinase complex 573, 574proto-oncogenes 435

activation 443protoporphyrin IX 125protozoal infections 118, 119

anemia 204–9RBCs 1167, 1168thrombocytopenia 601

P-selectin 269, 274, 567binding site 573expression 1079infectious thrombocytopenia 600platelet activation 95

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) 269

pseudo Pelger–Huët anomaly 307, 325feline 338

pseudohyperkalemia 605pseudothrombocytopenia 580–1, 602–3

EDTA-dependent 729pseudothrombocytosis 607psittacines

aging 971blood collection 971, 973bone marrow 973–6

cell distribution 976cell morphology 974–6collection 973–4

environmental infl uences 971hemoglobin 968, 969, 971, 972leukocytes 969–71, 972normal hematology 968–76physiological infl uences 971RBCs 968–9, 971, 972, 974–5reference intervals 971, 973species variations 971, 972thrombocytes 971

ptaquiloside 110pulmonary adenomatosis 444–5pulmonary angiography, pulmonary

thromboembolism 675pulmonary artery medial hypertrophy

692pulmonary embolism, immune-mediated

hemolytic anemia 220pulmonary hypertension 691–2

chronic hypoxic 691pulmonary scintigraphy 675–6pulmonary thromboembolism

canine 670clinical signs 674–5diagnosis 674–6equine 672

puppy strangles 416pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) 87–8, 159,

217, 251–4bone marrow pathology 220cats 253–4cell-mediated immune mechanisms

226–7clinical features

cats 253dogs 252

congenital 253defi nition 229, 253

1200 INDEX

diagnosis 220differential diagnosis

cats 253dogs 252

dogs 220, 251–3FeLV-induced 254immune response to rhEPO 253, 254immune-mediated

cats 253–4dogs 251–3

incidence 253laboratory features

cats 253dogs 252

lymphocytosis 112parvovirus infection 253prognosis

cats 253–4dogs 252–3

treatmentcats 253–4dogs 252–3

vaccination-associated 253purine box-binding transcription factor 1

(PU.1) 6, 40granulopoiesis 44, 45myeloid lineage differentiation 51

pyridoxine defi ciency 170pyruvate kinase 181pyruvate kinase defi ciency 183–5

canine 184–5

quality assessment, external 1023quality assurance 79, 1022quality control 1021–6

analytical quality specifi cations 1022–3manual slide evaluation 1025–6materials 1022, 1023methods 1022profi ciency testing 1023, 1025rules 1023–5statistical rules 1023–4

quality improvement 1022quality management 1021–2quality planning 1022

rabbitsanemia 766laboratory

bone marrow 867–8coagulation 868leukocytes 864, 866, 867monocytes 868normal hematology 862, 863–6,

867–8platelets 867RBCs 862, 863, 867, 868

MHC 779transfusion therapy 766–7

radiation toxicity, aplastic anemia 87random error 1029–30Rapoport–Luebering shunt 180Rappaport hematological malignancy

classifi cation 452, 453raptors

blood collection 982leukocytes 982, 984, 985normal hematology 981–2, 983–4, 985RBCs 982thrombocytes 985, 985

ratMHC 779normal hematology in laboratory animals

852–61ratites

blood collection 987–8granulocytes 991–2heterophils 987, 991, 992lymphocytes 990, 992monocytes 992

normal hematology 987–93RBCs 989reference intervals 988–9thrombocytes 989–91

reactive nitrogen species (RNS) 134reactive oxygen species (ROS) 134

neutrophils 1118, 1120receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC)

curves 1032, 1034recombination activating genes (Rag) 62recombination signal sequences (RSS) 62recombination-activating gene (RAG) 364red blood cell(s) (RBCs)

ADVIA 120/2120® analyzer 1057, 1058, 1059

agglutination 144, 145, 821, 824aging indirect markers 139–40amino acid transport 132antibody binding 141antioxidant capacity 141antioxidant status 138ATP production 132avian 961–2basophilic stippling 149, 155biochemistry 131–5bison 931, 932, 933blood group incompatibilities 231bovine 829–34

lifespan 138calcium ions 132camelids 910–11, 912–13

oxygen affi nity 911shape 910, 911

canine 799–802lifespan 138

caprine 836, 837, 838lifespan 138

carbohydrate metabolism 132cell surface molecules 124, 125cervids 918, 919, 923, 924chickens 961–2, 965

count 959–60clearance mechanisms 138, 139–42complement 141composition 123count

chickens 959–60fi sh 995, 1000, 1001manual slide evaluation 1025ratites 987, 988reptile 1005turkeys 959–60waterfowl 978, 979

cytograms 155–6cytoskeletal proteins 124density profi le 139destruction 142diphosphoglycerate pathway 132–3distribution 144donors for foals with neonatal

