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°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment«“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548-¡’π“§¡ 2549Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005-March 2006
www.deqp.go.th www.environnet.go.th
¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπGlobal Warming
∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda
™–µ“°√√¡·ÀàßÀ“¬π–¢Õß‚≈°Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe
¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’Ë ‰√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment
01/Cover 21/12/05, 8:50 AM1
°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment«“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548 - ¡’π“§¡ 2549Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005 - March 2006
°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment«“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548 - ¡’π“§¡ 2549Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005 - March 2006
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« : GREEN LINE
∑’˪√÷°…“ : Advisory BoardÕ¿‘«—≤πå ‡»√…∞√—°…å Apiwat Sretaruqsa
æ√∑‘æ¬å ªíòπ‡®√‘≠ Pornthip Punchareun
∫√√≥“∏‘°“√Õ”π«¬°“√ : Editor Directer√—™π’ ‡Õ¡–√ÿ®‘ Ratchanee Emaruchi
“°≈ ∞‘π–°ÿ≈ Sakol Thinakul
E-mail : [email protected]
∫√√≥“∏‘°“√∫√‘À“√ : Executive Editor “«‘µ√’ »√’ ÿ¢ Savitree Srisuk
E-mail : [email protected]
E-mail : [email protected]
°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ : Editor Staff»√™—¬ ¡Ÿ≈§” Sornchai Moonkham
æ√∑‘æ¬å “√‘°∫ÿµ√ Pornthip Sarikabutr
¿“«‘π’ ≥ “¬∫ÿ√’ Pavinee Na Saiburi
Õ≈ß°µ »√’«‘®‘µ√°¡≈ Alongkot Srivijitkamol
π—π∑«√√≥ ‡À≈à“ƒ∑∏‘Ï Nantawan Lourith
Õµ‘æ√ «‘𗬂°»≈ : ºŸâ·ª≈/‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß Atiporn Vinaikosol : Translator
‡®â“¢Õß : Owner°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion
°√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
49 æ√–√“¡ 6 ´Õ¬ 30 ∂ππæ√–√“¡ 6 49 Soi 30 Rama VI, Rama VI Rd.
°√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400 Bangkok 10400
‚∑√. 0-2298-5628 ‚∑√ “√ 0-2298-5629 Tel. 0-2298-5628 Fax: 0-2298-5629
Website : www.deqp.go.th http://www.dedqp.go.th
ß«π≈‘¢ ‘∑∏‘Ï Copyright
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02/Inside Cover 22/12/05, 6:19 PM2
∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ : Free Talk
ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√– ∫°—∫ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ∑’ˬ“«π“π¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª®“°‡¥‘¡„πÕ’°À≈“¬Ê ª√–‡∑»∑—Ë«‚≈° · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“¿“«–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕ߉°≈µ—«Õ’°µàÕ‰ª ∑ÿ°«—ππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“°”≈—ß√âÕπ¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“®–√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê „π™à«ß∑»«√√…∑’˺à“π¡“∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ∑»«√√… ÷Ëß√âÕπ∑’Ë ÿ¥„π√Õ∫æ—πªï À≈—°∞“π∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å®”π«π¡“°®“°∑—Ë«‚≈°∫Õ°‡√“«à“ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‰¥â°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫¡“°¡“¬„π·∑∫∑ÿ°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑—Ë«‚≈° √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·°â‰¢ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈–°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°À√◊Õ·¡â·µàª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà ≈â«π‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â À“°·µàµâÕßÕ“»—¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ¢ÕßÀ≈“¬ΩÉ“¬ ∑—Èß„π√–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ¿“§√—∞ ¿“§‡Õ°™π·≈–¿“§ª√–™“™π ÷Ëß®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ °“√ √â“ß ”π÷°„Àâµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫¢Õß ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ„π¿“§ª√–™“™π
«“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 àß∑⓬ªï æ.». 2548 π’È π” “√–‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ º≈°√–∑∫·≈–§«“¡ ”§—≠∑’˵âÕ߇√àߥ”‡π‘π°“√ µ≈Õ¥®π·π«§‘¥¢Õ߇°…µ√°√¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√ √â“ß ”π÷°√à«¡™à«¬°—π√—°…“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ𔧫“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈„Àâ°≈—∫§◊π¡“ Ÿà ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õ߇√“µàÕ‰ª
∫√√≥“∏‘°“√
03-04/∫Õ°‡≈Ë“‡°È“‘∫ 20/12/05, 8:03 PM3
The phenomenon of longer summer Thailand has been experiencing or the
climate change around the globe shows that the climate change is no longer
other peopleûs problem. Our globe today is warming up rapidly and tends to be
on the continuous rise. During the past decade, it is the hottest decade during the
1,000-year cycle. Many scientific evidences around the globe inform us that the
problem of climate change has caused tremendous impacts on almost every
area of the world, including Thai.
The change to solve the global warming and reduction of greenhouse gases
or even the phenomenon of El Nino, all of which can be done. However, it
required the cooperation among many agencies in international level, govern-
ment sector, private sector, and the people. The good starting point is to build
awareness on the effect of global warming to the people.
The Green Line magazine volume 17, a farewell to year 2005, presents the
information of global warming, its impacts, what needs too be done, including the
perspective of the agriculture in the North, as guidance in creating awareness of
environmental conservation to revive the balance to our environment.
Editor
03-04/∫Õ°‡≈Ë“‡°È“‘∫ 20/12/05, 8:03 PM4
∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ : Free Talk 3
“√§¥’À≈—° : Main Feature ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ 7
Global Warming
∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» Climate Change 20Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda
™–µ“°√√¡·ÀàßÀ“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 29Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe
¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’Ë ‰√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 33Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment
®—∫‡¢à“§ÿ¬ : Interview 37¡ÿ¡¡Õß™“«∫â“πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊ÕInterview the Perspective of the Villagersû in the North
—ߧ¡ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Society 41°“√≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡¢Õ߇°…µ√µâπ·∫∫The Way to Reduce Burning Agricultural Areas of Conventional Agriculture
“√∫—≠ : Contents
05-06/Content 22/12/05, 6:36 PM3
„∫ÕàÕπ : Young Leaf 45‡¬“«™π°—∫°“√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘ËπYouth and the Local Science Lessons
°√’π‡«Á∫ : Green Web 50WEBSITE
π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Policy 54°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈°About the Worldûs Climate Change
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Technology 59Roadmap ß“π«‘®—¬æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡æ◊ËÕ°√ÿ߇∑æœ ¬—Ë߬◊πThe Energy and Environment Roadmap Research for the Future of Bangkok
“√–πà“√Ÿâ : Green Tips 65çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡àDong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yai New World Heritage
“¬¥à«π ’‡¢’¬« : Green Expressway 67
ÀâÕß¢à“« : Environment News 75
05-06/Content 22/12/05, 6:36 PM4
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 77 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 7
“√§¥’À≈—° ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ÿ¥“√—™ ‘ßÀ‚°«‘π∑å
Main Feature by : Sudarach Singhagowin
¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ (Global Warming) À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’Ë™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»µ—Èß·µàº‘«‚≈°¢÷Èπ‰ª¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß≈—°…≥–¢Õß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‡™àπ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ωπ ≈¡ ‡ªìπµâπ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ·≈–∑”„Àâ√–∫∫𑇫»¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß
§≥–°√√¡°“√√–À«à“ß√—∞∫“≈«à“¥â«¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»(Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change À√◊Õ IPCC) √ÿª«à“∂â“À“°‚≈°¬—ߧߡ’°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´ CO
2´÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π°ä“´∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ ¿“«–
‚≈°√âÕπ„πÕ—µ√“∑’ˇªìπÕ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ®–∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥0.2-0.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ /∑»«√√… À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 2-5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ¿“¬„πª≈“¬»µ«√√…Àπâ“ ®“°°“√®”≈Õß·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚¥¬√–∫∫§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√åæ∫«à“ º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ“®√«¡∂÷ß°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈„π√–¥—∫∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ∂÷ß 18 ´¡. ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2030 ·≈– Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 30-110 ´¡. À√◊Õ 66 ´¡.‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2100 πÕ°®“°π’È°Á®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–Õ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ¡’擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∫àÕ¬§√—Èߢ÷Èπ ‡°‘¥ ¿“«–§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß ‰øªÉ“ ·≈–Õÿ∑°¿—¬¡“°¢÷Èπ‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬
Global Warming means surface air temperatures rise due to the change of theatmospheric climate such as temperature, rainfall, wind, etc., having impacts on humanbeings and the change of ecosystem.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC concluded that if the Earth still
emits gases especially carbon dioxide, one of the many gases causing the global warming
at the current rate, it will cause the rise of the global temperature around 0.2-0.5 C in a
decade or a rise of 2-5 C by the end of next the century. From the computer simulation
model and a climate analysis, it has found that the impacts may include an increase of sea
level by 18 cm. by 2030 and the rise of about 30-110 cm. or 66 cm. by 2100. Moreover, it will
cause the variably atmospheric climate, a lot of hurricanes, drought state, wildfire, and flood.
The global is warmer due to the many layers of the atmosphere surrounding the Earth.
Each layer of atmosphere acts as a glass panel, absorbing the solar radiation to the Earth.
Some is re-emitted and some pass through the Earthûs surface, becoming the heat, which is
retained and helps the Earthûs temperature be in its balance state suitable for the livings of
many creatures.
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:30 PM7
8 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 88 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡æ√“–¡’™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»ÀàÕÀÿâ¡Õ¬Ÿà‚¥¬√Õ∫À≈“¬™—Èπ ‚¥¬™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·µà≈–™—Èπ®–∑”Àπâ“∑’˧≈⓬°—∫À≈—ߧ“ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°√–®°§Õ¬√—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’Ë àÕߺà“π‡¢â“¡“¬—ß‚≈° · ß∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ° –∑âÕπÕÕ°‰ª¬—ßπÕ°‚≈° ·≈–∫“ß à«π®– àÕß∑–≈ÿºà“π‡¢â“¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° °≈“¬‡ªì𧫓¡√âÕπ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°‡°Á∫°—°‰«â¿“¬„π ∑”„Àâ‚≈°¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ËæÕ‡À¡“–°—∫°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬
ªí®®ÿ∫—π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·µà≈–™—Èπ°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°¡πÿ…¬å∑”≈“¬·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ‚≈°¢Õ߇√“Õ¬à“ß¡“° ∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥§◊Õ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß ÷Ë߇ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°°—π∑—Ë«‰ª«à“ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡√◊Õπ°√–®°À√◊Õ°√’π‡Œ“ å ‡Õø‡ø§ (Greenhouse Effect)
Nowadays, each layer of atmosphere is being
destroyed by human and dramatically causes impacts
to our Earth. What clearly seen is the drastic rise of the
Earthûs temperatures, which is commonly known as green-
house effect.
Greenhouse effect occurs when some gases sur-
rounding the Earth act like glass panels that let sunlight
in but trap the heat produced inside. These special
gases are called greenhouse gases, which are gases
trapping the solar radiation passing though the earth in
the atmosphere, causing the surface around that area
to become warmer just like the glass panel that the
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ·ºπ¿“æ· ¥ß°“√√—∫·≈–§“¬√—ß ’®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë¡“ çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC.
Figure 1 : Flowchart of solar radiation incoming and outgoing of the Earthûs surface and atmosphereSource : çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC.
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:30 PM8
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 9
ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‡°‘¥®“°°“√∑’Ë‚≈°∂Ÿ°ª°§≈ÿ¡¥â«¬°ä“´∫“ß™π‘¥∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘§≈⓬°√–®°∑’Ë· ß àÕß∑–≈ÿºà“π‰¥â·µà§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¡à “¡“√∂√–∫“¬∑–≈ÿºà“πÕÕ°¡“ ®÷߇√’¬°°ä“´∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‡™àππ’È«à“ °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (GreenhouseGases) ÷Ë߇ªìπ°ä“´∑’Ë°—È𧫓¡√âÕπ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’˵°°√–∑∫º‘«‚≈° ‰¡à„ÀâÕÕ°‰ª¬—ßπÕ°‚≈° ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ∫√‘‡«≥„µâ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»∫√‘‡«≥π—ÈπÊ ¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ§≈⓬°—∫°√–®°∑’Ë∂Ÿ°· ß·¥¥ àÕß°√–∑∫‚¥¬‰¡à¡’°“√√–∫“¬§«“¡√âÕπ
„π¿“«–ª°µ‘™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚Õ‚´π ‰ÕπÈ” ·≈–°ä“´™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë°√Õß√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —Èπ∫“ß™π‘¥„Àâºà“π¡“µ°°√–∑∫æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° √—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —Èπ∑’˵°°√–∑∫æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°π’È ®– –∑âÕπ°≈—∫ÕÕ°πÕ°™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‰ª à«πÀπ÷Ëß ·≈–Õ’° à«π∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õµ°°√–∑∫¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° ÷Ëß®–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π‰«â¥â«¬æ◊ÈππÈ” æ◊Èπ¥‘π ·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µµà“ßÊ À≈—ß
®“°π—Èπ°Á®–§“¬‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“πÕÕ°¡“ „π√Ÿª√—ß ’§≈◊Ë𬓫™à«ßÕ‘πø√“‡√¥°√–®“¬¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ·≈–·ºà°√–®“¬ÕÕ°πÕ°™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‰ª à«πÀπ÷Ëß Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëßπ—Èπ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»°Á®–¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π‰«â ·≈–§“¬æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπÕÕ°¡“ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1º≈∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ§◊Õ∑”„Àâ‚≈° “¡“√∂√—°…“ ¿“æ ¡¥ÿ≈∑“ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‰«â‰¥â ®÷ß¡’«—Ø®—°√πÈ” Õ“°“» ·≈–ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈µà“ßÊ ¥”‡π‘π‰ªÕ¬à“ß ¡¥ÿ≈‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬µàÕ°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µæ◊™·≈– —µ«å ‚≈°®÷߇ª√’¬∫‡ ¡◊Õπ‡√◊Õπª≈Ÿ°æ◊™¢π“¥„À≠à∑’Ë¡’‰ÕπÈ”·≈–°ä“´µà“ßÊ „π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ°√Õ∫°√–®°∑’˧լ§«∫§ÿ¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–«—Ø®—°√µà“ßÊ „À⇪ìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß ¡¥ÿ≈
·µà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡’ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´∫“ß™π‘¥¡“°‡°‘π ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘ Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ
sunlight enters but cannot escape.
At the normal state, the Earthûs atmosphere consists
of ozone vapor and other types of gases, which absorbs
ultraviloet solar radiation. Some of this ultraviloet solar
radiation will be reflected out of the Earthûs surface
and atmosphere and some reflected to the Earthûs
surface, which consists of water, ground, and other
living things. They will absorb the solar radiation and
then let it out as energy. From the picture, the infrared
radiation is emitted from the earthûs surface, some of
which exits the atmosphere while some are absorbed
and warms it as seen at Figure 1. The result is the earth
is able to keep the balance state of temperature;
cycle of water, air, and seasons are happening at the
balance state suitable for the living of vegetation and
animals. The earth is compared to a very large green-
house, which is used to grow plants, containing vapor
and gases in the atmosphere like the glass panel
controlling the temperature and other cycles to be in
balance.
However, the Earthûs atmosphere contains some
gases more than the natural balance caused by human
activities, such as, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and
ozone (O3). These gases have special properties, that is,
they can absorb and emit infrared solar radiation very
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:31 PM9
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°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO2) °ä“´¡’‡∑π (CH4) °ä“´´’‡Õø´’(CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons) ·≈–°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å(N2O) ·≈–‚Õ‚´π (O3) ‡ªìπµâπ °ä“´‡À≈à“π’È¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘摇»…§◊Õ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π·≈–§“¬√—ß ’§≈◊Ë𬓫™à«ßÕ‘πø√“‡√¥‰¥â¥’¡“° ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°§“¬√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» °ä“´‡À≈à“π’È®–¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥‡Õ“‰«â µàÕ®“°π—Èπ¡—π°Á®–§“¬§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° ·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°®÷ß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ‡√“‡√’¬°°ä“´∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥¿“«–·∫∫π’È«à“ ç°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (Green-house Gases)é °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°πÕ°®“°®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‚¥¬µ√ß·≈â« ¡—π¬—ß àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡¥â«¬ °≈à“«§◊Õ¡—π®–∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’°—∫°ä“´Õ◊ËπÊ ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°™π‘¥„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“ À√◊Õ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∫“ß™π‘¥Õ“®√«¡µ—«°—∫‚Õ‚´π ∑”„Àâ‚Õ‚´π„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß àߺ≈„Àâ√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —ÈπÕ¬à“ß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ë àÕߺà“π™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π≈ß¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‰¥â
¡“°¢÷Èπ √«¡∑—Èߪ≈àÕ¬„Àâ√—ß ’∑’Ë∑”Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ¡πÿ…¬å ·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ àÕߺà“π≈ß¡“∑”Õ—πµ√“¬°—∫ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫π‚≈°‰¥â¥â«¬ ÷Ëß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë ”§—≠¡’ 5 ™π‘¥ ¥—ßπ’È1. °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–‡°‘¥®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ °“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘߇°‘¥®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡µà“ßÊ ·≈–°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬À√◊Õ°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“π’È π—∫«à“‡ªìπµ—«°“√ ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥ „π°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ∑—È ßπ’ȇπ◊ËÕß®“°µâπ‰¡â·≈–ªÉ“‰¡â¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑’Ë¥’ §◊Õ¡—π “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥ —∫°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰«â°àÕπ∑’Ë®–≈Õ¬¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¥—ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕæ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
well. Therefore, when the Earthûs surface emits infrared
radiation to the atmosphere, these gases will absorb
the infrared and later emit heat retaining on the earthûs
surface and atmosphere. The earthûs surface then has
a rising temperature. We call these gases çgreenhouse
gases.é Greenhouse gases not only have direct impact
on the rise of the Earthûs temperature, but they also
produce indirect impacts. That is, they will undergo
some chemical reactions with other gases, reducing
the ozone of the atmosphere, resulting in more ultravio-
let solar radiation passing through the layer of ozone
atmosphere, including letting in the radiation which is
harmful to human and living things causing dangers to
living creatures on earth as well. There are 5 major
greenhouse gases as follows:
1. Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas, derived
from multiple sources both from natural and human
activities such as burning of fossils fuel, from the indus-
trial plants, and the deforestation for living or cultivation,
especially the deforestation, the major factor in emitting
the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere because both
plants and forests are able to absorb carbon dioxide
before emitting into the atmosphere. Therefore, when
the forest areas are diminished, more carbon dioxide is
able to be accumulated at the atmosphere. From the
study of the amount of carbon dioxide by IPCC (Inter-
governmental Panel on Climate Change) since 1980, it
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:32 PM10
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®÷ߢ÷Èπ‰ª – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È°“√‡º“ªÉ“¬—ß∑”„À⇰‘¥§“√å∫Õπ ÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕ —¡º— °—∫ÕÕ° ‘‡®π„πÕ“°“»®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’°¥â«¬ ®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‚¥¬Àπ૬ߓπ IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change) ª√–¡“≥µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1980 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“√“¬ß“π«à“¡’ª√‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ¡◊Õß À√◊Õ°“√‡°…µ√¡’ª√–¡“≥ 1.6Gtc (1.65109 µ—π§“√å∫Õπ) „π¢≥–∑’˪√‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰ ¥å®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â ·≈–·À≈àßÕ◊Ëπ∑’ˇªìπº≈¡“®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å°”≈—ß¡’ª√‘¡“≥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß πÕ°®“°π’Ⱥ≈°“√»÷°…“¢Õß IPCC ¬—ß√–∫ÿ™—¥«à“°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‡ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë ∑”„Àâ ‡°‘¥æ≈— ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡„π∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π∫√√¥“°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°™π‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ∑—È߬—ß¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ°«à“°ä“´™π‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ¥â«¬ ÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–¬‘Ëß∑«’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷ÈπµàÕ‰ªÕ’° ≈à“ ÿ¥π’ÈÀπ૬ߓπ IPCC ‰¥â√“¬ß“πª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‚¥¬Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬åπ’È ∑”„Àâæ≈—ßß“π√—ß ’§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πº‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1.56 «—µµåµàÕµ“√“߇¡µ√ „πª√‘¡“≥π’Ȭ—߉¡à§‘¥√«¡º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑“ßÕâÕ¡¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
2. °ä“´¡’‡∑π·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥¢Õß°ä“´¡’‡∑π¡’Õ¬Ÿà¡“°¡“¬∑—Èß„π∏√√¡™“µ‘
·≈–∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ ®“°·À≈àßπ“¢â“« ®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬´“° ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ ®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑∂à“πÀ‘ππÈ”¡—π ·≈–°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡º“‰À¡â∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´¡’‡∑π„π∫√√¬“°“» Ÿß∂÷ß 20% ¢Õß°ä“´¡’‡∑π„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’√“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“¢ÕßIPCC «à“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√‡°…µ√ª√–‡¿∑π“¢â“«„πª√–‡∑»·∂∫‡Õ‡™’¬·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ¡’°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑π Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»„πª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡“° ·≈–¡’ª√‘¡“≥·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈–∫√‘‡«≥
rising more than the others, meaning the direct impact
to the temperature of the Earthûs surface and atmosphere
to be even more severely intensed. IPCC latest reported
that the rising amount of carbon dioxide by human
activities cause the accumulated radiation energy on
earth and atmosphere to rise approximately 1.56 watt
per square meter, of which this amount is not accounted
for the indirect impact of carbon dioxide.
2. MethaneThe source of methane is abundance both in the
nature and from the human activities, such as, from the
rice paddy, decomposition of the livings, burning of
coal, fuel, and natural gas, especially natural burning
and other types of fuel burning. They are able to
produce 20% of methane of the total methane in the
atmosphere. Besides, the study of IPCC reported that
agricultural areas of rice cultivation in Asian countries
and Australia emitted highest amount of methane into
the atmosphere and varied at different areas, depend-
ing on the type and the quality of soil of each area.
Though the emission of methane into the atmosphere is
higher than that of carbon dioxide, its average dura-
tion of stay is about 11 years, a lot less if compared to
carbon dioxide. It, thus, is second to carbon dioxide in
terms of major cause of greenhouse effect. It was reported
that the average concentration of heat energy
produced directly by methane is 0.47 watt per square
meter and from the domestic research outcome, it has
found out that a square meter of rice area will release
16-18 milligram per hour of methane, however, depending
on other surroundings factor as well.
3. Nitrous oxideThe origin of nitrous oxide is in the industry where
nitric acid is used in the production process such as the
nilon-fiber manufacturing industry, chemical industry or
some plastic industry, etc. Though a lot of nitrous oxide
is available at the normal state, the rising quantity is
considered in its balance state of nature. Those produced
by human are increasingly rising and have direct impact
on the rise of heat accumulated on the earth surface
by around 0.14 watt per square meter since the start
of the industrialization until now.
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:33 PM11
12 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
¢÷Èπ°—∫™π‘¥·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߥ‘π„π·µà≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·¡â«à“°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑π Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–¡’¡“°°«à“°√≥’¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ·µà°ä“´¡’‡∑π¡’Õ“¬ÿ – ¡‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥11 ªï π—∫«à“πâÕ¬¡“°‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ®÷߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ°“√‡°‘¥¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‡ªìπÕ—π¥—∫ Õß√Õß®“°°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ‚¥¬¡’√“¬ß“π«à“æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‡©≈’ˬ√«¡∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´¡’‡∑πª√–¡“≥ 0.47 «—µµå/µ“√“߇¡µ√ ·≈–®“°º≈°“√«‘®—¬¿“¬„πª√–‡∑»æ∫«à“„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπ“¢â“« 1 µ“√“߇¡µ√ ®–¡’°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑πÕÕ°¡“ª√–¡“≥ 16-18 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ™—Ë«‚¡ß ∑—Èßπ’È¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ªí®®—¬·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ◊ËπÊ ¥â«¬
3. °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å§◊ÕÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’Ë„™â
°√¥‰πµ√‘°„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ µ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ Õÿµ “À°√√¡º≈‘µ‡ âπ„¬‰π≈Õπ Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡§¡’ À√◊ÕÕÿµ “À°√√¡æ≈“ µ‘°∫“ß™π‘¥ ‡ªìπµâπ ·¡â«à“°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’Ë ‡°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘®–¡’Õ¬Ÿà¡“°„π¿“«–ª°µ‘°Áµ“¡ ·µàÕ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥¥—ß°≈à“«°Á®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„π¿“«–∑’Ë ¡¥ÿ≈„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ à«π°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬åπ—Èπ¡’ª√‘¡“≥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈– àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°ª√–¡“≥ 0.14 «—µµåµàÕµ“√“߇¡µ√ π—∫µ—Èß·µà‡√‘Ë¡¡’Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π
3. Nitrous oxideThe origin of nitrous oxide is in the industry where
nitric acid is used in the production process such as the
nilon-fiber manufacturing industry, chemical industry or
some plastic industry, etc. Though a lot of nitrous oxide
is available at the normal state, the rising quantity is
considered in its balance state of nature. Those produced
by human are increasingly rising and have direct impact
on the rise of heat accumulated on the earth surface
by around 0.14 watt per square meter since the start
of the industrialization until now.
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‚¥¬(a) · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°·≈–µ—«°“√Õ◊ËπÊ
∑’Ë¡“ çMeteorology and Hydrology for Sustainable Developmenté by J.P. Bruce, WMO-No. 769, 1992.
(b) · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´™π‘¥µà“ßÊ „π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1765 ∂÷ß 1990∑’Ë¡“ çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC
Figure 2 : shows the amount of heat accumulated as a result of greenhouses gases by:(a) the amount of heat accumulated as result of greenhouse gases and other factors.
Source : çMeteorology and Hydrology for Sustainable Developmenté by J.P. Bruce, WMO-No. 769, 1992.
(b) the amount of heat accumulated as a result of other gases at the atmospheric level from 1765 until 1990Source : çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC
(a) (b)
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:35 PM12
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 13
4. °ä“´´’‡Õø´’ (CFCs) À√◊Õ°ä“´∑’Ë¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (Chloro-fluorocarbon)
°ä“´∑’Ë¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫æ«°§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ¡’·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ·≈–Õÿª°√≥凧√◊ËÕß„™â„π™’«‘µª√–®”«—πµà“ßÊ Õ“∑‘ ‡§√◊ËÕß∑”§«“¡‡¬Áπ µŸâ‡¬Á𠇧√◊ËÕߪ√—∫Õ“°“» ‡ª√¬å πÈ”¬“¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß °“√º≈‘µæ≈“ µ‘°·≈–‚ø¡ πÈ”¬“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ œ≈œ ·¡â«à“°ä“´ª√–‡¿∑π’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥≈¥≈ß40% ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ ‘∫°«à“ªï°àÕπÀπâ“π’ȵ“¡¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬ π∏‘ —≠≠“¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈ (Montreal Protocol) ·µàª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ∑’ˬ—ß¡’ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ¬—ߧ߇ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ¡’æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°ª√–¡“≥ 0.28 «—µµå/µ“√“߇¡µ√·≈–¬‘Ë߉ª°«à“π—Èπº≈°√–∑∫∑“ßÕâÕ¡¢Õß°ä“´™π‘¥π’È ∑”„À⇰‘¥Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈°¡“°¡“¬°≈à“«§◊Õ°ä“´ª√–‡¿∑π’È “¡“√∂√«¡µ—«∑“߇§¡’‰¥â¥’°—∫‚Õ‚´π®÷ß∑”„Àâ‚Õ‚´π„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß À√◊Õ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«„π™—Èπ‚Õ‚´πÕ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ´÷Ë߇ªìπ√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —Èπ∑’ˇªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈° àÕߺà“π≈ß¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπ‚≈°‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑—È߬—ß∑”„Àâ√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —Èπºà“π¡“µ°°√–∑∫º‘«‚≈°„π —¥ à«π∑’Ë¡“°‡°‘π¿“«– ¡¥ÿ≈ π—∫‡ªìπ°“√∑”„À⺑«‚≈°·≈–∫√√¬“°“»√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡
4. CFCs or Chloro-fluorocarbonGases with chlorofluorocarbons as components are
originated from the industrial plants and other daily
electric appliances such as refrigerants, refrigerators, air
conditionings, spray, fire-extinguishing solvents, plastic
and foam production, cleaning solvents, etc. Though
the amount of this type of gas has been reduced 40%
compared to 10 years earlier in accordance with the
Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric concentrations of
chlorofluorocarbons are still available by the human
force. It is still a cause of building up of heat on the
earthûs surface approximately 0.28 watt per square meter.
On top of this, the indirect impacts of this kind of gas
are dangerous to the atmosphere and many living things
on earth. That is, this type of gas is able to chemically
binding with ozone, causing the lesser ozone layer or
ozone hole due to the ultraviolet, which is an ultra
radiation, harmful to the livings on earth, passing through
the Earth more. In addition, it is reflected on the earthûs
surface at the excessive proportionate rate of balance
state, which is in turn the direct cause of warmer earthûs
surface and atmosphere.
5. Ground-Level OzoneThe Earthûs atmosphere level ozone will generally
help protect the Earth from the danger of ultraviolet
from the sun. However, when this gas is once at the
Earthûs surface level, it will become a toxic gas created
by the chemical reaction between this gas and the
sunlight, an assistant for Photo oxidation reaction between
sunlight and oxides of nitrogen, resulting in nitrogen
dioxide, which can be a greenhouse gas. Ozone mostly
is formed by the natural reaction between sunlight and
oxygen, and sunlight and nitrous oxide.
Though found only little at the atmosphere, the
ozone has its capacity in absorbing UV sunlight and
warming the Earthûs temperature. If the amount of this
gas is higher at the atmosphere, so is the Earthûs
temperature.
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 · ¥ß°√“ø°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ‡©≈’ˬ∑—Ë«‚≈°∑’Ë¡“ çClimate Change 1995é The Science of Climate Change, Summary
for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report,
accepted by the IPCC.
Figure 3 : shows the graph of global temperature change onaverage
Source : çClimate Change 1995é The Science of Climate Change, Summary
for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report,
accepted by the IPCC.
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:35 PM13
14 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
5. °ä“´‚Õ‚´π√–¥—∫º‘«‚≈°‚¥¬ª°µ‘·≈â«°ä“´‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ Ÿß®–™à«¬
ªÑÕß°—π‚≈°®“°¿—¬¢Õß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·µà°ä“´π’ȇ¡◊ËÕÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ°ä“´æ‘…™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√–À«à“ß°ä“´π’È°—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‚¥¬®–‡ªìπµ—«™à«¬∑”„À⇰‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‚ø‚µâ ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—Ëπ (Photo Oxi-dation) √–À«à“ß· ß°—∫°≈ÿà¡°ä“´‰π‚µ√‡®π ÷Ëß àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥°ä“´‰π‚µ√‡®π‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ÷Ë߇ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‰¥â °ä“´‚Õ‚´π à«π„À≠à¡“®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘√–À«à“ß· ß·¥¥°—∫°ä“´ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (O2) ·≈–· ß·¥¥°—∫°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å
°ä“´‡À≈à“π’È·¡â®–¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ °≈—∫¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈–¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°Õ∫Õÿàπ ∂â“„π∫√√¬“°“»¡’°ä“´‡À≈à“π’È Ÿß¢÷Èπ °Á‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπµ“¡‰ª¥â«¬
º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°µàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°
¥—߉¥â°≈à“«¡“¢â“ßµâπ«à“°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° “¡“√∂ àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß §◊Õ∑”„Àâ‚≈°¡’æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà∫πº‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¡“°¢÷Èπ Õ—π‡ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ„Àâæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ º≈∑’˵“¡¡“°Á§◊Õ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√º—π·ª√¢Õß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°·≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß IPCC √–∫ÿ«à“æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡√«¡‡©≈’Ë¬Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° µ—Èß·µà‡√‘Ë¡¡’Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∫π‚≈°¡’§à“ª√–¡“≥ 2.45 «—µµå/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ „π¢≥–∑’˺≈°√–∑∫∑“ßÕâÕ¡∑’Ë¡’µàÕ‚Õ‚´π¡’§à“ª√–¡“≥ 0.5 «—µµå/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√´÷Ëߺ≈°√–∑∫®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑—Èß∑“ßµ√ß ·≈–∑“ßÕâÕ¡π’È¡’¡“°°«à“º≈°√–∑∫®“°µ—«°“√Õ◊ËπÊ À≈“¬‡∑à“ ¥—ß·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫√“¬ß“πº≈°“√µ√«®«—¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬ∑—Ë«æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1860 ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π ¥—ß°√“ø„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ‡©≈’ˬ∑—Ë«‚≈°¡’·π«‚πâ¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¡“
Direct Impacts of GreenhouseGases on the EarthÕs SurfaceTemperature
As said earlier that the greenhouse gases may
cause direct impacts on us, that is, they cause the rise
of heat absorbed at the earthûs surface and atmo-
sphere, a major source of the rise of the earthûs tem-
perature, thus, the change of climate, the variability of
the global and local climate change. From the study of
IPCC, it indicated that the average heat accumulated
due to the direct impact of greenhouse gases since
the existent of industrialization on earth has values of
2.45 watt per square meter, while indirect impact on
ozone is approximately 0.5 watt per square meter. Both
direct and indirect impacts of greenhouse gases do the
harm many times more than those of other causes as
seen in Chart 2 which is in conjunction with the report
of the measurement of the average global tempera-
ture at the earthûs surface since 1860 until now as
Graph 3. It has been found that the average global
temperatureûs surface has tended to rise from mid 19
century on. And it apparently rises at the end of this
century around 0.3-0.6 degree C on average.
