* 1. 2. 3. 4.

HA SINH

enzym =apoenzym(protein) + coenzym (nhm ngoi) vitaminology : vitamin hc caroten : l provitamin A retinol : vitamin A 5. vitamin D : ergocalciferol(D2) v cholecalciferol(D3) 6. vitamin E : ,,,,, tocopherol 7. vitamin K : menadioric ,menaquinoric-7 8. vitamin B1 : thiamin,aneurin 9. vitamin B2 : riboflavin 10.FMN : flavin mononucleotid FAD : flavin adenin dinucleotid c 2 l coenzym ca enzym dehydrogenase ,vn chuyn H+ trong chui h hp t bo 11. vitamin B3: vitamin PP : preventing pellagra ( niacin,nicotinamid,6pyridon-N-) 12.tryptophan : tin vitamin B3 13.vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) 14.coenzym A (coA SH) 15.ACP: acyl carrier protein 16.vitamin B6 ( pyridoxin) 17.ALAT : alanin amino transerase 18. ASAT : aspartat amino transferase 19.INH( mt loi thuc ) 20.acid 4 pyridixit : cht chuyn ha ch yu ca B6 c bi tit ra trong nc tiu 21.vitamin B8 (biotin) 22.ATP 23.avidin : cht c trong lng trng trng ,l cht khng biotin 24.vitamin B9(acid folic) (acid pteroylglutamic) 25. DHF: dihydrofolat 26.THF : tetrahydrofolat 27.FH4: acid tetrahydrofolic 28.vitamin B12(cyanocobalamin) 29.vitamin C(ascorbic acid) 30.ACTH 31.bnh SCORBUS : bnh do thiu vitamin C

32.IUB : international union of biochemistry 33.oxidoreductase : ez xc tc phn ng oxy ha kh 34.transferase : ez xc tc phn ng vn chuyn 35.hydrolase: ez xc tc phn ng thy phn 36.lyase: ez xc tc phn ng chia ct phn t ln thnh phn t nh khng c s tham gia ca nc 37.isomerase : ez xc tc phn ng ng phn 38.lygase: (synthetasce) : ez xc tc phn ng tng hp 39.GPT(ALAT) : glutamat pyruvat trasaminase 40.GOT(ASAT) : glutamat oxaloaxetat transaminase 41.proenzym,zymogen : tin enzym 42.isoenzym : cc dng phn t ca enzym 43.LDH : lactat dehydrogenase -loi M ( muscle ) : c -loi H (heart) :tim 44.multienzym : phc hp a enzym -pyruvat dehydrogenase(ez tch hydro) -dihydrolipoyl transacetyllase(ez vn chuyn nhm acetyl) -dihydrolipoyl dehydrogensae (ez tch H) 45.ascorbatase : ez phn hy acid ascorbic (vitamin C ) 46. penicillinase: ez phn hy penicillin 47. PAB: acid para amino benzoic 48.EIS : enzym-cht c ch-c cht 49.coenzym NAD+ : nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid - NADP+ : nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phost phat 50.coenzym flavin FAD: flavin adenin dinucleotid 51.FMN : flavin mono nucleotid 52.coQ:coenzym Q: Quinon 53.coenzym pyridoxal P ( vitamin B6) 54.cytocrom: Fe 55.LTPP: lipothiamin pyrophosphat 56.coA-S- P-P : coenzym A pyrophostphat 57.pyrophostphat : anhydrid phostphat 58.ATP: adenin-ribose-P-P-P 59.ADP 60.Acetyl CoA: Acetyl coenzym A 61.Succinat thiokinase (succinyl-coA synthetase) 62.GTP 63.CH3-CO-S CoA : acetyl coenzym A

64.Phn ng FEHLING : dng nh tnh v nh lng ng trong nc tiu 65. phn ng FURFURAL : phn ng dng nhn nh cc loi monosaccarid khc nhau 66. phn ng enzym(GLUCOSE OXYDASE ) : phn ng dng nh tnh v nh lng glucose trong mu ,nc tiu 67.glycogen : l cht d tr glucid ca ng vt ,nhiu nht gan v c 68.monosaccarid : l mt loi ng n trong c th ,n v cu to ca glucid ,trong c th monosaccarid n gin nht l trisoe (3C) v ln nht l heptose (7C) 69.pentose : mt monosaccarid quan trng trong c th : gm ribose v deoxyribose tham gia cu to acid nucleic 70.glucose : l mt monosacarid thuc hexose quan trng ca c th , trong c th n c t boa,dch ,cht chuyn ha ch yu ca glucid ,l hnh phn ca glucid khc nh saccarose ,glycogen,tinh bt .Ph bin trong t nhin ,nhiu trong nho 71.galactose : l mt monosaccarid thuc hexose ,trong c th ng vt ,galactose tham gia cu to lipid tp ,lactose . thc vt c trong thch,gm 72. fructose : l mt monosaccarid thuc hexose .Trong c th ng vt n l sn phm chuyn ha trung gian ca glucid . Trong thc vt c nhiu trong hoa qu, mt ong, tham gia thnh phn cu to ca saccarose 73.sorbitol ,mannitol,sorbitol ,ribitol : ln lt l sn phm do cc monosaccarid sau b kh : glucose,mannose,frutose ,ribose .Trong manitol c tc dng li tiu,chng ph no .sorbitol c tc dng .? 74.oligosaccarid : l mt phn t ng gm t 2 n 10 monosaccarid ,trong quan trng nht l disaccarid 75.sacarose : l mt disaccarid qua trng ,c nhiu trong ma,c ci ng 76. lactose : l mt disaccarid quan trng ,c nhiu trong sa 77.maltose : l mt disaccarid quan trng ,c nhiu trong mm la mch ,mch nha ,l sn phm thy phn ca tinh bt,glycogen 78.trisaccarid v tetrasaccarid : c trong c ci ng ,trong u tng v nhiu loi thc vt khc 79.polysaccarid : l mt loi ng gm nhiu monosaccarid ,c chia lm 2 loi l : polysaccarid thun v polisacarid tp 80. tinh bt : l mt polysaccarid thun ,b thy phn bi amylase to thnh maltose v glucose ,c nhiu trong ng cc ,cc loi c,l thc n chnh ca ng vt