isoerythrolysis 722elasmobranch 1013, 1014elephants 943, 947Embden–Meyerhof pathway 132, 179–81equine 821, 822, 823, 824

age-related changes 825, 826lifespan 138

erythropoietin effects 82feline 811–13

lifespan 138ferret 888, 889

sedimentation rate 892fi sh 994, 1000, 1001

count 995, 1000, 1001elasmobranch 1013, 1014formation 996

fl ow cytometry 1076, 1078gerbil 899, 900, 902glucose movement 132guinea pig 893, 894, 895

sedimentation rate 897

hamster 904, 905–6, 906sedimentation rate 908

HbA1c aging marker 140Heinz body-containing 1067hemolysis 88–9, 126hereditary band 3 defi ciency 189, 190hereditary enzyme abnormalities 179–85high potassium 132, 193, 194histograms 155–6hypochromic 169IgG binding 140–1immunoglobulin binding 1078inclusions 149–51indices 1078induced suicidal death 88, 132integral membrane proteins 124iron defi ciency 169iron disorder indices 167laboratory animals

primates 870–1, 872–81, 883rabbits 862, 863, 867, 868rodents 854, 856

lifespan 136–42avian 763species variation 138study methods 138–9

lipid rafts 124low potassium 132, 193marine mammal species variations 955membrane

defects 187–94fl uidity maintenance 124structure 123–4

membrane protein 4.1 139–40membrane transport 131–2

defects 193–4metabolic pathways 132–3methemoglobin 135morphology 144–51

manual recognition 1026normal 144variation 144–51

non-immunologic adsorption of protein 89

nucleated 149–50, 155, 799nucleoside transporter 132opsonization 141osmotic lysis 1115ovine 836, 837, 838oxidants 133–4oxidative damage 89, 133–4, 150–1pathogens targeting 379pentose phosphate pathway 134–5phagocytosis 141, 142porcine 843, 844potassium levels 132, 193, 194primitive 3, 5, 6programmed cell death 88psittacines 968–9, 971, 972, 974–5raptors 982ratites 989

count 987, 988reindeer 918, 936, 939–40, 940reptile 1005–6, 1009

count 1005rheological compromise 140rouleaux 821

formation 144, 145sedimentation rate

ferret 892guinea pig 897hamster 908

senescence evaluation 139senescence-based clearance 138senescent 139–42

macrophages in removal 303shelf-life 733, 736sickling 144spiculated 148storage lesion 736stored 736, 739–40

pure red cell aplasia (PRCA)—Continued

INDEX 1201

structure 123–4turkeys 965–6viability 736volume 155–7water buffalo 927, 928

sedimentation rate 929waterfowl 977–8, 979zinc protoporphyrin 168see also pure red cell aplasia (PRCA);

reticulocyte(s)red blood cell antigens 759red blood cell distribution width (RCDW)

155, 169canine 801–2inherited selective malabsorption of

cobalamin 197laboratory rodents 856

red blood cell transfusion 738–42administration 740–2benefi ts 740equine 759fi lters 741indications 738–40infusion devices 741massive 742patient monitoring 742rate 742route 741threshold 738–9volume 741warming of blood 740–1

red blood cells, packed (pRBCs) 739, 758red maple toxicity 147, 157

camelids 911horses 243

red water disease 212–13Reed–Sternberg cells 520, 521, 522reference intervals 1034–8

avian 349bias 1038donor 1037–8establishment 1035–7homogeneity of populations 1038partitioning 1038relevance 1035statistical methods 1036–7subgroups 1038transference 1037–8transformed 1037, 1038see also named species and animal groups

reference ranges 79see also reference intervals

regression analysis 1037, 1038regulatory agencies 71–2regulatory guidelines, hematotoxicity

studies 71–3reindeer

aging 940gender 940leukocytes 936–7, 938–9, 939, 940normal hematology 936–7, 938, 939–40platelets 939, 939–40RBCs 918, 936, 939–40, 940reference intervals 940reproductive status 940seasonal changes 940

renal carcinoma and nodular dermatofi brosis 434

renal diseaseanemia 248–9chronic renal failure 248, 258multiple myeloma 512, 513, 516protein-losing nephropathy 672

reperfusion injury 700Reptilase® time 1087reptiles

blood collection 1004blood sample processing 1004–5bone marrow 1008–9hematopoiesis 1008–9hemoglobin 1005, 1009

leukocytes 1006–8, 1010MHC 780normal hematology 1004–9, 1009–10RBCs 1005–6, 1009

count 1005reference intervals 1005reticulocytes 1005, 1009thrombocytes 1005, 1006

respiratory burst 271respiratory system, MALT 374RET Scattergram 1063RETIC Scatter ABS cytogram 1061, 1062reticular cells 10reticulin 9

secondary myelofi brosis 114reticulocyte(s)

