IEEE Ottawa Section | The IEEE section for the region of Ottawa. - … · 2013. 10. 29. · Title:...
Transcript of IEEE Ottawa Section | The IEEE section for the region of Ottawa. - … · 2013. 10. 29. · Title:...
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Omar M. RamahiUniversity of WaterlooWaterloo, Ontario, Canada
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Traditional Material!!
ElectromagneticWaveWave
rr με ,
The only properties an electromagnetic wave sees:1 Electric permittivity ε
3
1. Electric permittivity, ε2. Magnetic Permeability, μ
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Metamaterial and Bandgap Structures!!g p
if what But0 ,0 <
orμε 0,0 >< rr με
or0 ,0 rr με
if0or,0
ifeven ≈≈
orμε
4
0or ,0 rr με
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Negative Index or Double Negative MediaNegative Media
Positive mediaHE μβ =×Maxwell Equations
Positive mediaOr Right Handed
E HH Eεβ
μβ−=×
×
Negative mediaOr Left HandedE H
H Eεβ
μβ=×
−=×
Dispersion Relationship:p p
dii
media positive ; 222
222yx
ββ
ββεμω +=
medianegative; 222 yx ββεμω +=5© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Index of Refraction:Need Consistent Interpretation with MEp
2 n2 =ε μ
mediapositive 1n ;+=
1n ±=media negative 1n ;−=
6© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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The case of μ , ε < 0
Positive Index Medium Negative Index MediumPositive Index Medium Negative Index Medium
ε>0μ>0
ε
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Flat Lens!(without optical axis!)(without optical axis!)
Perfect focusingε < 0μ < 0
gof traveling waves
I
Source
Image
Image stillIncomplete!
8© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Flat Lens!
0Perfect focusingof traveling waves ε < 0
μ < 0of traveling waves
Image
Evanescent wave
Source
g
Traveling wave
To complete the imageneed remaining spectrum,The evanescent part
Note: If the source is faraway from the NIR media,the evanescent spectrumThe evanescent part the evanescent spectrum will be lost forever.
9© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Time-Domain Simulation
Right Handed medium Left Handed medium
Source
Image
Source: Zilkowski; Optics Express, April 2002
10© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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diµ-ε diagram
E
S
kH
SE
K
S
H
EK K
1111© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Metamaterial!!
ifh tB0,0
if what
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14© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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IC subject to Internal and External Noise
ICIC Package Subject to
External Noise
Via 3 (Radiator) (Internal Source of Noise )
Via 4 (Subject to Noise )
IC
DieDieDieMulti Layer Stack up Package Multi Layer Stack up
PCB
External Noise
Via 1 (Radiator) (Source of Noise )
Via 2 (Subject to Noise )
15
(Source of Noise )
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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16© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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EBGs Can Take Various Shapes
SubstratePatch
SubstratePatch
Substrate
t
Substrate
t
(a)Via
conductor (a)Via
conductor
gg
T=a+g
d
T=a+g
d
17
a(b)
a(b)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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18
Source: D. Seivenpiper, High Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces, PhD Thesis, UCLA, 1999
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Textured (High Impedance) SurfacesIdeal for EMI/EMC Applications/ pp
19
Source: D. Seivenpiper, High Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces, PhD Thesis, UCLA, 1999
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Design of EBG structure using S-parameters simulationparameters simulation
Filt / tFilter/resonator
20
Ports
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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EBGs as an EM Wave SuppressorSuppressor
-20-15-10-50
s
-50-45-40-35-30-25
para
met
ers
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20-75-70-65-60-55
S11 S12
S_p
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Frequency (GHz)
21© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Surface Wave Mitigation using EBG Materials
EBG MaterialsEBG Materials
BUT ill th b k f t ?22
BUT… will the above work for any antenna?
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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t a
g
1
W
LCfres π2
1=Top view of HIS with square patches
Surface wave propagation Resonance comes from lumped
behavior of vias and patches period must be much smaller
– TM waves at low Freq. – No propagation around fres– TE waves at high Freq
23
than wavelength:TE waves at high Freq.