As the Earth has retained more heat energy as a
result of the impact of greenhouse gases, many scien-
tists have been interested in the impact on atmosphere
and environment. They are studying the change and
evaluating in conjunction with the way to lessen the
impacts incurred as follows:
1. Change of PrecipitationOnce the earth is warmer, the volume of precipita-
tion to the earth may be risen annually. That is, when
the temperature near the ground is higher, more water
√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ¿“æ· ¥ß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑—Ë«‚≈°∑’Ë¡“ : www.uwsp.edu
Figure 1 : This picture illustrates all currents ofthe ocean around the world
Source : www.uwsp.edu
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:36 PM14
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 15
µ—Èß·µà°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 19 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ ·≈– Ÿß¢÷Èπ™—¥‡®π„πª≈“¬»µ«√√…π’Ȫ√–¡“≥ 0.3-0.6 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ
®“°°“√∑’Ë‚≈°‰¥â√—∫æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°π’È ∑”„Àâπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å π„®»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‚¥¬‰¥â»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·≈–ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫√«¡∑—ÈßÀ“·π«∑“ß°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰«â ¥—ßπ’È1. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÀ¬“¥πÈ”øÑ“
‡¡◊ËÕ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπª√‘¡“≥À¬“¥πÈ”øÑ“∑’˵°≈ß Ÿàæ◊Èπ‚≈°„π·µà≈–ªïÕ“®®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ π—Ëπ§◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“»„°≈âæ◊Èπ¥‘π Ÿß¢÷Èπ πÈ”®–√–‡À¬®“°º‘«‚≈°¡“°¢÷Èπ „π∑’Ë ÿ¥πÈ”∑’Ë√–‡À¬¢÷Èπ‰ª®–µ°°≈—∫ Ÿà‚≈°„π√Ÿª¢ÕßΩπ·≈–À‘¡– æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫“ß·ÀàߢÕß‚≈°®–‰¥â√—∫ª√‘¡“≥ΩπÀ√◊ÕÀ‘¡–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°«à“∑’ˉ¥â√—∫„πªí®®ÿ∫—π „π¢≥–∑’Ë∫“ß·Ààß®–‰¥â√—∫πâÕ¬≈ß ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ∫àÕ¬§√—Èß¡“° §◊Õ °“√‡°‘¥Ωπª√–®”∂‘Ëπ‡™àπ °√≥’Ωπµ°‰¡à∑—Ë«æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„π∫√‘‡«≥„°≈âÊ °—𠇪ìπµâπ
2. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈
®“°°“√√«∫√«¡º≈°“√»÷°…“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈¢Õßπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑—Ë«‚≈° “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥â¥—ßπ’È
‰¥â¡’°“√µ√«®æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘√–¥—∫º‘«‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 0.3-0.6 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ π—∫µ—Èß·µà°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ‚¥¬‰¥âæ∫«à“∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπ∑«’ª√–À«à“ß≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 40∂÷ß 70 Õß»“‡Àπ◊Õ ‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π∑’Ë∫“ß·Ààß ‡™àπ ∫√‘‡«≥¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·Õµ·≈𵑰‡Àπ◊Õ‰¥â¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈¥≈ß„π™à«ß∑»«√√…∑’˺à“π¡“
‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªæ‘ —¬¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π√Õ∫«—π∫πæ◊Èπ∑«’ª¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ßµ—Èß·µàª√–¡“≥°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥‡¡¶„π∑âÕßøÑ“ ∑”„Àâ™à«ß°≈“ß«—π¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈¥≈ß·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊π Ÿß¢÷Èπ·≈–§“¥«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ µ√“-‚µ ‡øï¬√å ( Ÿß®“°º‘«‚≈°√–À«à“ß 14-20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√) ≈¥≈߇π◊ËÕß®“°°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π ·≈–°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
”À√—∫ª√‘¡“≥Ωπ‡©≈’ˬ„π¿“§æ◊Èπ∑«’ª„π§√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 π—Èπ¬—߉¡à¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ≈¥≈ß
°“√√–‡À¬¢ÕßπÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡¢µ√âÕπ Ÿß¢÷Èπ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”„π‡¢µ√âÕπ∑’˵√«®«—¥‰¥â Ÿß¢÷Èπ
æ◊Èπ∑’ËÀ‘¡–ª°§≈ÿ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫µË”°«à“§à“‡©≈’ˬµ—Èß·µàªï§.». 1987
„π™à«ß 100 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ √–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∑—Ë«‚≈°‡©≈’ˬ
will vapor out of the surface, which is finally, fall back
to the earth in form of rain and snow. Some area of
the Earth will get an increasing volume of rain or snow
than they currently do, while some will get less. In
Thailand the phenomena, which often occurs, is
specific-local rainfall such as it is not raining in the same
neighboring areas.
2. Change of Climate and Sea LevelFrom the collection of the change of climate study
and of sea level by the sciencetists around the globe,
they can be summarized as follows:
It has been detected that Earthûs surface air
temperature has been risen approximately 0.3-0.6C since
the mid 20th century, with the most highest rising tem-
perature in the continental regions between 40-70 north
altitude, while in such some areas as the North Atlantic
Ocean, the temperature has been decline during the
past decade.
In general, the mean temperature of the day
over continent has been on the cooling trend around
from mid 20th century, as a result of an increase of the
clouds in the sky, causing the decreasing temperature
during the day while rising temperature during the night.
And it has estimated that the temperature of the lower
stratosphere (about 14-20 kilometer high from the earthûs
surface) will be decreased due to the diminishing ozone
and the rise of carbon dioxide.
The mean precipitation over continent in the 20th
century has been stable.
The increasing evaporation of the tropical ocean
water correlates with the increasing amount of water
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 15
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16 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-2.5 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√/ªï ÷Ë߇ªìπº≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß®“°°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß∫√√¬“°“» Ÿß¢÷Èπ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”∑–‡≈Õÿàπ·≈–¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√¢¬“¬µ—« ª√“°Æ°“√≥åπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“ °“√¢¬“¬µ—«‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ àߺ≈„Àâ∏“√πÈ”·¢Áߢ—È«‚≈°≈–≈“¬‰À≈∑à«¡·¡àπÈ” ≈”∏“√ ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èππ’È∑”„ÀâπÈ”„π∑–‡≈¡’√–¥—∫ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–Õ“® Ÿß‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∂÷ß 20 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ „πªï æ.». 2593
π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√剥â∑”°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬ ¡¡ÿµ‘∞“π∑’Ë«à“∂â“À“°ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°„πªï§.». 2100 ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 2 ‡∑à“ ®“°√–¥—∫ªí®®ÿ∫—π æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ∑—Ë«‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-3.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ ·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 15-95 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ÷Ëß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫𑇫» ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡ √«¡∑—Èߥâ“πÕÿ∑°«‘∑¬“ À√◊Õ°“√®—¥°“√·À≈àßπÈ” µ≈Õ¥®π‚§√ß √â“ßæ◊Èπ∞“π·≈– ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
3. ¥â“π√–∫∫𑇫» ªÉ“‰¡â : ª√–¡“≥°“√«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬ¢Õß‚≈°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
1 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ °Á‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ ·≈–°“√øóôπøŸ ¿“æªÉ“„πÀ≈“¬·ÀàߢÕß‚≈°‡ªìπ∑’˧“¥«à“ª√–¡“≥Àπ÷Ëß„π “¡¢Õߪɓ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà∑—Ë«‚≈° ®–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ߥâ“π™π‘¥æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ ‚¥¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π∫√‘‡«≥≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ ŸßÊ à«π∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ√âÕπ®–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥
æ◊Èπ∑’ËπÈ”·¢Áߪ°§≈ÿ¡ : ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªæ‘ —¬¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π√Õ∫«—π∫πæ◊Èπ∑«’ª¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ßµ—Èß·µàª√–¡“≥°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥
vapor in the tropical measured.
The snow cover areas are at the lower average
level since 1987.
During the past 100 years, the average rise of
sea level is about 1 to 2.5 milliliter a year, showing a
direct impact of the increased atmosphereûs tempera-
ture, warming and expanding sea and ocean. This
occurrence is called expansion due to the rising tem-
perature, causing the glaciers of the Arctic melted and
flooded rivers, streams, and coasts. Thus, the rise of the
water amount causes the increase of sea level and
may be as high as 20 centimeters in 2050.
Scientists have estimated the impacts using the
climate simulation based on the hypothesis that if the
amount of carbon dioxide at the earthûs atmosphere in
2100 increases twice of the current level, it has found
that the earthûs surface air temperature will be about 1-
3.5C higher and 15-95 centimeters increase of the sea
level, which will have affect on the ecosystem, eco-
nomics and society, including hydrology or the water
source management, including the infrastructure and
human health.
3. Ecosytem Forestry : It has estimated that 1C rise of the
earthûs temperature is sufficient enough to cause the
impacts on growth and revival in many areas of the
forest in the world. It has estimated that 1 of 3 of the
worldûs forest areas will have massive changes in terms
of the vegetationû species, with the most changes at
the high altitude, while very little at the tropical areas.
Snow-cover areas : In general, the mean tem-
perature of the day over continent has been on the
cooling trend around from mid 20th century, as a result
of an increase of the clouds in the sky, causing the
decreasing temperature during daytime while rising tem-
perature during nighttime. And it has estimated that
the temperature of the lower stratosphere (about 14-20
kilometer high from the earthûs surface) will be
decreased due to the diminishing ozone and the rise of
carbon dioxide.
Coastal ecosystem : The climate change and
the increased sea level or storms and rolling-wave will
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:38 PM16
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 17‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 17
‡¡¶„π∑âÕßøÑ“ ∑”„Àâ™à«ß°≈“ß«—π¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈¥≈ß·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊π Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–§“¥«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å ( Ÿß®“°º‘«‚≈°√–À«à“ß 14 -20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√) ≈¥≈߇π◊ËÕß®“°°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π·≈–°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬Ωíòß : °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ°“√‡°‘¥æ“¬ÿ·≈–§≈◊Ëπ´—¥Ωíòß ®– àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥°“√°—¥‡´“– °“√æ—ß∑≈“¬ ·≈–‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß¡“°¢÷È𠧫“¡‡§Á¡¢ÕßπÈ”„π∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”·≈–„π™—ÈππÈ”®◊¥„µâ¥‘π®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß „π·¡àπÈ”·≈–Õà“«µà“ßÊ √«¡∑—Èß°“√日擢Õßµ–°Õπ·≈– “√Õ“À“√„ππÈ” ´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬Ωíòß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢ÕߺŸâ§π∫√‘‡«≥π’È ·≈– àߺ≈°√–∑∫„π∑“ß≈∫µàÕ°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« °“√®—¥À“πÈ”®◊¥ °“√ª√–¡ß·≈–§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß™’«¿“æ
4. ¥â“π‚§√ß √â“ßæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈
∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ ®–¡’º≈°√–∑∫„π∑“ß≈∫µàÕ°“√æ≈—ßß“π °“√Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °“√¢π àß °“√µ—Èß∂‘Ëπ∞“π¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å °“√ª√–°—π∑√—æ¬å ‘π ·≈–°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ¿—¬∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π§◊Õª√–™“°√∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß ´÷Ë߉¥â¡’°“√ª√–¡“≥°“√«à“®–¡’ª√–™“°√ª√–¡“≥ 46 ≈â“π§π/ªï „πªí®®ÿ∫—π∑’ˇ ’ˬߵàÕ¿—¬πÈ”∑à«¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§≈◊Ëπ擬ÿ´—¥Ωíòß·≈–À“°√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ 50 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ®”π«πª√–™“°√∑’ˇ ’ˬ߿—¬πÈ”∑à«¡®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 92 ≈â“π§π ·≈–∂â“√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ 1 ‡¡µ√®”π«πºŸâ‡ ’ˬߵàÕ¿—¬πÈ”∑à«¡®– Ÿß∂÷ß 118 ≈â“π§π ‚¥¬ª√–™“°√¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑’ˇªìπ‡°“–‡≈Á°Ê À√◊Õª√–‡∑»¥âÕ¬æ—≤π“®–‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß°«à“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°√–∫∫ªÑÕß°—𙓬Ωíò߉¡à¥’‡æ’¬ßæÕ ·≈–ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’ª√–™“°√Àπ“·πàπ°«à“°Á¬àÕ¡‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫¡“°°«à“ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√Õæ¬æ∑—Èß¿“¬„πª√–‡∑»·≈–¢â“¡ª√–‡∑»
®“°°“√»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√∑’Ë√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ 1 ‡¡µ√ ÷Ë߇ªìπ§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥µ“¡∑’˪√–¡“≥°“√ ”À√—∫ªï§.». 2100 æ∫«à“‡°“–‡≈Á°Ê ·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ ’ˬ߿—¬ Ÿß ‚¥¬‰¥âª√–‡¡‘π°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬·ºàπ¥‘π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ ∂â“√–∫∫ªÑÕß°—π¿—¬¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡™àπªí®®ÿ∫—π¥—ßπ’È|ª√–‡∑»Õÿ√ÿ°«—¬ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ 0.05% Õ’¬‘ªµå 1% ‡π‡∏Õ√å·≈π¥å 6%∫—ߧ≈“‡∑» 17.5% ·≈–ª√–¡“≥ 80% ”À√—∫‡°“–ª–°“√—ß¡“®Ÿ‚√ (Majuro) „πÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–¡“√å·™≈ ·≈–ª√–™“°√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®–¡’¡“°ª√–¡“≥ 70 ≈â“π§π „π®’π·≈–∫—ߧ≈“‡∑»‡ªìπµâπ
”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬àÕ¡‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫Õ¬à“ßÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬß
cause more of coastal corrosion, demolition and flood
at the coastal areas. The saltiness of the water at the
estuary and at the underground will be higher, causing
the change of the high tide-low tide in the rivers and
at bays, including the blowing away of sediment and
food substances in the water. The change of the coastal
ecosystem will definitely impact the people living in the
area and have negative effect on tourism, freshwater
supply, fishery and biodiversity.
4. Human InfrastructureThe climate change and rise of sea level will have
negative effect on energy, industry, transportation, settle-
ment of human, property insurance, and tourism. The
most pronounced threat is the coastal people, estimated
current amount of 46 million in population a year, are
at the edge of flooding because of the stormy wave
and if the sea level is at 50 centimeter high, the population
at risk of flooding will increase to 92 million people. And
if the sea level is at 1 meter high, the population at risk
of flooding will be up to 118 million people. The population
of the island country or other underdeveloped countries
will be affected more severely as the coastal preventive
system is ineffective and the densely populated area
will definitely have more impact, causing both local
and overseas migration.
From the study of the impact incurred from the 1-
meter rise of sea level, the highest estimated value in
2100, it has found that small islands and areas around
estuary are classified as high risky areas. The estimated
loss of many countries, if the current preventive system
in place, are Uruguay 0.05%, Egypt 1%, the Netherlands
6%, Bangladesh 17.5% and approximately 80% of Majuro
islands in the Marshall islands and the population
impacted are around 70 million people in China and
Bangladesh.
For Thailand, it will unavoidably be affected but
how severely it will be needs to be further studied in
details. However, it can be estimated that when the
sea level is rising, it will cause impacts to the coastal
ecosystem of Thailand, resulting in flooded areas. The
more severe the impact is, the more corrosion and
demolition of the coastal areas they are. Consequently,
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:39 PM17
18 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«18 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
the salt water will invade on the mainland and in the
river, affecting the more saltiness of the soil and lower
level of the river, which in turns will impact every issue
such as accommodation, agriculture, freshwater supply,
fishery, and tourism. It will then do a lot of impact to
the countryûs economy.
Alleviation of the impactsTo prevent the severe impact on the population of
Thailand and the world from the climate change as said,
we should cooperate in preserving the permanent state
of natural balance according to the following suggestions:
Use natural gas instead of coal and fuel in the
production and transportation to reduce the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Use alternative energy such as solar power, wind,
and biomass (vegetation and animal residues) in place
of energy from different fuel.
Help preserve existing forestry and revive the
substituted forests, reduce deforestation and grow
renewable forests.
Study and improve the use of fertilize to suit
each type of plant and avoid using fertilizer that causes
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Use electricity energy effectively both in busi-
ness, industrial, and household sectors to reduce the
amount of carbon dioxide produced by burning fuel to
‰¡à‰¥â à«π®–¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥®–µâÕß¡’°“√»÷°…“„π√“¬-≈–‡Õ’¬¥µàÕ‰ª ·µàÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬°ÁæÕª√–¡“≥‰¥â«à“‡¡◊ËÕ√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¬àÕ¡ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬ΩíòߢÕߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬®–¡’°“√‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢÷Èπ ·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷ÈπÕ—µ√“°“√°—¥‡´“–·≈–°“√æ—ß∑≈“¬¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë™“¬Ωíòß®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ πÈ”∑–‡≈®–√ÿ°‡¢â“¡“„π·ºàπ¥‘π·≈–·¡àπÈ”¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑”„À⧫“¡‡§Á¡„π¥‘π·≈–∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß·¡àπÈ”‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫„π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“𠇙àπ ¥â“π∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡ °“√®—¥À“πÈ”®◊¥ °“√ª√–¡ß °“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‡ªìπº≈„Àâ°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß¡“°
°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫‡æ◊ËÕ‰¡à„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°√«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫º≈
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Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡, ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ,
25482. IPCC 1995, Summary for Policymakers of
working Groups I, II and III. Herbert Riehl,1965, Introduction to the Atmosphere. RobertG, Fleagle, 1963, An Introduction to AtmospherePhysics.
3. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ www.tmd.go.th
Reference1. The Department of Environmental Quality Promotion,
Global Warming, 2005
2. IPCC 1995, Summary for Policymakers of working Groups
I, II and III. Herbert Riehl, 1965, Introduction to the
Atmosphere. Robert G, Fleagle, 1963, An Introduction
to Atmosphere Physics.
3. Information from the Meteorology Department
www.tmd.go.th
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µàÕ‰ª À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°«à“‡¥‘¡°ÁÕ“®‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â∂â“∑ÿ°§π¬—߉¡à
‡¢â“„®ªí≠À“·≈–√à«¡·°â‰¢Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß
produce electricity. The design of the building should
concern the effective use of energy. The effective and
economic cost based value of electric equipmentûs
usage should be employed.
Increase the efficacy in terms of transportation,
which can be done through the use of new technology
substituting the use of fuel energy or improvement of
the effective motor
Currently, campaign on the reduction of green-
house gases emission has been widely and seriously
carried out throughout the world. The convention of the
international delegates from 160 countries was held to
work out the warming globe on 1-10 December 1997 in
Japan. The decree of the convention was that the
industrialized nations reduced the greenhouse gases
emission from now until during 2008-2012 when they
should cut down the greenhouse gases emission by
5.2% of the all greenhouse gases emitted in year 1997.
For example, Japan, the United States and EU, they
were enforced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases
6%, 7% and 8% respectively and treaty on cut down of
greenhouse gases emission was formed for every country
to follow.
However, the reduction amount of greenhouse gases
as regulated under the treaty is considered less than it
should be. The global warming caused by greenhouse
gases, therefore, will be further existed or possibly more
if everybody doesnût realize the problem and seriously
cooperate.
07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:40 PM19
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“√§¥’À≈—° ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ¥ÿ…Æ’ ¡—Ëπ¿—°¥’ : π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
Main Feature by : Dusadee Maanphakdee : Environmentalist
20 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:11 PM20
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√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ¿“«–ª°µ‘
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ¿“«–‡Õ≈π’‚πà
∑’Ë¡“/Source : PMEL/NOAA
When global warming occurs, causing the climate
change, it definitely has impacts on every creature on
earth and also causes a domino effect to each chain
in the ecosystem. Considering the statement of why
Thailand must take the climate change a priority, we
must first know what impacts the global warming has
caused and if itûs time for us to make it a top agenda.
The impacts of the global warming on the living
things currently observed include the destruction of
vegetation, pattern of environmental living, as well as,
agricultural, societal, and political changes.
When the globe is warming, it causes the variable
climate. The fluctuated climate impacts every part of
the globe surface, including Thailand. What mostly
seen in Thailand are the seasonal heavy storm and an
excessive hot climate in some provinces. Moreover, the
coral reefs along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andamanûs
coast are increasingly damaged, with up to 23% of the
deteriorated coral reef in the Gulf of Thailand. One of
the many causes that destroy the coral reefs is the rise
of the ocean temperature as a result of global warm-
‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ∑”„Àâ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªπ—Èπ ¬àÕ¡¡’º≈µàÕ∑ÿ°™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ ·≈–°√–∑∫‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°‚´à„π√–∫∫𑇫»·µà≈–√–∫∫ °—∫§”°≈à“«∑’Ë«à“∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‡√“µâÕß√Ÿâ°àÕπ«à“º≈°√–∑∫Õ–‰√∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“° ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈â« ¡§«√·≈â«À√◊Õ¬—ß∑’˵âÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠
º≈°√–∑∫®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ∑’Ë¡’µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫π‚≈°∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ¡’∑—Èß°“√∑”≈“¬æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ °“√∑”≈“¬«‘∂’°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥâ“π‡°…µ√°√√¡ ·≈–¥â“π —ߧ¡·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß
‡¡◊ËÕ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡ªìπº≈„Àâ ¿“æÕ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ≈—°…≥–¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’Ë·ª√ª√«ππ—Èπ°√–∑∫‰ª∑ÿ° à«π∫πº‘«‚≈°√«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â∫àÕ¬Ê „π‡√◊ËÕߢÕ߃¥Ÿ°“≈≈¡æ“¬ÿ∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ·≈– ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’Ë√âÕπ®—¥„π∫“ß®—ßÀ«—¥πÕ°®“°π’È æ∫«à“ª–°“√—ß∫√‘‡«≥Ωíòß∑–‡≈¥â“πÕà“«‰∑¬·≈–Õ—π¥“¡—π¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬¡’·π«ª–°“√—ß∑’ˇ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡∫√‘‡«≥Õà“«‰∑¬∂÷ß°«à“ 23% ´÷Ëß “‡ÀµÿÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∑”„Àâ·π«ª–°“√—߇ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡°Á§◊ÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¡√ ÿ¡®“°¡À“ ÿ¡∑√·ª´‘øî°‚¥¬µ√ß ®÷߉¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“Õ¬à“ßÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬ߉¡à‰¥â
ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà (EL Nino)ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà (EL Nino) ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë„™â‡√’¬°ª√“°Æ°“√≥嵓¡∏√√¡™“µ‘∑“ß ¡ÿ∑√»“ µ√å ‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»µ“¡ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈‡Àπ◊Õ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ∑”„Àâ°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°∑’ˉÀ≈µ“¡ª°µ‘®“°µ–«—πÕÕ° (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡Õ°«“¥Õ√å ‡ª√Ÿ ·≈–™‘≈’µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ) ‰ª¬—ß∑‘»µ–«—πµ°(™“¬ΩíòßÕ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) ‡°‘¥°“√‰À≈¬âÕπ°≈—∫(°√–· πÈ”®“°∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‰ª¬—ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ°) ¡’º≈„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õßæ◊Èπº‘«∑–‡≈µ—Èß·µà¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª ‘øî°µÕπ°≈“ß∂÷ß™“¬Ωíòß∑«’ªÕ‡¡√‘°“„µâÕ∫Õÿàπ¢÷Èπ
El Nino PhenomenaEL Nino phenomenon is a term to call natural oceanographic
phenomenon due to the changing seasonal climate over the Pacific
Ocean, causing the normal flow of the Pacific Ocean current from
the East (along the coasts of Peru, Ecuador and northern Chile) to
the West (along the coasts of Indonesia and Australia) shift backward
(the current flows from the West to the East). Such event leads to the
rising sea surface temperature, ranging from the Central Pacific Ocean
20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:11 PM21
22 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«22 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
ing. As Thailand is located where monsoons from the
Pacific Ocean directly influences, we have unavoidably
been affected by the phenomena, El Nino and La Nina.
It has also found out that the frontal system has
been changed. Formerly, Thailand is situated in the
frontal warm and moist weather from the Equatorial
line. Normally such front is moving over the Southeast
Asia region but El Nino causes this frontal system to
move further to the north more than normal, to the
area of China. The rain, which ordinarily used to occur
in this front, doesnût fall in the country. It, consequently,
poses acute agricultural problem of
Thailand, as most of the nationûs
farmers rely heavily on natural rainfall.
Many are starting to feel why it
is very dry this year and it isnût cold
in winter. When itûs summer, the sea-
son is quite longer than any other
years. That is the result of the climate
change, directly affecting all Thai farmers.
Thailand is an agricultural base so it
has undoubtedly effects on the overall
economy of the country as well. We
feel by ourselves that this year pro-
·≈–¬—ßæ∫«à“·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·π«®“°‡¥‘¡ ´÷Ë߇¥‘¡π—Èπª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„π·π«∑’ËÕ“°“»Õÿàπ·≈–™◊Èπ®“°∫√‘‡«≥‡ âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√∑’Ë¡“ª–∑–°—π ‚¥¬ª°µ‘·π«ª–∑–π’È®–‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«Õ¬Ÿà„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√–À«à“ß¿“§æ◊Èπ‡Õ‡™’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ·µàª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà∑”„Àâ·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»π’ȇ§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª∑“ß∑‘»‡Àπ◊Õ¡“°°«à“ª°µ‘ ‚¥¬‡≈¬‡¢â“‰ª„π‡¢µª√–‡∑»®’π ∑”„ÀâΩπ∑’ˇ¥‘¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»π’ȉ¡àµ°„πª√–‡∑» °àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬à“ß¡“°‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°…µ√°√√¡ à«π„À≠à¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µâÕßæ÷Ëßæ“πÈ”Ωπ®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘
‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ„µâº‘«πȔ日擇Փ¡«≈πÈ”Õÿàπ∑’Ë – ¡Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πµ°‰ª·∑π∑’ËπÈ”‡¬Áπ∑“ß·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πÕÕ° (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡Õ°«“¥Õ√å) °Á®–√«¡‡¢â“°—∫º‘«πÈ” ∑”„À⺑«Àπâ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥π’ÈÕÿàπ¢÷Èπ°«à“ª°µ‘ ·≈–πÈ”Õÿàππ’È®–§àÕ¬Ê ·ºà¢¬“¬æ◊Èπ∑’ˉª∑“ßµ–«—πµ°∂÷ßµÕπ°≈“ߢÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß°√–· πÈ”Õÿàπ®“°√–¥—∫ª°µ‘´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß 50-55 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ ‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∂÷ß 65 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ àߺ≈„Àâ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂ª√—∫µ—«‰¥â µ“¬À√◊ÕµâÕßÕæ¬æ‰ª ∑”„À⧫“¡Õÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈¥≈ß·≈–‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„Àâª√‘¡“≥ª≈“∑’Ë®—∫‰¥â≈¥≈ß ‡Àµÿ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√º≈‘µÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭߪ√–™“°√‚≈°∑—Èß‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–‚¥¬ÕâÕ¡·≈–®“°°“√°àÕµ—«¢Õ߇¡¶Ωπ ÷Ëߪ°µ‘®–Õ¬Ÿà∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ° ®÷ß∑”„À⇰‘¥Ωπµ°¡“°°«à“ª°µ‘ „π¢≥–∑’Ë·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πµ°´÷Ë߇§¬¡’Ωπ¡“°®–¡’ΩππâÕ¬·≈–‡°‘¥§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß àߺ≈‡ ’¬À“¬µàÕ
to the coastline of the South America, to be warmer, because a wave under the water surface blows the warm
current at the Pacific West to replace the cool water of the Pacific East (coastline of Ecuador), causing the sea
surface around this area to have warmer temperature than normal. The warm current then spreads itself to the
West, reaching the center of the Ocean, resulting in the rising temperature of warm current from between 50-55
degree Celsius up to 65 degree Celsius. The warmer temperature than usual causes many living organisms that
canût adapt themselves to the changing environment to die or migrate. Consequently, the prolific abundance has
diminished and it is a cause of the lower rate of fishery, directly and indirectly affecting the food production
20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:13 PM22
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¿“æ· ¥ß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑—Ë«‚≈°∑’Ë¡“ : www.uwsp.edu
This picture illustrates all currents ofthe ocean around the world
Source : www.uwsp.edu
duces quite an arid one. Whatûs behind the scene is
what causes the decrease of moisture. The cyclone
storm, bringing moist from the Ocean to Thailand and
benefiting Thai agriculture, declines. In the normal state,
Thailand has received 2-3 cyclones, that is, depression,
tropical cyclone and typhoon. The influence of these
monsoons is one of the important sources of moisture
and rain of Thailand.
And when Thailand becomes drier, the prominent
consequential impacts are forest fire, such as, the case
of wild fire at Pru-toh-daeng, which is difficult to extin-
guish, including the wild fire in many areas of the coun-
try, such as, Kao Yai National Park and Huay Kha Kaeng
À≈“¬§π‡√‘Ë¡√Ÿâ ÷°«à“∑”‰¡ªïπ’È·Àâß·≈âßπ—° Àπ“«°Á‰¡àÀπ“«·≈âß°Á¬“«π“π°«à“ªïÕ◊ËπÊ π—Ëπ‡ªìπº≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’Ë àߺ≈‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ‡°…µ√°√‰∑¬∑ÿ°§πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπª√–‡∑»‡°…µ√°√√¡ ·πàπÕπ¬àÕ¡°àÕªí≠À“°√–∑∫‰ª∂÷߇»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»¥â«¬ µ—«‡√“‡Õ߬—ß√Ÿâ ÷°‰¥â‡≈¬«à“ªïπ’È·Àâß·≈âß ·µà≈÷°‰ª°«à“π—Èπ§◊Õ “‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„À⧫“¡™◊Èπ≈¥≈߇π◊ËÕß®“°æ“¬ÿÀ¡ÿπ∑’Ë擧«“¡™◊Èπ®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡¢â“ Ÿàª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ°“√‡°…µ√¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß¡“°≈¥≈ß ‚¥¬ª°µ‘ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°æ“¬ÿÀ¡ÿπ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 2-3 ≈Ÿ° ‰¥â·°à 擬ÿ¥’‡ª√ ™—Ëπ擬ÿ‚´π√âÕπ ·≈–擬ÿ„µâΩÿÉπ Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß≈¡¡√ ÿ¡®“°∑–‡≈‡À≈à“π’Èπ—∫«à“‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ«“¡™◊Èπ·≈–‡ªìπ·À≈àߪ√‘¡“≥πÈ”Ωπ∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß
°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡∏—≠æ◊™ ÷Ë߇ªìπÕ“À“√À≈—°∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–™“°√‚≈° ¥—ßπ—Èπ§«√‡µ√’¬¡√—∫«‘°ƒµ°“√≥åå‡Õ≈π’‚πà ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—𧫓¡À“¬π–∑“ß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–∑“߇»√…∞°‘®∑’ËÕ“®®–‡°‘¥µàÕ‰ª
ª√“°Æ°“√≥å≈“π’≠à“ (Laniya)≈“π’≠à“ §◊Õ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë°≈—∫°—π°—∫‡Õ≈π’‚πà °≈à“«§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥‡ âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª ‘øî°
°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¡’§à“µË”°«à“ª°µ‘ ∑—Èßπ’ȇπ◊ËÕß®“°≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ∑’Ëæ—¥Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπª√–®”„π·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπ∑“ß ’°‚≈°„µâ(≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 0-30 Õß»“„µâ) ¡’°”≈—ß·√ß°«à“ª°µ‘ ®÷ßæ—¥æ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’ËÕÿàπ®“°·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°¡“¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß
noursishing the worldûs population. Moreover, tropical rains usually centered over the West of the Ocean shift
eastward and center, influencing more of rainfalls than usual, while the West Pacific generally, used to have a lot
of rainfalls, now yield little rain and produce severe draught, damaging the agricultural production which is a major
source of food for the worldûs population. We, therefore, should prepare ourselves to handle El Nino to prevent any
environmental and economic disasters that may incur.