ADVIA 120/2120® analyzer 1061–2anemia 138automated methods of staining/counting

1068–9, 1070, 1071blood loss anemia 157bone marrow 137canine 799, 801, 802

count 138release 137

chickens 960counting 137–8, 154, 1067–9, 1070, 1078development 38elephant 943feline

aggregate 153, 154–5count 138punctate 153, 154–5release 137

fi sh 996fl ow cytometry 1078identifi cation 137–8iron defi ciency 1069, 1071iron indices 167, 169laboratory rodents 856manual count 1026maturation 38, 136–7mRNA staining 1067–8psittacines 968raptors 982ratite 989release of aggregate 137reporting 1069reptile 1005, 1009ribosomal material 1068size 1069staining 1067–9Sysmex XT-2000iV® 1063, 1064turkeys 960veterinary species 38, 39

reticulocyte maturation index 1078reticulocyte production index (RPI) 138,

154reticulocyte volume (MCVr) 1069reticulocytosis, iron defi ciency 169reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) 445retroviral gene therapy, X-linked recessive

SCID 410Retroviridae 440–1

classifi cation 441–2retroviruses 119

cis-activation 443genes 441life cycle 441oncogene induction 442–3prototypical 443–5regulatory proteins 441replication 443structure 441trans-activation 443transduction 443transforming 440–5see also feline immunodefi ciency virus

(FIV); feline leukemia virus (FeLV)retrovirus-induced disease 442reverse transcriptase 394

reverse transcription 1166Rh antigen blood typing 1101Ribaroxaban 95rickettsial infection 118

anemia 199–201immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

593RBCs 1167, 1168thrombocytopenia 580, 600vasculitis 693

rituximabimmune-mediated thrombocytopenia

590lymphoma treatment 459

RNAgenomic 441isolation for molecular diagnosis 1166

Rocky Mountain spotted fever 693lymphocytosis 331

rodenticidesanticoagulant 658–9avian toxicity 705

rodentsanemia 766bone marrow

collection 1043fl ow cytometry staining 1044

laboratory 852–61bone marrow 860–1coagulation 859–60hematology techniques 852–3leukocytes 856–8platelets 858, 859preanalytical factors 853–4RBCs 854, 856reference intervals 854, 854–5

MHC 779transfusion therapy 766–7see also mouse; rat

rostral blood island, fi sh 996rubriblasts 37, 38

canine 807feline 816psittacine 974

rubricytes 37, 38canine 807feline 817psittacine 974waterfowl 978, 980, 981

ruminantsaplastic anemia 259–60babesiosis 206basopenia 310basophilia 310bone marrow, collection 1041–2eosinopenia 310eosinophilia 310granulocytic anaplasmosis 200–1hemotrophic mycoplasmas 204leukocyte responses 307–12leukogram changes

age-related 308–9pathologic effects 309

lymphocytosis 310–11lymphopenia 310–11monocytopenia 311monocytosis 311neutropenia 309–10neutrophilia 309–10parturition 309theileriosis 204–5transfusion/transfusion reactions 761see also named groups

RUNX DNA binding proteins 57Russel viper venom time (RVV-T), fi sh 998

S phase see synthesis (S) phasesafety

disparity between preclinical/clinical data 90

evaluation (see toxicological studies)

1202 INDEX

saline replacement technique 1104–5sarcocystis 208schistocytes 148scintigraphic imaging

neutrophils 1051, 1052platelets 1051–2

Scott syndrome 623–4scramblase 573, 574, 647sea lions see marine mammalssealants 697seals see marine mammalssedation, feline blood collection 732, 734selectins 268–9selective breeding, SCID in Arabian foals

408selective IgA defi ciency 402–3selective IgM defi ciency 403, 407selective immunotherapy, systemic lupus

erythematosus 392selenium 135

defi ciency 243–4neutrophil function 279–80

sepsisDIC 679, 681, 682platelet hypofunction 627thromboembolism risk 673transfusion-associated 754, 773

SERCAs (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases) 564–5

serine proteases 266serologic typing 776–7serum amyloid A (SAA) 1160severe combined immunodefi ciency (SCID)

406–10Arabian foals 406–8canine 409–10Fell pony syndrome 408–9horses 406–9Jack Russell terriers 410X-linked

gene therapy 555recessive 409–10

sex chromosomes 1171Sézary syndrome 532sheep

anaplasmosis 309babesiosis 206bacillary hemoglobinuria 212–13basophils 840blood groups 719–20

typing 1103bone marrow 841

collection 1042corynebacteriosis 213eosinophils 839–40granulocytic anaplasmosis 200–1hemoglobin 126, 836hemotrophic mycoplasmas 204leptospirosis 213leukocytes 838–41

counts in lambs 308lymphocytes 840–1MHC 780monocytes 840, 841mycotoxin toxicity 259–60neutrophils 838–9normal hematology 836–41oxidative injury 244parturition 309platelets 839, 841RBCs 836, 837, 838yellow lamb disease 211–12

shock, marine mammals 954sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec-8)