81.glucogen : l mt polysaccarid thun ,b thy phn bi amylase to thnh dextrin ,maltose ,glucose. Glycogen l cht d tr glucid ca ng vt ,nhiu nht gan v c 82.cellulose : l mt polysaccarid thun l thnh phn ch yu ca m nng thc vt ,cellulose khng c gi tr dinh dng i vi ngi v khng c enzym cellulose trong ng tiu ha ngi 83. dextran : l mt polysaccarid thun ,l cht d tr ca men,vi khun ,trng lng phn t ca dextran c nht cao nn dng lm cht thay th huyt tng trong y hc 84.peptidoglycan : l mt polysaccarid tp 85.glycosaminoglycan : l mt trong hai thnh phn ca matrix ngoi t bo 86. acid hyaluronic : l mt glycosaminoglycan ,c trng lng phn t trn mt triu,tao thnh dung dch nht c tc dng lm trn hot dch ca cc khp v thy tinh dch ca mt ,gip cho vn ng v ngn chn s xm nhp ca nhiu cht c i vi c th .Cn l thnh phn chnh ca matrix ngoi t boa ,ca sn v gn ,lm tng tnh co gin ca cc t chc ny .Enzym hyaluronidase xc tc s thy phn lin kt glycosid ca hyaluronat v c hot tnh mnh trong tinh dch,nc rn,v mt s vi khun 87. condroitin sulfat : l mt glycosaminoglycan ,c nhiu tro ng t chc sn,t chc lin kt (gn, da, van tim ,v thnh ng mch) 88.heparin : l mt glycosaminoglycan ,n ngn chn chuyn ha prothrombin thnh thrombin ,do c tc dng chng ng mu 89.proteoglycan : ng vai tr cu to i vi c th (to tnh co gin ,tnh nht , trn ti cc khp,t chc lin kt ,m nng v cc dch che ph cc c quan 90.c ch loi b hng cu gi ra khi mu l: s bin mt ca protein vn chuyn hng cu trong mu 91. lipopolisaccarid : l thnh phn chnh ca mng ngoi vi khun gram m nh ECOLI,SALMONELLA TYPHINIUM .phn lipid A ca lipopolysaccarid mt s vi khun c c tnh cao i vi ngi v cc ng vt khc nhim khun gram m c th gy hi chng shock do gim huyt p t ngt 92.s hp thu glucid : sn phm thy phn ca glucid thc n l cc monosaccarid c hp th qua ch yu t boa nim mc phn u rut non ,qua tnh mch ca .n gan . gan mt phn glucose c d tr di dng glycogen ,phn cn li qua tnh mach ca trn gan vo mu cung cp glucose cho c ,thn kinh,hng cu v cc m s dng 93. s thoi ha glycogen t boa,t chc ni chung nhm mc ch cung cp glucose 6-phosphat cho t boa s dng,xy ra ch yu gan v gan

c enzym glucose 6 phostphat c vai tr iu ha ng mu cho c th.c v no gi glucose 6 phostphat lm cht t cn cho s tng hp ATP 94.glycogen : ly t glucose ca mu chuyn ti v do gan t tng hp 95. enzym glucokinase: c tc dng chuyn glucose thnh glucose 6 phostphat t boa s dng,ez ny hot ng mnh di tc dng ca insulin.ngoi ra qu trnh chuyn ny cn c s tham gia ca ATP v Mg++ 96. s chuyn ha glucose: trong iu kin hiu kh th to CO2,H2O,ATP thng qua chu trnh KREP,trong iu kin ym kh th s c chuyn thnh lactat 97.GAP: glycerap-3 phostphat 98.DAP: dihydroxy aceton phostphat 99.PEP: phostphoenolpyruvat 100. LDH : l enzym thc y chuyn pyruvat thnh lactat trong iu kin ym kh (nhi mu c tim?) 101. TPP: thiamin pyrophostphat 102. NAD: nicotinamid adenin nucleotid 103. FAD: flavin adenin nucleotid 104. PDA: phosphodioxyaceton 105. PGA: phosphoglyceraldehyd 106. nng glucose mu : tng sinh l sau khi n nhiu glucid hoc sau khi tim tim truyn dung dch glucose 107. nng glucose mu c iu ha n nh nh -gan : ez glucose 6 phostphat gip tng hp glycogen v gii phng glucose vo mu - hormon insulin lm h ng mu v hormon adrenalin,glucagon lm tng ng mu 108. ri lon chuyn ha glucid - bnh i tho ng : th ph thuc insulin ,do thiu insulin nn khng hot ha ez glucokinase nn glucose khng c chuyn ha tng ln trong mu .Ri lon chuyn ha glucid s dn n ri lon chuyn ha lipid v mt s chuyn ha khc ,thiu nng lng do chuyn ha glucid s tng cng thoi ha acid bo s dn n tng acetyl coA ,nhng acetyl coA khng th vo chu trnh Krebs (do thiu axaloaxetat ) nn tng to cc th cetonic ,hu qu l bnh nhn b toan mu ( tng acid xetonic ) v t vong - bnh thiu vitamin B1 : vitamin B1 tham gia cu to coenzym thiamin pyrophosphat (TPP) .Khi thiu B1 dn n s thoi ha pyruvat ,