20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:14 PM23
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Wildlife Preservation Region, causing air pollution, which
not only worsens the quality of the air because of toxic
gases, but also impacts the peopleûs health in the
neighboring incidents. It may affect the suspension of
economic sentiment, particularly if areas affected are
the tourism areas such as Phuket or Had Yai, etc.
Moreover, referring to the information from IPCC,
the worldûs temperature is rising more rapidly than what
we have estimated. In 2100, the average increase of
temperature may range from 1.4 and 5.8 degree Celsius,
an approximate 50% increase than expected 5 years
ago. The past information has implied that such rise of
temperature may cause a dramatic change of ecosystem
as it had happened in the Ice age when only 5 degree
Celsius of the temperature had occurred.
Additionally, it has been found that the rising
temperature not only has effects on vegetation and
animals in all continents, it has also caused more than
420 of natural processes to fluctuate and lose the
ecosystem balance. This may lead to the epidemic in
Thailand due to the genetic change of new disease
strains, and new diseases that can grow very quickly in
hot climate, such as, dengue hemorrhagic fever,
conjunctivitis, and diarrhea, all of which will affect the
health of the people as well as the food export
·≈–‡¡◊ËÕª√–‡∑»·Àâß·≈âߢ÷Èπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë àߺ≈ ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß¡“Õ¬à“߇ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥ §◊Õ °“√‡°‘¥‰øªÉ“ ‡™àπ °√≥’‰ø‰À¡âªÉ“∑’Ëæ√ÿ‚µä–·¥ß´÷Ë߬“°·°à°“√¥—∫ √«¡∂÷ß°“√‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â„πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ‡™àπ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠à ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“À⫬¢“·¢âß ∑”„À⇰‘¥¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» ÷ËßπÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâ§ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»‡≈«√⓬‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´æ‘…µà“ßÊ ¬—ß°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π„π∫√‘‡«≥„°≈⇧’¬ß∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Àµÿ¥â«¬ ·≈–¬—ßÕ“® àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¿“懻√…∞°‘®™–ß—°ß—π‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß À“°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫‡ªìπ‡¢µ∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ‡™àπ ¿Ÿ‡°Áµ À√◊ÕÀ“¥„À≠à ‡ªìπµâπ
πÕ°®“°π’È¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° IPCC æ∫«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°°”≈—߇æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡√Á«°«à“∑’Ë∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬§“¥§‘¥ „πªï §.». 2100 Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬՓ®‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°ªí®®ÿ∫—π √–À«à“ß 1.4 ·≈– 5.8 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬
Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) ∑”„Àâ·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πµ°´÷Ëß·µà‡¥‘¡¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß°«à“∑“ß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« °≈—∫¬‘Ëß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß°«à“∑“ß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ‰ªÕ’° àߺ≈„π·ª ‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°®–¡’§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß¡“°¢÷Èπ ·≈–∑“ß·ª ‘øî°µ–«—πµ°®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥Ωπ¡“°¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ’°ª√“°Ø°“√≥å≈“π’≠à“π’È®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ 5-6 ªïµàÕ§√—Èß ·µà≈–§√—Èß®–°‘π√–¬–‡«≈“π“πª√–¡“≥ 1 ªï
ª°µ‘∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°„µâ„°≈⇠âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√À√◊Õ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡ª√Ÿ®–¡’¢∫«π°“√‰À≈¢÷Èπ¢ÕßπÈ”‡¬Áπ®“°„µâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√¢÷Èπ¡“¬—ߺ‘«πÈ” ‡π◊ËÕß®“°≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ∑’Ëæ—¥¢π“πΩíòßºπ«°°—∫°“√À¡ÿπ√Õ∫µ—«‡ÕߢÕß‚≈°º≈—°¥—π„À⺑«πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’ËÕÿàπ‰À≈‰ª∑“ßµ–«—πµ°Àà“ßÕÕ°‰ª®“°Ωíòß πÈ”‡¬Áπ¢â“ß≈à“ß´÷ËßÕÿ¥¡¥â«¬∏“µÿÕ“À“√®÷ßæ—¥¢÷Èπ¡“·∑π∑’Ë (√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) ∫√‘‡«≥
La Nina PhenomenaLa Nina is the opposite phenomenon of El Nino, that is, the sea surface temperature in the Equator in the
Central and Eastern Pacific Ocean is lower than normal because the southwest trade wind that always blows in
the tropical Pacific in the southern hemisphere (0-30 south latitude) has more power than normal, thus taking more
warm current from the eastern tropical Pacific (along the coast of Indonesia and Australia), causing the western
tropical Pacific, formerly having higher temperature of the sea surface than that of the east, to have much higher
temperature at the ocean surface and higher sea level than that of the east. As a result, a more severe drought
20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:15 PM24
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business and the investment condition.
The variation of the climate and El Nino and La
Nina phenomena, in addition, can cause quite sever
draught in some areas of Thailand. From the report on
Climate Change 2001 : Impact Adaptation and Vulnerability
of more than 700 scientists around the world concluded
the impact of global warming, divided into regions,
that Asia would experience the rising temperature,
draught, deteriorated soil, yielding a very low agriculture
production in very hot and severe draught areas, as
well as, shortage of water resources for agriculture and
industry.
Ÿß°«à“∑’˪√–¡“≥°“√‡¡◊ËÕ 5 ªï°àÕπ °«à“√âÕ¬≈– 50 ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°Õ¥’µ∫àß™’È«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ¢π“¥π’ÈÕ“®∑”„Àâ√–∫∫𑇫»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ√—Èß„À≠à ¥—ß∑’ˇ§¬‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß®“°¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Á߇¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡æ’¬ß 5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬
πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°®–°√–∑∫µàÕæ◊™·≈– —µ«å„π∑ÿ°∑«’ª·≈â« ¬—ß∑”„Àâ°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘°«à“ 420 °√–∫«π°“√ «‘ª√‘µ·ª√ª√«π·≈–√–∫∫𑇫»‡ ’¬ ¡¥ÿ≈ àߺ≈µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§√–∫“¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ‚√§ “¬æ—π∏ÿå„À¡à·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠æ—π∏ÿ剥⥒„π¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»√âÕ𠇙àπ‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° ‚√§µ“·¥ß ·≈–‚√§ÕÀ‘«“µ°‚√§ ÷ËßπÕ°®“°®– àߺ≈µàÕ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π·≈â« ¬—ß àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ
¥—ß°≈à“«π’È®÷߇À¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ ”À√—∫°“√‡®√‘≠æ—π∏ÿå¢Õߪ≈“∑–‡≈ ·µà∫“ߧ√—È߇¡◊ËÕ≈¡π’ÈÕàÕπ°”≈—ß≈ß°«à“ª°µ‘À√◊Õæ—¥°≈—∫∑‘»µ√ߢⓡ®– àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√日擡«≈πÈ”Õÿàπ‰ª∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ° «π°—∫∑‘»∑“߇¥‘¡·≈–∑”„À⺑«Àπâ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡ª√ŸÕÿàπ¢÷Èπ°«à“ª°µ‘ ÷Ë߇√’¬°ª√“°Ø°“√≥åπ’È«à“‡Õ≈π’‚πà (El Nino)
µÕπª≈“¬∑»«√√… 1950 ‰¥â¡’°“√§âπæ∫«à“ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å·≈–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ßÕ¬à“ß„°≈♑¥°—∫§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π ’°‚≈°„µâ (Southern Oscillation) ‚¥¬‡Õ≈π’‚πà‡ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ à«π§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ‡°‘¥„π∫√√¬“°“» (Nicholl N., 1987) „π™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Õ≈π’‚π৫“¡°¥Õ“°“»∑’Ë√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª ‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√µË”°«à“ª°µ‘ ¢≥–∑’˧«“¡°¥Õ“°“»Õ’°ΩíòßÀπ÷ËߢÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ (∫√‘‡«≥Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬
occurs in the eastern tropical Pacific, while that of the west gets more rainfall. La Nina phenomenon usually takes
place 1 time per 5-years and each time lasts about 1 year. Normally, around the east of the South Pacific Ocean
near the Equator or near the coastline of Peru, the upwelling current of the cool water underneath the ocean flows
to the water surface because of the blow of South East trade wind and the oscillation of the Earth, causing the
warm water surface shift to the West away from the coast. The cool water underneath, which is rich in nutrients,
then flows in place (Figure 1). Such area is perfect for nourishing and breeding of sea fish. However, sometimes
this trade wind weakens and blows to the opposite direction, influencing the oceanic waves to bring warm currents
~
20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:15 PM25
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These are what human
have done; we create green-
house gases, causing the
greenhouse effect, which in
return warming the globe. And
when the environment surrounding
us is on the change, it thus
impacts on the livings of every
creature on earth. What said
earlier is the effect Thailand
has been experiencing and
we are losing inestimatable
amount of money to correct
the problems. This is the answer
why Thailand must give the
current climate change a top
priority.
Tha i land es tab l i s hed
measures on lessening the
impact and reducing the
pollution by reducing the
amount of greenhouse gasesû
emission, a main cause of the
global warming, especially
·≈–µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ¢ÕßÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) Ÿß°«à“ª°µ‘ ≈—°…≥–‡™àππ’È®–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß·≈–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ¡’°”≈—ßÕàÕπ ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ≈¡ΩÉ“¬µ–«—πµ°·∑π∑’Ë ´÷Ëß®–æ—¥æ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∑“ߥâ“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°´÷Ëߪ°µ‘¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß‰ª¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—π‡™àππ’È ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈à“«∂÷߇Õ≈π’‚πà®÷ß¡—°°≈à“«∂÷ߧ«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ¥â«¬ ·≈–√«¡‡√’¬°«à“‡Õπ‚ à ÷Ëß¡“®“°¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ENSO ∑’ˬàÕ¡“®“° El Nino/Southern Os-cillation
‡Õπ‚´à ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë„™âÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈„π·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√·≈–§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ ®÷ßÀ¡“¬§«“¡√«¡∂÷ߪ√“°Ø°“√≥å∑—È߇Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“ °≈ÿà¡π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¡—°„™â§”«à“ ¿“«–Õÿàπ¢Õ߇Õπ‚ à
to the east, opposite of the former one and to cause the sea water surface along the coast of Peru warmer than
normal. Such phenomenon is called La Nina.
Late 1950ûs El Nino phenomenon was discovered to have close correlation and link with the variations of the
climate system in the Southern Oscillation. El Nino is a phenomenon occurring in the ocean while the variations of
the climate system in the Southern Oscillation happen in the atmosphere (Nicholl N., 1987). During the El Nino
phenomenon, the air pressure at the sea level around the east of Pacific Equator is lower than normal, while its
counterpart (in Indonesia and north of Australia) is higher than usual. This characteristic is correlated and happens
Õÿµ “À°√√¡°“√ àßÕÕ°º≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ“À“√·≈–¿“«–°“√≈ß∑ÿπÕ’°¥â«¬
πÕ°®“°π’È ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’Ë·ª√ª√«π·≈–ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“π’È °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–·Àâß·≈âߧàÕπ¢â“ß√ÿπ·√ß„π∫“ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°√“¬ß“π™◊ËÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» 2001 : º≈°√–∑∫°“√ª√—∫µ—«·≈–§«“¡≈àÕ·À≈¡ (Climate Change 2001: Impact Ad-aptation and Vulnerability) ¢Õßπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°«à“ 700§π∑—Ë«‚≈° √ÿªº≈°√–∑∫®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·∫àßµ“¡¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§µà“ßÊ √–∫ÿ«à“ ‡Õ‡™’¬ ®–¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·Àâß·≈âß ¥‘π‡ ◊ËÕ¡§ÿ≥¿“æ∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µ∑“߇°…µ√≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß¡“°„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë√âÕπ·≈–·Àâß·≈âß √«¡∂÷ߢ“¥·§≈π·À≈àßπÈ”‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡°…µ√·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡
‘Ë߇À≈à“π’ȇªìπº≈°√–∑∫®“°¡πÿ…¬å‡√“‡Õß∑’Ë°àÕ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡√Õ∫µ—«‡√“°”≈—߇ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߬àÕ¡¡’º≈µàÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ¢Õß∑ÿ°™’«‘µ∫πº‘«‚≈° ´÷Ëß∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“π’ȇªìπº≈°√–∑∫∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫ ‚¥¬‡√“‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬„π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“µà“ßÊ ‡À≈à“π’ÈÕ¬à“ߪ√–¡“≥¡Ÿ≈§à“‰¡à‰¥â π—Ëπ‡ªì𧔵Õ∫∑’Ë«à“∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®÷ßµâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°„π¢≥–π’È
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’¡“µ√°“√„π°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫·≈–≈¥°“√°àÕªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°´÷Ë߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À≠à∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ
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20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:16 PM26
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 27‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 27
(ENSO warm event À√◊Õ warm phase of ENSO) „𧫓¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫‡Õ≈π’‚πà‡æ◊ËÕÕ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß·ª ‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√Õÿàπ¢÷Èπº‘¥ª°µ‘ ·≈–„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π®–„™â§”«à“ ¿“«–‡¬Áπ¢Õ߇Õπ‚ à (ENSO cold event À√◊Õ cold phaseof ENSO) „𧫓¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫≈“π’≠à“ ÷Ëß°Á§◊Õª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√‡¬Áπ°«à“ª°µ‘
at the same time of the weakening southeast trade wind, causing
the change of the wind; producing the west wind instead of the
southeast trade wind. This wind will bring the sea water, usually
producing high temperature, from the West of the Pacific Ocean to
the center and East of the Ocean. From this correlation, when
speaking of El Nino, we usually refer to the variation of the climate
system in the Southern Oscillation at the same time, so together they
carbon dioxide (CO2). The reduction of greenhouse
gases emission, as a result, requires cooperation from
many organizations or agents, the international negoti-
ating conferences, and the suspension of deforestation
while promoting forest growing every time the activities
of cutting or burning forests exists, in order to absorb
carbon dioxide in the photosynthetic process. We impose
the criteria on the emission of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases from the source of generation,
especially in the electricity production and the fuel
combustion of vehicles, the reduction of the methane
amount in the atmosphere by stopping and reducing
luxury consumption, including the cut down of the use
of resources that are causing decaying process and
are the source of methane generated, and ban on
using CFCs, which there should reduce, stop, or discontinue
materials having CFCs as components such as foam for
food packaging and air freshener spray. In stead, more
use of renewable energy from the natural, such as,
wind energy, solar power energy, natural gases, nuclear
power, and tide energy, should be imposed. Also, the
effective use of fuel to reduce the emission of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere should be enforced. The
campaigns on reducing the use of car, the amount of
‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´ CO2 ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡À≈à“π’ȵâÕßÕ“»—¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ®“°Õߧå°√À√◊ÕÀπ૬ߓπÀ≈“¬ΩÉ“¬ ®“°°“√‡®√®“„π√–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ·≈–™–≈Õ°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“·≈– à߇ √‘¡°“√ª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬¥Ÿ¥´—∫°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå· ß∑ÿ°§√—È ß∑’Ë¡’°“√‚§àπ·≈–¡’°“√‡º“∑”≈“¬µâπ‰¡â ·≈–°”Àπ¥¡“µ√∞“π°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ-‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å·≈–°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ◊ËπÊ ®“°·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–®“°°“√º≈‘µ°√–· ‰øøÑ“·≈–®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß®“°¬“π¬πµå ·≈–≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´¡’‡∑π„π∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬≈¥≈–°“√∫√‘‚¿§∑’ËøÿÉ¡‡øóÕ¬ √«¡∑—Èß≈¥°“√„™â∑√—欓°√∑’Ë®–π”¡“ ÷Ëß°“√‡πà“‡ªóòÕ¬ºÿæ—ß ·≈–‡ªìπµâπµÕ„π°“√°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°ä“´¡’‡∑π ·≈–µàÕµâ“π°“√„™â “√ ’‡Õø ’ (CFCs) §«√¡’°“√≈¥ ≈– À√◊Õ‡≈‘°„™â«— ¥ÿ∑’Ë¡’
20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:16 PM27
28 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«28 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
are called ENSO, an English abbreviation of El Nino/Southern Oscillation.
ENSO is a term to explain the change of the sea surface temperature in the Pacific Equator and the variations
of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation. Consenquently, it gives the comprehensive meaning to both El
Nino and La Nina phenomena. A group of scientists usually use ENSO warm event or warm phase of ENSO in the
same meaning of EL Nino to explain the unusual warmer sea surface temperature of the central and east of the
Pacific Equator, and on the contrary use ENSO cold event or cold phase of ENSO in the same meaning of La Nina,
that is, the unusual colder sea surface temperature over the central and east of the Pacific Equator.
Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ, 25482. http://www.tmd.go.th/knowledge/know_elnino01.html2. ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π‘‚πà ™ÿ¥ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡, UNEP/GEMs
‡≈à¡∑’Ë 8,2544
Reference1. Department of Environmental Quality Promotion,
Global Warming, 2005
2. http://www.tmd.go.th/knowledge/know_elnino01.html
3. El Nino phenomenon, Environment, UNEP/GEMs Volume
8, 2544
nitrogen fertilizer, the burning of coal fuel, the amount
of livestock to reduce wastes produced from them should
be promoted. And the measures of increase the areas
of forestry and reducing deforestation should also be
imposed.
Every sector must vigorously cooperate in reducing
greenhouse gases and what people can simply do is to
reduce the use of unnecessary luxurious things, reduce
the use of chemical based products while on the con-
trary increase the use of natural-extracted products
such as use pandan or coal in place of perfuming
spray or use fresh flowers that are popular household
gardens, such as, orang jessamine, endorphine plumeria,
etc., producing a Thai atmosphere, looking cute in a
way.
à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õß “√ ’‡Õø ’ ‡™àπ ‚ø¡∫√√®ÿÕ“À“√ ·≈– ‡ª√¬åπÈ”ÀÕ¡ª√—∫Õ“°“» ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡≈◊Õ°„™âæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘„Àâ¡“°¢÷È𠇙àπ æ≈—ß≈¡ æ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ æ≈—ßß“π𑫇§≈’¬√å °√–· πÈ” œ≈œ ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àℙ⇙◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√·æ√à°√–®“¬¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ·≈–√≥√ߧå à߇ √‘¡°“√≈¥„™â√∂¬πµå ·≈–√≥√ߧå≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âªÿܬ‰π‚µ√‡®π ≈¥°“√‡º“º≈“≠‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑∂à“π·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ª»ÿ —µ«å‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õ߇ ’¬®“° —µ«å ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ ≈¥°“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“
∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬µâÕß√à«¡·√ß·¢Áߢ—π™à«¬°—π≈¥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ·≈–∑’˪√–™“™π “¡“√∂∑”‰¥âßà“¬Ê §◊Õ °“√≈¥°“√„™â ‘ËßøÿÉ¡‡øóÕ¬‚¥¬‰¡à®”‡ªìπ ≈¥°“√„™â “√‡§¡’ ·≈–„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π„Àâ‡≈◊Õ°„™â “√ °—¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘·∑π Õ“∑‘ ‡ª√¬åπÈ”ÀÕ¡ °Á„™â„∫‡µ¬À√◊Õ∂à“π À√◊Õ¥Õ°‰¡â ¥∑’Ëπ‘¬¡ª≈Ÿ°„π∫â“π Õ“∑‘ ¥Õ°·°â« √“µ√’≈’≈“«¥’ œ≈œ °Á‰¥â∫√√¬“°“»·∫∫‰∑¬Ê Õ’°·∫∫∑’Ë¥Ÿπà“√—°¥’
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20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:17 PM28
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 29
“√§¥’À≈—° ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß®“°∫∑‚∑√∑—»πå√“¬°“√ ”√«®‚≈°
Main Feature Edited from the TV Script of World Exploration Program
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 29
Õ’°∑ƒ…Ø’Àπ÷Ëß„π°“√∑”π“¬º≈°√–∑∫®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°
Another theory of prediction the impactfrom the global climate change
¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°°”≈—ßµ°Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–ªÉ«¬ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇撬߇≈Á°πâÕ¬Õ“®‡ª≈’ˬπ‚≈°‡√“‰¥â ·≈–∂Ⓡ√“¡Õ߇¢â“‰ª„πÕ𓧵 ¿“æÕ“°“»Õ“®‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª √Ÿª·∫∫™’«‘µ¢Õ߇√“°Á®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª¥â«¬ ·µà¡—π®–‰ª∑“߉Àπ ¿—¬·≈âß∑’Ëπà“ –æ√÷ß°≈—«À√◊ÕÕ𓧵∑’Ë∂Ÿ°·™à·¢ÁßÕ¬Ÿà„𧫓¡À𓫇¬Áπ
µÕππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“µâÕß√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ ¿“æÕ“°“»·ª√ª√«π∑’Ë àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬à“ß„À≠àÀ≈«ß ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπÕÿ∑°¿—¬À√◊ÕΩπµ°„À≠à ‰ª®π∂÷ߧ«“¡√âÕπ√–Õÿ·≈–¿—¬·≈âß ‡√“‰¡àÕ“®®–Àπ’®“°§«“¡°√“¥‡°√’Ȭ«¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘π’ȉ¥â π—∫·µà‡√‘Ë¡Õ“√¬∏√√¡ ¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õ߇√“§ß∑’Ë¡“µ≈Õ¥ ·µà∫—¥π’È¡’À≈—°∞“π∑’Ë™’È„Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π«à“ ¡—π°”≈—߇ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª ‡√“®”‡ªìπµâÕß√Ÿâ«à“®–‡°‘¥Õ–‰√¢÷Èπ„π«—π¢â“ßÀπâ“ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ 擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß §«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„¥§√Õß‚≈° °“√§âπÀ“§”µÕ∫®÷߇√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π ∂“π∑’Ë∑’ËÀà“߉°≈∑’Ë ÿ¥·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß„π‚≈°
The worldûs climate is being in ailing condition. A
little change can trigger the transformation to our world
and if we look into the future, despite of the climate
change, so does our pattern of life. But which is it
leading into; an appalling drought or the freezing future?
Our world is now dealing with the fluctuation of
the climate, causing massive catastrophes, ranging from
flood or rain to heat and drought. We cannot inevitably
avoid the anger of nature. Since the civilization era,
our climate has been stable but evidences have clearly
shown that it is now changing. As a result, we must
know what will happen in the future; global warming,
hurricanes, ice age, which transformation conquers the
world, the exploration. The answer to this question starts
29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 21/12/05, 2:36 PM29
30 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«30 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
∫π¬Õ¥‡¢“‡¡“πà“‚≈Õ“ (Mauna Loa) Œ“«“¬ Õ“°“»∑’Ëπ—Ëπ –Õ“¥·≈–∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï ‰°≈Àà“ß®“°¡≈¿“«–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ∑’Ëπ’˧◊Õ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë®–µ√«®«—¥Õ“°“»
‡¡◊ËÕ 20 ªï°àÕπ ‡√“‰¥âµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß¿—¬®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√° ∑ÿ°Ê ªï√—∞∫“≈µà“ßÊ „π‚≈°„™â‡ß‘π°«à“ 4æ—π≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¥“«‡∑’¬¡ ∑’Ë “¡“√∂∫Õ°∂÷ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π∑–‡≈·≈–™“¬À“¥∑ÿ°·Ààß„π‚≈° ·µà∑«à“Õÿª°√≥åµà“ßÊ ¡“°¡“¬°≈—∫欓°√≥åÕ“°“»≈à«ßÀπⓉ¥â‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°’Ë«—π ¿“«–¢Õß‚≈°¿“¬„π√–¬– 100ªï¢â“ßÀπâ“À√◊Շ撬߷§à 20 ªï ®÷߬—ߧ߇ªìπª√‘»π“
¿“æÕ“°“»π—Èπ¡’µ—«·ª√Õ—πÀ≈“°À≈“¬ ´—∫´âÕπ‡°‘π°«à“®–欓°√≥剥ⷡà𬔠·µà«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°”≈—ß欓¬“¡∑”π“¬¥â«¬°“√∑”·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß ¿“æÕ“°“»Õ—π´—∫´âÕπ ·≈–º≈ √ÿª§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 1.5 Õß»“ „πÕ’° 100 ªï¢â“ßÀπâ“Õ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π ¡—πÕ“®øíߥŸ‡À¡◊Õπ‰¡à√⓬·√ß ·µàÕ—π∑’Ë®√‘ßπ’˧◊Õ Ÿµ√ ”‡√Á®¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬π·ª≈ß„π∑“߇≈«√⓬ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑’Ë¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ«à“®–‡√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ·≈â« ·µà¬—ß¡’ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∫—π∑÷° ¿“æÕ“°“»‡Õ“‰«â∑ÿ°ªï¡“π“ππ—∫æ—πªï·≈â« ‘Ë ß∑’Ë·¢Áß·°√àß·≈–«“ß„®‰¥â ÷Ëß∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥â∫—π∑÷° ¿“æÕ“°“»‡Õ“‰«â¿“¬„µâ‡ª≈◊Õ°¢Õßµâπ‰¡â‚∫√“≥ §◊Õ∫—π∑÷°¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»„πÕ¥’µ∑’Ë·¡à𬔠¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π«ßªï¢Õßµâπ‰¡â™à«¬„Àâ‡√“‡ªî¥Àπ⓵à“߉ª Ÿàª√‘»π“„πÕ¥’µ‡¡◊ËÕ 8 æ—πªï°àÕπ „π«ßªïÀ≈“¬Ê¢π“¥‰¥â ‘Ëß∑’Ëæ«°‡¢“¡ÕßÀ“§◊Õ «ßªï∑’Ë·§∫ ÷Ë߫ߪï∑’Ë·§∫· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‡ªìπªï∑’Ë·Àâß·≈âß ¬‘Ë߫ߪ﷧∫‡∑à“‰√ ¿—¬·≈â߬‘Ëß√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ °“√∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬«ßªïπ—Èπ§àÕπ¢â“ß®–·πàπÕπ
à«πªí®®—¬∑’˺≈—°¥—π„Àâ ¿“æÕ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπ—Ëπ°Á§◊Õ¡≈¿“«– ≈–ÕÕßπÈ”®“°∑–‡≈ ≈–ÕÕß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ·≈–§«—π‰Õ‡ ’¬∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß®–¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ¬Ÿà∫π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–‰ªµ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà„πÀ‘¡–∑’˵°∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈° ¡—π®–°≈“¬‡ªìππÈ”·¢Áß µ°≈ß¡“∑—∫∂¡´âÕπ°—π‰ª∑ÿ°ªï ™—ÈππÈ”·¢Áßµà“ßÊ ®÷ß°≈“¬‡ªìπ·À≈àߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë摇»…ΩÿÉπ·≈– “√‡§¡’µà“ßÊ „ππÈ”·¢Áß ‡º¬«à“‚≈°‡√“µ°Õ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâπÈ”·¢ÁßÕ“¬ÿÀ≈“¬æ—πªï πÈ”·¢Áß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß™à«ß‡«≈“·™à·¢Áߧ√—Èß„À≠൓¡¥â«¬™à«ß‡«≈“Õ∫Õÿàπ‡æ’¬ß√–¬– —ÈπÊ ∂Ⓡ√“°≈—Ëπ‡ âπ‡«≈“‡ âπ·√° ·≈â«æ‘®“√≥“¬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ª‚¥¬„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·°ππÈ”·¢Áß ‡√“®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ°“√·™à·¢Áߧ√—Èß√⓬·√ß ·≈–¬—߇ÀÁπ™à«ß‡«≈“Õ∫Õÿàπ√–¬– —ÈπÊ
‚≈°¢Õ߇√“ ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ‡¡◊ËÕ∑«’ª·¬°®“°°—π ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“ Õ’°∑—Èß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√„À¡àÕ—π°«â“ß„À≠àπ—∫®“°π—Èπ¡“ ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß°Á‡√‘Ë¡‡°‘¥·≈–À“¬‰ªÕ¬Ÿà‡π◊ÕßÊ ¬“¡∑’Ë‚≈°‚§®√√Õ∫¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å «ß‚§®√¢Õß‚≈°∑”„Àâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡°‘¥πÈ”¢÷Èπ·≈–πÈ”≈ß¡—π‡ªìπ°ÿ≠·® ”§—≠„π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æÕ“°“»¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑ÿ°·Ààß„π‚≈°≈â«π‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ°—π¥â«¬°√–· πÈ”À≈—°
in one of the most remote areas of the world, up in the
mountainûs top, Mauna Loa, Hawaii where only clean
and pure air are existing, away from the industrializa-
tion, which is a perfect place for the measurement of
the air.
The last 20 years made us first aware of disasters
caused by global warming. The governments all over
the world have spent more than $ 4 billion to predict
the climate condition, using satellite technology, which
can exactly tell the temperature of all the sea and
beach in the world. However, many of the equipment
are able to predict the weather only a few days in
advance. The worldûs conditions within the next 100 or
just 20 years are still mystery to us.
There are many variables involved in the predic-
tion of the climate condition, too complex to produce
accurate prediction. However, scientists have been
trying to make the complex climate simulations and the
conclusion is an obvious increase of 1.5 C within the
next 100 years may not sound precarious but this is the
fixed formula of the worse change, the change that
seems to have already started. However, there is one
thing that has recorded the climate condition for
thousands of years, the strong and trusting that the
nature has recorded underneath the bark of ancient
trees, which is the accurate record of aged climate
condition. The data of the annual ring of the trees
open up the window to the puzzle in the last 8,000
29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 21/12/05, 2:36 PM30
32 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«32 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
Õâ“ßÕ‘ß/Reference : www.nextstep.co.th
special source of information. Dust and chemical substances inside the ice
reveal that our world has been underneath the ice for thousands of years.
The ice shows the long period of freezing followed by a short period of
warmth. If we produce the first time line and think back by using the
information of iceûs stem, we will see the intense freezing time and a short
period of warmth.
Our world was originated when the two continents split apart and
formed the mountain range as well as the massive vast of oceans. Since
then the ice age formed on and off. When the earth orbits around the sun,
the orbit path cause the ocean to produce high and low tide, a main key
of climate change. One major current connects every ocean in the world.
This current brings warm seawater to the polar. And when the seawater is
highly condensed, it will dip. The dipped seawater is a pump, a force
behind the whole system, making the circulatory water from the Atlantic to
the Pacific and vice versa. As long as the current is circulating, the weather
is warm. However, once it stops, the ice age returns based on the model of
evidence. It can predict historically that what will happen next. The signs,
from the ice stem, the tree, the fossils at the bottom of the sea, shows that
we are gradually entering the ice age again and the cooling of the world
will occur in the next 3,000 years.
New evidence shows that the change might come into place faster.
The climate is in crisis around the globe. The people are waiting desperately,
when their life has been destroyed by the weather never before
experienced. While one continent is encountering the disaster of storm, the
other is facing the drought catastrophe. The weather condition of the world
is on the change by greenhouse effects and deforestation created by man
made. It is the first in the history that human changes the climate balance
by his/her own hand.
The rise of temperature causes the currentûs circulation to be suspended.
The global warming melts the polar ices, diluting the seawater flowing into
the north polar. Without the warm current circulation throughout the world,
the circulation of the current in the ocean stops, leading to the expansion
of ice pole. The evidence shows that the world is warmer and will suddenly
be frozen.
Today, the world is experiencing the warming condition and it may lead
to the freezing condition of the world again. If the history has repeated itself,
what will the future of the world be underneath the ice?