284sickle cells see drepanocytessickling, cervid RBCs 918, 919side population (SP) cells 15sideroblasts 170siderocytes 151, 170sideroleukocytes 340

signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein 32, 59, 362

see also individual named STATssignal transduction disorders 622–3simian T cell lymphotrophic virus (STLV)

445single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

1171, 1173maps 1172

single pass type I transmembrane protein (I) 24, 25

single pass type II transmembrane protein (II) 24, 25

sinus endothelial cells 10skunk musk, oxidative injury 242small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) 529

B cell 495–7smooth muscle cells 689, 690

atherosclerosis 690snake envenomation, platelet hypofunction

628snake venom 656sodium ions, RBC membrane 131–2somatic hypermutation 62Sox-2 17soybean oil, trichloroethylene-extracted

259spectrin 124, 565

autoantibodies against 218, 219defi ciency 149, 190–1RBC membrane 187–8

spectrin anomaly with elliptocytosis 191spherocytes 148–9spherocytosis see hereditary spherocytosisspleen 369–71

accessory 378–9amyloidosis 371, 379atrophy 380blood fl ow 370chickens 960, 961cytology 377–8degenerative conditions 380developmental defects 378diagnostics 377–8disorders 376–81embryonic 5erythrotrophic pathogens 379fi broelastic capsule 378fi brohistiocytic nodules 380germinal centers 370, 960granulomas 380histiocytosis 380hypersplenism 380, 580hyposplenism 381immune disorders 379–80immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

379–80infarction 371, 378infections 378, 379infl ammatory disorders 379–80lymphotrophic pathogens 379mantle layer 369–70metastases 381neoplasms 380–1

hemangioma 381hemangiosarcoma 248, 378, 379, 381

neoplastic lesions 376, 377non-neoplastic lesions 376, 377penicillary vessels 370periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths 369, 370RBC clearance 142rupture 378sinusoidal system 369spontaneous disease 376–7torsion 371, 378toxic injury 380trauma 378–9turkeys 960, 961vascular system 369, 370, 378venous sinuses 370

splenic hemangioma 381splenic hemangiosarcoma 248, 378, 379,

381splenic remnants 378–9splenomegaly 380spumaviruses 442Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) 79,

1022STAT3 59STAT5 40, 59Steel factor see stem cell factor (SCF)stem cell(s) 14–19

cancer 17, 19characteristics 14–15cytokines 17damage and leukocyte changes 858differentiation regulation 17, 18failure 17markers 15molecular mechanisms 16–17multipotent 15niche concept 16pluripotency regulation 16–17pluripotent 15, 783proliferative disorders 17, 19self renewal 14survival regulation 16–17tests 15totipotent 14–15unipotent 15

stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) 15stem cell factor (SCF) 16, 17, 39, 794

feline 794granulopoiesis regulation 44–5mast cells 291

development 48recombinant canine 794uses 794

stem cell leukemia (SCL) gene 40stem cell niches 12, 16, 17, 30, 31stem cell-associated diseases 17, 19stomatocytes 149stomatocytosis

hereditary 149, 191–3laboratory primates 871

storage lesion of RBCs 736storage pool disorders 622

PFA-100 use 1128platelet aggregation 1126see also cyclic hematopoiesis in gray

colliesstored whole blood (SWB), transfusion 738strangles, puppy 416streptococcal lymphadenitis, contagious

416Streptococcus equi, equine purpura

hemorrhagica 694streptokinase 701stress

camelids 914cervids 923elasmobranch 1016eosinopenia 329equine 317leukocyte changes 858leukogram changes 308lymphopenia 311neutrophil function 279reindeer 940

stress reticulocytes 38stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) 59stromal cells

bone marrow 8–9damage and leukocyte changes 858

stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) 30, 31Strongylus vulgaris 693substance P 88Sudan black B staining 1149, 1150

cytochemical staining 1142–3, 1144–5, 1146–9

suicide gene therapy 553

INDEX 1203

sulfonamides, adverse reactions in dogs 101–2

sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) test, multiple myeloma 513

superoxideaccumulation in RBCs 244free radical 134, 240

superoxide dismutase 134, 240copper defi ciency 243–4RBC levels 138

suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCs) 32, 41

swainsonine 306synacril black AN 1154syncytial viruses 442synthesis (S) phase 421, 422