cetoglutarat b ngng tr ,t boa i nng lng nh hng n t boa thn kinh ,hu qu gy ra t ph gi l bnh t ph BERI BERI - bnh tch glycogen do di truyn + bnh VON GIERKE ( do thiu G6P gy tch t glycogen gan thn) + bnh POMPE ( do qu sn glycogen transglucosida to ra nhiu glycogen) + bnh FABRE-CORI ( do thiu amylo 1-6 glucosidase gy ng glycogen gan ,c xng 109. MEOS : microsomal ethanol oxydizing system ) : ez vi tiu th 110. cc biu hin c trng trong c th i vi bnh l nghin ru l -nng acetaldehyd tng cao ,kch thc v s ti sinh gan tng ,hot tnh cc thnh phn khc ca li ni tng t boa gan thay i - nh hng n chuyn ha cc thuc khc cng nh cc ez khc :5nucleotidase ,GGT , cytocrom P-450 reductase ,cytocrom-P450 .S thay i ny c biu hin trn lm sng nh lm cho ngi nghin ru khng vi nhiu loi thuc an thn v barbiturat nn phi gia tng liu lng mi p ng tc dng .Hai thuc ny li c tc dng c ch cnh tranh i vi cc ez lm gim o thi dn n barbitural tng cao trong mu v c th dn n t vong -hot tnh alcooldehydrogenase trong huyt thanh tng v n tng ln cng vi mc nghin ru - mt khc mt s thuc nh : cc thuc gim au,gy ng ,cc cht c ch ez monoaminoxydase ,ez tham gia qu trnh chuyn ha catecholamin .c th lm tng mnh tc dng v c tnh ca ru 111. nh hng ca ru ln cc qua trnh chuyn ha - tng tng hp lipid ,tch ly m gan do tng t l NADH/NAD+ cung cp t s oxy ha ethanol -protein cng c tch ly cng vi tch ly lipid t boa gan - tng hp glucid gim ,di xc tc ca ez acetaldehydehydrogenase .NADH tng,NAD+ gim cng vi thay i chuyn ha glucid c ngha lm sng .NADH tng ko theo lactat tng v tng hp gluccose gim ,tng lactat lm cho kh nng o thi acid uric thn gim dn n bnh GUT.Ngoi ra s tch ly glucogen gan gim do km n v v bnh gan 112. s thiu dinh dng do nghin ru -ethanol cung cp nhiu nng lng (1g cung cp 7kg calo ngho v gi tr dinh dng .Ngi nghin ru thiu dinh dng + thiu vitamin A,B1 + thiu acid nicoticic dn n bnh pellagra + thiu vitamin E dn n tn thng tinh hon

+thiu vitamin K lm chm ng mu 113. bnh ca ngi nghin ru Ngi nghin ru hay mc phi cc bnh -gan nhim m :do tch ly m gan -vim gan do ru : cng l c trng ca gan nhim m v gan to Bnh vim gan do ru thng dn n x gan .cc ez s GPT (ASAT) tng cao cn s GPT( ALAT) tng t Bnh nhn vim gan do ru cp th thng c t l t vong cao khong 60% -bnh v ty : ethanol kch thch tit dch d dy ,dch ny c tc dng ln dch ty gy ta ,tao thnh nt ri ha vi d n tc ng d ty gy ra nhng cn au ty -bnh v tim thng l tim to -bnh v h thng thn kinh trung ng v thn kinh ngoi bin .biu hin chung l hi chng say : run, ln ln, o gic m sng, co git .Nu ung ru ko di s dn n cc bnh thn kinh ngoi bin ,gim th lc,thoi ha no ,gim tr nh -ung th : ngi ung ru nng c nguy c ung th : ming ,hng,thanh qun ,thc qun ,ty, rut kt -ni tit : ethanol tc dng ln h thng ni tit ,mc ty theo cp hay mn .Ngi ung ru trung bnh c nh hng mt phn n hormon cortisol ca ty thng thn .Khi nng alcool trong mu trn 1g/l th nng cortisol trong huyt tng tng ln -ethanol c tc dng ln chuyn cc catecholamin giai on u .Ethanol kch thch phn t noradrenalin .Sau mt gi mc noradrenalin gim ng thi cc sn phm thoi ha ca n tng .Chnh giai on ny mc noradrenalin tng vng di i th v no lm hng phn vn ng v tm l .Tip kgi nng noradrenalin h xung l do c ch cc hot ng ca no dn n c ch vn ng v tm l Nu tip tc a alcol vo ,noradrenalin phn gii thm dn n thiu ht hormon ny .C th li kch thch tng hp catecholamin .Nh vy . chng nghin ru c 2 qu trnh phn hy v tng hp catecholamin u xy ra mnh m h thn kinh trung ng .S b tr ny l nguyn nhn lm xut hin tnh chu thuc i vi ethanol Ngoi ra khi dng ru lu di hay ngi nghin ru .do tnh cm ng ca ru i vi h ez ca vi tiu th lm tng sinh li ni tng v tng chuyn ha cc cht ha hc .Hm lng cytocrom P450 gan cng tng l

mc xch cui cng trong dy chuyn vn in t ca qu trnh oxy ha lm thay i qa ; trnh oxy ha thuc lm thay i hot tnh ca thuc 114. endoplasmic reticulum : ni tng t boa gan 115. GGT: gamma glutamyl transferse : ez o thi acetaldehyd tng do ru 116. MAO : monoaminoxydase : ez tham gia qu trnh chuyn ha catecholamin 117.du m lu th b oxy ha to andehyt c hi cho c th ,khng nn n 118. cerid : c trong dch tit ng vt ,cu to ca sp ong sp ca thc vt ,vi khun koch ,hansen .Do cc vi khun ny khng b tc dng ca alcol,acid 119. sterid : l este ca acid bo v sterol ,sterol quan trng nht l cholesterol ,ngoi ra cn c 7 dehydrocholesterol ( da,du c ) ,ergosteron (men,la mch) ,chng l tin cht ca vitamin D.sterol c trong m da,trong mu ngi v ng vt 120. lecithin : c chit xut t lng trng ,cht ny ph bin trong cc t bo ca c th ng vt ,c bit trong gan ,no ,lng trng 121. cephalin : c nhiu trong no v m thn kinh 122. phosphatidyl ethanolamin 123. phosphatidyl inositol : c trong ng vt(no ) ,thc vt (u tng,lc, mm la m) 124. plasmalogen : chim khong 10% phospholipid ca no v c 125. cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) 126. sphingolipid : l thnh phn quan trng ca mng t bo ng vt,c bit m no v thn kinh 127. glycolipid: c nhng loi chnh sau -cerebrosid : c nhiu no v m thn kinh -sulphatid - gangliosid : c cht xm ca no,lch ,hng cu ,c nhiu vng u dy thn kinh ,tham gia vo vic dn truyn xung ng thn kinh 128.lipoprotein : dng vn chuyn v chyn ha lipid trong mu 129.cc lipoprotein trong mu l : VLDL.LDL.HDL(: dng vn chuyn v chyn ha lipid trong mu ) 130.chylomicron : cng ng vai tr quan trng trong chuyn ha ,vn chuyn,ri lon chuyn ha lipid ca c th 131.LDL : vn chuyn cholesterol t gan vo mu v vo trong t bo 132. ACP : Acyl-carrier protein