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‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 31‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 31
Àπ÷Ëß°√–· °√–· π’Èπ”‡Õ“πÈ”‡§Á¡Õ∫Õÿàπ‰ª¬—ߢ—È«‚≈° ´÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕπÈ”Àπ“·πàπ¢÷Èπ°Á®–®¡≈ß πÈ”‡§Á¡∑’Ë®¡≈ßπ’ȧ◊Õªíö¡∑’˺≈—°¥—π∑—Èß√–∫∫ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”‰À≈‡«’¬π®“°·Õµ·≈𵑰‰ª®π∂÷ß·ª ‘øî°·≈–°≈—∫¡“Õ’°§√—Èß µ√“∫„¥∑’Ë°√–· πÈ”¬—߉À≈‡«’¬π ¿“æÕ“°“»°Á¬—ߧßÕ∫Õÿàπ∂â“¡—πÀ¬ÿ¥ ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß®–‡√‘Ë¡Õ’°§√—Èß®“°√Ÿª·∫∫À≈—°∞“π∑“ߪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å “¡“√∂∑”𓬉¥â«à“®–‡°‘¥Õ–‰√¢÷ÈπµàÕ‰ª —≠≠“≥µà“ßÊ ®“°·°ππÈ”·¢Áß ®“°µâπ‰¡â®“°øÕ ‘≈„π°âπ∑–‡≈ · ¥ß«à“‡√“°”≈—ß®–§àÕ¬Ê °â“«‡¢â“ Ÿà¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢ÁßÕ’°§√—Èß ·≈–°“√‡¬Áπ≈ߢÕß‚≈°®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¿“¬„πÕ’° 3æ—πªï¢â“ßÀπâ“
À≈—°∞“π„À¡à· ¥ß«à“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â‡√Á«°«à“π—Èπ Õ“°“»°”≈—ß«‘°ƒµ‘∑—Ë«‚≈° ºŸâ§π‡ΩÑ“¡ÕßÕ¬à“ß ‘ÈπÀ«—߬“¡∑’Ë™’«‘µ¢Õßæ«°‡¢“∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬¥â«¬ ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’ˉ¡à‡§¬æ∫‡ÀÁπ¡“°àÕπ ¢≥–∑’Ë∫π∑«’ªÀπ÷Ëß¡’¿—¬∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°æ“¬ÿ ·µà∫π∑«’ªÕ’°·Àà߇°‘¥¿—¬·≈âß ¿“æÕ“°“»„π‚≈°°”≈—߇ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪؑ°‘√‘¬“‡√◊Õπ°√–®°®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å·≈–°“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ π—∫‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√°„πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬¡◊Õ¢Õßµ—«‡Õß
°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∑”„Àâ°“√‰À≈‡«’¬π¢Õß°√–· πÈ”À¬ÿ¥™–ß—° ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ∑”„ÀâπÈ”·¢Áߢ—È«‚≈°≈–≈“¬ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”‡§Á¡∑’ˉÀ≈¡“∂÷ߢ—È«‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ‡®◊Õ®“ß °“√‰À≈‡«’¬π¢Õß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√À¬ÿ¥∑”ß“π≈߇¡◊ËÕª√“»®“°πÈ”Õÿàπ‰À≈‡«’¬π‰ª∑—Ë«‚≈° ¢—È«πÈ”·¢Áß®÷ߢ¬“¬µ—« À≈—°∞“π· ¥ß«à“‚≈°∑’Ë√âÕπ¢÷Èπ·≈–®–∂Ÿ°·™à·¢ÁßÕ¬à“ß°–∑—πÀ—π
«—ππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“‡°‘¥¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈–Õ“®π”‰ª Ÿà
¿“«–‚≈°·™à·¢ÁßÕ’°§√—Èß ·µà∂⓪√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å°≈—∫¡“ È”
√Õ¬‡¥‘¡ ‚≈°¢Õß«—πæ√ÿàßπ’È®–‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√¿“¬„µâπÈ”·¢Áß
years. With the annual rings of many sizes, what they
are looking for is the narrow annual ring, representing
the symbol of drought year. The narrower the annual
ring is, the more sever is the drought. The prediction of
climate condition using the annual ring produces quite
accurate information.
The forcing factors of the climate change are
pollution, sea vapor, dust from volcano, and toxic smoke.
All of these will drift into the atmosphere, trapped in the
snow falling in the polar areas, and then becoming ice
accumulated year by year. Each layer of ice then is a
29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 21/12/05, 3:36 PM31
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 33
“√§¥’À≈—° ‚¥¬ : §√√™‘µ ªîµ–°“
Main Feature by : Kanchit Pitaka
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 33
‡¡◊ËÕ∂÷߇∑»°“≈ß“πµà“ßÊ À√◊Õ„π‚Õ°“ ”§—≠Ê À≈“¬§π§ßµâÕ߇µ√’¬¡À“¢Õߢ«—≠‰ª¡Õ∫„Àâ·°à§π∑’Ë√—°À√◊Õ§π∑’ˇ§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ ¬‘ËßµÕππ’ÈÕ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß‡∑»°“≈ªï„À¡à °Á‡≈¬Õ¬“°·π–π”¢Õߢ«—≠Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπà“®– ◊ÈÕÀ“‰ª¡Õ∫„Àâ°—π π—Ëπ°Á§◊Õ¢π¡‰∑¬
¢π¡‰∑¬¡’§Ÿà‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬¡“µ—Èß·µà§√—Èß‚∫√“≥°“≈ ∑—Èß∑’ˇªìπ¢π¡‰∑¬¥—È߇¥‘¡·≈–¢π¡∑’Ë√—∫¡“®“°µà“ß™“µ‘¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“™â“π“π®π°≈◊π°≈“¬‡ªìπ¢π¡¢Õ߉∑¬¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å ¢π¡‰∑¬·µà≈–™π‘¥πÕ°®“°®–¡’§«“¡ «¬ß“¡®π∂÷ߢ—Èπ«‘®‘µ√æ‘ ¥“√·≈â« ™◊ËÕ¢Õß¢π¡¬—ß∫àß∫Õ°∂÷ߧÿ≥§à“·≈–§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑“ß∑’Ë¥’·≈–‡ªìπ ‘√‘¡ß§≈ ´÷Ë߇ªì𧫓¡™à“ߧ‘¥¢Õߧπ‰∑¬‚∫√“≥‡ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß ¢π¡∑’Ë¡’§”«à“ ç∑Õßé π”Àπâ“ ‡™àπ ∑ÕßÀ¬‘∫ ∑ÕßÀ¬Õ¥ΩÕ¬∑Õß ∑Õß¡â«π œ≈œ ≈â«π‡ªìπ™◊ËÕÕ—π‡ªìπ¡ß§≈·°àºŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ªï„À¡à ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ§”Õ«¬æ√∑’Ë·Ωߧ«“¡À¡“¬„π¢π¡„Àâ¡’·µà§«“¡√ÿà߇√◊Õß„π™’«‘µµ≈Õ¥‰ª
™◊Ë Õ ¢Õߢπ¡‰∑¬‚¥¬ à«π„À≠à·≈⫇ªìπ™◊ËÕ∑’Ë¥’· ≈ – ‡ ªì π ¡ ß § ≈∑—È ß ‘È π¢π¡‰∑¬∫“ß™π‘¥πÕ°®“°®–¡’™◊ËÕ‡ªìπ¡ß§≈ ¬—ß· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡ Ÿß àß·≈–Õ≈—ß°“√‡™àπ ¢π¡®à“¡ß°ÿÆ ¢π¡∫—«≈Õ¬ ·¡â™◊ËÕ®–‰¡à„™à»—æ∑å· ß«‘®‘µ√ ·µà °Á
¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’ˉ√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
Once the arrival of festivals or occasions, many of
you are looking for buying gifts for the beloved or
respected ones. As especially now itûs a New Year
festival, Iûd like to advise a gift for others, that is, Thai
dessert.
Thai desserts, both the original and the long-time-
foreign-adapted ones, have been around in Thailand
since the ancient times. Each of Thai dessert not only
represents exquisite beauty, but its name also represents
value and positive meaning and fortune, expressing the
great thinker of the ancient Thais. Dessert with the name
beginning with çTHONG,é such as Thong Yib, Thong
Yord, Foi Thong, Thong Maun, etc., all of which their
names bring lucks to those who receive them as a New
Year gift; its name is representing a greeting
with hidden meaning for forever prosperity.
The name of the Thai desserts
mostly has good names and fortunate
meaning. Some of the Thai desserts
not only contain lucky name,
but they also represent the
nobility and greatness such as
Ja-Mongkut dessert. Bualoy
dessert, despite of its plain
Thai Desserts... Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment
33-36/Main/Kanom 21/12/05, 10:07 AM33
34 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«34 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
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°“√„Àâ¢π¡‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ªï„À¡à°Á‡À¡◊Õπ„Àâ ‘ËߢÕßÕ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ§◊Õ µâÕß√Ÿâ«à“ºŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫™Õ∫¢π¡™π‘¥‰Àπ ÷Ëß∂Ⓡªìπ§π∑’Ë π‘∑ π¡°—π°Á‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕßßà“¬ à«π§π∑’ˉ¡à π‘∑ π¡ °Á‰¡à¬“°π—° ∂â“°≈â“∑’Ë®–∂“¡®“°§π„°≈♑¥°àÕπ‡≈◊Õ° ◊ÈÕ ·µàÀ“°‰¡à·πà„® „Àâ‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡À≈“¬Ê ™π‘¥√«¡°—π‰ª·≈–‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡∑’ˇªìπ°≈“ßÊ §◊Õ ‰¡àÀ«“π¡—π®—¥
∂â“À“°®–‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë¥’·ΩßÕ¬Ÿà ”À√—∫∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ëπ—∫∂◊ÕÀ√◊Õ‡§“√æ ÷ËßÕ“®®–„ à√«¡‰ª°—∫¢π¡™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ§≈–°—π æ√âÕ¡°“√奧”Õ«¬æ√∑’Ë‚¬ß∂÷ß™◊ËÕ¢π¡Õ—π‡ªìπ¡ß§≈π—Èπ°Á®–¥Ÿπà“ª√–∑—∫„®‰¡àπâÕ¬∑’‡¥’¬«
¢π¡∑’Ë¡Õ∫„À⧫√‡ªìπ¢π¡·Àâß®–‡À¡“–°«à“ Õ“®®–¡’¢π¡™π‘¥‡ªï¬°∫â“ß ∑—Èßπ’È¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ºŸâ√—∫¥â«¬ ·µà§«√®–¡’¢π¡∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡°Á∫‰«â∑“π‰¥âÀ≈“¬«—π¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–¢π¡∫“ß™π‘¥∂â“∑“π™â“À√◊Õ∑“π‰¡àÀ¡¥ Õ“®®–‡πà“‡ ’¬∑‘È߉ª‡ª≈à“Ê
°“√‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ §«√¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬ ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕß√ ™“µ‘·≈–§«“¡ «¬ß“¡ ‡√’¬°«à“§«√æ‘∂’æ‘∂—π‡ªìπ摇»…Õ—π· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡µ—Èß„®¡Õ∫„À⺟â√—∫¥â«¬§«“¡Õ“∑√·≈–§«“¡‡§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ
‡¡◊ËÕ‡≈◊Õ°‰¥â¢π¡ «¬Ê πà“∑“π‰¥âÀ≈“¬™π‘¥·≈â« §«√À“¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ„Àâ¡‘¥™‘¥ ÷Ëߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫™π‘¥¢Õߢπ¡¥â«¬ ¢π¡∫“ß™π‘¥Õ“®®–µâÕß„ à„π‚À≈·°â« ‚¥¬®—¥‡√’¬ß≈ß„π‚À≈Õ¬à“߇ªìπ√–‡∫’¬∫ ‰¡à„™à‡∑À√◊Õ¬—¥≈߉ª ∑”„À⥟‰¡àß“¡µ“ ∫“ß™π‘¥µâÕß∫√√®ÿ„π∂“¥·°â« À√◊Õ°≈àÕß·°â« ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⺟â√—∫ “¡“√∂π”
name, yet reminds of a lotus floating on top of the
water surface, a sign of enlightenment.
The giving of Thai dessert as New Year present is
similar to giving other types of presents, that is, which
type of dessert the receiver like. If the receiver is close
person, itûs easy to find out. However, it may not be
that difficult if you dare to ask from those who are
close to him/her. If you are uncertain, pick many kinds
of desserts together and choose the kinds that have
mild taste, that is, not too sweet.
If you are to choose the desserts with lucky names
for the respected or honored person, they might be
combined with other kinds along with a greeting card
linked to the fortunate name of the dessert. This may
be quite impressive.
The desserts should be the dry type mixed with the
wet ones, depending on whom the recipient is.
However, there should be some kinds that can be kept
for many days because some dessert, if not eaten all
up, may be thrown away and rotten.
To choose the dessert as a gift should produce a
variety, both in terms of taste and beauty, which is
called special delicacy, expressing your willing to give
to the receiver with thoughtfulness and respect.
Once you have bought many of beautiful sweets,
a tight lid container should be
used, which is depending
on the type of dessert.
Some dessert may be
kept in a glass con-
tainer, lining orderly
33-36/Main/Kanom 21/12/05, 10:08 AM34
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 35‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 35
¿“™π–°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à‰¥â ‰¡à§«√∫√√®ÿ„π°≈àÕßæ≈“ µ‘°‡æ√“–‡¡◊ËÕ„™â‡ √Á®°Á‚¬π∑‘Èß°≈“¬‡ªìπ¿“√–¢Õß —ߧ¡‰ªÕ’° ‡ √Á®·≈⫺Ÿ°¥â«¬√‘∫∫‘Èπ ’ ¥„ À√◊Õ∂â“®–„À⇰㵓¡°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…å«—≤π∏√√¡‰∑¬ °Á∫√√®ß‡¬Á∫°√–∑ß·∫∫ «¬ß“¡¡’™—Èπ‡™‘ßµ“¡°“√®—¥Õ¬à“߉∑¬‚∫√“≥°Á “¡“√∂ √â“ߧÿ≥§à“¢Õߢπ¡‰∑¬∑’Ë∑à“π®–𔉪ٓ°ºŸâÀ≈—°ºŸâ„À≠à‰¥â·≈â« ®“°π—Èπ°Á∫√√®ÿ„ à°√–‡™â“À√◊Õµ–°√â“À«“¬À√◊Õ‰¡â‰ºà¢π“¥æÕ‡À¡“– ·≈â«„™â√‘∫∫‘È𧓥À√◊ÕºŸ°∑’ËÀŸÕ’°∑’Àπ÷Ë߇∑à“π’È∑à“π°Á‰¥â¢ÕßΩ“°∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”°≈—∫‰ª„™â‰¥â∑ÿ° à«π·≈–‰¡à‡À≈◊Õ´“°¢¬–„À⇪ìπ¿“√–¢Õß —ߧ¡µàÕ‰ª
À“°¿“¬„πµ–°√â“À√◊Õ°√–‡™â“¬—ßæÕ¡’∑’Ë«à“ß Õ“®®–¡’Àπ—ß ◊Õ¥’Ê „Àâ§ÿ≥§à“∑“ߪí≠≠“ —° 1-2 ‡≈à¡„ à≈߉ª ‡ªìπ°“√¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠∑’ˇªìπÕ“À“√∫”√ÿ߇≈’Ȭß√à“ß°“¬·≈–Õ“À“√∫”√ÿ߇≈’È¬ß ¡Õߥ⫬ ‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æÕ’°‡∑à“µ—«
‡¡◊ËÕ¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π‡π◊ËÕß„π«—πªï„À¡à “°≈¥â«¬
inside the container, not throwing or stuffing, producing
unpleasant image. Some may be stored on the glass
tray or box for the receiver to reuse the container.
They shouldnût be put in the plastic box because once
eaten, the plastic box will be thrown away, causing
societal burden in another way. When done packing, a
colorful-colored-ribbon tied around it would be nice, or
if you want something cool as the Thai conservative
trend, making a delicate banana leaves vessel using
the traditional Thai arrangement can add value to the
Thai dessert you are giving to the superior. Later arrange
them in a right size of basket or rattan or bamboo
basket and tie ribbon at one handle and at another.
You will then have a gift of which its part can be
reused and no residues left to be the burden of society
any longer.
If there is some room left inside the basket,
one or two good books for intellectual
enhancement might be good. Itûs a gift that
is nourishing your health and your brain at
the same time; it is called double gift.
When giving the present with Thai
dessert for the occasion of international
New Year, the Thai people should not
forget the Thai New Year or çSongkran
Festival,é an end of the year festival, starting
on the 14th night of solar eclipse in the 4th
month, the ancient people considered it
as an end to the old year and marked it as
an inherited tradition until now.
As the Thai New Year is in mid April, a
summer season, the present given should be
dry desserts and if the recipient doesnût live
too far and itûs convenient for the giver to
deliver, a cool dessert can be added or just only
cool one is enough.
The cool Thai dessert includes Thai melon, a
33-36/Main/Kanom 21/12/05, 10:13 AM35
36 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«36 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
¢π¡‰∑¬·≈â« §π‰∑¬°Á‰¡à§«√≈◊¡ªï„À¡à‰∑¬ À√◊Õ çµ√ÿ… ß°√“πµåé ÷Ë߇ªìπ‡∑»°“≈ ‘Èπªï ‡√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π«—π·√¡ 14 §Ë” ‡¥◊Õπ4 §π„π ¡—¬‚∫√“≥∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ«—π ‘Èπªï‡°à“·≈–‰¥â¬÷¥∂◊Õ‡ªìπª√–‡æ≥’ ◊∫∑Õ¥°—π¡“®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π
ªï„À¡à‰∑¬Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß°≈“߇¥◊Õπ‡¡…“¬π ‡ªìπƒ¥Ÿ√âÕ𠧫√®–¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠‡ªìπ¢π¡·Àâß ·≈–∂â“À“°ºŸâ√—∫Õ¬Ÿà‰¡à‰°≈π—°·≈–ºŸâ„Àâ “¡“√∂𔉪„À≥⠖¥«° Õ“®®–¡’¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ ‡æ‘Ë¡‡¢â“‰ª À√◊Õ„À⇪ìπ¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ Õ¬à“߇¥’¬«°Á‰¥â
¢π¡‰∑¬∑’ˇªìπ¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ ‰¥â·°à ·µß‰∑¬ ‡ªìπº≈‰¡â‰∑¬∑’Ë¡’‡π◊ÈÕπÿà¡ÀÕ¡À«“ππà“°‘π ·§à°‘π‡ª≈à“Ê ¬—ßÕ√àÕ¬™◊Ëπ„® ∂â“∑”‡ªìπ°–∑‘·µß‰∑¬¬‘ËßÀ«“πÕ√àÕ¬®—∫„® ≈Ÿ°µ“≈≈Õ¬·°â« °Á‡ªìπ¢ÕßÀ«“π·∫∫‰∑¬·∑â∑’ËÀ«“π©Ë”„®Õ’°·∫∫Àπ÷Ëß µâ¡√“°∫—«„ àπÈ”µ“≈∑√“¬·¥ß°ÁÕ√àÕ¬πà“∑“π πÈ”µ“≈∑√“¬·¥ß®–¡’√ À«“π·∫∫∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’‚∑…‡À¡◊ÕππÈ”µ“≈øÕ°¢“« ÷Ëß¡’·µà “√‡§¡’ πÈ”√“°∫—«„ àπÈ”·¢Áߥ◊Ë¡™◊Ëπ„®·≈–„Àâª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ√à“ß°“¬
§π‰∑¬‡√“πà“®– √â“ߧà“π‘¬¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß§«“¡‡ªìπ‰∑¬¥â«¬°“√¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π‡π◊ËÕß„πªï„À¡à‰∑¬¥â«¬¢π¡‰∑¬°—π¥Ÿ∫â“ß ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“™“µ‘‰∑¬‡√“¡’‡Õ°≈—°…≥凪ìπ¢Õßµ—«‡Õß¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“™â“π“π·≈â«
¥—ßπ—Èπ „πªï„À¡à‰∑¬À√◊Õµ√ÿ… ß°√“πµå∑’Ë®–‡«’¬π
¡“∂÷ßÕ’°«“√–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ 摇»…∑’˧π‰∑¬§«√®–¡Õ∫
¢π¡‰∑¬‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π ‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡
√—°„§√à π‘∑ π¡·≈–§‘¥∂÷ß°—π¥â«¬§«“¡‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ“∑√
Thai fruit containing soft, delicious meat, eaten it pro-
ducing a fresh feeling. If it is made into melon-coconut
milk dessert, it is even more delicious. Sugar palm in
syrup is an authentic Thai dessert, very luscious to the
heart. It can be boiled with red sugar, producing a
quite delicious dessert as well. The red sugar gives natu-
ral sweet and is not so harmful as the bleached white
sugar, containing only chemical substances. The iced
lotus root drink is a refreshing and healthy drink for the
body.
The Thai people should create
value to express the Thai charac-
teristics by giving the present on
New Year day with the Thai
dessert, to show that the Thai
nation has its own uniqueness for
a long time.
Therefore, the Thai New Year or Songkran that is
coming another round marks another special occasion
for the Thai people to give the Thai dessert as present for
each other, a representative of love, friendship, and
thoughtfulness.
33-36/Main/Kanom 21/12/05, 10:13 AM36
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 37
®—∫‡¢à“§ÿ¬ ‚¥¬ : °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√
Interview by : Editorial Board
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 37
∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√
√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß
—¡¿“…≥å¡ÿ¡¡Õß™“«∫â“πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊ÕInterview the Perspective of the Villagers´ in the North
«“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫ àß∑⓬ªï æ.». 2548 æ“∑à“π‰ªæ∫查§ÿ¬°—∫™“«∫â“π„πµ”∫≈ª“°µ÷ß Õ”‡¿Õ·¡à®—π ®—ßÀ«—¥‡™’¬ß√“¬ „π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕß°“√‡º“ªÉ“ π“ ‰√à „πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ°—π
∫π‡ âπ∑“ß®“°µ—«‡¡◊Õ߇™’¬ß√“¬ Ÿà·¡à “¬ ∑‘«‡¢“¢â“ßÀπâ“∑’ˇÀÁπ ™“«∫â“π∫Õ°‡√“«à“π—Ëπ§◊Õ‡¢“π“ßπÕπ à«π∑’ËÀ—π¡“∑“ß∑‘»∑’ˇ√“°”≈—ß·≈àπµ√߉ª§◊Õ»’√…–¢Õßπ“ßπÕπ ∑‘«∑—»πå¢â“ß∑“ß¡’·µà¿Ÿ‡¢“≈âÕ¡√Õ∫‡¢’¬«™–Õÿࡵ≈Õ¥∑“߇™’¬ß√“¬‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß„πÀÿ∫‡¢“®√‘ßÊ ‰¡à«à“®–¢—∫√∂ºà“π‰ª∑’ˉÀπ°Á®–‡ÀÁπ·µà¿Ÿ‡¢“∂Ⓡ∑’¬∫°—∫∑“ß¿“§Õ’ “π∫â“π‡√“¿Ÿ‡¢“§π≈– ’°—π‡≈¬ Õ“°“»∑’Ëπ’Ë°Á™ÿà¡™◊Èπ°«à“‡æ√“–¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ¡“°°«à“ ¢â“ßÀπâ“∑’ˇ√“°”≈—ß®–‰ª‡æ√“–‡ÀÁ𧫗π‰øÕ¬ŸàÀπâ“∫â“π ∑’Ëπ’ˇ¢“‡º“¢¬–°—π‡°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°∫â“π∑’‡¥’¬« ∫â“π™“«‰∑¬¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ à«π„À≠àª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â°—π·∑∫∑ÿ°∫â“π ∫“ß∫â“π°Á‡™◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕ߉¡â¡ß§≈ ª≈Ÿ°µâπ¡–¬¡‰«âÀπâ“∫â“π „∫¡–¬¡√à«ß°√“«·≈⫇¢“®–®—¥‡°Á∫‡»…„∫‰¡â°‘Ë߉¡âπ’ËÕ¬à“߉√
Green Line magazine, a farewell of 2005, takes you to talk with
the villagers in Paak Teung Tambon, Mae Chan District, Chiengrai
province, in their view of burning forest, rice paddy, and crop in the
northern areas.
From the center of Chiengrai to Mae Sai, a view ahead of us is
Nang Non Mountain. The part that is coming into our straight way is
the head of Nang Non. All the sideways are surrounding by green
mountains. Chiengrai really is a city in a valley. Wherever we are
cruising by, a bunch of mountains are seen. If the mountains are
compared to those of the northeastern, they have different color.
The weather here is more moisture, as there are more of the forest
areas. We are going straight because we see the smoke in front of
the house. Here almost every household burns waste. Most households
of the Thais in the north grow a lot of plants. Some believe in lucky
plants. Lots of Mayom plants are at the front of the house. When the
leaves fall down, how they can collect twigs and leaves. The simple
37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬ 20/12/05, 5:34 PM37
38 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«38 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
ßà“¬Ê ∑’Ë∑”°—πÕ¬Ÿà®“°Õ¥’µ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π§◊Õ‡º“ À≈“¬Ê §√—«‡√◊Õπæ√âÕ¡„®°—π‡º“ πà“®–≈Õß«‘®—¬°—π —°∑’«à“ °“√‡º“¢¬–„π∫â“π‡√◊Õπ 1 §√—Èß°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å´÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡∑à“‰√ ·≈â«π”¡“ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å„À♓«∫â“π™à«¬≈¥°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë®–°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å°—π ¿“§√—∞§ßµâÕßÀ“«‘∏’°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¢¬–„π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å™ÿ¡™π Õ“∑‘ °“√√≥√ߧå„À♓«∫â“πµ—È߇ªìπ™ÿ¡™π∑”ªÿܬ àߢ“¬‡ªìπ OTOP™ÿ¡™π À√◊ÕÕ–‰√°Á‰¥â µ√ßπ’ȧ‘¥«à“§π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπà“®–√Ÿâ™àÕß∑“߉¥â¥’°«à“ ‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡º“¢¬–„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬∑“ß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ‡√“æ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥âµ≈Õ¥∑“ß ‰¡à«à“„π«—¥ „π∫â“π ∂â“π÷° πÿ°®—∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë™ÿ¡™π¡“‡√’¬ß°—π·≈â«·µà≈–∫â“π‡º“¢¬–æ√âÕ¡°—π°ÁπâÕßʉøªÉ“‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ·∂¡‡°‘¥‡ªìπª√–®”∑ÿ°«—π‡ ’¬Õ’° ·µà®–¥’°«à“‰øªÉ“ÀπàÕ¬µ√ß∑’ˇ√“¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ§ß‡À≈◊Õ„Àâ™à«¬≈¥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â
‡√“·«–À¬ÿ¥æ—°‡æ◊ËÕ查§ÿ¬°—∫™“«∫â“πµ”∫≈ª“°µ÷ßÕ.·¡à®—π °—π¥’°«à“ ÷Ë ß∑à“π‰¥â ≈–‡«≈“„Àâ ∑—Èßπ’È∑“ß°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√µâÕߢհ√“∫¢Õ∫æ√–§ÿ≥‰«â ≥ ∑’Ëπ’È §◊Õ §ÿ≥√—µπå°—π∑–¬«ß ·≈–§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ §ÿ≥√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß ‰¥â„Àâ¡ÿ¡¡Õß·≈–§«“¡√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√‡º“π“ ‰√à ·≈–ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°‘π«à“
燥’ά«π’È™“«∫â“π‡√“‰¡à‡º“ªÉ“·≈â« ∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π®–‡ªìπæ«°°–‡À√’ˬߴ–¡“°°«à“ ‡æ√“–√—∞‡¢“‡¢â“¡“√≥√ߧå„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π æ«°‡√“°Á√Ÿâ·≈â««à“¥’‰¡à¥’Õ¬à“߉√ ‡¥‘¡ “‡Àµÿ∑’ˇº“ªÉ“‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√àπ—Èπ‡æ√“–µâÕß°“√¶à“À≠â“·≈–«—™æ◊™„Àâ∂÷ß√“°¢Õß¡—π ∂Ⓡ√“∂Õπ‡¥’Î¬«¡—π°Á¢÷ÈπÕ’° ·¬àߪÿܬ·¬àßÕ“À“√¢Õßæ◊™æ—π∏ÿå∑’ˇ√“ª≈Ÿ° ∂â“®–‰∂°≈∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°‘π¢Õ߇√“°Á¡’À‘π∫â“ß°ÁÕ¬Ÿà∫π‡¢“¡—π°Á∑”≈”∫“°®÷߉¡à§àÕ¬π‘¬¡°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠
way, carried out from the past
until now, is burning. Many
households jointly burn waste.
There should be a study on how
much carbon dioxide, one of the
greenhouse gases, a major factor of
global warming, emits in the atmosphere
if one household burns waste for 1 time. Then,
take that figure and use it as a campaign for the
villagers to help reduce the activities causing carbon
dioxide. The government sector should find the way to
collect waste in the community innovatively such as
the campaign for the formation of community and
producing fertilizer as OTOP product or any activities,
which the villagers should know about the better chan-
nel. Burning waste in their residence in the northern part
of Thailand has been found on the way we drive even
in the temples. If we line up the community areas in a
row and each house burn waste at the same time, it
can be a brother to wild fire and on top of that it
happens everyday. However, the good part is we still
have lots of forests remained, reducing the emission of
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Weûd better stop to talk with the villagers of Paak
Teung Tambon, Mae Chan District, Chiengrai province.
All of them spare their own time to talk with us. We, the
Editor Team, would like to say thank you. They are Khun
Ratt Kanthayaung and Khun Banjob Santhabutr. Khun
Ratt Kanthayaung showed her perspective and know-
ledge of paddy rice, crop, and forest burning that:
çWe, the villagers, do not burn forests. Those that
do are mostly Karen. Since the government has carried
out campaign in the village, we now know how bad it
is. Originally, we burn the forest, paddy rice, and crop,
because we want to get rid of grasses and weeds to
their roots. If we pull them out, they will grow back very
37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬ 20/12/05, 5:34 PM38
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 39‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 39
‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬¡“°¥â«¬ °“√‡º“®÷߇ªìπ«‘∏’∑’ˇ√“π‘¬¡„™â‡æ√“–‰¡à ‘Èπ‡ª≈◊Õß ·≈–‰¥âº≈¥’ ´“°À≠â“∑’ˇº“°Á°≈“¬‡ªìπªÿܬÀπâ“¥‘π¥â«¬é
∂â“Õ¬à“ßπ—Èπ°“√‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√à „π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕߧÿ≥√—µπå §‘¥«à“‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√
ç∂â“∂“¡«à“°“√‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√à ·≈–‡º“ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°‘π¥’‰À¡°ÁµÕ∫‰¥â«à“‰¡à¥’·πàπÕπ ‡æ√“– Õ∫µ. °”π—π ‡¢“°Á∫Õ°·≈â««à“¡—π‰¡à¥’µàÕ à«π√«¡Õ¬à“߉√π– ™“«∫â“π∑’Ëπ’Ë°Á√Ÿâ°—πÕ¬Ÿà ¡‡¥Á®∑à“π°Á∫Õ° ‡√“µâÕß√—°…“À≈—ߧ“∫â“π‡√“ ∂Ⓡ√“‰ª∑”≈“¬ªÉ“°Á‡À¡◊Õπ∑”≈“¬À≈—ߧ“∫â“π·≈⫇√“®–Õ¬Ÿà°—πÕ¬à“߉√∫â“π∑’Ë√ࡇ¬Áπ°Á®–·Àâß·≈âß Õ—ππ’Èæ«°‡√“°Á™à«¬°—π„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’°—∫¿“§√—∞ ™“«∫â“π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√“∫‡¥’ά«π’ȉ¡à¡’°“√‡º“‰√à π“ ªÉ“·≈â« ‡√“„™â‰∂À«à“π‡À¡◊Õπ∑’ËÕ◊ËπÊ ∂â“Õ¬“°‡ÀÁπ°“√‡º“ªÉ“ ‡º“π“ µâÕߢ÷Èπ‰ª∫π‡¢“π—Ëπ°Á¬—ß¡’„Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬Ÿà ‡¢“‡º“°—π∑’‡°◊Õ∫§√÷Ëß≈Ÿ° ·µàµÕππ’ÈÀπâ“À𓫇¢“‰¡à§àÕ¬‡º“°—π®–‡º“°—πµÕπÀπâ“√âÕπÀ≈—߇°Á∫‡°’ˬ« ·µà°ÁæÕ‡ÀÁπ√àÕß√Õ¬Õ¬Ÿà ≈Õߢ—∫√∂¢÷Èπ‰ª¥Ÿ´‘é
rapidly, competing for food of the plants we are growing.