checkpoint 425progression 424–5

synthetic Xa inhibitors 700Sysmex XT-2000iV® 1062–3

reticulocyte evaluation 1068, 1069systematic error 1028–9systemic granulomatous infl ammation,

idiopathic 305systemic histiocytosis 540–1, 545

immunophenotypic studies 546morphological features 546pathogenesis 546–7treatment 547

systemic hypertension 691systemic infl ammatory response syndrome

(SIRS) 673systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

383–92acute infl ammation 108antinuclear antibody testing 1109–11autoantibodies 385–6, 389B cell response 386canine 388canine model 387clinical presentation 387–8coagulation pathway 388diagnosis 388–9diagnostic criteria 389, 390drug-induced 384environmental factors 384, 385equine 388feline 388food-induced 384gender distribution 384genetic factors 384geographic factors 384hematological disorders 387–8immune complex deposition 386immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

592infectious agents 384pathogenesis 384–7prognosis 390–1risk factors 384sex hormones 384skin biopsy 389treatment 391–2

T cell(s) 61, 359–64activation 360–2antigen presenting cell interactions 387APC interaction 541blast transformation 362CD4+ 360, 362

feline immunodefi ciency virus 394–5, 396, 398

functions 362–3systemic lupus erythematosus 387

CD8+ 360, 362feline immunodefi ciency virus 396function 363–4subsets 364systemic lupus erythematosus 387

chickens 960cytokine secretion 362

defi nition 359development 63–4, 359–60dysregulation in immune-mediated

hemolytic anemia 226–7extrathymic development 63functions 362–4growth factors 63immune system diseases 403–4immune-mediated thrombocytopenia

587intrathymic development 360lymph node migration 371memory 365–6natural suppressor 218negative selection 63–4NKT cells 364positive selection 63reactivity in autoimmune hemolytic

anemia 219self-reactivity 385systemic lupus erythematosus 387thymus 369turkeys 960types 63X-linked recessive SCID 410

T cell lymphoma 525–35angio-immunoblastic 533cutaneous 531enteropathy-type 530feline 243hepatosplenic gamma-delta 534intestinal 530lymphoblastic 527

mediastinal 527–8marginal zone lymphoma differential

diagnosis 500mature 528–35non-epitheliotropic 532oxidative injury 243peripheral, not otherwise specifi ed

534–5precursor 526–8T zone 532–3

T cell progenitors 5, 12T cell prolymphocytic leukemia (TPLL)

529T cell receptor (TCR) 359, 360

T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia 526–7

$% T cells 364T helper cells

enhanced activity 554type 0 precursor 363type 1 362–3

B cell activation 365type 2 281, 362–3

B cell activation 365exaggerated response 295

type 17 363T regulatory (Treg) cells 218, 226, 363, 554T zone lymphoma 532–3TAP genes 776, 778Tarui–Layzer syndrome (muscle-type

phosphofructokinase defi ciency) 181–3

taurine defi ciency, platelet hyperfunction 629

T-cell receptor (TCR)expression 63genes 1136, 1137

telangiectasia 690terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

(TdT) 62test validation 1027–33

analytical performance 1027, 1031clinical performance 1031control material 1029detection limit 1030imprecision 1028inaccuracy 1028–9likelihood ratios 1032–3

linearity checks 1029method comparison 1029–30overlap performance 1031predictive values 1032receiver-operating-characteristic curves

1032sensitivity/specifi city 1031–2spiking recovery 1029

Tet-on/Tet-off promoters 553tetrahydrofolate 197theileriosis 204–5

eosinopenia 310lymphoid tissue 379neutropenia 310

thieneopyridines 698–9thioredoxin 134thiourea 1162thrombin 644, 645, 646, 648–9

amplifi cation 648coagulation feedback regulation 649DIC

perpetuation 683progression 681, 682

fi brin formation 649fi brinogen cleavage 649, 650generating potential 674generation 639–45, 647–8infl ammation 652plasma half-life 649platelet activation 649platelet agonist 1126production amplifi cation 681propagation 648thrombomodulin-bound 646

thrombin activatable fi brinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) 638, 651

DIC 681, 683thrombin clotting time (TCT) 657, 1087

fi brinogen defi ciency 664thrombin receptors 572–3thrombin time (TT) 1087thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complex

674, 1093thromboblasts 980, 981thrombocytes

activation 991avian 704chickens 960, 962, 963, 965fi sh 995, 996, 997

elasmobranchs 1013, 1014, 1016non-mammalian species 578psittacine 971, 975raptors 985, 985ratite 989–91reptile 1005, 1006turkeys 960, 962, 963, 965waterfowl 978, 979, 981

thrombocythemia 605–10defi nition 605essential 608–10pseudohyperkalemia 605

thrombocytopenia 89–90alloimmune 594, 728anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity 598automated hematology analyzers 581–2blood smears 582bone marrow evaluation 582–3breed-associated 602buccal mucosal bleeding time 1124canine 806

estrogen-induced 100immune-mediated 586–91, 729

chemotherapeutic agent-induced 99clinical signs 581coagulation panel 582complete blood count 581, 597consumptive 583defi nition 98diagnosis 578diagnostic tests 582, 597–8DIC 684