133. HDL: vn chuyn cholesterol t t bo v gan ,o thi qua ng rut hoc tng hp nn acid mt 134.LCAT: lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase 135. thoi ha axit bo bo ha c s cc bon chn : xy ra ch yu gan,ngoi ra cn xy ra nhng c quan khc nh thn ,phi ,c , t chc no 136.cetonic : qu trnh to th xetonic xy ra mnh trong nhng trng hp nhn i,i tho ng ,cht xetonic c to thnh trong ty th ca gan c bit l t bo no ,vo mu ri chuyn ti t chc ngoi bin s dng 137. tng hp axit bo : qu trnh tng hp axit bo t acetyl coA thng xy ra mnh nht m m ,gan.rut 138. thoi ha triglycerid : xy ra ch yu m mz di s xc tc ca ez triglycerid lipase .acid bo thoi ha cung cp nng lng hoc axit bo tham gia vo tng hp lipid 139.tng hp triglycerid: xy ra ch yu gan,thn ,m m ,rut 140. thoi ha phospholipid : 141. tng hp phospholipid 142. hp thu-vn chuyn-thoi ha cholesterol: cholesterol thc n c hp thu rut cng vi lipid khc ,c a ti t boa nh LDH v c vn chuyn t t boa v gan qua HDL o thi qua ng rut hoc tng hp nn axit mt 143. tng hp cholesterol : tng hp ch yu gan,rut .ngoi ra cng c tng hp thng thn,tinh hon,bung trng ,da,h thn kinh 144. tng hp chlesterol este : xy ra bi 2 con ng : con ng th nht xy ra ch yu cc t chc gan,rut,thng thn ,con ng th 2 xy ra ch yu huyt tng 145. iu ha tng hp chlesterol: s tng hp cholesterol c iu ha bi cholesterol n vo,mt s hormon ,v acid mt -estrogen n c ch tng hp bng cch c ch HMG CoA(gt ti sao HDL nam ln hn n ) -i lm gim tng hp cholesterol do gim lng acetyl coA ,ATP,NADPHH+ -acid mt c tc dng c ch trc tip ln ln s tng hp cholesterol nim mc rut -cholesterol thc n ,bn thn n khng c ch tng hp cholesterol rut ,nhng n tc dng c ch tng hp cholesterol gan bng cch gim tng hp HMG-CoA reductase ,ez u tin ca qu trnh tng hp cholesterol 146. iu ha chuyn ha lipid - iu ha cc hormon ln s thoi ha lipid

+ hormon adrenalin,noradrenalin ,ACTH ,glucagon tng cng s gii phng acid bo t m m v lm tng acid bo huyt tng + mooyj s hormon khc nh thyroxin ,GH, tc dng chm ln s phn hy lipid + glucocorticoid ngoi tc dng hot ha lipase cn c ch tng hp lipid -iu ha ca cc hormon ln s tng hp lipid +insulin : chng thoi ha lipid v gim hot ng lipase.insulin cng tng tng hp lipid + protaglandin E :tc dng ln chuyn ha lipid tng t insulin 147. ri lon chuyn hoa lipid : dn n bo ,gy, tng lipid mu,ri lon lipoprotein mu, m ha gan,ri lon chuyn ha cholesterol ,ri lon chuyn ha lipid bm sinh -bo : + bo do n nhiu + bo do gim huy ng m : trc s tn cng ca cc kch thch v no ,h khu no c tacs dng n s huy ng m qua thn kinh giao cm (catecholamin) ,v mt s hormon khc . ngi sau nhng chn thng vng ty sng c th ng m chung quanh vng thn kinh giao cm biij tn thng chi phi .c bit ngi hay gp nhng trng thi do ri lon ni tit nh bnh CUSHING do nng nguyn pht tuyn thng thn (c triu chng tch m mt,c,gy,thn hnh ) hay hi chng bo do tn thng h khu no ,c ch tuyn yn ,gim chc phn tuyn sinh dc .Trong bnh ny ,m cng tch phn di bng ,khung chu ,mng,i Ngi c tui ,ngi b hon cng c th bo tng t ngi suy gip bo cn i hn -gy +do thiu cung cp : i n,king khem qua mc,ri lon tiu ha +do tng s dng : st, nhim khun ko di,ung th giai on cui +do ri lan thn kinh,ni tit : tn thng h khu nao gy tnh trng chn n v do gy i/bnh tm thn cng c th khin bnh nhn chn n v gy i .Trong bnh basedow c th gy nhanh l do chuyn ha c s tng .Tromg bnh i tho ng d tr m b em ra s dng nn bnh nhn nhanh chng st cn + i khi c th gp trng thi gy a phng ,ngha l mt vng ca c th (chn,tay) m khng tch li c , l do cng giao cm ta ch ,nh c ngi b gy u nhng thn hnh th bnh thng -tng lipid mu : + tng lipid mu do n ung : thng lipid tng 2h sau n v t mc ti a sau 4-5h ,tr v bnh thng sau 6-9h,trong triglicerid tng cao nht ,ri n phosppholipid v cui cng l cholesterol