If we do the plough, rocks still exist. Sometimes the land
is on the mountain, so it is harder and not popular and
sometime using other method costs quite a fortune.
Thus, burning is a famous one because it doesnût cost
much and is effective. And the burnt grass residues
become fertilizer covering the soil surface.é
So, what is your point of view on burning paddy riceand crops?
çIf you ask whether the burning of paddy rice,
crops, and forest is good or not, we definitely answer
that it is not because as the local administration, the
village chief told that how bad it is for the public. The
villagers here have realized that. Her Majesty the Queen
also said that. We must preserve the roof of the house.
If we destroy the forest, itûs like we destroy our roof of
the house as well. And how can we live? The peaceful
house will turn drought. We have very well cooperated
with the government sector. Villagers in the plain areas
do not burn paddy rice, crops, or foresee. We do the
plough just like others. If you want to see
burning of forest or paddy rice, you have
to up the mountain. When they do
burning, half of the mountain is burnt.
But now itûs winter. They rarely burn.
They will burn during the summer
after the harvesting but you might
37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬ 20/12/05, 5:34 PM39
40 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«40 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
®∫§”∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õߧÿ≥√—µπå °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√‰¥âæ∫·≈–查§ÿ¬°—∫§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ ‡°…µ√°√¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õ߉∑¬∑à“π‰¥â„Àâ¢âÕ§‘¥‡ÀÁπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√‡º“π“ ‰√à ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ·À≈àß∑”°‘π«à“
ç·µà°àÕπ‡√“°Á‡º“°—ππ– ·µà‡¥’ά«π’ȇ√“‰¡à‡º“·≈â« °“√‡º“π—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ∂“ßæ«°«—™æ◊™ À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‡º“‡æ◊ËÕ°”®—¥¢¬–æ«°ø“ß„ππ“ ‡æ√“–‡√“‰¡à√Ÿâ®–‡Õ“‰ª∑”Õ–‰√ µàÕ¡“‡°…µ√Õ”‡¿Õ‡¢“·π–π”«à“ø“ߢ⓫‡¢“‡Õ“‰ªª≈Ÿ°¢‘ß ‡¥’ά«π’ȧπ‰√࢑߇¢“¡“¢Õ´◊ÈÕ∑’Ëπ“°—π‡≈¬ ‰¡àµâÕ߉ª‡º“·≈â« „πæ◊Èπ∑’˺◊π√“∫∫â“π‡√“(·¡à®—π) ‡¢“‰¡à‡º“°—π·≈â«®–¡’°Á·µàæ«°∫π‡¢“‚πàπ¬—ß∑”°—πÕ¬Ÿà™“«∫â“π‡√“®–‡º“°Á·µà¢¬–‡≈Á°Ê πâÕ¬Ê ‡æ√“–‰¡à√Ÿâ®–‡Õ“‰ª∑”Õ–‰√ à«πø“߇¥’ά«π’Èπ’ˇ¢“À“´◊ÈÕ°—π¡“° ‡Õ“‰ªª≈Ÿ°‡ÀÁ¥‡æ“–µâπ°≈â“ ‡°…µ√Õ”‡¿Õ‡¢“¡“∫Õ°À¡¥é
®“°§”∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õߧÿ≥√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß ·≈–§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ ‡√“Õ¬“°π”¿“æ°“√‡º“‰√à π“ ∫π‡¢“¡“Ω“° ‡ÀÁπ∑—Èß Õß∑à“π∫Õ°«à“ ‡ âπ∑“ß “¬·¡à “¬π’Ⱥà“π‡¢“ Ÿß “¡“√∂‡ÀÁπ‰¥â ‡√“¢â“¡‡¢“µ√߇¢â“ Ÿà·¡à “¬¿“æ¢Õß∑‘«∑—»πå¢â“ß∑“ßµ√ßµ“¡§”∫Õ°‡≈à“ ¿Ÿ‡¢“∑’ˇÀÁπ‡¢’¬«Ê ∫“ß≈Ÿ°‡À¡◊Õπ∂Ÿ°µ’µ“√“߉«â ’πÈ”µ“≈∫â“ß ’¥”∫â“ß ’‡¢’¬«ÕàÕπ∫â“ß ‰¡àÀ≈߇À≈◊Õ‰¡â„À≠àÊ „Àâ‡ÀÁπ °Á¡’∫“ß·Ààß∑’ˇÀÁπ≈‘∫Ê ¡’§«—π°”≈—߇º“Õ¬Ÿà·µà°ÁÕ¬Ÿà ‰°≈‰¡à “¡“√∂¢â“¡‰ª‰¥â‡æ√“–¬—߉¡à¡’ ‡ âπ∑“ߧ¡π“§¡∑’Ë¥’ ·µà∂÷ßÕ¬à“߉√ ‡√“°Á™◊Ëπ„®«à“§π‰∑¬¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠„π°“√≈¥ªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √—°…åº◊πªÉ“ ·≈–¡’§«“¡√Õ∫√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕ߇°…µ√°√√¡¡“°¢÷Èπ √Ÿâ®—°„™â∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘
Õ¬à“ߧÿâ¡§à“ ‰¡à‡º“∑‘È߉ª„Àâ°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥ª√“°Ø°“√≥å¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‚≈°¢Õ߇√“√âÕπ¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°¢≥– ‡À¡◊ Õπªí®®ÿ∫—π∑’Ë ‡ √“‡º™‘≠Õ¬Ÿà
see some evidence. Maybe you can drive there to
observe.é
After the end of the story from K. Ratt, the Editor
team met and discussed with Khun Banjob Santhabutr,
an agriculture in the north of Thailand. He gave some
thought that regarding the burning of paddy rice, crops,
and forest to use as an agricultural area that:
çBefore we did burn, but now we donût. The burning
is for eliminating weeds or hay of the paddy rice because
we donût know what we can further do with them.
Later, the District Agricultural Office advised us that rice
hays could be used for growing ginger. Now the farmer
of ginger crop comes to buy them at the rice paddy.
So there is no need to burn. In the plain land (Mae
Chan), they are not burning but those up in the mountains
still practice. Our villagers will burn only small amount of
wastes because they donût know how to use them. For
rice hays, they are bought to grow mushroom, seed-
lings. The District Agricultural Office came to tell us all.é
From the interview of Khun Ratt Kantayaung and
Khun Banjob Santhabutr, weûd like to show you the
pictured of burning paddy rice up in the mountains.
Both of them told us that this stream of river is running
through the high mountains. We were crossing the
mountains to Mae Sai, a picture of which is like what
being told. Some green mountains were like checker,
brown table, black one, or pale green. There were no
large trees left. In some places as seen afar rose the
smoke. However, we couldnÕt reach there because of
poor transportation. However, we are delighted that
the Thai people of the North see the importance in the
reduction of pollution to preserve forest areas and they
are more knowledgeable about agriculture. They know
how to use natural resources worthily. They donût burn
them to produce carbon dioxide, a cause of greenhouse
effect, thus resulted in the global warming, a problem
we are now facing.
37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬ 20/12/05, 5:35 PM40
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 41
—ߧ¡ ’‡¢’¬« ‚¥¬ : ‡¡…≠“ ™◊ËπÕ“√¡≥å/π—°‡¢’¬πÕ‘ √–
Green Society by : Mesaya Chuenarom/Freelance Writer
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 41
Agriculture has long been a main occupation of
the Thai people due to suitable geography and climate
and, more important, the consumer behavior of the
Thai people. We, then, count heavily on the agriculture
all along. Farmers should be respectable people of
Thailand. However, it has been widely known that farmers
always bear the burden of agricultural problem. Besides
a major problem of the low price of the products that
is not break even, what farmers overlook is the way
they do the cultivation, demanding high production
cost but yielding low production output.
In the primitive rice cultivation method, after harvesting,
an abundance of rice straws is left, creating a problem
of plough up. Farmers, as a result, burn both rice straws
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°“√≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡The Way to Reduce Burning Agricultural Areas
41-44/≈¥æ∑.‡°…µ√°√√¡ 22/12/05, 4:55 PM41
42 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
and cobs or just the rice straws for easier preparation
of land for the next season of crop. One rice paddy
contains 1 ton of rice straws and stalks. If farmers wait
and let the rice straws and cobs become soft, do not
use the burning method and do only plough, once the
rice straws and cobs are decomposed, such nutrients
as nitrogen of about 10 kilograms contain in the composition.
Burning agricultural residues, whether be burning of
rice straws, sugar caneûs leaves or others, causes a lot
of damages both to the cultivation, accidents from
poor visibility owing to smoke of burning, and air pollution
in terms of dust and toxic gases, detrimental to breathing.
Today there are many authorities to offer their
hand, whether be the Ministry of Agriculture and
Cooperative, the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment, and many other agencies involved. Not
long ago the Department of Agricultural Extension and
Pollution Control Department held the project led by the
National Master Plan on open-air burning according to
the agreement among ASEAN on the air pollution from
across-border smoke. The measures of open-air burning
control are implemented in 4 provinces of the piloting
agricultural areas, that is, Ayudthaya, Chainat, Suphanburi,
and Chiengmai.
Measures of Open Air Burning Controlûs major
targets are :
1. Reduce the forest fire down to less than 300,000
rais per year
2. Manage material residues from the agricultural
sector in place of burning method in at least 600,000
rais of agricultural areas by 2007
3. Utilize agricultural residues as biomass supple-
mentary energy, accounted for 21% and 25% of the
total energy consumption in 2006 and 2011, respectively.
4. Reduce the open-air burning of waste by providing
the acceptable and safe method of waste disposal not
less than 50% of all provinces and utilize waste not less
than 30% of the waste generated in 2006.
Farmers convene and build network of non-straws
and caneûs leaves burning under these activities, including
ratifying on the non-straws and caneûs leaves burning,
which has been in operation as follows
1. Provide training on the management of vegetation
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residues and agricultural residues for 12 groups with 10
people of each by supporting materials needed for
bio-water production and organic fertilizer composting,
enabling farmers to use and reduce chemical
substances. It also is the improvement to the soil fertility
or generating income for the farmers.
2. The Department of Agricultural Extension has provided
the crop demonstration of the effective way of plough
rice stalks and sugar caneûs leaves, which can turn
them into fertilizer and increase organic materials in the
soil, replenishing plant nutrients to soil. It also improves
soil properties in relation to physical, biology and chemistry,
as well as, the sustainable enrichment of soil :
- Demonstration of Rice Stalks Plough (250 rais at
Chiengmai, 200 rais at Ayudthaya, 200 rais at Chainat,
and 200 rais at Suphanburi)
- Demonstration of Sugar Caneûs Leaves Plough
(150 rais at Suphanburi)
The project of rice stalks plough is effective as follows :
Ô Being able to do the complete and consistent
plough over the crop
Ô Overturn grass roots to be exposed in the sunlight
and become dry and finally dead
Ô Once ploughed soil has been completely exposed
to the sun, the sunlight will help kill diseases and insects,
accumulated beneath the soil, reducing the use of
pesticides.
Ô The soil can be deeply ploughed, resulting in
loosen soil surface, suitable for the roots to burrow and
easier to get food. The plant is sprouting very well.
3. Organize technology transfer exhibitions 4 times
with 120 participants each, educating the participating
farmers, who are the member of network of non-straws
and caneûs leaves burning, and neighboring farmers in
the piloting provinces.
4. Organize workshop training at 4 piloting provinces
for the involved government officials and networking
farmers, 60 people each.
From the 400 surveys of the problem of burning in
the agricultural areas, it has found that :
Ô Before the existence of the project, 85% of farmers
burnt rice straws and agricultural residues of the crop,
while 15% did not. The reason of burning is that itûs
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- ®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√‰∂°≈∫µÕ —ß (‡™’¬ß„À¡à 250 ‰√à,
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·≈– ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ 200 ‰√à)
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Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. ·ºπ·¡à∫∑·Ààß™“µ‘ «à“¥â«¬°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß
(°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…)2. «“√ “√‡°…µ√°√√¡ª≈Õ¥°“√‡º“ ªï∑’Ë 1. ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2.
(°.§.-°.¬. 2547), ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2
Reference1. The National Plan on the Control of Open Air Burning
(The Pollution Control Department)
2. Non-Burning Agriculture magazine, Year 1, Volume 2
(July-September, 2004), Issue 1
inconvenient for them in land preparation while
burning is easier and fast method for the
continual use of crop.
Ô After the existence of the project, 49% of
the farmers are cooperating and not burning
rice straws and agricultural residues. They are in
need of the government support in terms of
agricultural machines, plough service to replace
burning, including providing knowledge in other
areas such as composting manure and bio-
extract as well.
In Suphanburi, many authorities constantly
provide technical information and suggestion. From the
survey of information from the farmers, it has found that
currently the rice paddy burning decreases from the
overall burning (both straws and cobs), to burning only
rice straws but leave cobs alone. Later, plough or soil
battering is done, and add microbes into the rice crop
for the help of decomposition. Leave it for 10-15 days,
then the process of sowing and transplanting rice
seedlings begins.
As observed, farmers acknowledge the technical
information provided by many agencies, and are able
to reduce the burning of rice crop. However, the total
revamp of the new method of agriculture cannot be
done at once until the government agencies can show
them that if they donût use the technique of burning,
other practical, effective and fast alternative exists. The
equipment too must be available, cheap, and cost-break
even. What important is the alternative method to burning
should be adaptable to suit different agricultural areas
of Thailand. Consequently, farmers are convinced and
permanently change to practice agriculture without
burning.
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„∫ÕàÕπ ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ÿ¥“√—™ ‘ßÀ‚°«‘π∑å
Young Leaf Compiled by : Sudarach Singhagowin
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 45
‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠇪ìπÀπ÷Ëß„π‚§√ß°“√∑’Ë ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.) „Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ ÷Ëß®–‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√æ—≤π“»—°¬¿“æ¢Õߧ√Ÿ ‚¥¬‡ª≈’ˬπ«‘∏’§‘¥·≈–°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ®“°§√Ÿ∑’ˇ§¬ Õπµ“¡·∫∫·ºπ·≈–‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„À⇪ìπ§√Ÿ„π∞“π–ºŸâ √â“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ®“°∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑’ˇªìπª√–‡¥Áπ∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß¡’ à«π√à«¡√–À«à“ß‚√߇√’¬π°—∫™ÿ¡™π
Youth and the Local Science Lessons
The local science project is among the funded projects of
the Thailand Research Fund (TRF). The project is a guidance to
develop the capacity of the teacher by transforming the thinking
and teaching process. Formerly, the teacher gave the lesson on
the basis of established patterns and contents. Now, the teacher
becomes a creator of local knowledge through research projects,
in order to build local scientific anecdotes with the participation
between school and community.
45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:34 PM45
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À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ §◊Õ §√ŸµâÕß≈ß¡◊Õ§âπ§«â“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â«¬µπ‡Õß ∑—Èß®“°‡Õ° “√·À≈àߧ«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈–®“°°“√ ”√«®„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«π”¡“ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å«‘∂’™’«‘µ —ߧ¡ ·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√µ‘¥Õ“«ÿ∏∑“ߪí≠≠“„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˧√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫∑∫“∑‡ªìππ—°«‘®—¬ ·≈â«·ª≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥âπ’ÈπÕ°®“°®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ‡©æ“–∂‘Ëπ·≈⫬—߉¥â√Ÿâ®—°·À≈à߇√’¬π√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ∑—Èß®“°π—°«‘™“°“√ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËÀπ૬ߓπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª√“™≠噓«∫â“π ¥â«¬§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∑’Ë«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª≈«· ß·Ààߪí≠≠“‡®‘¥®â“„πµ—«§√Ÿ·≈â«°“√ àߺà“𧫓¡√Ÿâ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°§√ŸºŸâ Õπ¡“¬—ߺŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ—Èπ‡¥Á°Ê ºŸâ‡√’¬π®–∂Ÿ°ª≈Ÿ°«—§ ’π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥∑’ˇªìπ°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥·∫∫«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê§ÿâπ‡§¬°Á “¡“√∂𔉪ª√—∫ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‰¥â°—∫ ç°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâµ≈Õ¥™’«‘µé
°“√‡√’¬πøî ‘° 宓°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“ ‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬π”‡Õ“‡√◊ËÕß√“«„π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¡“‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬π“¬‰æ√√ÿàßß“¡ ¡æ√æß»å ‚√߇√’¬πª√‘π å√Õ·¬≈«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß‚§√ß°“√™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ¡∫—µ‘·≈–ª√“°Ø°“√≥å¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß®“°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠À“≈â“ππ“ ÷Ëß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâπ’ȇªìπ°“√π”¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬»“ µ√å∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å Õ“∑‘ °“√π”‡Õ“¢à“ß‚«â¡“∑¥≈Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§ÿ≥‰æ√√ÿàß ¡’§«“¡ π„®‡√◊ËÕß°“√∑√ßµ—«·≈–°“√À¡ÿπ∑’ˉ¥â ¡¥ÿ≈‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ∑’ˇ¡◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°¢à“ßÀ¡ÿπ∑«π‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ·µà∂â“À¡ÿπµ“¡‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ª√–‡¥Áππ’ȵâÕ߉ª»÷°…“À“§”µÕ∫®“°·À≈àߺ≈‘µ ÷Ëߧ”µÕ∫∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¬‘Ëß∑”
The main principle of local learning is for the teachers
themselves to search for knowledge both from the
anecdotes and from the local surroundings, to create
knowledge activities, associated with sciences, way of
life, society, and culture, for students. As such, itûs the
process of building intellectual weapon for the teacher
through the research process where the teacher plays
his/her role of the researcher and then transforms the
knowledge gained from the study into lessons. The
knowledge gained not only comes from the local
anecdotes but also from different sources of
knowledge; be academicians, local government
officials, and local gurus. The belief that when the teacher
is enlightened with the intellect, the knowledge gained
and the learning processes are passed through to the
learner. The students then are vaccinated with the
scientific process of thinking and the familiar research
process and they are able to apply such knowledge to
çleft-time learning.é
The learning of physics from the local Lanna
wooden toys is an example of the learning/teaching
lesson by relating local surrounding with the science.
Mr. Priaroong Ngamsomporn of Prince Royal College,
Chiang Mai, is the project owner of the learning of
properties and the phenomena of sound wave through
the local Lanna wooden toy. This project is to apply the
local toy to explain the principle of physics, such as,
the experiment of the top, because K. Priaroong is
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„À⇧“√æ„π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√∫“°‰¡â‰ºà„À≥âÕß»“‡À¡“–‡®“– °“√°–¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ∑’Ë„Àâ≈¡ºà“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ ’¬¥ ’√–À«à“ß≈¡°—∫√Ÿ ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß¢÷Èπ‰¥â ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ◊ËÕ§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π§≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß‰¥â™—¥‡®π∑’Ë ÿ¥ “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß‡ ’¬ßµË” ®“°µâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß·≈–§«“¡∂’Ë∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß·≈–·À≈¡
°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ¢Õß‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π·À≈¡Õ.°—πµ—ß ®.µ√—ß ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’˧‘¥¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â»÷°…“‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ÷Ëß¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„πµ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡ ¡“∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡ªìπÀ≈—° Ÿµ√∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫π—°‡√’¬πµ—Èß·µà ª.4 ∂÷ß ª.6 „À≥â√Ÿâ∑—Èßç∑—°…–°“√‡≈’Ȭßé ç«ß®√™’«‘µé √«¡∂÷ß ç√–∫∫𑇫»¢Õß™“¬Ωíòßé·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√√≥√ߧå„À⇬“«™π‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀÕ¬π“ß√¡´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±åª√–®”µ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡¥â«¬
·¡≈ßÀ°¢“∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ëß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π°√–∑ÿà¡Õ. µ÷° ®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡¥Á°Ê ∑’Ëπ’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡‡√’¬π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓°µ“√“ß∏“µÿ ·µà‡√‘Ë¡®“°°Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ»÷°…“«à“‡Àµÿ„¥·¡≈ß„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π®÷ß≈¥≈ß °‘®°√√¡∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê µâÕß∑”§◊Õ °“√ÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈ßæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑—Èß®“°°“√ —߇°µ °“√ Õ∫∂“¡‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡®“°§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∑—È߬—ßµâÕß»÷°…“√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß·¡≈ß·∫∫≈ß≈÷°¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“«ß®√™’«‘µ ‚¥¬·∫àß°≈ÿà¡°—π‡≈’Ȭ߷¡≈ß À√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈߇∫â“ ´÷ËßÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π¢’ȧ«“¬ ‡¥Á°‡°‘¥§«“¡ ß —¬«à“‡æ√“–Õ–‰√¡—π∂÷߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà„ππ—Èπ®÷ß𔉪 Ÿà°“√查∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ·≈⫇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß Ÿà∑ƒ…Æ’µà“ßÊ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’‡Àµÿ¡’º≈
interested in the balance and the balancing spin,
particularly when the tops are spun counter-clockwise,
they will make sound. But if they are spun clockwise,
the sound wonût be produced. We did a little research
at the source of manufacturer. With the result, we have
even been more respectful with the local intellect in
the way that the cut of the groove on the bamboo at
the right angle to make an appropriate hole for the
wind to pass through, the friction between the wind
and hole, can make sound. Itûs considered as a local
toy that can clearly explain the knowledge of sound
wave, the high and low tone from the original source
of sound, and the frequency producing high and treble
tone.
The learning of oyster at Ban Laem school,
Amphur Kantang, Trang is another set of learning cre-
ated for students to learn about nature through the
study of oyster, which is plenty at Tambon Ban Laem.
The lesson is an integral part of the curriculum for Pratom
4-6 to teach çSkills of Farming,é çLife Cycle,é including
çCoastal Ecology,é and it also is a campaign for the
young people to regard the importance of oysters, a
main product of Ban Laem sub-district.
6-legged insect at Burirum is another scientific
learning set of students at Ban Gratoom school, Amphur
Satuek, Burirum. Students here donût start to learn
science from the Element Table but from the pile of
buffalo dung to study why the number of the insects at
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™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢ÕßπÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß Õ.∑ÿàß ß ®.π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊ÕπÀâÕ߇√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππÈ”¢Õß·¡àπÈ”µ√—ß∑’ËÀ≈àÕ‡≈’Ȭߧπ„πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë „πÕ¥’µπ—Èπ·¡àπÈ”„ –Õ“¥ “¡“√∂„™â¥◊Ë¡°‘π‰¥â ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÀ≈“¬·Ààßµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„°≈â°—∫·À≈àßµâππÈ” °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–∑“ßπÈ” Õ’°∑—Èߧπ„π™ÿ¡™π¬—ߢ“¥§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√®—¥°“√πÈ” ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π™ÿ¥π’È®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¬‘Ëß ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™ππ’È ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°®–‰¥â√—∫πÕ°®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈â« ¬—߉¥â√—∫ª√– ∫°“√≥åµ√ß ∑—°…– ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬ °“√∫—π∑÷°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ÷Ë߉¡à„™à‡ªìπ°“√∑àÕß®”®“°µ”√“·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê Õ’°·≈â«πÕ°®“°π’ȇ¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§π„π™ÿ¡™π®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑’Ë¥’µàÕ°—π ‡æ√“–∂â“π—°‡√’¬π‡¢“Õ¬“°√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕßÕ–‰√‡¢“®–∂“¡§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∫“ß∑’§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á∂“¡„π ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ‡¢“‰ª ”√«®¡“∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á‡√‘Ë¡‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢Õß “¬πÈ”·Ààßπ’È¡“°¢÷Èπ º≈®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê‡°‘¥§«“¡§‘¥µàÕ¬Õ¥®“°°‘®°√√¡ ”√«®πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« æ«°‡¢“‡ÀÁπ«à“§«√®–¡’°“√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë æ√âÕ¡°—∫√à“ß·≈–∑”·ºπ∑’ËπÈ”µ°ª≈‘«¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√° π—∫‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ˬ—߉¡à‡§¬¡’„§√§‘¥∑”¡“°àÕπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·Ààßπ’È ‚¥¬®–∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ‰«â Õ“∑‘°“√æ∫ª≈“µŸÀπ“ ÷Ë߇ªìπª≈“∑’ˇ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â¥’„π∫√‘‡«≥πÈ”π‘ËßÀ√◊ժɓæ√ÿ ‡¢“°Á‰ª»÷°…“À“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–§âπæ∫«à“¡—π„°≈â Ÿ≠æ—π∏ÿ凵Á¡∑’·≈â« ®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ—π∏ÿåª≈“™π‘¥π’È¢÷Èπªí®®ÿ∫—π·ºπ∑’Ë “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ∑”¢÷Èππ’È ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π-‚≈¬’√“™¡ß§≈‰¥â¢Õ·ºπ∑’ˉª„™â»÷°…“µàÕ ·≈–Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√
the village are decreasing. The activities these children
had to do were collecting insect samples, studying the
information both through observation and from interviewing
additional information from the local community. Apart
from this, they had to go deep in details of the insect
through the study of its life cycle. They were divided into
groups to perform different tasks, such as, raising the insect
or collecting samples of the insects living inside the
buffalo dung. The students were wondered why they
reside in the dung, thus leading to the chemical structure
of buffalo dung. And from the study of natural surroundings,
it can also link to other scientific theories, enabling the
children to explain natural phenomenon reasonably.
The learning set of the community quality of
water is another scientific learning through the study of
Pliew waterfall, a natural resource of Amphur Tungsong,
Nakorn Sithammarat, considered as a local lab. Pliew
waterfall is an original source of the Trang river, nourishing
the people in the area. The water of the river was once
so pure that it could be consumed directly. However,
since there are many factories located nearby, the
water pollution unavoidably occurs. Besides, the people
still lack knowledge of water management in the
community. As a result, this learning set of the community
quality of water poses its importance for this community.
The children not only learn science, but they will also
gain direct experience, skills, and the process of
research, recording, analyzing, all of which are no longer
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the memorization of the knowledge as that of the old
lesson. Moreover, it also builds a good relationship be-
tween children and community people because the
students will ask the community people of what they
want to know. Sometimes, on the contrary, the
community ask the students of what they have learnt,
generating the sharing of knowledge among themselves.
More important is that the community sees the value of
the river more. The result of learning and study of the
Pliew waterfall enabled the children to further create
other activities. They thought that there should be a
map. So, they drafted the map and made it for the first
time which nobody had ever thought of doing so. On
the map, they put the remarks on such things as the
discovery of Tu-Naa fish, a fish that can grow very well
in the stagnant water, or Peat Swam Forest, where they
looked into the information and found that itûs almost
extinct. Thus, it created the sense of Tu-naa fish conser-
vation in the community. Today, the Technology
Ratchamongkol Institute has requested for the map to
further study and the local administration is able to use
the map to develop the community along the path of
Pliew waterfall, too.
To educate the children and youth through the
natural learning process not only revives the scientific
textbooks or other academic contents, but it also makes
learning science a fun way, and cultivates the
awareness of loving nature, observation, recording,
analyzing, and, more importantly, the innovation for their
own community, to understand the local sciences, and
the love for the community. If many communities
develop the learning process through nature, the future
of the country will lie in the hands of younger generation
who definitely love and care for their nature, along with
local cultures and traditions.
à«πµ”∫≈°Á “¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑’Ëπ’ȉª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“™ÿ¡™π„π‡ âπ∑“ß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‰¥â¥â«¬
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µ≈Õ¥®π«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–ª√–‡æ≥’∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ
Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. ™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿâ, ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ·Ààß™“µ‘
(Thailand Knowledge Center : TKC) °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√, Àπâ“ 102,æ.». 2547
Reference1. Community Knowledge Management, Thailand
Knowledge Center : TKC, Ministry of Information and
Communication Technology, page 102, 2004
π„® Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‰¥â∑’Ë
‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.)‡≈¢∑’Ë 979 Õ“§“√‡Õ ‡ÕÁ¡ ∑“«‡«Õ√å ™—Èπ 14∂ππæÀ≈‚¬∏‘π ·¢«ß “¡‡ π„π ‡¢µæ≠“‰∑°√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400‚∑√»—æ∑å 0-2298-0455-72
For more information, please contact:
The Local Science Project
Thailand Research Fund (TRF),
14th Floor, SME Tower, 979, Paholyothin Rd.,
Samsennai, Payathai, Bangkok 10400
Tel: 0-2298-0455-72
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À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ §◊Õ §√ŸµâÕß≈ß¡◊Õ§âπ§«â“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â«¬µπ‡Õß ∑—Èß®“°‡Õ° “√·À≈àߧ«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈–®“°°“√ ”√«®„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«π”¡“ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å«‘∂’™’«‘µ —ߧ¡ ·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√µ‘¥Õ“«ÿ∏∑“ߪí≠≠“„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˧√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫∑∫“∑‡ªìππ—°«‘®—¬ ·≈â«·ª≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥âπ’ÈπÕ°®“°®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ‡©æ“–∂‘Ëπ·≈⫬—߉¥â√Ÿâ®—°·À≈à߇√’¬π√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ∑—Èß®“°π—°«‘™“°“√ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËÀπ૬ߓπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª√“™≠噓«∫â“π ¥â«¬§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∑’Ë«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª≈«· ß·Ààߪí≠≠“‡®‘¥®â“„πµ—«§√Ÿ·≈â«°“√ àߺà“𧫓¡√Ÿâ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°§√ŸºŸâ Õπ¡“¬—ߺŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ—Èπ‡¥Á°Ê ºŸâ‡√’¬π®–∂Ÿ°ª≈Ÿ°«—§ ’π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥∑’ˇªìπ°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥·∫∫«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê§ÿâπ‡§¬°Á “¡“√∂𔉪ª√—∫ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‰¥â°—∫ ç°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâµ≈Õ¥™’«‘µé
°“√‡√’¬πøî ‘° 宓°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“ ‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬π”‡Õ“‡√◊ËÕß√“«„π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¡“‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬π“¬‰æ√√ÿàßß“¡ ¡æ√æß»å ‚√߇√’¬πª√‘π å√Õ·¬≈«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß‚§√ß°“√™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ¡∫—µ‘·≈–ª√“°Ø°“√≥å¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß®“°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠À“≈â“ππ“ ÷Ëß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâπ’ȇªìπ°“√π”¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬»“ µ√å∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å Õ“∑‘ °“√π”‡Õ“¢à“ß‚«â¡“∑¥≈Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§ÿ≥‰æ√√ÿàß ¡’§«“¡ π„®‡√◊ËÕß°“√∑√ßµ—«·≈–°“√À¡ÿπ∑’ˉ¥â ¡¥ÿ≈‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ∑’ˇ¡◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°¢à“ßÀ¡ÿπ∑«π‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ·µà∂â“À¡ÿπµ“¡‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ª√–‡¥Áππ’ȵâÕ߉ª»÷°…“À“§”µÕ∫®“°·À≈àߺ≈‘µ ÷Ëߧ”µÕ∫∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¬‘Ëß∑”
The main principle of local learning is for the teachers
themselves to search for knowledge both from the
anecdotes and from the local surroundings, to create
knowledge activities, associated with sciences, way of
life, society, and culture, for students. As such, itûs the
process of building intellectual weapon for the teacher
through the research process where the teacher plays
his/her role of the researcher and then transforms the
knowledge gained from the study into lessons. The
knowledge gained not only comes from the local
anecdotes but also from different sources of
knowledge; be academicians, local government
officials, and local gurus. The belief that when the teacher
is enlightened with the intellect, the knowledge gained
and the learning processes are passed through to the
learner. The students then are vaccinated with the
scientific process of thinking and the familiar research
process and they are able to apply such knowledge to
çleft-time learning.é
The learning of physics from the local Lanna
wooden toys is an example of the learning/teaching
lesson by relating local surrounding with the science.