1204 INDEX

drug-induced 602immune-mediated 87, 602, 1112

equine 104estrogen-induced in dogs 100feline

immune-mediated 591infectious 601

hemorrhagedue to neoplasia 248risk 581

heparin-induced in horses 104hypersplenism 580immune-mediated 586–94, 729

platelet transfusion 753infectious 600–1inherited 619–25laboratory evaluation 581–3lymphadenopathy 414mechanisms 578–81, 598–603neonatal alloimmune 594, 728neoplasia 600, 601, 602non-immune-mediated 596–603pathogenesis 580platelet antigens 728platelet disorders 600plateletpheresis 752platelets

consumption 598destruction 580, 598, 599

systemic lupus erythematosus 387, 388transfusion therapy 696von Willebrand disease 617see also disseminated intravascular

coagulation (DIC); hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS); thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

thrombocytosis 605–10causes 606, 607–10drug-induced 607familial 610inherited 610mechanisms 606physiologic 607reactive 607–8

essential thrombocythemia differential diagnosis 608, 609, 610

thromboelastography 674, 1094–7acquired coagulopathies 657clinical application 1095–7coagulation assays 1094–7hemostasis 1094method 1094–5transfusion therapy 1096, 1097

thromboembolic disease 670–3hypercoagulability laboratory tests 673–4immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

220–1thromboembolism, defi nition 668thrombolytic therapy complications 700thrombomodulin 645thrombophilia, testing 1090–1thromboplastin

absolute prothrombin time effects 97international sensitivity index (ISI) 97prothrombin time testing 1085tissue (see tissue factor (TF))

thrombopoiesis 56–60, 597drug-induced suppression 95non-mammalian species 577–8psittacine 975thrombocytosis 605–7transcription factors 57waterfowl 981

thrombopoietin (TPO) 6, 17, 32, 40, 58–9, 793

functions 577, 597, 606uses 793

thrombosis 668canine 670clinical recognition 674–6

equine 671–2feline 670, 671hypercoagulability laboratory tests 673–4hypercoagulable syndromes 672–3microvascular 274pathophysiology 668–70treatment 698

thrombospondin 31, 566thrombotic disorders 668–76

treatment 698–701thrombotic microangiopathies 598thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

hemolytic uremic syndrome differential diagnosis 598

platelet consumption 579, 598thromboxane A2 287, 572

marine mammals 955metabolites 95platelet hypofunction 628

thromboxane receptors 572thrombus

detection 1052formation in contact coagulation

pathway 640labeling techniques 1052

Thy-1 541thymic stroma, T cell development 63thymocytes 63thymoma 331thymus 367–9

chickens 960cortex 368–9embryonic 5epithelial cells 360

migration 367–8heterophils 369hyperplasia 368lymphoid germinal centers 368T cell development 63turkeys 960X-linked recessive SCID 409

thyroxine, erythropoiesis stimulation 163ticlopidine 699tissue factor (TF) 639, 641

coagulation excessive activation 669DIC 680, 682pathway 641–2thrombin generation 647–8thromboelastography 1095see also thromboplastin

tissue factor (TF)-bearing cells 647thrombin generation 647, 648

tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) 644defi ciency 669DIC 681

tissue factor–FVIIa complex 642, 643, 644, 648

infl ammation 651response to injury 703

tissue plasminogen activator/tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) 650–1, 656, 700, 1092

TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) 33

erythropoiesis humoral inhibitor 40tolerance 385

peripheral 554Toll-like receptors 301, 361

eosinophils 284macrophages 301, 302

toluidine blue 1146, 1154torocytes 145total allowable error (TEmax) 1023total body irradiation, G-CSF therapy 792total iron binding capacity (TIBC) 168

measurement 1163total quality management 1021–2toxicokinetics 83toxicological studies 71–6

adverse effects 82–3animal handling 73

blood collectionamount 74–5methods 74randomization 73timing 73–4

bone marrowcytology 75–6histopathology 75

classifi cation of changes 80–1clinical signs 92–3compound-related cytopenias 85–6evaluation of changes 80–1exposure route 86fasted state 73fl ow cytometry 76good laboratory practice 79hematological analysis 75hematological parameters 75hematology changes 81–2

correlation with other study data 83

hematology data interpretation 78–84preanalytical variables 73–5preclinical/clinical safety data disparity