lipid mu ph thuc vo *loi ng vt :ging n c tng chm song ko di *loi m : m thc vt tng nhanh v hp thu nhanh ,song cng chng ht v mau c s dng lipid mu s ko di nu nu c th gim tit heparin(c tui,i ng,x cng ng mch ) hoc lipase b c ch (bi protamin,acid mt,NaCl) + tng lipid do huy ng : m t ni d tr c huy ng nhiu ra mu ,hoc c tng tng hp t glucid ,vt qua kh nng tiu th ca t chc .s oxy ha lipid trong cc t chc ph thuc vo s thoi ha ca glucid .Cho nn c th gp tng lipid mu trong mt s trng hp sau + tiu ng ,tng cao nht tronh nhim aicd v khi hn m +i : nht l i glucid th lipid b iu ra khi d tr cho nng lng thay .trong suy dinh duwowngxx ,bnh rut bm sinh hoc st cng tng lipid mu theo c ch ny Khi thn kinh b hng phn do nng ,lnh,chn thng ,mt mi,sc th glucid c th suy kit hay khi cng giao cm ,c tng tit adrenalin th lipid mu cng tng do huy ng.khi u nng tuyn ni tit nh tuyn yn ,tuyn gip .thng thn ,hay khi tim thuc nh adrenalin ,coticoid,thyroxin th cng tng lipid mu do tng iu ng ra khi d tr Trong bnh thn h nhim m ,v c th thiu protid do albumin niu ,nn c th m c iu ra tng p lc keo trong mu c tnh cht b tr + Tng lipid mu do gim chyn vn hay gim s dng : khu vn chuyn lipid d tr vo trong mu c th b chn li khi men lipase b c ch ,hoc t chc s dng ,ch yu l gan b tn thng nh trong vim gan cp ,vng da tc mt ,ng c (ru ,thuc m, phospho ,carbon tetraclorua ) hay trong nhim glycogen gan ,thoi ha x gan Gan c vai tr quan trng trong tng hp v oxy ha cc acid bo .nh vy lng m tch trong gan l kt qu ca s cn bng lng m n v i .Khi m tn ti lu trong t boa nhng cha nh hng n chc phn gan th c th c tnh trng xm nhim m .khi tch qu nhiu ,c bin i x ha th thnh thoi ha m ,sau bin thnh x gan vi cc ri lon chc nng .C 2 TH THOI HA M th th nht : do tng acid bo t do trong huyt tng,tng iu m d tr .gan thu ly s acid bo t do tao thnh triglicerid v tch li ,sinh ra m ha . l trng hp khi i,khi n qu nhiu m ,trong i ng ty khng kim sot ni ,th tng huy ng ny c th gp c khi c kch thch t tuyn yn hay tuyn thng thn Acid bo ti gan s c oxy ha hoc ti tng hp triglycerid a ra ngoi nhng nu thiu glucid (do stress hay cng giao cm ) m c

huy ng n qua nhiu s ng lai t boa gan .Khi ny dng glucose hay insulin sp xp lm mt nhim m th th 2 : do con ng sn xut lipoprotein b tc mt khu no Ru lm tng tng hp triglycerid v gim oxy ha acid bo do cng gy nhim m gan 148. tng cholesterol c th gp -sau n :cc cht giu cholesterol nh trng,du c -do khng thi ra ngoi c nh do tc mt.do lipid huyt tng,gp trong i ng ty,thn nhim m -do thoi ha chm : nh trong thiu nng tuyn gip ,thm nhim glycogen gan Nu tng lu di ,nosbij t boa lin vng gi li v c th xm nhp vo nhu m sinh ra ri lon chc phn nh bnh u vng (xanthoma),x gan ,x cng mch 149.gim cholesterol mu : c th gp khi cht ny b o thi qu nhiu hay gim hp thu nh trong l amip vo giai on u ,vim rut gi, bnh basedow ,trong thiu mu .Trong bnh thiu mu, lipid vn tng 150. ri lon chuyn ha do di truyn - bnh NIEMANN-PICK : Typ A ,bnh do ng sphingomyeline v cholesterol trong lysosomes .y l bnh di truyn th ln ,thng gp ngi Do Thi ,co chu Ashkennasi -bnh GAUCHER : l bnh m glycocerebrosid b ng trong h thng vng ni b -bnh TAY SACHS: bnh nghim trng nht trong cc bnh ng lipid, bnh do thiu ez beta hexosaminidase 151.HMG CoA : hydroxylmetyl glutaryl CoA 152. LCAT : lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase 153. PGE1: prostaglandin E 154. DNFB: 2-4 dinitrofluorobenzen 155. PITC : phenyl isothiocyanat 156. glutathion : c cc m ,c quan nh gan,lch ,thn,tim,phi,v c bit l hng cu vi chc nng chnh l bo v (ch yu l bo v mng hng cu) 156. albumin : l mt protein thun ,c lng trng trng ,huyt thanh,cc dch sinh vt ,m ca ng vt,thc vt ,vi sinh vt P= 3500070000

157. globulin : c nhiu trong mu,cc m ,c quan v cc dch sinh vt ca ng vt,P =90000-150000,gm 1,2,, 158. protamin: c trong thnh phn ca nucleotid t boa sinh dc c,lch,tuyn gip v nhng c quan nhu m khc . P= 2000-8000 159. histon : c trong nhn t boa ng vt kt hp vi acid nucleic (AND) 160. keratin : l protein si,ch yu c trong thnh phn ca tc,lng mng ,sng ..P c th ti 200000 161. collagen : l protein si ca m lin kt : gn dy chng,t chc di da,xng ,sn P = 350000 162. prolamin v glutelin: l nhng protein thc vt ,c nhiu trong cc ht ng cc ( la mch,la m,ng) P1