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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a
M
aa
M
g/2
XΓ
g/2g/2
XΓ
678
z] M d 2
Mode 3fH
Topview
www
345
uenc
y [G
Hz Mode 2
Light Line
BAND GAP
fL
PEC
012Fr
equ
Mode 1
BAND GAPsideview
PEC
Γ-X M-ΓX-M
Anal sis of a nit cell pro ides Phase constant β
24
Analysis of a unit cell provides eigenmode solutions for Maxwell’s equations
β
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Characterization using Dispersion Equations (approximate Analysis)
In
⎤⎡ BA ⎤⎡ ⎤⎡
In 1+Zs
Vn⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣
⎡DCBA
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡DCBA
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡DCBA
Vn 1++
−
+
−
L LVs ZL
d BA γFloquet’s theorem :
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
+
+
1
1
n
n
n
n
IV
DCBA
IV 0=
−−
d
d
eACBeA
γ
γ
In order to have a l ti
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡ −+
+
n
nd
n
n
IV
eIV γ
1
1
YZ
solution
25
nn jβαγ += )sin(2)cos()cosh( dYZjdd w ββγ +=
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Transmission Line and Periodic Structure Theory (TLPS) Modeling
)sin(2
)cos()cosh( dYZjdd w ββγ +=
y ( ) g
)sin(2
)cos()sin()sinh()cos()cosh( 1111 dYZjdddjdd w βββαβα +=+
• For the first cell:
2
• Case 1, α1= 0: (outside the gap, wave propagation)
)sin(2
)cos()cos( 1 dYZ
jdd w βββ +=
• Case 2, α1 ≠ 0 and β1 = 0 or π: (inside the gap, amplitude decay)
)i ()()()h( dYZddd βββ
26
)sin(2
)cos()cos()cosh( 11 dYZjddd w βββα +=
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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EBGs for Switching Noise Suppression
27© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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EBGs for Switching Noise Suppression
Vss
Driver
VssVdd
Vdd
LoadPowersupply
Vss
Switching noise sourceg
28© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Switching and switching noise
Vss
Driver
Vdd
Vdd
LoadPowersupply
Vss
Switching noise source
29© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Switching noise: Propagation point of viewpoint of view
Signal passing through the power planes
Device subject to noiseNoise-generating device
Power planes radiate like patch antennas
power planes
P b lSignal layers Power bus layersSignal layers
30© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Model for Power Plane Analysisy
LoadMetallic planes Cavity resonances
oss
[dB]
Model for noise source
εr
nser
tion
LoIn
Frequency [GHz]
31© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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10 cm10 cm
10 cm10 cm -20
-10
0
10 cm
Port 2
10 cm
Port 2 -40
-30
-20
S12(
dB)
Port 1Port 1
-70
-60
-50
experimental data with decaps from [5]simulation with decapssimulation without decaps
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Frequency (GHz)
1
32
LjRCj
Zcap ωω++=
1
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Noise mitigation with decoupling capacitors around noise sourcep
Surface Current on Ground Plane (No Capacitors)
33
Surface Current on Ground Plane (99 Capacitors)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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RC dissipative edge termination
Separation of Vdd planeStops parallel-plate
Mitigates low frequencyDoes not address
ll l l
Stops parallel plate propagation to and from sensitive deviceslocalized solution
parallel-plate resonance
Embedded capacitanceDoes not remove parallel-plate resonanceWorsens reliability of b d (f l )
34
board (fragile)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Switching noise suppression in the presence of EEBG structuresp
Power Bus
Buried via EBG PatchBuried via EBG Patch
35© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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gVdd Pl
g
t
d
Vdd Plane
a
g
36
w a
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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What is the result of using them?
v
g
vd
wh2
h1
-10
0
dB)
d
40
-30
-20
de o
f S21
(d
w
2hr2
-60
-50
-40
Mag
nitu
dd
2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Frequency (GHz)
37© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Experimental setup
38© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Wide Band Noise Mitigation
-10
0
B)
Without EEBG
-40
-30
-20
e of
S21
(dB
80
-70
-60
-50
Mag
nitu
de
With EEBG
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-80
Frequency (GHz)
39© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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EMI suppression
Power planes edge di tiradiation
40© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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EMI reduction: Experiment setup
Board under test (6.5 cm x 10 cm) fabricated on commercial FR4.