90reference ranges 79

see also reference intervalsregulatory guidelines 71–3report writing 83–4routine laboratory testing 92–3statistical analysis 79–80test species 86types 72vehicles 86

toxins, hematopoietic cell injury 110transcription factors 16, 17

dendritic cell regulation 51erythroid-specifi c 40erythropoiesis 40granulopoiesis regulation 44, 45hematopoietic 28, 29monocyte regulation 51pleiotropic 40thrombopoiesis 57

transferrin 127, 1162transferrin receptor (TfR) 127, 128transforming growth factor # (TGF-#) 33transfusion reactions 711, 769–74

allergic 771avian 765circulatory overload 773citrate toxicity 773DEA 712–13equine 760–1febrile 771feline 716–17hemolytic 769–71, 774immune complications 769–73infection transmission 773monitoring 760non-immune 773–4patient evaluation 774plasma products 749–50platelet transfusion 754prevention 774recognition 774ruminants 761sepsis 754, 773

transfusion therapyadministration 765, 767avian 706, 763–5

compatibility 764indications 763–4

blood groups 720–1blood loss at surgery 757blood typing 1101–3bovine 761camelids 761coagulation defects 696combined defi ciency of vitamin

K-dependent factors 667

thrombocytopenia—Continued

INDEX 1205

crossmatching 1101, 1103–5DIC 685, 686equine 721, 757–61

administration 760adverse reactions 760–1collection techniques 759–60foals with neonatal isoerythrolysis 722

exotic species 763–7factor X defi ciency 665–6factor XI defi ciency 666ferrets 765–6granulocytes 754–5hemorrhagic disorders 695–6immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

222–3inherited intrinsic platelet disorders

624–5large animals 757–61liver disease 658neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals 722oxygenation status 757–8plasma products 744–50platelet defects/disorders 696

inherited intrinsic 624–5platelets 751–4prothrombin defi ciency 665rabbits 766–7red blood cells 738–42rodents 766–7ruminants 761thrombocytopenia 696thromboelastography 1096, 1097von Willebrand disease 617vWF defects 696see also blood banking; plasma

transfusion; red blood cell transfusion

transfusion-associated sepsis 754, 773transfusion-related graft versus host disease

772–3transfusion-related immunomodulation

(TRIM) 750transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI)

727, 750, 772transgenic mouse studies 86transient hypogammaglobulinemia of

infancy in dogs 403transmembrane proteins 24

types 24, 25transplantation 554–5

MHC typing 777–8protective conditioning 778see also bone marrow transplantation;

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), transplantation

transportation stress 279trauma

arterial rupture 691disseminated intravascular coagulation

680marine mammals 954

traumatic coagulopathy 659treatment-related effects, transient 80trematodes, elasmobranch 1017trichloroethylene 110trophoblasts, intravascular fetal of hamster

908trypanosomiasis 207–8

elephants 948neutropenia 310

L-tryptophan, adverse reactions in horses 104

tuberculosis, elephants 947–8#1-tubulin gene mutation 620, 806tumor(s)

adaptive evolution 438cancer stem cells 438genetic instability 437see also metastases; neoplasia

tumor suppressor genes 435tumor vaccines 553

tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) 552tumour necrosis factor ! (TNF-!) 33

multiple myeloma 512neutrophil release 272

turkeysblood collection 958–9blood smears 959bone marrow 960defensins 963endothelium 961granulocytes 962–3granulopoiesis 960–1growth factors 961hematopoiesis 960–1leukocyte count 959, 960lymphocytes 963, 964, 966medullary sinuses 961monocytes 963, 964normal hematology 958–66RBCs 961–2, 965–6

count 959–60reference intervals 965–6spleen 960, 961thrombocytes 962, 963, 965thymus 960

tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2 (Tie2) 17

umbilical cord blood, hematopoietic stem cells 786

unbound iron-binding capacity (UIBC) 1163

under-agarose technique for chemotaxis 1117

uremia, platelet dysfunction 627uremic gastropathy 691URO I 174, 176urobilinogen 142UROgenIII-Cosyn 175, 176urokinase 701urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)

651, 1092uroporphyrins 176

vaccinesfeline immunodefi ciency virus 397immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

trigger 220, 223–4pure red cell aplasia 253

validation 1021diagnostic tests 1027–33transferred reference intervals 1037

variable factor X defi ciency 656variation, intra-/inter-individual 1023,

1035varicose veins 690vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

(VCAM-1) 31, 41vascular diseases 689–94

arterial degeneration 690–1arterial hypertrophy 691–2congenital anomalies/malformations 690vasculitis 692–4