171. GABA : amino butyric ,c nhiu trong cht xm t bo thn kinh,cn thit cho hot ng ca neuron 172. MAO : monoamino oxydase 173. DAO : diamino oxydase 174. s to thnh creatinin : creatinin phosphat l dng d tr nng lng c ,khi c cn nng lng creatinin phostphat c dehydrat to creatinin v gii phng nng lng cho c th 175. melanin : l sc t da ,thiu tyrosin hydroxylase th thiu melanin dn ti bnh bch tng .Ngoi ra tyrosin cn l nguyn liu tng hp catecholamin ,thyroid (hormon gip) 176. tryptophan l nguyn liu tng hp serotonin v nicotinic 177. HIA: axit 5 hydroxy indolacetic 178. serotonin : hin din trong mu ,c bit trong nim mc d dy,rut ,no ng mt,hng cu ,tiu cu .N l mt cht trung gian ha hc c tc dng gy co mch v tng huyt p . Nhng bnh nhn vi hi chng carcinoic c tnh s tit ra mt lng ln ca serotonin v cht chuyn ha 5HIA ca n trong nc tiu ,biu hin mt,a chy,u carcinoid ca rut ,pellagra 179. Hb : hemoglobin 180. hem(Fe++) hematin ( Fe +++) 181. DPG: 2-3diphospho glycerat 182. HbA : (Adulte) Hb ca ngi trng thnh gm 2 chui v 2 chui k hiu 2A2A -HbA2: gm 2 chui v 2 chui k hiu l 2A2A chim 2,5% tng s Hb -HbF : (foetal) Hb boa thai gm 2 chui v 2 chui k hiu 2A2F - HbS ( sickle cell) : Hb ca bnh thiu mu hng cu hnh lim ,cu to gm 2A2S ,khc vi HbA l trong chui glu v tr th 6 thay bng val -HbC (Cible cell) : cu to gm 2A2S trong glu trong chui v tr th 6 thay bng lys 183. ALA: acid amino levulinic 184. nu thiu acid pantothenic ( vitamin B5 trong CoA ) hoc pyridoxal phosphast ( vitamin B6) th bc u tng hp gen b ngn chn v a n bnh thiu mu 185. vng da dung huyt : vng da do v hng cu , lm tng bilirubin t do trong mu ( chim 80% bil ton phn) nhng khng c trong nc tiu v bil t do khng tan trong nc,nhng do lng sc t mt tng nn bi xut nhiu urobilinogen v stercobilinogen trong phn v nc tiu

Bilirubin cng tng trong hi chng vng da sinh l tr em v vng da do di truyn v thiu ez glucoronyl transferase 186. vng da do sc t mt : vng da do nguyn nhn sau gan : bilirubin lin hp khng xung c rut b ng gan trn vo mu v tng cao( chim 80% bil ton phn) .Bil lin hp tan trong nc nn o thi qua nc tiu .Do tc mt bilirubin qua rut gim ,phn mt mu,stercobilinogen v uro bilinogen gim 187. vng da do vim gan : vng da ti gan : -vim gan cp : do nhu m gan b tn thng km theo hi chng tc mt nn bil lin hp tng ch yu -vim gan mn : bil lin hp tng,v do kh nng lin hp km nn bil t do cng tng trong mu 188. AMP: adenosin 5 monophosphat 189. d AMP : deoxyadenosin 5 monophosphat 190. GMP: guanosin 5 monophosphat 191. d GMP : deoxyguanosin 5 monophosphat 192. UMP : uridin 5 monophosphat 193.d UMP: deoxyuridin 5 monophosphat 194.CMP: Cytidin 5 monophosphat 195.d CMP : deoxycytidin 5 monophosphat 196. TMP: thymin ribosid 5 monophosphat 197.d TMP : deoxythymidin 5 monophosphat 198. ADP: adenosin 5 diphosphat 199.ATP: adenosin 5 triphosphat 200.adenosin monophosphat vng ( 5,3 adenosin monophosphat = AMPv) 201. GDP: guanosin diphosphat : dn xut guanin ,c vai tr trong tng hp protein 202.GTP : guanosin triphosphat : dn xut guanin ,c vai tr trong tng hp protein 203. UDP: uridin diphosphat : dn xut ca uracil ,c vai tr trong chuyn ha glucid 204. UTP: uridin triphosphat c vai tr trong chuyn ha glucid 205. CDP: cytidin diphosphat : dn xut cytosin ,tham gia tng hp phospholipid 206.CTP: cytidin triphosphat ,l dn xut cytosin ,tham gia tng hp phospholipid 207. tnh cht ca ADN :

-ADN bin tnh khi un nng ,lin kt hydro b ph v ,ADN tch 02 si ,nu lm lnh t t xon kp li hnh thnh (p dng lai ging cy) -ADN c tnh lai 208. cc loi ARN : -ARN ribosom : lin kt vi protein to thnh ribosom l ni tng hp protein -ARN vn chuyn : vn chuyn acid amin n ribosom tng hp protein -ARN thng tin : mang thng tin di truyn m ADN phin m cho n ra ribosom tng hp protein

209. RNase : ribonuclease: thy phn ARN 210.DNase: deoxyribonuclease : thy phn ADN 211. PRPP: 5 phosphoribosy 1 pyrophosphat 212.IMP : inosin -5-monophosphat 213. AMP: adenosin -5-monophosphat 214. GMP: guanosin -5- monophosphat 215. UMP : uridin -5- monophosphat 216. CTP: cytidin -5- monophosphat 217. d TMP : deoxythymidin -5- monophosphat 218. d TTTP : acid deoxythymidylic 219. d NMP: deoxyribonucleotid 5mono P 220. d NTP : deoxyrobonucleotid 5 tri P