Four Rows of 5mm EEBG
Excitation Point
Monopole AntennaBoard under testVector network analyzerVector network analyzer
41SMA connector © Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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EMI reduction: Experiment results
• EMI suppression is omni-directional
Without EEBG
• Results at different test points are similar
-40
-30
-20
-70
-60
-50
de o
f S21
(dB
)5cm
3.25cm
Board Under Test
-100
-90
-80
Mag
nitu
d
5cm
5cm TP With EEBG
42
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-110
Frequency (GHz)© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Ultra Wide-Band EMI Reduction
-30
-20
Four Rows of 5 mm HIS
Four Rows of 10 HIS
Without EEBG
-60
-50
-40
of S
21(d
B)5 mm HIS 10 mm HIS
-90
-80
-70
Mag
nitu
de o
Excitation Point
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-100MFrequency (GHz)
Point
With EEBG
43© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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44© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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The Challenge of Modeling
C
L
)(21
21 CCLfres +
=π
45
21 ωω
LCjLZ LC −
=
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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2D Model based on new unit cellModel based on TEM-transmission-line model combined with the LIS model
RsVs
RL
)/(cosh)(2 102163 gdwC rr −−
+=
πεεε
46
hL2
063
μ=−
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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2D Model based on new unit cell
0HFSSTM simulation
-50
-25
S21(
dB)
-100
-75
nitu
de o
f S
-150
-125Mag Circuit model
using Agilent ADSTM
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Frequency (GHz)
47
Accuracy limited to low frequencies© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Modeling Complex EBG Structures!
-20
-10
0
50
-40
-30
20
ude
of S
21(d
B)
-70
-60
-50
S21 Short Spiral S21 Long Spiral S21 PatchS No Spiral
Mag
nitu
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
-80 S21 No Spiral
Frequency (GHz)
48© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Planar EBG Structures
Patches of different shapes without vias!
49© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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L-bridge Lb
30mmCg
Lb: bridge inductance
unit cell Cg: gap capacitance
50
T. L. Wu, C. C. Yang, Y. H. Lin, et al. “A novel power plane with super-wideband elimination of ground bounce noise on high speed circuits” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 15 No.3, pp. 174-176, 2005
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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2mm
Unit Cell
Top View
30mm
26mm
Top View
Port 1 Port 2
90mm
1.54mm
150mm
FR4
51© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Physical size of board: 3x5 unit cells ( 90x150mm)
LPKF ProtoMat C100/HF circuit plotter
52© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
-20
0
(dB)
-40
de o
f S21
-80
-60
Ref Exp Mag
nitu
d
VNA measurement
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12-100
-80 p Ref Sim Meander-L Exp Meander-L Sim
53
Frequency (GHz)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
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Structure B:
Port 1
Port 2Structure A:
Signal Port 1
ViaEBG
Port 1 Port 2trace
FR4 1.54mmPort 2
54
Side view
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
1200Input (test signal)1200
400
600
800
1000
Volta
ge (m
V)
pu ( es s g a )
600
800
1000
ge (m
V)
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4-200
0
200
V
time (ns)
Output (structure B)
200
0
200
400
Volta
g
600
800
1000
1200
(mV
)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0-200
time (ns)
0
200
400
Vol
tage
55
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0-200
time (ns)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
1000
1200
V1
V2 3
w=2mm
400
600
800
olta
ge (m
V)
V2 3mm
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0-200
0
200
Vti ( )time (ns)
56© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
V1 w=2mm
V2 3mm
57© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Different Varieties ofDifferent Varieties of Metamaterials
Complementary Structures!Structures!
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Split-Ring Resonator andComplementary Split Ring ResonComplementary Split Ring Reson.
aa
E
Hk
rin
b
gH
rout
(a) (b)
CuSRR CSRR
Cu
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Excellent very small filter!
Falcone et al IEEE MWCL June 2004Falcone et al., IEEE MWCL, June 2004
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Design of PCBs usingSplit-Ring Resonators (Negative media)Split Ring Resonators (Negative media)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Experiment with Rogers Board
0
-20-10
0
0-40-30
2| (d
B)
-70-60-50
|S12
.solid board
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-8070
Frequency (GHz)
solid board
Frequency (GHz)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Split-Ring Resonator andComplementary Split Ring ResonComplementary Split Ring Reson.