Mr. Priaroong Ngamsomporn of Prince Royal College,
Chiang Mai, is the project owner of the learning of
properties and the phenomena of sound wave through
the local Lanna wooden toy. This project is to apply the
local toy to explain the principle of physics, such as,
the experiment of the top, because K. Priaroong is
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„À⇧“√æ„π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√∫“°‰¡â‰ºà„À≥âÕß»“‡À¡“–‡®“– °“√°–¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ∑’Ë„Àâ≈¡ºà“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ ’¬¥ ’√–À«à“ß≈¡°—∫√Ÿ ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß¢÷Èπ‰¥â ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ◊ËÕ§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π§≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß‰¥â™—¥‡®π∑’Ë ÿ¥ “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß‡ ’¬ßµË” ®“°µâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß·≈–§«“¡∂’Ë∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß·≈–·À≈¡
°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ¢Õß‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π·À≈¡Õ.°—πµ—ß ®.µ√—ß ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’˧‘¥¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â»÷°…“‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ÷Ëß¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„πµ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡ ¡“∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡ªìπÀ≈—° Ÿµ√∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫π—°‡√’¬πµ—Èß·µà ª.4 ∂÷ß ª.6 „À≥â√Ÿâ∑—Èßç∑—°…–°“√‡≈’Ȭßé ç«ß®√™’«‘µé √«¡∂÷ß ç√–∫∫𑇫»¢Õß™“¬Ωíòßé·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√√≥√ߧå„À⇬“«™π‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀÕ¬π“ß√¡´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±åª√–®”µ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡¥â«¬
·¡≈ßÀ°¢“∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ëß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π°√–∑ÿà¡Õ. µ÷° ®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡¥Á°Ê ∑’Ëπ’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡‡√’¬π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓°µ“√“ß∏“µÿ ·µà‡√‘Ë¡®“°°Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ»÷°…“«à“‡Àµÿ„¥·¡≈ß„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π®÷ß≈¥≈ß °‘®°√√¡∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê µâÕß∑”§◊Õ °“√ÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈ßæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑—Èß®“°°“√ —߇°µ °“√ Õ∫∂“¡‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡®“°§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∑—È߬—ßµâÕß»÷°…“√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß·¡≈ß·∫∫≈ß≈÷°¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“«ß®√™’«‘µ ‚¥¬·∫àß°≈ÿà¡°—π‡≈’Ȭ߷¡≈ß À√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈߇∫â“ ´÷ËßÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π¢’ȧ«“¬ ‡¥Á°‡°‘¥§«“¡ ß —¬«à“‡æ√“–Õ–‰√¡—π∂÷߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà„ππ—Èπ®÷ß𔉪 Ÿà°“√查∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ·≈⫇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß Ÿà∑ƒ…Æ’µà“ßÊ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’‡Àµÿ¡’º≈
interested in the balance and the balancing spin,
particularly when the tops are spun counter-clockwise,
they will make sound. But if they are spun clockwise,
the sound wonût be produced. We did a little research
at the source of manufacturer. With the result, we have
even been more respectful with the local intellect in
the way that the cut of the groove on the bamboo at
the right angle to make an appropriate hole for the
wind to pass through, the friction between the wind
and hole, can make sound. Itûs considered as a local
toy that can clearly explain the knowledge of sound
wave, the high and low tone from the original source
of sound, and the frequency producing high and treble
tone.
The learning of oyster at Ban Laem school,
Amphur Kantang, Trang is another set of learning cre-
ated for students to learn about nature through the
study of oyster, which is plenty at Tambon Ban Laem.
The lesson is an integral part of the curriculum for Pratom
4-6 to teach çSkills of Farming,é çLife Cycle,é including
çCoastal Ecology,é and it also is a campaign for the
young people to regard the importance of oysters, a
main product of Ban Laem sub-district.
6-legged insect at Burirum is another scientific
learning set of students at Ban Gratoom school, Amphur
Satuek, Burirum. Students here donût start to learn
science from the Element Table but from the pile of
buffalo dung to study why the number of the insects at
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™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢ÕßπÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß Õ.∑ÿàß ß ®.π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊ÕπÀâÕ߇√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππÈ”¢Õß·¡àπÈ”µ√—ß∑’ËÀ≈àÕ‡≈’Ȭߧπ„πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë „πÕ¥’µπ—Èπ·¡àπÈ”„ –Õ“¥ “¡“√∂„™â¥◊Ë¡°‘π‰¥â ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÀ≈“¬·Ààßµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„°≈â°—∫·À≈àßµâππÈ” °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–∑“ßπÈ” Õ’°∑—Èߧπ„π™ÿ¡™π¬—ߢ“¥§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√®—¥°“√πÈ” ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π™ÿ¥π’È®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¬‘Ëß ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™ππ’È ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°®–‰¥â√—∫πÕ°®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈â« ¬—߉¥â√—∫ª√– ∫°“√≥åµ√ß ∑—°…– ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬ °“√∫—π∑÷°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ÷Ë߉¡à„™à‡ªìπ°“√∑àÕß®”®“°µ”√“·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê Õ’°·≈â«πÕ°®“°π’ȇ¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§π„π™ÿ¡™π®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑’Ë¥’µàÕ°—π ‡æ√“–∂â“π—°‡√’¬π‡¢“Õ¬“°√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕßÕ–‰√‡¢“®–∂“¡§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∫“ß∑’§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á∂“¡„π ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ‡¢“‰ª ”√«®¡“∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á‡√‘Ë¡‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢Õß “¬πÈ”·Ààßπ’È¡“°¢÷Èπ º≈®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê‡°‘¥§«“¡§‘¥µàÕ¬Õ¥®“°°‘®°√√¡ ”√«®πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« æ«°‡¢“‡ÀÁπ«à“§«√®–¡’°“√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë æ√âÕ¡°—∫√à“ß·≈–∑”·ºπ∑’ËπÈ”µ°ª≈‘«¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√° π—∫‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ˬ—߉¡à‡§¬¡’„§√§‘¥∑”¡“°àÕπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·Ààßπ’È ‚¥¬®–∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ‰«â Õ“∑‘°“√æ∫ª≈“µŸÀπ“ ÷Ë߇ªìπª≈“∑’ˇ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â¥’„π∫√‘‡«≥πÈ”π‘ËßÀ√◊ժɓæ√ÿ ‡¢“°Á‰ª»÷°…“À“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–§âπæ∫«à“¡—π„°≈â Ÿ≠æ—π∏ÿ凵Á¡∑’·≈â« ®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ—π∏ÿåª≈“™π‘¥π’È¢÷Èπªí®®ÿ∫—π·ºπ∑’Ë “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ∑”¢÷Èππ’È ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π-‚≈¬’√“™¡ß§≈‰¥â¢Õ·ºπ∑’ˉª„™â»÷°…“µàÕ ·≈–Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√
the village are decreasing. The activities these children
had to do were collecting insect samples, studying the
information both through observation and from interviewing
additional information from the local community. Apart
from this, they had to go deep in details of the insect
through the study of its life cycle. They were divided into
groups to perform different tasks, such as, raising the insect
or collecting samples of the insects living inside the
buffalo dung. The students were wondered why they
reside in the dung, thus leading to the chemical structure
of buffalo dung. And from the study of natural surroundings,
it can also link to other scientific theories, enabling the
children to explain natural phenomenon reasonably.
The learning set of the community quality of
water is another scientific learning through the study of
Pliew waterfall, a natural resource of Amphur Tungsong,
Nakorn Sithammarat, considered as a local lab. Pliew
waterfall is an original source of the Trang river, nourishing
the people in the area. The water of the river was once
so pure that it could be consumed directly. However,
since there are many factories located nearby, the
water pollution unavoidably occurs. Besides, the people
still lack knowledge of water management in the
community. As a result, this learning set of the community
quality of water poses its importance for this community.
The children not only learn science, but they will also
gain direct experience, skills, and the process of
research, recording, analyzing, all of which are no longer
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the memorization of the knowledge as that of the old
lesson. Moreover, it also builds a good relationship be-
tween children and community people because the
students will ask the community people of what they
want to know. Sometimes, on the contrary, the
community ask the students of what they have learnt,
generating the sharing of knowledge among themselves.
More important is that the community sees the value of
the river more. The result of learning and study of the
Pliew waterfall enabled the children to further create
other activities. They thought that there should be a
map. So, they drafted the map and made it for the first
time which nobody had ever thought of doing so. On
the map, they put the remarks on such things as the
discovery of Tu-Naa fish, a fish that can grow very well
in the stagnant water, or Peat Swam Forest, where they
looked into the information and found that itûs almost
extinct. Thus, it created the sense of Tu-naa fish conser-
vation in the community. Today, the Technology
Ratchamongkol Institute has requested for the map to
further study and the local administration is able to use
the map to develop the community along the path of
Pliew waterfall, too.
To educate the children and youth through the
natural learning process not only revives the scientific
textbooks or other academic contents, but it also makes
learning science a fun way, and cultivates the
awareness of loving nature, observation, recording,
analyzing, and, more importantly, the innovation for their
own community, to understand the local sciences, and
the love for the community. If many communities
develop the learning process through nature, the future
of the country will lie in the hands of younger generation
who definitely love and care for their nature, along with
local cultures and traditions.
à«πµ”∫≈°Á “¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑’Ëπ’ȉª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“™ÿ¡™π„π‡ âπ∑“ß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‰¥â¥â«¬
°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°à‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√
‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâµ”√“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å
À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“°“√µà“ßÊ ¡’™’«‘µ¢÷Èπ¡“ „Àâæ«°‡¢“‰¥â‡√’¬π√Ÿâ
Õ¬à“ß πÿ° π“π·≈â« ¬—ߪ≈Ÿ°Ωíß ”π÷°√—°…å∏√√¡™“µ‘
°“√ —߇°µ °“√∫—π∑÷° °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ
°“√ √â“ß √√§å ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ™ÿ¡™π∑’˵π‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿà ‰¥â‡¢â“„®
»“ µ√åæ◊Èπ∫â“π ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√‡§“√æ√—°∂‘Ëπ∞“π ∂â“À≈“¬Ê
™ÿ¡™π‡°‘¥·π«§‘¥„π°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„Àâ
Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘„π·µà≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠧑¥«à“Õ𓧵
¢Õß™“µ‘§ß¡’Õπÿ™π√ÿàπÀ≈—ß∑’Ë√—°·≈–Àà«ß„¬∏√√¡™“µ‘
µ≈Õ¥®π«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–ª√–‡æ≥’∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ
Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. ™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿâ, ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ·Ààß™“µ‘
(Thailand Knowledge Center : TKC) °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√, Àπâ“ 102,æ.». 2547
Reference1. Community Knowledge Management, Thailand
Knowledge Center : TKC, Ministry of Information and
Communication Technology, page 102, 2004
π„® Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‰¥â∑’Ë
‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.)‡≈¢∑’Ë 979 Õ“§“√‡Õ ‡ÕÁ¡ ∑“«‡«Õ√å ™—Èπ 14∂ππæÀ≈‚¬∏‘π ·¢«ß “¡‡ π„π ‡¢µæ≠“‰∑°√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400‚∑√»—æ∑å 0-2298-0455-72
For more information, please contact:
The Local Science Project
Thailand Research Fund (TRF),
14th Floor, SME Tower, 979, Paholyothin Rd.,
Samsennai, Payathai, Bangkok 10400
Tel: 0-2298-0455-72
45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:38 PM49
50 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
°√’π‡«Á∫ ‚¥¬ : Mr.web
Green Web by : Mr.web
‡«Á∫‰´µå∑’Ëπ”¡“·π–π”°—π„π©∫—∫π’È ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫∑’Ë
„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√∑’Ëπà“√Ÿâ πà“ π„®¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß
ª√–‡∑» √«¡‰ª∂÷ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß‚≈° ·∂¡
∫“߇«Á∫¬—ß¡’≈‘ߧ剪¬—߇«Á∫∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ∂⓵âÕß°“√
»÷°…“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ√—∫√Õ߉¡àº‘¥À«—ß
Websites introduced in this volume are webs
that provides informative and interesting on the
energy of Thailand as well as the World. Some
webs may have links to other related webs. If
you want to do research or educate, you wonût
be disappointed for sure.
‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß ¿“Õÿµ “À°√√¡·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡‡√◊ËÕß√“«¢Õß¿“«–Õÿµ “À°√√¡, SMEs, ¿“…’Õ“°√, ∑√—欓°√¡πÿ…¬å, °ÆÀ¡“¬, ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’, æ≈—ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡, ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õÿµ “À°√√¡, ¡“µ√∞“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡, à߇ √‘¡°“√≈ß∑ÿπ,°“√ àßÕÕ°
It is the web of the Federation of Thai Industries,
compiling the situation of industry, SMEs, taxes, human
resources, law, technology, industrial energy, environ-
mental industry, international standard of industry,
support of investment, and export.
„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π
It provides information on energy and environment
conservation and the use of renewable energy.
WEBSITE
www.fti.or.th
www.efe.or.th
50-53/Green Web 20/12/05, 6:08 PM50
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 51
‡ªìπ‡«Á∫¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—πæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π‡Õ∏“πÕ≈‰∫‚Õ¥’‡´≈·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡¢à“« “√ °‘®°√√¡ ∫∑§«“¡ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫
‡Õ∏“πÕ≈
This web belongs to the Foundation of Alternative Energy Ethanol-Bio Diesel of Thailand, compiling news,
activities, and articles about ethanol.
www.ethanol-thailand.com
‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß»Ÿπ¬åÕπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π ¡’‡√◊ËÕß√“«¢Õ߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™âæ≈—ßß“π ‡¬“«™π°—∫æ≈—ßß“π ·≈–°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π„π§√—«‡√◊Õπ
Itûs the website of the Center of Energy Conserva-
tion, offering the information of technology energy, the
application of energy, youth and energy, and the use
of household energy.
„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µà“ßÊ ¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π Õ“∑‘ √“§“πÈ”¡—𠇫Á∫‰´µå¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π √«¡‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ëπà“ π„®∑—Ë«Ê ‰ª‡°’ˬ«°—∫æ≈—ßß“π‚¥¬¡’»Ÿπ¬å “√ π‡∑»°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥∑”
It provides an abundance of energy information
such as the gas price, comprehensive links of energy,
including other interesting things about energy. The
Information Technology of the Center of Energy
Conservation created the website.
www.ecct-th.org
www.thaienergy.net
50-53/Green Web 20/12/05, 6:09 PM51
52 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—πª√–À¬—¥æ≈—ßß“π·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ „Àâ¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π
The website belongs to the Energy Efficiency
Institute (Thailand) Foundation, offering information
concerning the conservation of energy and environment,
and the use of renewable energy.
www.eeit.or.th
‡ªìπ‡«Á∫¢Õß ”π—°ß“ππ‚¬∫“¬·≈–·ºπæ≈—ßß“π „À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π
It is the web of the Energy Policy and Planning
Office, educating and providing information concern-
ing the conservation of energy and environment, and
the use of renewable energy.
www.eppo.go.th
”π—°∫√‘°“√ “√ π‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡æ≈—ßß“π ‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥∑”‡«Á∫π’È ‚¥¬„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡√◊ËÕß°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π
The Information Technology of Industrial Energy
Service Office created this website and provide
information on the use of renewable energy.
www.energythai.net
50-53/Green Web 20/12/05, 6:09 PM52
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 53
„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ∂“π°“√≥åæ≈—ßß“π ‰øøÑ“‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ √“§“®”Àπà“¬µ≈“¥µà“ߪ√–‡∑»·≈–„πª√–‡∑» ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»»—°¬¿“æ· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‡ªìπµâπ
It provides information about the situation of
energy, electricity, fuel, the use of energy and fuels,
the gas price of domestic and overseas market,
climate, the sunlight capacity, etc.
www.teenet.chula.ac.th
‡ªìπ‡«Á∫∑’Ë√«∫√«¡·≈–‡º¬·æ√à¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ß“π«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’˪√–À¬—¥„™âßà“¬ ‚¥¬„™â∑√—欓°√ ·≈–¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ‚¥¬¡’ ¡“§¡‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ (Appropriate Technology Association) ‡ªìπºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈
It is the website that compiles and provide
information and appropriate technology, research and
development, the saving and easy-to-use energy by
using local resources and intelligence under the
supervision of Appropriate Technology Association.
www.ata.or.th
50-53/Green Web 20/12/05, 6:10 PM53
54 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢’¬« ‚¥¬ : ¥ÿ…Æ’ ¡—Ëπ¿—°¥’ : π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…
Green Policy by : Dusadee Maanphakdee : Environmental Officer, Pollution Control Department
54 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
Nowadays way of life is like the movement of
conveyor belt that starts its operation from 8.00 am.
until 5.00 pm. The consumption amount has been influenced
by the media and the current of society, resulting in the
increasing production output concurrent with the
consumption rate. It stimulates the production of the
industrial sector to increase its production output to be
able to catch up with the rising demand of the people.
And since the industry has increasingly expanded, it has
consequent impacts, that is, the rising of worldûs
temperature, caused by the increased greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases are mostly
from the burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and
coal, which are the major energy sources of the
industrialized countries. In 1992, the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development or UNCED
agreed on the United Nation Framework Convention
on Climate Change or UNFCCC in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, to solve the issue of climate change as a
„π¬ÿ§ªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ “¬æ“π°“√º≈‘µ∑’Ë®–‡√‘Ë¡°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ∑’ˇ«≈“ 08.00 π. ‡√◊ËÕ¬‰ª®π∂÷ß17.00 π. ª√‘¡“≥°“√∫√‘‚¿§‡Õß°Á‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ◊ËÕ µ“¡°√–· ¢Õß —ߧ¡ ®÷ß∑”„Àâª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ¬‘Ë߇æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπµ“¡°√–· °“√∫√‘‚¿§ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√‡√à߇√â“„Àâ°“√º≈‘µ¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ„Àâ∑—πµàÕ§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å¡“°¢÷Èπ·≈–®“°°“√∑’ËÕÿµ “À°√√¡¡’°“√¢¬“¬µ—«‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èππ—Èπ ∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µ“¡¡“∑’Ë ”§—≠ §◊Õ°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπ ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈¡“®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à¡“®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßøÕ ‘≈ ‰¥â·°à °ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÈ”¡—π ·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π ÷Ëß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ‚¥¬„πªï æ.». 2535 ≥ °√ÿß√‘‚Õ‡¥Õ®“‡π‚√ ª√–‡∑»∫√“ ‘≈ ∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à Àª√–™“™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–°“√æ—≤π“ (United Nations Con-ference on Environment and Development À√◊Õ UNCED)¡’¡µ‘√—∫√ÕßÕπÿ —≠≠“ Àª√–™“™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» (United Nation Framework Convertionon Climate Change À√◊Õ UNFCCC) ‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´
54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:21 AM54
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 55
‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ·≈–°“√√—°…“√–¥—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’Ë‚≈°ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ‰¡à àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß∑“ߥâ“πÕ“À“√·≈–°“√æ—≤π“∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π ´÷ËßÕπÿ —≠≠“ UNFCCC ¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2537 ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥„Àâ ç∑’˪√–™ÿ¡ ¡—™™“ª√–‡∑»¿“§’Õπÿ —≠≠“œé(Conference of the Parties À√◊Õ COP) ‡ªìπÕߧå°√ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’ˇªìπ‡«∑’°“√‡®√®“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¿“§’ ´÷Ëß®–®—¥¢÷Èπ‡ªìπª√–®”∑ÿ°ªï ‚¥¬¡’¢âÕµ°≈ß«à“ª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡µâÕß≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß„Àâ‡∑à“°—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´œ „πªïæ.». 2533 ÷ËßÀ≈—ß®“°π—Èπ¡“°Á‰¡à¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“ª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡®–≈¥≈ߪ≈àÕ¬°ä“´œ ‰¥âµ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ߥ—ß°≈à“« ®÷߇ªìπ∑’Ë¡“¢Õß æ‘∏’ “√‡°’¬«‚µ (Kyoto Protocol : ¡—¬ª√–™ÿ¡COP ∑’Ë 3) „πªï æ.». 2540 ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡æ—π∏°√≥’¢ÕßÕπÿ —≠≠“œ ∑’Ë¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ·≈–æ—π∏–ºŸ°æ—π∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ÷Ëß°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»¿“§’¿“¬„µâÕπÿ —≠≠“œ ¡’Õ¬Ÿà∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 186 ª√–‡∑» ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ
Ô Annex I : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ À√◊Õª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â« 41 ª√–‡∑»
Ô Annex II : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»√Ë”√«¬ 24 ª√–‡∑» ( ÷Ë߇ªìπª√–‡∑»„π°≈ÿà¡ Annex I)
Ô Non-Annex I : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ 145 ª√–‡∑»(√«¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¥â«¬)
consequence of the emissions of greenhouse gases by
human, and to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that is safe and not
affecting the food security and sustainable development.
The UNFCCC treaty entered into force in 1994 assigning
çConference of the Parties or COPé to be the top
organization of the world conferences among negotiating
parties held annually. The agreement was the industrialized
countries must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
equal to the emissions level in 1990. After that no
industrialized nations seemed to reduce the greenhouse
gases emissions as agreed. It, thus, led to the Kyoto
Protocol, adopted at the third session of the Conference
of Parties (COP-3), in 1997 to add more commitments
to the treaty with the aim of operation, target, and
legal binding. There are 186 countries under the treaty,
categorized into 3 groups as follows :
Ô Annex I : 41 industrialized countries or developed
countries
Ô Annex II : 24 rich countries (also countries in Annex I)
Ô Non-Annex I : 145 developing countries (including
Thailand)
°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ∑’Ë®–µâÕß≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈àÕ¬≈ß¡’6 ™π‘¥ ‰¥â·°à °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO
2), °ä“´
¡’‡∑π (CH4), °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å (N
2O), °ä“´
‰Œ‚¥√ø≈Ÿ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HFCs), °ä“´‡ªÕ√åø≈Ÿ‚√§“√å∫Õπ(PFCs) ·≈–°ä“´ —≈‡øÕ√凌°´à“ø≈Ÿ‚Õ‰√¥å (SF
6) ´÷Ëß
„π®”π«π°ä“´∑—Èß 6 ™π‘¥π’È °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å(CO
2) ‡ªìπ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ∫√√¬“°“»
‚≈°¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥
Greenhouse gases needed to be reduced in
amount of emissions are carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N
2O), hydrofluorocar-
bon (HFCs), perfluorocarbon (PFCs) and sulfer
hexafluoride (SF6). Of these 6 types, carbon dioxide
is the main target that most impacts the worldûs
atmosphere.
54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:21 AM55
56 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
This protocol came into force only when the coun-
tries in Annex 1 could reduce their collective emissions
of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year
1990 within 2008-2012. The agreement came into force
on 16 February 2005, initiated by countries in Annex I
(without the signatories of the United States and Australia
which are the major countries that emit the large amount
of greenhouse gases of the world)
To achieve the most important target of reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases in developed countries,
3 flexible mechanisms are established :
1. Emission Trading : ET is the adoption of trading
program as a mechanism to be the negotiating tool of
agreement between developed and developing coun-
tries. It means the developed countries can use the low
level of greenhouse gases emissions of the developing
countries as a credit to the high level of greenhouse
gases emissions of their own. The developing countries
receive the compensation in terms of the countryûs
revenue, or what is called çcarbon credit trading.é
2. Joint Implementation : JI is a joint operation among
countries in Annex I to reduce emissions of greenhouse
gases. The reduced amount of gases will be shared in
credit terms.
3. Clean Development Mechanism : CDM is a joint
cooperation between countries of Annex I and non-
‚¥¬æ‘∏’ “√π’È®–¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â°ÁµàÕ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (Annex 1) “¡“√∂≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 5.2% ¢Õß°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„πªï 2533 „À≥⿓¬„πªï æ.». 2551-2555´÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫·≈⫇¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 16 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å æ.». 2548‚¥¬®–‡√‘Ë¡®“°ª√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (‚¥¬ª√“»®“°°“√≈ßπ“¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ÷Ë߇ªìπª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°√“¬„À≠à¢Õß‚≈°)
·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ°“√≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ëæ—≤π“·≈â«π—Èπ ®÷߉¥â°”Àπ¥°≈‰°‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ 3 ·π«∑“ß §◊Õ
1. °“√ ◊ÈÕ¢“¬‡§√¥‘µ°“√≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ
°√–®° (Emission Trading : ET) ‡ªìπ°“√π”√–∫∫´◊ÈÕ¢“¬¡“‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√‡®√®“∑”æ—π∏°√≥’¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â«°—∫ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߪ√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â« “¡“√∂π”√–¥—∫°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫µË”¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë°”≈—ßæ—≤π“¡“À—°≈∫°—∫√–¥—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µπ∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫ Ÿß‰¥â à«πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“°Á®–‰¥âº≈ª√–‚¬™πåµÕ∫·∑π‡ªìπ√“¬‰¥â¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√◊Õ‡√’¬°«à“ ç°“√§â“¢“¬§“√å∫Õπ‡§√¥‘µé
2. °“√¥”‡π‘π‚§√ß°“√√à«¡°—π (Joint Implementa-
tion : JI) ‡ªìπ°“√√à«¡°—π√–À«à“ß°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 ¥â«¬°—π‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´¥—ß°≈à“«∑’Ë≈¥≈ß®–¡’°“√·∫à߇§√¥‘µ°—π
3. °≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥ (Clean Development
Mechanism : CDM) ‡ªìπ°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»
°√“ø· ¥ß°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
¢Õߪ√–‡∑»®“°¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1
Graph shows carbon dioxide emissions of the
countries from Annex 1
54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:23 AM56
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 57‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 57
Annex I countries (including Thailand). The characteristics
of the project under the Clean Development Mechanism
in general have 3 types :
Ô Energy Efficiency Improvement Project (Energy
Efficiency) has set the criteria of the reduction of
energy consumption by up to the equivalent of 15
gigawatt/hours per year (million watt a year)
Ô Renewable Energy Generation Project (Renew-
able Energy Generation) there should be a maximum
output capacity equivalent of up to 15 megawatts
(million watt a year)
Ô Other projects in terms of carbon capture
(Carbon Sink) reduces anthropogenic emissions by sources
and directly emits less than 15 kilotonnes of carbon
dioxide equivalent annually such as forest plantation
Thailand ratified this protocol on 28 August 2002
(the 89th country), which could choose whether or not
to enter into cooperation with the developed countries
under the clean mechanism. The protocol is non-binding
in the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. All of
the projects in CDM will be presented to the cabinet
for careful consideration case by case.
Though the Kyoto Protocol has been enforced, without
the cooperation of the world population to seriously
resolve the climate change, which means the cooperation
to solve the problems incurred from the industrial
„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 °—∫°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»πÕ°¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 ( ÷Ëߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬°ÁÕ¬Ÿà„π°≈ÿà¡π’ȥ⫬) ÷Ëß≈—°…≥–¢Õß‚§√ß°“√¿“¬„µâ°≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡’Õ¬Ÿà 3 √Ÿª·∫∫ ‰¥â·°à
Ô ‚§√ß°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߪ√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π
(Energy Efficiency) ¡’‡°≥±å«à“®–µâÕß “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√≈¥°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π≈߉¥â ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ 15 ®‘°–«—µµå™—Ë«‚¡ß/ªï (æ—π≈â“πÀπ૬‰øøÑ“/ªï)
Ô ‚§√ß°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√„™âæ≈— ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π
(Renewable Energy Generation) ®–µâÕß¡’ ¡√√∂¿“æ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“ 15 ®‘°–«—µµå™—Ë«‚¡ß/ªï (æ—π≈â“πÀπ૬‰øøÑ“/ªï)
Ô ‚§√ß°“√√Ÿª·∫∫Õ◊ËπÊ „π·π«∑“߇æ◊ËÕ‡°Á∫°—°
§“√å∫Õπ (Carbon Sink) ‚¥¬§‘¥‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ª√‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 15 °‘‚≈µ—π§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å/ªï ‡™àπ °“√ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“
‚¥¬ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â„Àâ —µ¬“∫—πµàÕæ‘∏’ “√π’ȇ¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 28 ‘ßÀ“§¡ æ.». 2545 (‡ªìπª√–‡∑»¿“§’≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 89) ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂‡≈◊Õ°∑’Ë®–‡¢â“√à«¡¡◊Õ°—∫°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â«¿“¬„µâ°≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‰¥â ‚¥¬‰¡à∂◊Õ‡ªìπæ—π∏°√≥’„π°“√∑’Ë®–≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°µ“¡‰ª¥â«¬´÷Ëß‚§√ß°“√ CDM ∑ÿ°‚§√ß°“√®–µâÕß¡’°“√𔇠πÕ·°à§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’°“√æ‘®“√≥“°≈—Ëπ°√Õ߇ªìπ°√≥’Ê ‰ª
∂÷ß·¡â«à“æ‘∏’ “√‡°’¬«‚µ®–¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â·≈â« ·µàÀ“°
ª√–™“°√∫π‚≈°‰¡à√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß ÷Ëß®–À¡“¬∂÷ß
°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“¢Õß¿“§∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿµ “À°√√¡´÷Ëß
‡ªìπµâ𰔇π‘¥À≈—° °“√≈¥°“√∫√‘‚¿§¢Õߪ√–™“°√∑’Ë
54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:30 AM57
58 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. «“√ “√ ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 ‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡-
∏—𫓧¡ 25482. http://web.ku.ac.th/shoolnet/snet6/envi3/pgreen/
pgreenn.htm3. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/
items/2774.php4. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/
items/2833.php5. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/
items/2213.php
Reference
1. Appropriate Technology magazine, volume 4,
October - December, 2005
2. http://web.ku.ac.th/shoolnet/snet6/envi3/pgreen/
pgreenn.htm
3. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/
items/2774.php
4. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/
items/2833.php
5. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/
items/2213.php
π—∫«—π®–‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπµ“¡°√–· ¢Õß°“√∫√‘‚¿§π‘¬¡ °“√
„™â∑√—欓°√Õ¬à“ß√Ÿâ§ÿ≥§à“ °“√π” ‘ËߢÕß∑’Ë„™â·≈â«°≈—∫¡“
„™â„À¡à‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥¢—ÈπµÕπ¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ °“√ à߇ √‘¡
„Àâ¡’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ °“√º≈‘µæ≈—ßß“π
®“°æ≈—ßÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π∑’Ë –Õ“¥ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈â«
‰¡à«à“®–¡’æ‘∏’ “√Õ’°°’Ë©∫—∫ °Á‰¡à “¡“√∂·°â‰¢ªí≠À“
º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∫π
‚≈°‰¥â
À¡“¬‡Àµÿ : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (Annex 1)‰¥â·°à Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,European Economic Community, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland·≈– United States of America
sectors, a major source, the reduction of the peopleûs
consumption that has been rapidly increased in
conjunction with the trend of consumerism, the effective
use of natural resources, the recycling of used materials
to reduce the production process, the support of the
effective use of energy, the generation of clean and
safe renewable energy to the environment, no matter
how many protocols come into force, the impacts of the
climate change will never be resolved.