207. PRPP: 5phosphoribosyl 1 pyrophosphat 208.RNase : Ribonuclease 209. DNase : deoxyribonuclease 210.IMP: inosin 5 monophosphat 211. d NMP : Deoxyribonucleotid 5 mono P 212. d NTP: deoxyribonucleotid 5 tri P 213. Amanitin c ch ARN polymerase t boa c nhn ,y l c ch nhim c ca nm amanita phalloides 214. khng sinh v c t c ch ARN polymerase 215. khng sinh rifampicin c ch ARN polymerase ca bacteria ,rifampicin gn vo chui beta ,c dng iu tr lao ung th

217. HIV : humain immunodeficiency virus 218. AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 219. AZT: 3-azido 2,3-dideoxythymin : thuc khng virus ,l dn xut ca thymin 220.DDI: dideoxyinosin: thuc khng virus ,c tc dng tng t AZT 221. nguyn nhn tng acid uric mu : ch n nhiu purin ,thiu ez tng hp nucleotid ,bnh tng bch cu ,bnh gout

MI LIN QUAN V IU HA CC QU TRNH CHUYN HA 1.lin quan chuyn ha gia glucid v lipid -nu n mt lng ln glucid ,lng d tha s chuyn thnh lipid bng cch : + theo con ng phn ( glycolyse ) to thnh pyruvat ri thnh Acetyl CoA + theo con ng pentose phosphat cho NADPHH+ -Acetyl CoA v NADPHH+ tng hp thnh acid bo .Ngoi ra acetyl CoA l nguyn liu tng hp cholesterol v nhiu lipid khc Triglicerid ch yu d tr m m -Trong c th qu trnh chuyn ha t glucid thnh lipid xy ra rt d ,acetyl CoA to thnh s i vo chu trnh KREB t chy cho nng lng,v cng c th chuyn thnh glucid nhng phi tri qua nhiu giai on ,hn na chu trnh KREB ch hot ng trong mt th cn bng do yu cu nng lng ca c th v vy s chuyn lipid thnh glucid rt hn ch -trong c th chuyn ha glucid v lipid lin qua cht ch vi nhau ,ri lon chuyn ha glucid dn n ri lon chuyn ha lipid ,bnh i tho ng qu trnh ng phn gim do gim pyruvat dn ti thiu oxaloacetat l cht khi u ca chu trnh Krebs .Chu trnh pentose phosphat hot ng km a n thi NADPHH+ Ngun acetyl CoA t glucid b thiu ht ,c th thiu nng lng nn tng phn hy acid bo thnh acetyl CoA.Do thiu oxaloacetat ,lng acetyl CoA vo chu trnh krebs hn ch ,s tng hp acid bo xy ra kh khn do thiu NADPHH+ ,s tng hp cholesterol cng ch xy ra mt chng mc nht nh .V vy phn ln acetyl CoA chuyn ha theo con ng to cetonic

2.lin quan gia chuyn ha glucid v protid - mt s acid cetonic to thnh trong chuyn ha glucid ,nu tham gia qu trnh trao i amin th chng to thnh acid amin ,nh pyruvat thnh alanin , cetoglutarat thnh glutamat ,oxaloacetat thnh aspartat - mt s acid amin theo con ng chuyn ha ring to thnh oxaloacetat ,t oaxaloacetat c th tng hp thnh glucose 3. lin quan gia chuyn ha protid v lipid - mt s acid amin chuyn thnh acetyl CoA , acetyl CoA l nguyn liu tng hp acid bo hoc n theo con ng tn sinh ng to thnh glyceradehyd -3- phosphat ri tng hp glycerol -acid bo theo con ng oxy ha thnh acetyl CoA ri vo chu trnh KREBS hay chu trnh acid glyoxylic sn phm trung gian l cc acid cetinic li c th chuyn thnh acid amin 4. lin quan chuyn ha gia acid nucleic v protid ,lipid,glucid -s tng hp base nit cn c s tham gia ca mt s acid amin nh aspartat ,glutamin, glycin .Ngc li trong qu trnh thoi ha base pyrimydin alanin c gii phng, thoi ha base purin to glyoxylat ri chuyn thnh glycin -glucose chuyn ha theo con ng pentose phosphat cung cp ribose 5 phosphat cho s tng hp acid nucleic ,ngc li s thy phn acid nucleic gii phng ribose v ribose c th to thnh glucose .Glucose c tng hp t UDP glucose ,UDP glucose li c to thnh t UTP ,mt mononucleotid do s thy phn acid nucleic -s oxy ha acid bo bc cao cung cp nng lng cn thit cho s tng hp nucleosid diphosphat . Ngc li mt s nucleosid diphosphat nh CDP li tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp phospholipid 5. mi lin quan gia cc con ng chuyn ha -lin quan gia chu trnh KREBS ,h hp t boa v qu trnh phosphoryl ha + chu trnh KREBS to ra cc c cht c kh nng cung cp hydro cho chui h hp t boa nh isocitrat , cetoglytarat + chui h hp t bo vn chuyn hydro v in t t nhng c cht cho hydro ti oxy gii phng nng lng + mt phn nng lng ca chui h hp t bo cung cp cho qu trnh phosphoryl ha v to nng d tr di dng ATP -lin quan gia chu trnh KREBS v chu trnh ure -lin quan chuyn ha gia cc con ng ti s tng hp acid bo