14mm Port 2
w=1.19mm14mm
41mmPort 1
h
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Experiment with FR4
-20-10
0
50-40-3020
dB)
-70-60-50
|S12
| (d
Solid (measured)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12-90-80
Solid (measured) Solid (simulated) CSRRs (measured) CSRRs (simulated)
Frequency (GHz)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Next challenges:
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
EBG or ?
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Dispersion Diagram..How important?How important?
( 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th) propagating modes
6
7
8
R i X
( 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 ) propagating modes
2
3
4
5
Region: Γ −−−> X
g (M
m/s
)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
0
1
2v g
Frequency (GHz)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Suppression Bandwidth
20 dB Suppression Band
20
0
20
B)
-60
-40
-20
f S21
(dB
-120
-100
-80
nitu
de o
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-160
-140
120
Without EBG Pattern (Reference) With EBG PatternM
agn
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Frequency (GHz)© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Suppression Bandwidth
8
( 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th) propagating modes
Port 1Port 2
5
6
7
8
Region: Γ −−−> X
s)
1
2
3
4
v g (M
m/s
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
0
1
Frequency (GHz)Frequency (GHz)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Suppression Bandwidthvs Bandgap
1.0
vs. Bandgap
0 70.80.9 EBG Patterned Parallel Planes
Solid Parallel Planes
0.50.60.7
on L
oss
0.20.30.4
Rad
iati
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 150.00.1
Frequency (GHz)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
IC subject to Internal and External Noise
ICIC Package Subject to
External Noise
Via 3 (Radiator) (Internal Source of Noise )
Via 4 (Subject to Noise )
IC
DieDieDieMulti Layer Stack up Package Multi Layer Stack up
PCB
External Noise
Via 1 (Radiator) (Source of Noise )
Via 2 (Subject to Noise )
71
(Source of Noise )
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Reduction of Coupling between Patch antennas
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Reduction of Coupling between Patch antennasantennas
Patch AntennaPatch Antenna
hSubstrate
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Reduction of Coupling between Patch antennas
Patch AntennaPatch Antenna
antennas
Substrate
S fSurfaceWaves
E
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Complementary Split Ring Resonator
SRR CSRR
H EH E
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Design of PCBs usingComplementary Split-Ring ResonatorsComplementary Split Ring Resonators
Patch AntennaPatch Antenna SCSRR structure
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
6
7
8 Bandgap
4
5
6
y (G
Hz)
2
3
4
requ
ency
mode1
00
1
Γ X
Fr mode1 mode 2
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
Γ−X
-
8
6
7
Hz)
4
5
ncy
(GH
Bandgap zone
2
3
requ
en
Mode 1
0
1Fr
Mode 2
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
Γ−X
-
SCSRR
SCSRR structure
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Surface Currents on Ground Plane
P h Patch antennas
yy
xx© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Surface Currents on Ground Plane
P t h tPatch antennas
yy
x© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Performance of SCSRR
10
-20
-15
-10 without SCSRRs with SCSRRs
-35
-30
-25
S12
| (dB
)
50
-45
-40
|
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0-50
Frequency (GHz)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Antennas MatchingPractically not affected!
0
Practically not affected!
-5
0
-15
-10
i| (d
B)
Air (S11)
-25
-20|Si ( 11)
Air (S22) SCSRRs (S11)SCSRRs (S22)
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0-30
Frequency (GHz)
SCSRRs (S22)
Frequency (GHz)
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
Radiation Patterns
510
030330
510
030330
20-15-10
-50
60
90270
300
20
-15-10
-505
60300
-20 90
120240
270-20-15-10
-50
without SCSRRs with SCSRRs
-20 90
120240
270-20-15-10
-50
without SCSRRswith SCSRRs
150180
2105
10
150180
210
05
10
with SCSRRs
H-plane E-plane© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010
-
EBGs…EBGs…Perhaps has the mostp
important application in the field of EMI/EMC!!.
© Copyright Omar M. Ramahi, 2010