Note : Countries in Annex 1 are Australia, Austria,
Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic
Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands,
New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland ·≈– United States of America
54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:30 AM58
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 59‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 59
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ’‡¢’¬« ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : §√√™‘µ ªîµ–°“
Green Tech Edited by : Kanchit Pitaka
π—∫µ—Èß·µàæ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–æÿ∑∏¬Õ¥øÑ“®ÿÓ‚≈° ‰¥â ∂“ªπ“°√ÿ߇∑æ-¡À“π§√‡ªìπ√“™∏“π’¢Õ߉∑¬ ‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2325 ‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß·Ààßπ’ȉ¥â‡µ‘∫‚µ¢÷Èπ„π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“π ∑—Èß®”π«πª√–™“°√ °“√»÷°…“ ‡»√…∞°‘® °“√§¡π“§¡¢π àß ®π°≈“¬‡ªìπ ç¡À“π§√é ∑’Ë¡’ª√–™“°√¡“°°«à“ 10 ≈â“π§π „πªí®®ÿ∫—π
·µà°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ∑’Ë¢“¥°“√«“ß·ºπ√Õß√—∫°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇¡◊Õß∑’Ë™—¥‡®π‰¡à¡’¡“µ√°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°§«“¡‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß ∑”„Àâª√–™“™π∑’Ë¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà„π¡À“π§√·Ààßπ’ȉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“° ¿“æªí≠À“µà“ßÊ
°“√·°âªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“«πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–∫√√‡∑“ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°Àπà«¬ß“π¿“§√—∞ ∑—Èß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ √«¡∂÷ßÀπà«¬ß“π¿“§√—∞Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ œ≈œ ·≈â« °“√«“ß·ºπ√–¬–¬“« §◊Õ §”µÕ∫
Since its founding days in 1782, the city
of Bangkok has been growing into a
metropolis of ten million. But Bangkokians fully
benefited from the city living. No definite
preventive measures dealing with the rapid
city growth and the lack of clear city planning
have turned the city into a basket full of
overdue problem. Apart from the actions
from the agencies such as Ministry of Science
and Technology, Ministry of Interior, the city
still badly needs the long term planning to
deal with its looming threat of future energy
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿâ ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ·Ààß™“µ‘°√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√
59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 8:47 AM59
60 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«60 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°“√√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ªí≠À“∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ𓧵¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È ç ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘é ®÷߉¥â¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ
ç∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡é (Joint GraduateSchool of Energy and Environment-JGSEE) ·≈–§≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ (¡®∏.) ∑”°“√»÷°…“ 炧√ß°“√·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡é ‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß (Roadmap) °“√«‘®—¬¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë®”‡ªìπµàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π∑—Èߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¿“¬„µâ«‘ —¬∑—»πå‡æ◊ËÕ°“√æ—≤π“∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ-¡À“π§√ ¥—ßπ’È
燪ìπ¡À“π§√∑’Ë´÷Ëß “¡“√∂æ÷Ëßµπ‡Õ߉¥â„π√–¬–¬“« „π¥â“π
‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬ª√–™“™π∑’ËÕ“»—¬µâÕ߉¥â√—∫
§«“¡ –¥«° ∫“¬∑—È ß®“° “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§
“∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§¢—Èπæ◊Èπ∞“𠇙àπ πÈ” ‰øøÑ“ √–∫∫
¢π àß √–∫∫°“√®—¥°“√¢¬– Àπ૬∫√‘°“√
™ÿ¡™π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„π™’«‘µ
·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π √«¡∂÷ߧÿ≥¿“æ∑’Ë¥’¢Õß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
‡™àπ Õ“°“»∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï ·À≈àßπÈ” –Õ“¥ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«
∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ ÷Ë߇ªìπªí®®—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π„π°“√¥”‡π‘π
™’«‘µ ·≈–°“√æ—°ºàÕπ∑“ß®‘µ„® ‚¥¬§ß‡Õ°≈—°…≥å
¢Õ߇¡◊Õߥâ“π ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡ »‘≈ª«—≤π∏√√¡
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‡Õ°™π ·≈–‡µ√’¬¡À“«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë®–π”∑√—欓°√
‡À≈à“π—ÈπÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à‰¥â„πÕ𓧵é
¿“¬„µâ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“¥—ß°≈à“« ∑’¡«‘®—¬‰¥â·∫àß°“√»÷°…“ÕÕ°‡ªìπ5 ª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—° §◊Õ çº—ß‡¡◊Õß·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √√§å √â“ßé çπÈ”‡ ’¬é 碬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬é ç¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»é ·≈– ç°“√§¡π“§¡¢π àßé ÷Ëß≈â«π‡ªìπªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’˧π°√ÿߪ√– ∫Õ¬Ÿà ´÷Ëß®“°°“√§âπæ∫ °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå —ß‡§√“–Àå ·≈–°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ°—∫ºŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕߺà“π‡«∑’µà“ßÊ “¡“√∂„Àâ¿“æ¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æœ „π·µà≈–¥â“π∑—Èß„π¿“æªí®®ÿ∫—π·≈–¿“æ∑’Ë°”≈—ß®–¡“∂÷߉¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’
ªí®®ÿ∫—π§π°√ÿß √â“ߢ¬– 1.24 °‘‚≈°√—¡/«—π ª√‘¡“≥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°·À≈àßµà“ßÊ ¡’·π«‚πâ¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°ªï *1·≈–¡’Õ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„π‡¡◊Õß„À≠à‡©≈’ˬ Ÿß∂÷ß 1.24 °‘‚≈°√—¡/§π/«—π À“°‰¡à√«¡ª√–™“°√∑’ˇ¥‘π∑“߇¢â“¡“∑”ß“π Õ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‡©≈’ˬ®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ 1.61°‘‚≈°√—¡/§π/«—π ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬«
√». ¥√. ‘√‘π∑√‡∑æ ‡µâ“ª√–¬Ÿ√ ª√–∏“𠓬 ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Àπ÷Ëß„π§≥–«‘®—¬®“°∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (JGSEE)ºŸâ»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√¢¬–°≈à“««à“ ª√‘¡“≥¢¬–∑’˧π°√ÿß √â“ߢ÷Èπ¡’®”π«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ¥—ßπ—ÈππÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√À“∑’ËΩíß°≈∫
and environmental problems.
The National Research Council assigned
the Joint Graduation School of Engineering
and Environmental or JGSEE to study
Bangkokûs energy and environment situation
and draw up the roadmap. The study tries
to seek possibilities in resources and
management in recycling to make the city
economical, social and environmental
sustainable. Its citizens should be able to
benefit from the efficient infrastructure, Quality
of urban life, from clean environment. They
should be able to enjoy hat the city can
offers to its people in terms of culture,
architecture and freedom of choice.
The study is divided into five major areas.
They are City Planning and Productive
Environment, Polluted Water, Trash, Air Pollu-
tion and Transportation.
Extensive interviews with the Bangkokians
through many public forums along with other
sources gives the team an access in field
information that will give clearer pictures of
what kind of energy and environmental issues
Bangkok is and will be confronting.
Now the Bangkokians have 1.24 kilo of
trash per person a day. The cityûs trash from
domestic is rising. The average cityûs trash has
reached the rate of 1.24 kg.a day per person
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∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„π à«π¢ÕßçπÈ”‡ ’¬é √–∫ÿ«à“ ·π«‚πâ¡¢Õߪí≠À“πÈ”‡ ’¬¡’≈—°…≥–∑«’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ
º». ¥√. √âÕ¬¥“« «‘π‘®π—π∑√—µπå ®“°§≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ ¡®∏.ºŸâ∑”°“√«‘®—¬„π à«π¢Õß çπÈ”‡ ’¬é °≈à“««à“ °∑¡. ¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë 1,568 µ“√“ß-°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ·µà‚√ß∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬∑—Èß 6 ·Ààß∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà √Õß√—∫πÈ”‡ ’¬‰¥â„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë 191µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ À√◊Õ§‘¥‡ªìπ 12.22 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå‡∑à“π—Èπ À√◊ÕÀ“°®–√«¡‚§√ß°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ𓧵∑’Ë∑”„Àâ√–∫∫∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬√Õß√—∫πÈ”‰¥â„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√«¡°—π 358 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ (22.82%) °Á¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë°√ÿ߇∑æœ Õ’°°«à“ 3 „π 4 ∑’ˬ—߉¡à¡’√–∫∫∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬√«¡
‘Ëß∑’Ë∑’¡«‘®—¬‡ πÕ·π–ºà“π√“¬ß“π©∫—∫π’È°Á§◊Õ „Àâµ—È߇ªÑ“À¡“¬√à«¡°—π¢Õß∑ÿ°Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√®—¥°“√§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”„π°√ÿ߇∑æœ «à“ ®–µâÕß ç≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å„π·À≈àßπÈ”¢Õß °∑¡. „Àâ “¡“√∂𔉪„™â‡æ◊ËÕ°“√Õÿª‚¿§-∫√‘‚¿§ ·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡‰¥âé (‡°≥±å¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ≥¿“æ·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘πª√–‡¿∑ 4) ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥¥—™π’™’È«—¥ §◊Õ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬ √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß®”π«πª√–™“°√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°‘®°√√¡°“√„™âπÈ”
à«π¥â“π°“√§¡π“§¡ º». ¥√.®”πß √æ‘æ—≤πå ª√–∏“𠓬«‘™“æ≈—ßß“π JGSEE Àπ÷Ëß„π§≥–«‘®—¬ “¢“°“√¢π àß ‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ ®“°°“√»÷°…“ªí≠À“√–∫∫¢π àß„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑æœ æ∫«à“ —¥ à«π√–À«à“ß√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈µàÕ√∂ “∏“√≥–‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫‡¡◊Õß„À≠àÕ◊ËπÊ „πª√–‡∑»·∂∫‡Õ‡™’¬ ª√“°Ø«à“°√ÿ߇∑æœ ¡’ —¥ à«π°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ Ÿß°«à“√∂ “∏“√≥– §‘¥‡ªìπ —¥ à«π55% µàÕ 45% ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°√ÿß¡–π‘≈“ ª√–‡∑»øî≈‘ªªîπ å 22% µàÕ 78%·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ Ÿß¢÷È𠧓¥«à“„πªï æ.». 2546 ®–¡’√∂ “∏“√≥–‡À≈◊Õ‡æ’¬ß 34% ªí®®ÿ∫—π√–¬–‡«≈“„π°“√‡¥‘π∑“ߢÕß√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 50 π“∑’ ¢≥–∑’Ë√∂ “∏“√≥–„™â‡«≈“∂÷ß 70 π“∑’
º≈°√–∑∫Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°ªí≠À“°“√®√“®√ §◊Õ ªí≠À“°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢≥–π’È„π∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å æ∫«à“ ¿“§°“√¢π àß¡’ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥√âÕ¬≈– 38 (¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡√âÕ¬≈– 32 ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬√âÕ¬≈– 23 °“√§â“√âÕ¬≈– 4 ·≈–°“√‡°…µ√√âÕ¬≈–3) ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âπÈ”¡—π·µà≈–™π‘¥®–„™â°—∫√∂¬πµå‡ªìπÀ≈—° ‚¥¬„™âπÈ”¡—π‡∫π ‘π√âÕ¬≈– 98·≈–πÈ”¡—π¥’‡´≈√âÕ¬≈– 77 ÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“º‘¥À≈—°„π°“√«“ß·ºπ∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å
πÕ°®“°π’È¡≈æ‘…®“°√–∫∫¢π à߇ªìπ·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥ ”§—≠¢Õß “√æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» °≈à“«§◊Õ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥ “√‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ (HC) ÕÕ°‰´¥å¢Õ߉π‚µ√‡®π (NO) °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ¡ÕπÕ°‰´¥å (CO)·≈–ªí≠À“ΩÿÉπ¢π“¥‡≈Á° (PM) ‡ªìπ —¥ à«π 100%80% 75% 54% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ÷Ëß¡’º≈µàÕªÕ¥¢Õߧπ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ·≈–‚√§¡–‡√Áß ªí≠À“π’È¡’·π«‚πâ¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬ “‡ÀµÿÀ≈—°‡°‘¥®“°„™â¬“πæ“Àπ–‡À≈à“π’È
expected to be finished in the near future.
It can serve only 22.82 per cent. In another
word, three out of four of Bangkokûs waste
water will be left untreated.
The research team suggests all involved
agencies to make all efforts to lower the
mount of organic substance in the cityûs
water sources. The treated water may be
suitable for consumption and industry use
according to surface water resource standard
type four.
In case of transportation, Dr.Jamnong
Sorapipat of JGSEE transportation study team
reports that Bangkokûs ratio of personal
vehicles: public transportation vehicles is tipping
heavily towards the personal vehicle side
(55.45). Itûs expected that the ratio will reach
the rate of 62:38 in 2021
Most of the countryûs energy is consumed
in transportation section (38 per cent). Thirty-two
per cent is for the industry section. Twenty-
three per cent is for homes. Four per cent is
for trades. And three per cent is for agriculture.
Itûs the economy planning that is coming out
of proportion.
Transportation is reported to be the
major source of air pollution. Exhaust fume
contains hydrocarbon, oxide of nitrogen,
carbon monoxide, and micro particles. All
are highly hazardous to health and the
59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 8:48 AM62
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çπÕ°®“°¢“¥·π«∑“ß°“√ √â“ßß“π·≈â« °“√ √â“ß™’«‘µ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ¬∑”„Àâ§π¡’«‘∂’°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢÷Èπ ¡‘„™à„™â™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà°—∫°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß·≈–°“√∑”ß“π‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ≈“π°’Ó ÀâÕß ¡ÿ¥ À√◊Õ·¡â°√–∑—Ëß≈“π·≈–‡«∑’°“√· ¥ßµà“ßÊ ´÷ËßÀ“°»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ¬∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¡à¡’À√◊Õ„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë®–‡µ‘¡‡µÁ¡§«“¡‡ªìπ¡πÿ…¬åπâÕ¬‡°‘π‰ª√«¡∂÷߉¡à¡’ß“π¡“√Õß√—∫§π√Õ∫πÕ°Õ¬à“߇撬ßæÕ °“√‡¥‘π∑“߇¢â“ Ÿà°≈“߇¡◊Õß®–‰¡à¡’«—π≈¥≈ßé
¢âÕ‡ πÕ ”§—≠®“°°“√»÷°…“π’ȧ◊Õ ∑”Õ¬à“߉√„Àâ§π°√ÿ߇∑æœ ‡°‘¥§«“¡µâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–‡ÀÁπ‡¡◊ÕߢÕßµπ‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π ·≈– “¡“√∂Õ¬Ÿà‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’§«“¡ ÿ¢ ‡æ√“–À“° “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥ª√–™“¡µ‘√à«¡°—π‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ‰√ °“√º≈—°¥—π‡™‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬°Á®–¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ
Õπ÷Ëß ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß©∫—∫π’È·¡â®–‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ߢÕß°√ÿ߇∑æ-¡À“π§√‡©æ“–¥â“π°“√«‘®—¬„πª√–‡¥Áπæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·µàµ≈Õ¥°√–∫«π°“√¢Õß°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È ‰¥â‡πâπ°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢ÕߺŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß∑—Èß¿“§√“™°“√·≈–‡Õ°™π ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ §«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ ª√– ∫°“√≥å ·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë√«∫√«¡‰¥â®“°Àπ૬ߓπ‡À≈à“π’È®–ºà“π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå —ß‡§√“–Àå ‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥°√Õ∫¢Õß°“√«‘®—¬„π·µà≈–ª√–‡¥Áπ ·≈–𔇠πÕ°≈—∫‰ª¬—ߺŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß‚¥¬„™â°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‡™‘ߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√‡ªìπ‡«∑’·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ
√». ¥√.∫—≥±‘µ øÿÑß∏√√¡ “√ ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ JGSEE „π∞“π–À—«Àπâ“‚§√ß°“√ °≈à“««à“ ®“°°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‡™‘ߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√∑’Ë𔇠πÕª√–‡¥Áπ»÷°…“∑—Èß5 ª√–‡¥Áπ ®”π«π 2 §√—Èß √«¡∂÷ß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡°≈ÿ࡬àÕ¬Õ’°À≈“¬§√—Èß πÕ°®“°®– “¡“√∂ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®·≈–√–¥¡§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ®“°ºŸâ¡’ à«π‰¥â à«π‡ ’¬‡æ◊ËÕ√«¡°—π°”Àπ¥¿“æ©“¬Õ𓧵∑’Ëæ÷ߪ√– ߧå¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√„π√Ÿª¢Õß«‘ —¬∑—»πå ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ·≈–µ—«™’È«—¥·≈â« ¬—߉¥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ—π‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π ”À√—∫°“√°”Àπ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’·≈–°“√®—¥°“√‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪 Ÿà°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß (Roadmap) °“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ∑’ˇªìπ·ºπ√–¬–¬“« 10 ªï (2550-2560) ∑’Ë∑“ß ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘ “¡“√∂®–𔉪‡ πÕµàÕ√—∞∫“≈·≈–°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√µàÕ‰ª
population study team criticizes that the cityûs
sub-centers in the suburbs are in fact organized
to ease the in and out bound traffic flows
from the further outskirts. Jobs and city life are
not available for those living in the sub-center areas.
çCity living doesnût mean just commuting
and works. Without and sport facilities, parks,
and other recreation, Bangkokians will not
stop commuting to seek the city life quality
in the inner city area,é Dr.Ganjanee comments.
The team suggests that the topic of
the future city must be focused to raise the
public concern and further discussions.
The energy and environment roadmap
for the future of Bangkok (will be completed
in February 2005) would like to thanks the
collaborations and kind assistance of involved
government and private agencies. Discussion
and feedback on the study will be a
constructive tool for the solutions.
Dr.Bandit Foongdhammarsarn, the JGSEE
director and the chief of the project, says
the information acquired from many meetings
in all involved agencies and communities is
valuable information needed before the
process of technology and technological
management. The ten year plan roadmap
for the future of Bangkok will be reported to
the government and BMA.
™◊ËÕ‚§√ß°“√ : ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡π—°«‘®—¬ : ∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡(JGSEE) §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà : ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ 91∂.ª√–™“Õÿ∑‘» ·¢«ß∫“ß¡¥ ‡¢µ∑ÿàߧ√ÿ °∑¡. 10400Àπ૬ߓπ π—∫ πÿπ : ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘ («™.)
The Energy and Environment Roadmap Research for
the Future of Bangkok
The Joint Graduate School of Energy and
Environment (JGSEE)
Department of Energy and Materials, King Mongkutûs
Iniversity of Technology, Thonburi
Address : King Mongkutûs Iniversity of Technology,
Thonburi 91 Pracha-utis road, Bangmod, Tungkru,
Bangkok 10400
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πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߉¥â𔇠πÕ°≈¬ÿ∑∏å¥â“π°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π à߇ √‘¡„Àâª√–™“™π√à«¡°—π§—¥·¬°¢¬–°àÕπ∑‘Èß √«¡∂÷ß°“√ √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„®„Àâª√–™“™π√à«¡°—π„™â ‘π§â“∑’Ë¡’∫√√®ÿ¿—≥±å ’‡¢’¬«∑’Ë àߺ≈¥’µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥¢âÕ¬°‡«âπ„π°“√‡°Á∫¿“…’µàÕ ‘π§â“∑’ˇªìπ¡‘µ√µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
√». ¥√. ‘√‘π∑√‡∑æ °≈à“««à“ ç°“√·°âªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕߢ¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬µâÕß„™â°≈¬ÿ∑∏åÀ≈“¬¥â“π√à«¡°—π ·≈–«‘∏’°“√°”®—¥¢¬–∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ ”À√—∫§π∑—Ë«‰ª §◊Õ°“√§—¥·¬°¢¬–°àÕπ∑‘Èß ‡™àπ §—¥·¬°¢¬–Õ—πµ√“¬ÕÕ°¡“°àÕπ ∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ°Á®–‡ªìπ¢¬–‰¡àÕ—πµ√“¬·≈â« ·≈–∫“ß à«π “¡“√∂π”¡“À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π„™â„À¡à‰¥â‡™àπ æ≈“ µ‘°À√◊Õ‡À≈Á° °≈“¬‡ªìπ¢¬–∑’Ë¡’§à“ ¥—ßπ—ÈπÀ“°¡’°“√®—¥°“√·¬°¢¬–„Àâ™—¥‡®π®– “¡“√∂°”®—¥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑’Ë ÿ¥é
à«π ∂“π°“√≥å¥â“π¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»„π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¬—߉¡à∂÷ߢ—Èπ«‘°ƒµ ·µà°Á‡ªìπªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π‡¢µ™ÿ¡™π¢π“¥„À≠à ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√®√“®√§—∫§—Ëß ‚¥¬®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… ªí≠À“ “√¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»∑’˵√«®æ∫«à“¡’§à“‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“π„π°√ÿ߇∑æœ „πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‡™àπ ΩÿÉπ¢π“¥‡≈Á°´÷Ë߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ ”§—≠¢ÕßÕ“°“√ªÉ«¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® ®–æ∫æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ ’ˬßÀ≈“¬®ÿ¥ ‰¥â·°à√‘¡∂ππæ√–√“¡∑’Ë 6 ∫√‘‡«≥°√–∑√«ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫∑’Ë∂ππ ÿ¢ÿ¡«‘∑ ∫√‘‡«≥ª“°´Õ¬ÕàÕππÿ™ ∂ππ∫”√ÿ߇¡◊Õß ∫√‘‡«≥·¬°·¡âπ»√’ ∂ππ‡æ™√∫ÿ√’ ∫√‘‡«≥·¬°¬¡√“™ ∂ππÀ≈“πÀ≈«ß ∂ππ√“™ª√“√¿ ¬à“πª√–µŸπÈ” Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“° ¿“æ°“√®√“®√∑’˵‘¥¢—¥§—∫§—Ëß√«¡∂÷ß°“√°àÕ √â“ß∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
„π à«π¢Õß°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ ∑’Ë𔉪 Ÿàªí≠À“°“√‡°‘¥°ä“´‚Õ‚´π àߺ≈°√–∑∫°—∫§π·≈– ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ Õ“∑‘ ®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™·≈–∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µ¢Õßæ◊™≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß ·≈– àߺ≈µàÕ√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ·¡â®–¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬ‰¡à‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“π ·µà„π∫“ß™à«ß‡«≈“°Áæ∫§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’ˇ°‘π¡“µ√∞“π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∫√‘‡«≥¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬√“¡§”·Àß √Õß≈ß¡“§◊Õ‚√߇√’¬π ‘ßÀ√“™æ‘∑¬“§¡ ‡§À–™ÿ¡™π§≈Õß®—Ëπ ·≈–‚√߇√’¬πππ∑√’«‘∑¬“µ“¡≈”¥—∫
πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å°“√«‘®—¬¥â“π§ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»·≈â« ®–µâÕß¡’√Ÿª·∫∫°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ߧÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»·∫∫·¡à𬔷≈–©—∫‰« æ√âÕ¡∑’Ë®–·°â‰¢°√≥’©ÿ°‡©‘π‰¥â∑—π∑à«ß∑’ √«¡∑—Èß°≈¬ÿ∑∏å À√◊Õ¡“µ√°“√„π°“√≈¥¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»∑’˧√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∂÷ß·À≈àߪ≈àÕ¬¡≈æ‘…µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à ¥â“π¢π àߥâ“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ¥â“π°“√°àÕ √â“ß·≈–Õ“§“√
à«π°“√®—¥°“√πÈ”„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑æœ §π°√ÿ߇∑æœ √â“ßπÈ”‡ ’¬°«à“«—π≈–2.19 ≈â“π≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡µ√ ®“°√“¬ß“π°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫
Dr.Sirintaratep Taoprayoon, one of JGSEE
head researchers, says recycling and
recycling management are the answers to
the cityûs overflowing trash problem. The
capacity of the cityûs trash recycling can
be improved with the study of the types of
trash (commercial, hazardous, and infectious).
Suitable trash collection system that
correspond to the routine of recycling must
be identified. Moreover public involvement
and full participation will be a great help in
the war against the cityûs trash
In situation of air pollution in Bangkok
hasnût yet reach the alarming state, the city
apparently has an air pollution situation. There
were reports of the locations where poor air
quality were monitored. Most are in the highly
populated areas and the areas with heavy
traffic. The considerable amount of micro
particles were found at Rama 6 road in
front of Ministry of Science and Technology,
Onnuch intersection, Mansri intersection,
Yommaraj intersection and Pratunam area.
Heavy traffic and increasing construction are
thought to be cause of the pollution.
In case of hydrocarbon gas hasnût
reached the hazardous level. But during the
certain hours in some areas, the amount of
the gas was considerable high. The exception
of the research strategy on air quality and
air pollution monitoring is need. Government
agencies must plan and learn to respond
to the air pollution emergency calls.
In case of water pollution in Bangkok.
Each day the city releases 2.19 million cubic
meters of waste water into its sewage. The
JGSEE study indicates that the incoming
tendency of increasing water pollution is almost
inevitable. Dr.Soidao Vinichnantaratana of
JGSEE water pollution study team reports
that the cityûs six water treatment plants
can serve only the 12 per cent of the city
area. Even with the full operation with plant
59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 9:41 AM61
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¢âÕ‡ πÕ‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ®“°°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È §◊Õ °“√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√ç¢π§πé ¡“°°«à“ ç¢π√∂é ‚¥¬®–µâÕß°”À𥇪ìππ‚¬∫“¬„Àâ™—¥‡®π«à“çµâÕß°“√„Àâ§π°√ÿ߇∑æœ ‡¥‘π∑“ߥ⫬√–∫∫¢π àß “∏“√≥–é ‚¥¬¡’¡“µ√°“√µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ®Ÿß„® ‡™àπ ®—¥„Àâ¡’√–∫∫¢π àß¡«≈™π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥â„π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ√Õß√—∫‡ ’¬°àÕπ ®÷ߧàÕ¬¡’¡“µ√°“√®”°—¥°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈µ“¡¡“ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—πµâÕß √â“ß√–∫∫°“√ª√– “πß“π√–À«à“ßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“߇հ¿“æ·≈–≈¥§«“¡ È”´âÕπ¥â«¬
à«π¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √√§å √â“ß ·¡â«à“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√®–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥º—ß‡¡◊Õß¡“°«à“ 20 ªï ·µà¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ”π—°º—߇¡◊Õß °∑¡. °≈—∫æ∫«à“ ‰¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߉¥â ‚¥¬ª√–™“°√°√ÿ߇∑æœ ∑’Ë¡’¡“°°«à“ 10 ≈â“π§ππ—Èπ °≈—∫¡’°“√°√–®ÿ°µ—«°—π„π∫“߇¢µ∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¢Õߪ√–™“°√ Ÿß∂÷ß 4 À¡◊Ëπ§π/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¢≥–∑’ˇ¢µ™“π‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈“¬·Ààß¡’‰¡à∂÷ßÀ¡◊Ëπ§π/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√
¥√.°—≠®π’¬å æÿ∑∏‘‡¡∏’ ®“°§≥– ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡·≈–°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ ¡®∏.Àπ÷Ëß„π∑’¡»÷°…“«‘®—¬°≈à“««à“ ∑’˺à“π¡“·¡â«à“®–¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡◊ÕßÕÕ°¡“§àÕπ¢â“ߥ’ ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å°“√æ—≤π“¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß·≈–°“√„™â∑’Ë¥‘π ∑’Ë·¡â®–°”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’ 统π¬å°≈“߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ¬é (Sub-Center) °√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà„π‡¢µ™“π‡¡◊Õß ‡æ◊ËÕ·∫à߇∫“¿“√–¢Õß
situation is getting worse.
The teamûs suggestion is that the government
should come out with the more defined
policy on the cityûs mode of transportation.
Unless it demands Bangkokians to use only
public transportation, the environmental and
energy problem will remain unsolved. Moreover
big improvement on public transportation is
needed.
In case of crowded city, Bangkok has
its city plan for over twenty years. But the
statistic form the Bangkok Office of City Planning
itself shows that itûs lost control on the growth
of the city. Its population is densely populated
in some areas (40,000 per one square km.
In some suburbs, the population is less that
10,000 per one square km.
Dr.Ganjanee Buddhimetee of the
59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 9:41 AM63
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“√–πà“√ŸâGreen Tips
«—π∑’Ë 14 °√°Æ“§¡ 2548 ∑’˺à“π¡“ §≥–°√√¡°“√æ‘®“√≥“¡√¥°‚≈°¢ÕßÕߧ尓√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡·Ààß Àª√–™“™“µ‘ (UNESCO) ‰¥âª√–°“»¢÷Èπ∫—≠™’ çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ æ√âÕ¡°—∫·À≈àß∏√√¡™“µ‘ ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÊ Õ’° 7 ·Ààß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπº◊πªÉ“Ωπ‡¢µ√âÕπ∑’ËÕÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß™’«¿“æ¡“° ‚¥¬‡ªìπ·À≈àß√«¡æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™°«à“ 800 ™π‘¥ ·≈– —µ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡Õ’° 112 ™π‘¥ ∑—È߬—ß¡’π°·≈– —µ«å‡≈◊ÈÕ¬§≈“π∑’Ë„°≈â Ÿ≠æ—π∏ÿåÀ≈“¬™π‘¥ Õ“∑‘ ™–π’¡ß°ÿÆ π°‡ß◊Õ° ’πÈ”µ“≈®√–‡¢âπÈ”®◊¥ ‡ªìπµâπ
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On the 14th of July, 2005, the Committee of World
Heritage, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) announced çDong
Phayayen Forest-Khao Yaié to be a natural world heritage
together with 7 other major natural resources because
of the fertile tropical rainforest, producing a biodiversity,
a major collection of more than 800 species of plants
and 112 species of mammals, including birds and reptiles
that are scarce such as Pileated Gibbon, brown hornbill,
freshwater crocodiles, etc.
The new world heritage is the biggest forest area
of Thailand, consisting of 5 vast forest areas, that is,
Khao Yai National Park, Tab Lan National Park, Pangsida
National Park, Ta Phraya National Park and Dong Yai
Wildlife Preservation, a total area of 4 million rai, a
central barrier between the Northeast plateau and the
Central plateau.
In the past, this forest was called çDong Phayaphai,é
as it is a vast rainforest, full of dangers from numerous
wild animals, malaria fever, and mysteries, being fright-
ened by everyone until the construction of railway con-
nection between the central and the northeast. During
the era of His Majesty the King Chulajormklao, had a
decree to change the name to çDong Phayayen Foresté
for peace and happiness of the people in that area.
After Mittraphab road had been constructed for
almost 50 years ago, this rainforest was invaded by the
Dong Phayayen Forest-Khao YaiNew World Heritage
65-66/Green Tips 20/12/05, 5:57 PM65
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µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ‡ªìπ çÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠àé „πªï æ.». 2505 π—∫‡ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘·Ààß·√°„π‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬
°«à“∑’Ë çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ®–‰¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°„π§√—Èßπ’Ȫ√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„™â‡«≈“π“π°«à“ 10 ªï ‚¥¬°àÕπÀπâ“π’ȉ∑¬‡ πÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠à„À⇪ìπ¡√¥°‚≈°‡æ’¬ß·Àà߇¥’¬« ·µà‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“ ®π≈à“ ÿ¥‰¥âºπ«°º◊πªÉ“Õ’° 4 ·Ààß„πªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ §◊ÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘∑—∫≈“π Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ª“ß ’¥“ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘µ“æ√–¬“ ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“¥ß„À≠à ‡¢â“‰ª„π¢âÕ‡ πÕ∑”„À⇢“„À≠à‰¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß∑’Ë 5 ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߉∑¬ ®“°‡¥‘¡¡’¡√¥°‚≈° 4 ·Ààß §◊Õ Õÿ∑¬“πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ÿ‚¢∑—¬-»√’ —™π“≈—¬-°”·æ߇æ™√ Õÿ∑¬“πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√åæ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ ·À≈àß‚∫√“≥§¥’∫â“π‡™’¬ß ®.Õÿ¥√∏“π’ ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“∑ÿàß„À≠àπ‡√»«√-À⫬¢“·¢âß
„π°“√ª√–°“»§√—Èßπ’È ¬Ÿ‡π ‚°¬—ߢ÷Èπ∫—≠™’¡√¥°‚≈°„À¡àÕ’° 7 ·Ààß ‰¥â·°à
§“∫ ¡ÿ∑√™‘‡√‚∑‚°–∫π‡°“–ŒÕ°‰°‚¥¢Õß≠’˪ÿÉπ, Àÿ∫‡¢“ª≈“«“à „π∑–‡≈∑√“¬
∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢ÕßÕ’¬‘ªµå, ø¬Õ√å¥ 2 ·Ààß∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢ÕßπÕ√‡«¬å, À≈ÿ¡Õÿ°°“∫“µ
«‡√‡¥øÕ√å∑ ‚¥¡ ∑“ßµ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ¢Õßπ§√‚¬Œ—π‡π ‡∫‘√å° ·Õø√‘°“„µâ ÷Ëß
°”≈—߉¥â√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“„À⇪ìπÀπ÷Ëß„π ‘Ëß¡À—»®√√¬å¢Õß‚≈°‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫¬Õ¥‡¢“
À‘¡“≈—¬·≈–°”·æ߇¡◊Õß®’π¥â«¬
Õâ“ßÕ‘ß/Reference : www.nextstep.co.th
progress. However, the Marshall Sarit Thanaratch was concerned about the
devastation of the forest, so he had the forest been called the park until a
new announcement was released that some parts of the Dong Phayayen
Forest in the Phanom Dongrak mountains, an approximate area of 2,168
square kilometer, to be Khao Yai National Park in 1962, considered the first
national park of Thailand.
Before çDong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yaié was named to be a world
heritage, Thailand had taken more than 10 years. Earlier Thailand had
proposed only Kao Yai National Park to be a world heritage but hadnût
been taken into consideration until 4 more forest areas of the Dong Phayayen
forest; Tab Lan National Park, Pangsida National Park, Ta Phraya National
Park and Dong Yai Wildlife Preservation, were added to the propose. As a
result, Kha Yai was named the 5th national world heritage of Thailand. The
prior world heritage places are Sukothai-Srisatchanalai-Kamphaengphet
Historical Park, Ayudthaya Historical Park, Ban Chiang Archaeological Site,
Udornthani Province, and Thung Yai Naresuan-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife
Preservation.