***IU HA CC QU TRNH CHUYN HA -iu ha qua s tng hp ez -iu ha qua s hot ha v v c ch tng hot ng enzym -iu ha chuyn ha do hormon -iu ha chuyn ha do mng t bo 6. diabetes mellitus : bnh i tho ng **MT S B SUNG CN LU 1. vai tr ca vitamin trong c th c tnh cht xc tc 2. mng bo tng c tnh thm chn lc ,cht tan trong lipid qua d ,khuch tn khng cn protein. Cht tan trong nc khng qua c, cn protein vn chuyn 3. dng vitamin D liu cao ko di s dn ti tch ly nhiu gy ra phn ng ng c ,biu hin l s ng calci lan rng n c m mm nh thn, phi ( gii thch calci ch c xng ) 4. con ngi b gi,cht l do qu trnh oxy ha vi mi trng qua h hp v thc n 5. cng vi vitamin A v vitamin B3 ,vitamin B2 c vai tr trong qu trnh thu nhn nh sng v mu sc 6. vitamin B12 c hp th hi trng nh s c mt ca HCL v yu t ni ,khi teo y d dy v gim HCL th s b thiu mu c tnh , v vy vic a vitamin B12 vo c th bng ng tim bp l thch hp hn c 7. ng vt cc qu trnh chuyn ha c iu khin bi h thng thn kinh 8. song song vi s trao i cht bao gi cng c qu trnh km theo qu trnh trao i nng lng 9. nng lng gii phng ra bng nng lng cung cp 10.chu trnh KREBS xy ra trong ty th ,trong iu kin hiu kh 11.mannitol: li tiu v chng ph no 12.G6P : ch c gan,khng c cc c quan khc 13.trong trng hp thiu G6P gy ra bnh thiu mu tiu huyt 14.i ng : > 1,25 g /l trong mu. 1,75 g/l trong nc tiu -> 1,2g/l -> bnh ( 1,75g/l l ngng thn hp thu) 15.>1,25g/l : i ng ,tng ng >6-7 mmol/l 16.insulin : ez gip s dng ng ti t chc 17.dng vn chuyn,chuyn ha lipid trong mu l lipoprotein ( VLDL,LDL,HDL)

18.LDL : vn chuyn cholesterol vo trong t bo 19.HDL: Vn chuyn cholesterol t t bo v gan o thi qua ng mt hoc tng hp nn acid amin 20.da vo tnh hp th mnh ca protein nh lng protein bc sng xc nh 21. acid amin cn thit : t thc n /acid amin khng cn thit : t c th tng hp 22.tnh cht tch in ca aa trong mi trng c Ph nht nh ng dng trong k thut in di 23.peptid phn bit vi protein da vo trng lng phn t 24.phn ng biure : phn ng c trng gip nhn bit protein 25.glutathion c chc nng ch yu l bo v mng hng cu 26.oxytoxin : hormon hu yn < tim cho sn ph chuyn d ko di 27.insulin : tim cho bnh nhn i tho ng 28.bt k s ct t lin kt hay thay th aa trong chui pp,pr -> bnh l 29.hp thu pr khng qu thy phn -> mn cm hay d ng (Ig) 30.t l SGOT/SGPT - =1: bnh thng - >1: mn tnh - 1 nhi mu c tim31. ngha ca hm lng ez SGOT,SGPT: xt nghim vim gan

(SGOT.SGPT)or nhi mu c tim (SGOT): trong viem gan cp ez cao hn rt nhiu ch yu SGPT,trong vim mn th tng va phi ch yu SGOT 32.glutamat dehydrogenase l ez ph bin c hot tnh mnh nht trong cc ez kh amin oxy ha 33.SGOT v SGPT l 2 ez thoi ha acid amin 34.colamin( )-> x gan m 35.NH3 -> glutamin-> vo mu 36. tng ure mu : do ch n hoc do bnh l 37.i vi tr em ang pht trin v ph n cho con b th arginin v histidin thuc nhm aa cn thit (i vi ngi ln th khng) 38.tr em nu thiu ht ez cystathionin sunthetase dn n homoncystein tng cao trong mu or nc tiu -> bnh homocystein niu 39.ti gan ,taurin kt hp acid mt to thnh mui mt taurocholat ,cht ny c tc dng nh tng ha lipid .Nu thiu mui mt dn n bnh m trong phn

40.glutathion : chc nng tham gia cc phn ng oxy ha kh -> bo v mng hng cu c th 41. chuyn ha ca phenylalanin v tyrosin : gii thch 6 c ch xut hin bnh l ( bnh phenylceton niu ,bnh tyrosin niu ,bnh alcapton niu,) 42.serotonin l mt cht trung gian ha hc c tc dng gy co mch v tng huyt p 43.hemoglobin = cromoprotein = metaloprotein =porphyrinoprotein 44. hematin c th tch ring di dng mui chlohydrat gi l hemin , di xc tc ca CH3COOH/NaCL. Phn ng c dng trong php y tm vt mu ,hoc ng dng tm mu n trong phn 45. MetHb gy ng c v khng c kh nng vn chuyn oxy .Xanh methylen v vitamin C cng c kh nng kh MetHb ->Hb .Cha ng c c lc = xanhmethylen ,vitamin C,diaphorase 46.Hb c kh nng xc tc phn ng oxy ha bi H2O2 ( xc tc ging ez peroxydase -> phn hy H2O2) => H202 c kh nng gy v hng cu-> ng dng tm vt mu 47.dip lc t : porphyrimoprotein 48.globin c tng hp theo c ch tng hp ca protein 49. dihydrobilirubin ,mesobilirubin : mu vng / mesobilirubinogen, stercobilin : khng mu 50.bilirubin l sc t mt ch yu ca ngi 51.vng da do sc t mt = vng da do nguyn nhn sau gan 52.cc thuc iu tr ung th v thuc khng virus l nucleosid 53.dn xut ca base nit: cafein ,thuc hen suyn 54.AMP thuc ARN ,ATP thuc dng t do 55.AND khi un nng tch thnh 2 si ,nhng khi lm lnh t t xon kp li hnh thnh : p dng trong lai ging cy 56.khng sinh v c t c ch ARN polymerase : c s thuc iu tr nhim khun v nhim c 57.tui tng-> lng acid uric tng ( giai on cha mn kinh) 58.pH nc tiu tng : tng tan / pH nc tiu gim : gim tan 59. bnh gut : tng acid uric mu . Bo ha -> 520mol /l ,qu bo ha > 520mol/l -> kt tinh li cc t chc -> bnh gut