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 435–6

multiple myeloma 512vascular endothelial growth factor

receptors (VEGFRs) 436vascular injury 689vascular niche 12vasculitis 692–4

immune-mediated 693–4paraneoplastic 694

vasculogenesis 65–6antigenic determinants 66

VDJ rearrangement 61–2vectors

detargeting 551novel 556structures 550–1viral 552

Venezuelan encephalitis virus 601venipuncture technique, birds 704venous sinuses, bone marrow 10verminous arteritis 693very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) 30, 31, 41vicuna see camelidsviral infections 119–20

anemia 212, 213–14avian 352, 706bovine 379

bovine leukemia virus 119–20, 310–11, 444

bovine viral diarrhea virus 119, 279, 310, 627

bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease 379

fi sh 1002immunodefi ciency 404lymphopenia 331macrophages 303–4monocytes 303–4neutropenia 310neutrophil dysfunction 279RBCs 1167, 1168systemic lupus erythematosus 384thrombocytopenia 600–1vasculitis 692–3see also named organisms and diseases

viral vectors 552Virchow’s triad 668–9virions 441vitamin B12

cobalamin defi ciency treatment 197see also cobalamin

vitamin D toxicity, metastatic mineralization 691

vitamin E 135neutrophil function 279–80

vitamin K 94acquired coagulopathies 655cycle 639, 641, 655epoxide 655oxidative injury 243prophylaxis in liver disease 658replacement therapy 659, 696–7, 706warfarin action 700

vitamin K antagonists, oxidative injury 243vitamin K defi ciency 94, 658–9

avian 705coagulation factor defi ciency 696plasma therapy 747treatment 696–7

vitamin K epoxide reductase 655, 667vitamin K-dependent factors, combined

defi ciencies 666–7von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor

suppressor gene 436, 449von Willebrand disease (vWD) 612–17

acquired 615affected species/breeds 614bleeding 616, 617buccal mucosal bleeding time 1124classifi cation 613–14clinical management 615–17clinical signs 615–16diagnosis 616–17expression patterns 614–15gene mutations 614hereditary 614, 617inheritance 614–15mechanism 612, 613PFA-100® 1127–8plasma therapy 746–7platelet function evaluation 1127subtypes 613–14thrombocytopenia 617transfusion therapy 617

von Willebrand factor (vWF) 566assays 615, 1089–90binding 561blood vessel injury 596–7

1206 INDEX

defi ciency 617endothelial cell storage 646factor VIII binding 643platelet antigen binding 728point-of-care analyses 615replacement therapy 617thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

579transfusion therapy 617, 696treatment 617von Willebrand disease 612, 613

von Willebrand factor (vWF) receptor 565VWF gene mutations 614

Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia 517Waldeyer’s ring 374walleye dermal sarcoma virus 445walrus see marine mammalswapiti, RBCs 918, 919warfarin 658–9, 700water buffalo

diurnal effects 930endotoxin response 930gender effects 930leukocytes 927–8, 929

corticosteroid response 929normal hematology 927–30plasma fi brinogen 928platelets 928RBCs 927, 928

sedimentation rate 929reference intervals 928–30

waterfowlaging 978anemia 978

blood collection 979–80bone marrow 980–1environmental infl uences 978–9leukocytes 978, 979normal hematology 977–87physiological infl uences 978–9RBCs 977–8, 979reference intervals 978–9species variations 978thrombocytes 978

Weibel–Palade bodies 643, 646whales see marine mammalswhite blood cell count, total

ADVIA 120/2120® analyzer 1059, 1060, 1061

avian 346bison 931, 934camelid 914canine 321, 806Cell-Dyn® 3500 1061feline 813–14hamster 907laboratory animals

rabbits 864, 866, 867rodents 856

manual slide evaluation 1025psittacine 970–1, 972raptors 982, 984ratites 988, 989waterfowl 979

white blood cell impedance count (WIC) 1062

white blood cell optical count (WOC) 1062whole blood

autoagglutination 228canine 734–6

collection 732, 734feline 734, 736platelet aggregation 1124, 1125platelet extraction 752separation into components 734–6storage 736transfusion 738

large animals 757–8see also fresh whole blood (FWB)

Wnt signaling pathway 16World Health Organization (WHO),

hematologic malignancy classifi cation 452–3, 454, 455, 456, 460

B cell lymphomas 504, 507follicular lymphoma 504Hodgkin’s lymphoma 520, 521myelodysplastic syndrome classifi cation

468myeloid neoplasms 476–7T cell lymphoma 243

wound closure, platelet function 597

X chromosome 1171, 1172

yellow lamb disease 211–12

zincelasmobranch exposure 1017oxidative injury 242poisoning in dogs 141, 242

secondary dysmeylopoiesis 471zinc protoporphyrin 168zymogens 636zymosan activated serum (ZAS) 1117,

1118

von Willebrand factor (vWF)—Continued