In this announcement, UNESCO listed 7 other new world heritages, that
is, Shiretoko Peninsula on Hokkaido island of Japan, Whale valley in the
desert, east of Egypt, 2 fjords of Norway, Vredefort Dome, southeastern part
of Johanesberg, South Africa, currently being under consideration to be the
worldû national wonder like the Himalaya and the Great Wall of China.
65-66/Green Tips 20/12/05, 5:57 PM66
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 67‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 67
“¬¥à«π ’‡¢’¬« ‚¥¬ : °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√
Green Expressway by : Editorial Board
1. §«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡™àπ · ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈–¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à?
ç·¡â«à“∏√√¡™“µ‘®–¡’ à«π°”Àπ¥ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π ·µà‰¡à‡¥àπ™—¥«à“¡’º≈µàÕ‚Õ‚´π„π√–¬–¬“«é
°“√øÕ√塵—«¢Õß‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»‡°‘¥®“°· ßÕ—≈µ√“-‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√·ºà√—ß ’®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å®÷ß¡’º≈µàÕÕ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥‚Õ‚´π‡™àπ°—π æ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∂Ÿ°ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬∑—Èß· ßÕ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ ·≈–Õπÿ¿“§ª√–®ÿ ‡™àπÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ·≈–‚øµ√Õπ ®–·ª√º—πµ“¡°“√‡°‘¥®ÿ¥„π¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å„π√Õ∫ 11 ªï (11-years sunspot cycle) °“√µ√«®«—Ø®—°√· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åÀ≈“¬Ê √Õ∫∑’˺à“π¡“µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1960 · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“√–¥—∫‚Õ‚´π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª 1-2% ®“°§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥∂÷ß§à“µË” ÿ¥¢Õß«—Ø®—°√ª°µ‘ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å°Á‰¡à àߺ≈µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π„π√–¬–¬“«‡æ√“–«à“·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π¡’¡“°°«à“ 1-2%
√Ÿª¿“æÀπâ“∂—¥‰ª· ¥ßæ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åµ—Èß·µàªï §.».1978 ¡’§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥„πªï §.». 1980 ·≈– 1991 ·≈–µË” ÿ¥„πªï1985 ·≈– 1996 ·≈–®– Ÿß ÿ¥Õ’°§√—Èß„πªï §.». 2002 ·µà‚Õ‚´π¬—ߧß≈¥≈ß„π™à«ßπ—Èπ °“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚Õ‚´π„π√“¬ß“π ‰¥â®“°°“√æ‘®“√≥“Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å¥â«¬ ·≈–®“°°“√µ√«®«—¥·≈–·∫∫®”≈Õ߉¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ Õπÿ¿“§®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø‰¡à “¡“√∂‰ª∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß ¡’‡æ’¬ßªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®“°§≈Õ√’π®“°°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¢÷Èπ°—∫Õπÿ¿“§º‘«æ◊Èπ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–®“°ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√·≈–°“√µ√«®∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’∑’˺‘«æ◊Èπ¢ÕßÕπÿ¿“§¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø∑’Ëæÿàß°√–®“¬ Ÿà µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åµÕπ≈à“ß𔉪 Ÿà°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π ‚¥¬°“√‰ª‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õߧ≈Õ√’π„π√Ÿª¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’®“° “√ —߇§√“–Àå‚¥¬¡πÿ…¬å Õ¬à“߇™àπ CFCs °“√√–‡∫‘¥¢Õß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ‡™àπ Agung (1963) Fuego (1974) El Chichon(1982) ·≈– Pinatubo (1991) ‡ªìπµâπ º≈®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø
1. Does the change of nature such as sunlight andthe eruption of the volcano have the impact onthe change of ozone?
çThough the nature has played the part of deter-
mining the amount of ozone, it has not been clearly
seen if it has impacts on the ozone in the long-term.é
Ozone formation in the atmosphere occurs from
ultraviolet light of the sun, so the radiation of the sun
has affected the rate of ozone creation as well. The
sunûs energy will release both the ultraviolet light and
such molecules as electron and proton, directly varied
with 11 years sunspot cycle. The sunlight cycle of the
past cycle since 1960 has been monitored and shown
that 1-2% of the ozone level has changed from its
highest to the lowest value during the regular cycle.
However, the change of the sun has had no impact to
the ozoneûs change in long run as the declining trend
of ozone has been 1-2% more prevalent. The figure
below shows the energy from the sun since 1978 with
the highest value in 1978 and 1991 and the lowest in
1985 and 1996, and will reach its peak again in 2002
However, the ozone has still been on its declining trend
during that time. The ozone estimated in the report has
been derived from the assessment of the sunûs influ-
ence as well. The eruption of volcano can directly inject
substances into ozone but the measurement and simu-
lation have show that the volcanoesû particles cannot
directly damage ozone. Only the reaction from chlorine
produced from the synthesis with neutron surface can
increase the ozone depletion in the atmosphere now-
adays. Especially the survey of operation and atmo-
sphere has indicated that the chemical reactions at
67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:32 PM67
68 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
-8
0
1978 1982
El Crichon Mt. Pinctuto
1996 1990 1994 1998
100
200
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
·π«‚πâ¡‚Õ‚´π∑—Ë«‚≈° ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ·≈–«—Ø®—°√¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åTrend of global ozone, eruption of volcanoes, and solar cycle
‚Õ‚´π∑—Ë«‚≈° ∑’Ë≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 00 Õß»“„µâ∂÷ß 00 Õß»“‡Àπ◊ÕGlobal ozone at the north to south latitude
°“√√–‡∫‘¥¢Õß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø/Eruption of volcanoes
‡ªÕ√
å‡Áπµ
å°“√‡
ª≈’ˬπ
·ª≈ß
Perc
enta
ge c
hang
e®”
π«π®
ÿ¥ su
nspo
tth
e nu
mbe
r of
sun
spot
s
«—Ø®—°√¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å/Solar cycle
ªï/year
Pinatubo ‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡Õπÿ¿“§∑’Ë®–‰ª‡æ‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥°«â“ß º≈°√–∑∫®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π„π∫√√¬“°“»∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—∫‡¡¶„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑’Ë¢—È«‚≈°‡æ√“–«à“Õπÿ¿“§®–À“¬‰ª®“° µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å 2-5 ªï®÷ß°√–∑∫µàÕ‚Õ‚´π™à«ß‡«≈“ —ÈπÊ ®÷߉¡à¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√–¬–¬“« °“√µ√«®«—¥·≈–°“√§”π«≥‰¥â™’È«à“√–¥—∫‚Õ‚´πµË”°«à“ª°µ‘„πªï §.». 1992-1993 ÷Ë߇ªìπº≈®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø Pinatubo √–‡∫‘¥ æ√âÕ¡°—∫ª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ„π∑»«√√… 1990 ‡∑’¬∫°—π°àÕπ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥
2. √Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ§√—Èß·√°‡¡◊ËÕ„¥?√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ ‡ªìπ
ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπµâπ∑»«√√…∑’Ë 1980s ‡∑’¬∫°—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„πÕ¥’µπ—∫®“° §.». 1957
π—∫®“°ªï §.». 1980 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ ‰¥â‡°‘¥ª√“°Ø°“√≥å√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π™à«ßª√–¡“≥ 3 ‡¥◊Õπ ‡Àπ◊Õ¢—È«‚≈°„µâ „πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ (‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-惻®‘°“¬π) ‚¥¬§à“‚Õ‚´π≈¥≈ß Ÿß ÿ¥∂÷ß 60% à«πª≈“¬ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π‰¡à≈¥≈ß¡“°π—° ®“°°“√µ√«®«—¥®“° ∂“π’µà“ßÊ·≈–¥“«‡∑’¬¡∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈°„µâ‰¥âº≈§≈⓬°—π °“√µ√«®«—¥‚¥¬∫Õ≈≈Ÿπ · ¥ß§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßµ“¡§«“¡ Ÿß„Àâº≈¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë ∂“π’ Syowa (‚¥¬ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ„π∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°)æ∫«à“‚Õ‚´π≈¥≈ß∑’˧«“¡ Ÿß∫“ß™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π„π·µà≈–ªï¢Õ߃¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘‡∑’¬∫°—∫‚Õ‚´πª°µ‘°àÕπªï §.». 1980 ¡’ “‡Àµÿ§◊Õ§≈Õ√’π °àÕπ∑’Ë µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å®–‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π®“°¡πÿ…¬åπ—Èπ √–¥—∫‚Õ‚´πµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘µË”°«à“ƒ¥Ÿ‡¥’¬«°—π„π∑«’ªÕ“√å°µ‘°30-40% §«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕß∑—Èß Õß∫√‘‡«≥‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ (µ√«®æ∫‚¥¬ Dobson) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡‡¬Áπ®—¥‡ªìπ摇»…·≈–√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß≈¡„πƒ¥ŸÀπ“«¢Õß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢Õß∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫Õ“√å°µ‘° §«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ßÕÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å‰¡à “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‰¥â ‡æ√“–®“°°“√µ√«®«—¥æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢Õß·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„π
the surface of the volcanoûs aerosols, injected to the
lower stratosphere, leading to the increased concentra-
tions of chlorine in the form of active chemical by the
synthetic substances produced by human such as CFCs,
the eruption of the volcanoes like Mt. Agung (1963), Mt.
Furego (1974), Mt. El Chichon (1982) and Mt. Pinatubo
(1991), etc. The result from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo
enhanced the aerosol to increase the extended chemical
reaction. The impact from the nature depends on the
chlorine compounds in the atmosphere similar to the
clouds in the stratosphere at the polar. Because aerosol
will be depleted from stratosphere for 2-5 years, it will
affect ozone only for a short time and thus have no
impact in a long-term change. The measurement and
calculation have indicated the lower level of ozone
than usual during 1992-1993, a result of the eruption of
Mt. Pinatubo, and the increased amount of chlorine
during the 1990s, compared to that before the eruption.
2. When did the first ozone hole occur?çOzone hole over the Antarctica continent in spring
was a phenomenon of the early 1980s compared to
the past information since 1957.é
From 1980 on, the phenomenon of ozone hole
occurred during the 3-month period over Antarctica in
spring (September-November) with a reduction of ozone
value of up to 60%. The amount of ozone was not
declined much at the end of summer January-March.
The measurement of many stations and the satellite
near the Antarctica produced similar result. The mea-
surement of balloon representing the change in relative
with height showed the result as seen. Syowa station
(by Japan in the Antarctic continents) detected the
loss of ozone at some height where ozone depletion
exists during the spring of each year compared to the
normal ozone before 1980. Itûs cause is chlorine. Before
the stratosphere had been affected by chlorine and
bromine by man-made, the natural ozone level of the
Antarctica continent in spring was lower than that of
the Arctic by 30-40%. The difference of the two areas
by nature (found by Dobson) was from the excessive
cold it produced and the pattern of wind during winter
by the stratosphere of the Antarctica continent compared
67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:33 PM68
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 69
00 5 10 15 20
10
20
30
°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ ≥ ∂“π’ Syowa - ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°The decrease of ozone level in spring at Syowa station - the Antarctica continent
ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π (§«“¡°¥, ¡‘≈≈‘-ª“ §“≈)The amount of ozone (pression, milli-Pascal)
√–¥—∫
§«“¡
Ÿß (°
‘‚≈‡¡
µ√)
Hei
ght L
evel
(ki
lom
eter
)
°àÕπ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π §.». 1966-1980
Before the ozone hole (1966-1980)
™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π§.». 1991-1997
During the ozone hole (1991-1997)
™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– Ozone Layer æ√âÕ¡· ¥ß√–¥—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘
Atmosphere and Ozone Layer with the level of temperature
ƒ¥ŸÀ𓫉¡à¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß °àÕπ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π„π·µà≈–ªï„π‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥àπ™—¥§◊Õ “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π∑’Ë —߇§√“–Àå¢÷È𠇪ì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠À“¬‰ª¢Õß‚Õ‚´π„πÀ≈“¬ªï∑’˺à“π¡“
3. ∑”‰¡√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° ‡¡◊ËÕ CFCs·≈– Halon à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°ª≈àÕ¬„π´’°‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ?
∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡’°“√À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π‚¥¬≈¡√Õ∫‚≈° °ä“´∑’Ë∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π®–º ¡°—∫Õ“°“»∑’ËÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π‰ª‚¥¬∑—Ë«∫√√¬“°“» √«¡∑—Èß·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°¥â«¬ ‰¡à¢÷Èπ°—∫«à“·À≈àߪ≈àÕ¬Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë„¥ ¢÷Èπ°—∫‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢«à“°ä“´‡À≈à“π—Èπ®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°¡“°°«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫∑’ËÕ◊Ëπ
°“√ª≈àÕ¬´’‡Õø´’·≈–Œ“≈Õπ ( “√ª√–°Õ∫‚∫√¡’π) à«π¡“°‡°‘¥∫√‘‡«≥ ’°‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ ª√–¡“≥ 90% ¡“®“°¬ÿ‚√ª√— ‡´’¬ ≠’˪ÿÉπ ·≈–Õ‡¡√‘°“‡Àπ◊Õ °ä“´æ«°´’‡Õø´’·≈–Œ“≈Õπ‰¡à≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”·≈–‰¡à∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®–§≈ÿ°‡§≈â“„π∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ≈à“ß¿“¬„π 1-2 ªï ·≈–®–¢÷Èπ‰ª°—∫Õ“°“»∂÷ß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ√âÕπ ÷ËßÕ“°“»‡∫“µ—«®÷ß≈Õ¬µ—«¢÷Èπ ·≈–≈¡æ—¥Õ“°“»‡À≈à“π’ȉª¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈°∑—È߇Àπ◊Õ·≈–„µâ ¥—ßπ—ÈπÕ“°“»µ≈Õ¥™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑—Ë«‚≈°®÷ß¡’ à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õߧ≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π ∫√‘‡«≥´’°‚≈°„µâ ¢—È«‚≈°¡’ à«π¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑«’ª
with those of the Arctic. The meteorological change in
stratosphere could not explain ozone hole since from
the measurement it was found that the temperature of
stratosphere in winter was unchanged before ozone
hole occurred annually in September. In contrast, what
prominent was chlorine chemicals and bromine
synthesized, causing ozone depletion during the past years.
3. Why does ozone hole occur at the Antarcticacontinent while CFCs and Halon are mostly releasedin the northern hemisphere?
çThe Earthûs atmosphere circulates around the world.
Gases destroying ozone are mixed with the air circulating
in the atmosphere, including Antarctica, which does
not depend on where the release of source is but on
those gases which have more destroying impact at the
Antarctic than any other places.é
The release of CFCs and Halon (bromine com-
pounds) occurs mostly over the northern hemisphere.
Approximate release of 90% is from Europe, Russia, Ja-
pan, and the North America. Those of CFCs and Halon
arenût dissolved in water and wonût cause any reaction,
but they will remain in the lower atmosphere within 1-2
years and bu i ld up to s t ratosphere in the
tropical regions where the lighter air is floating and
wind blows them to both nor th and south
polar. The air of the entire stratosphere around the
world, therefore, has chlorine and bromine as compo-
nents. For the south polar, it contains a massive area of
the Antarctica continent, surrounded by oceans and
being symmetric, thus, causing a very cold air during
winter of the stratosphere over the continent. As the air
divided by the circulatory winds around the edge of
the continent, the temperature is very low, leading to
the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, inducing the
chemical change, enhancing the activation of chlorine
and bromine and the rapid destruction of ozone layer.
Each year when the sun returns in September-October,
the result is the production of Antarctic Ozone Hole.
The illustration presents the expanded ozone hole
through the 1980s. It was the result of the increase of
substances destroying ozone in the atmosphere. Unlike
the Antarctica, the temperature of the Arctic is not very
67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:33 PM69
70 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
1979
≈—°…≥–°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õß√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´πThe pattern of ozone holeûs expansion
1986
1991 1996
·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°∑’Ë°«â“ß„À≠à≈âÕ¡√Õ∫¥â«¬¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ·≈–°“√¡’≈—°…≥– ¡¡“µ√π’È∑”„À⃥ŸÀπ“«¡’Õ“°“»‡¬Áπ®—¥„π™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª ‡æ√“–Õ“°“»∂Ÿ°·¬° à«π‚¥¬≈¡∑’ËÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π√Õ∫¢Õ∫∑«’ª®÷ß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’˵˔¡“° ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡¡¶„π™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√増ȫ‚≈° (Polar stratospheric clouds) ÷Ëßπ”¡“´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“߇§¡’ à߇ √‘¡„Àâ§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚§√ß √â“ß·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ‡¡◊ËÕ∑«’ª‰¥â√—∫· ß·¥¥„π‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-µÿ≈“§¡„π·µà≈–ªï º≈§◊Õ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° (Antarctic Ozone Hole)
√Ÿª· ¥ß¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë°«â“ߢ÷Èπµ≈Õ¥∑»«√√…∑’Ë1980s ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ„π∫√√¬“°“» ¿“«–¢Õß∑«’ªÕ“√å°µ‘°‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π‡æ√“–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„πƒ¥ŸÀπ“«™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢ÕßÕ“√å°µ‘°‰¡àµË”¡“°µ‘¥µàÕ°—πÀ≈“¬ —ª¥“À凙àπ„π¢—È«‚≈°„µâ ‚Õ‚´π®÷ß≈¥≈ßπâÕ¬°«à“ ·≈–¬—߉¡à∂÷߇°≥±å∑’ˇ√’¬°√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π (‡°≥±å§◊Õ <220 Dobson Unit„π‡¢µ¢—È«‚≈°)
4. °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à?
°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡æ√“–«à“‚Õ‚´π‡ªìπµ—«¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ
¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åª≈àÕ¬√—ß ’À√◊Õæ≈—ßß“π„π™à«ß°«â“ß √«¡∑—Èß∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µæ≈—ßß“π Ÿß¥â«¬ ª√–¡“≥ 2%∫“ß à«π§◊Õ UV-B* ∑’Ë¡’‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ¡πÿ…¬å·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ‡™àπ º‘«Àπ—߉À¡â‡°√’¬¡ ¡–‡√Áߺ‘«Àπ—ß ·≈–‚√§µ“ ª√‘¡“≥√—ß ’UV ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫µ”·Àπàß∑’˵—Èß∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈° ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“» ‡¡¶ ·≈–¡≈¿“«– π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√凙◊ËÕ«à“°“√‰¡à¡’‡¡¶À√◊Õ¡≈¿“«–„π¢≥–∑’Ë‚Õ‚´π Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª ∑”„Àâ√—ß ’ UV‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‚≈° °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π¡“° ÿ¥„π√Õ∫ 15 ªï
low in consecutive weeks like that of Antarctica, so ozone
is depleted less and then it canût be called ozone hole.
(The criterion is <220 Dobson Unit in the polar region.
4. Does loss of ozone cause the increase ofultraviolet light at the surface?
çOzone depletion is expected to increase surface
UV levels because ozone absorbs UV light.é
The sun releases radiation or energy, including those
released in the form of high ultraviolet radiation, around
2%, horizontally. Some of these are UV-B* that are detri-
mental to human and living creatures, such as, skin
burnt, skin cancer, and eye diseases. The amount of UV
reception lies on the location of the Earthûs surface, the
amount of ozone in the atmosphere, clouds, and pollution.
Sciencetists believe that the disappearance of clouds
or pollution during ozone depletion will lead to increases
in surface UV. The higest depletion of ozone for the
past 15 years, observed in the Antarctica continent
during September-October when ozone hole occurred,
as well as the measurement of UV radiation and ozone
level in many stations, found that there was much more
UV light than the regular level in Sandiego, California,
where the sun is at its height with the horizontal column.
Where only small amount of ozone depletion occurs, it
is difficult to detect whether or not the UV-B increases,
particularly through the measurement of the trend of
UV-B radiation, which associated with the decline of
ozone. Itûs because of the complexity when clouds
around, the pollution, and the condition of equipment
used for many years, etc. Approximately at the end of
1980s the equipment available were not accurate enough
for measuring UV-B, so the information from old stations
with no specific use might be rarely trustworthy. Itûs
particularly true for the measurement of paralleling cloudûs
conditions or the absence of pollution. While the
measurement of stations away from the community
without pollution produces a high quality measure, the
reduction of ozone is then correlated with the rise of UV-B.
The illustration presents the measurement during
clear sky from 6 stations, showing that the reduced
ozone leads to the increase of UV-B.
67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:33 PM70
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 71
∑’˺à“π¡“∑’Ëæ∫‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-µÿ≈“§¡ ∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´πæ√âÕ¡°—∫°“√µ√«®«—¥√—ß ’ UV °—∫‚Õ‚´πæ√âÕ¡°—π„πÀ≈“¬ ∂“π’æ∫«à“√—ß ’ UV ¡’¡“°‡°‘π√–¥—∫ª°µ‘„π‡¡◊Õß San Diego, California ´÷Ëߥ«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑”¡ÿ¡ Ÿ ß°—∫·π«√“∫„π∫√‘ ‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´ππâÕ¬ ‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–µ√«® Õ∫«à“ UV-B ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√µ√«®·π«‚πâ¡¢Õß√—ß ’ UV-B ∑’Ë —¡æ—π∏å°—∫‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë≈¥≈ß ‡æ√“–§«“¡´—∫´âÕπ„π°√≥’‡¡¶ ¡≈¿“«–·≈– ¿“«–¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπ‡«≈“À≈“¬ªï ‡ªìπµâπ √“«ª≈“¬∑»«√√… 1980 ¬—߉¡à§àÕ¬¡’‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕ߇∑’ˬߵ√ß ”À√—∫µ√«®«—¥ UV-B ¡“°π—° ¥—ßπ—Èπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ∂“π’„π‡¡◊Õß∑’ˇ°à“·°à ·≈–‰¡à„™à ”À√—∫„™â‡©æ“–¥â“πÕ“®∑”„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ‰¥â¬“° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√µ√«®§«∫§ŸàÀ“§«“¡µà“ߢÕß ¿“«–‡¡¶ À√◊Õ¡≈¿“«–¬—߉¡à§àÕ¬¡’ ¢≥–∑’Ë°“√µ√«®„π ∂“π’∑’ËÀà“߉°≈·À≈àß™ÿ¡™πª√“»®“°¡≈¿“«– ®–‡ªìπ°“√µ√«®§ÿ≥¿“æ Ÿß °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π®÷ß®– Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß UV-B
¿“æ· ¥ß°“√µ√«®«—¥∑’Ë¢≥–∑âÕßøÑ“·®à¡„ ®“° 6 ∂“π’· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë≈¥≈ß∑”„Àâ√—ß ’ UV-B ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
5. °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à?°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉¥âÀ≈“¬∑“ß
·µà‰¡à„™à “‡ÀµÿÀ≈—°‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¡¥ÿ≈Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß
‚≈° 2 ¥â“π §◊Õ°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®–∑”„Àâ∫√√¬“°“» µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åÕ∫Õÿàπ¢÷Èπ ·≈–¬—ߥŸ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥∑’˪≈¥ª≈àÕ¬®“°º‘«‚≈° ‡ªìπ∑’ˇ°Á∫§«“¡√âÕπ®“°™—Èπ‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√å∑’Ë¥’ ¥—ßπ—Èπº≈°√–∑∫®“°§«“¡º—π·ª√‰ª¢Õß‚Õ‚´π ®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡ Ÿß∑’Ë¡—πÕ¬Ÿà ‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π‚¥¬¡πÿ…¬å
5. Does ozone depletion cause climate change?çOzone depletion causes climate change but it is
not a major factor.é
Ozone in the atmosphere has effects on the 2
sides of temperatureûs balance, that is, the absorption
of ultraviolet radiation, which will make the stratosphere
warmer, and the absorption of infrared radiation, emitted
from the Earthûs surface, which is a good confinement
of the heat from Troposphere. Therefore, the impact of
the variation of ozone depends on how high the ozone
is. The loss of ozone, as a result of chlorine and bromine-
containing gases caused by human at the lower strato-
sphere, leads to the cooler of the Earthûs surface. It is
expected, in contrast, that ozone will increase around
the surface or troposphere because the pollution in the
air warms the globe or greenhouse effect. To compare
the impacts of ozone change with other types of gases
in the atmosphere, doing the accurate calculation is
considered difficult. From the picture, the opaque graph
represents the temperature change while the transparent
one represents ozone change; it has found that the
increased CO2, generated by fuel burning such as coal,
fuel, and natural gas, causes the most changes to
climate. Currently, CO2 in the atmosphere increases
50% compared with 50 years ago. For other green-
house gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
chlorofluorocarbon compounds, surface ozone (Tropo-
spheric ozone), atmospheric ozone (Stratospheric Ozone),
the graph represents the outcome. The climate change
in return has impacts to ozone layer as well because
ozone is influenced by meteorological conditions and
the change of components of atmosphere, caused by
the climate change. The more essence is the coldest
stratosphere, and it will remain still for a long time. It
stimulates the ozone depletion, particularly at the polar
region. The size and boundary of cooler air will cause
ozone to return to its balance state even more slowly.
6. Will ozone layer return to its normal state?If it does, when will that be?
çThe loss of ozone produced by chlorine compounds
and bromine synthesized by man made is expected to
gradually phase out by mid 21st century when such
67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:34 PM71
72 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´µà“ßÊ „π∫√√¬“°“»The climate change due to different gases in the atmosphere
°“√‡¬Áπ≈ßCooler
Relative Importance °“√√âÕπ¢÷ÈπHotter
§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥åCarbon dioxide
¡’‡∑πMethane
‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥åNitrous oxide
§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫ÕπChlorofluorocarbon
‚Õ‚´π„π‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√åTropospheric Ozone
‚Õ‚´π„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å/Stratospheric Ozone
„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åµÕπ≈à“ß∑”„À⺑«‚≈°‡¬Áπ≈ß „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—𧓥«à“‚Õ‚´π®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥º‘«æ◊ÈπÀ√◊Õ‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√å‡æ√“–«à“¡≈¿“«–„πÕ“°“»∑”„Àâ‚≈°Õÿàπ¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (Greenhouse Effect) °“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π°—∫°ä“´„π∫√√¬“°“»™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–§”π«≥‰¥â∂Ÿ°µâÕß ®“°√Ÿª °√“ø·∑àß∑÷∫·∑πÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ ·∑àß ’¢“«·∑𧫓¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´πæ∫«à“ CO2 ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“° ÿ¥ ´÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ∂à“πÀ‘π πÈ”¡—π ·≈–°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ ªí®®ÿ∫—π CO2 „π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 30% ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ 50 ªï°àÕπ °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ◊ËπÊ ¡’º≈¥—ß°√“ø ‡™àπ ¡’‡∑π(CH4) ‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å (N2O) “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√-§“√å∫Õπ (CFCs) ‚Õ‚´πº‘«æ◊Èπ (Tropospheric Ozone)‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“» µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å (Stratospheric Ozone)„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈°°Á¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π‡™àπ°—π ‡æ√“–‚Õ‚´π‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¿“«–∑“ßÕÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ ·≈–‚¥¬§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕߧåª√–°Õ∫„π∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë ‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‘Ëß ”§—≠§◊Õ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑’ˇ¬Áπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈–¬—ߧ߇ªìπ‡™àππ’ȇªìπ‡«≈“π“𠇪ìπ ‘Ëß°√–µÿâπ°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡¢µ¢—È«‚≈° „πªí®®ÿ∫—π¢π“¥·≈–¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õß°“√‡¬Áπ≈ß ®–∑”„Àâ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π°≈—∫§◊π ¿“æ‡¥‘¡™â“ÕÕ°‰ªÕ’°
6. ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π®–°≈—∫§◊π ¿“æÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ∂â“°≈—∫§◊π®–‡ªìπ‡¡◊ËÕ„¥?
°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å —߇§√“–Àå¢÷È𠧓¥«à“®–§àÕ¬Ê À“¬‰ªª√–¡“≥°≈“ß»µ«√√…∑’Ë 21 ‡¡◊ËÕ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡À≈à“π’ȧàÕ¬Ê À“¬‰ª®“°∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘
§«“¡ ”‡√Á®Õ—ππ’ȇ°‘¥®“°¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„π°“√À¬ÿ¥º≈‘µ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ßÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡∑’Ë®–™à«¬„Àâª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√øóôπøŸ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π‰¥â ¥â«¬°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë ”§—≠Ê ‚¥¬¬àÕ ¥—ßπ’È
compounds slowly disappear from the atmosphere by
natural process.é
The success came from the agreement among
international nations on the discontinued production
and use of ozone-destroying substances. The full
compliance to the agreement will contribute to the
success of recovery of ozone layer through various
implementations. The main actions are summarized as
follows:
1981 Deep understanding of the capacity of chlorine
and bromine in relative to ozone depletion
1985 The adoption of the Vienna Convention for
the protection of the ozone layer
1987 The existing of Montreal Protocol on phase
out of substances that deplete the ozone layer
1990 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting
substances were amended in London (London Amend-
ment) to discontinue producing and use of ozone-de-
stroying substances (CFCs, Halons) by year 2000 among
the developed nation and 2010 among the developing
countries and added controlling measures on other sub-
stances, that is, CCl4 by year 2000 and Methyl Chloro-
form by year 2005 in the developed countries. Nowadays
136 members, including Thailand, ratified the amendment.
1992 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet-
ing substances were amended in Copenhagen
(Copenhagen amendment) by changing the time of
discontinuing production and use of ozone-depleting
substances to be enforced earlier from year 2000 to be
1995 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet-
ing substances were amended at Vienna (Vienna Amend-
ment) concerning other additional articles such as the
10-years permission extended to the developed nations
in adoption under the commitment of controlled sub-
stances of CFCs, Halons, CCl4, and Methyl Chloroform,
including the use of Methyl Bromide amount on the
basis of the figure of 1994.
1997 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet-
ing substances were amended in Montreal (Montreal
Amendment) concerning other additional articles such
as the control of Methyl Bromide to reduce by 25%,
50%, 75% and 100% within 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005
respectively for developed nations. For developing
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‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 73
™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– Ozone Layer/
Atmosphere and Ozone Layer
ªï §.». 1981 ¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®Õ¬à“ß≈÷°´÷Èß∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õߧ≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π„π°“√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π
ªï §.». 1985 ¡’Õπÿ —≠≠“‡«’¬ππ“ ”À√—∫æ‘∑—°…å™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π(Vienna Convention)
ªï §.». 1987 ¡’æ‘∏’ “√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈«à“¥â«¬°“√‡≈‘°„™â “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π (Montreal Protocol)
ªï §.». 1990 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿß≈Õπ¥Õπ (London Amendment)„Àâ¡’°“√‡≈‘°º≈‘µ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π (CFCs, Halons)¿“¬„πªï §.». 2000 „πª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ ·≈–ªï §.». 2010 „πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√µ—«Õ◊Ëπ§◊ÕCCl4 ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2000 ·≈– ‡¡∏‘≈ §≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ ¿“¬„πªï§.». 2005 „πª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’ ¡“™‘°„Àâ —µ¬“∫—π·≈â«®”π«π 136 ª√–‡∑» √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬
ªï §.». 1992 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿß‚§‡ªπ‡Œ‡°π (Copenhagen Amend-ment) ‚¥¬‡ª≈’ˬπ‡«≈“‡≈‘°º≈‘µ ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π„Àâ‡√Á«¢÷Èπ ®“°ªï §.». 2000 ‡ªìπ §.». 1996 ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“‡æ‘Ë¡ “√§«∫§ÿ¡‰Œ‚¥√‚∫√‚¡ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HBFCs) ·≈–‰Œ‚¥√§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HCFCs) “√∑¥·∑π™—Ë«§√“« ÷Ëß¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πµË” √«¡∑—Èß ‡¡∏‘≈‚∫√‰¡µå ‡¢â“‰ª¥â«¬ ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’ ¡“™‘°„Àâ —µ¬“∫—π·≈â«®”π«π101 ª√–‡∑» √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬
ªï §.». 1995 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿ߇«’¬ππ“ (Vienna Amendment)‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °”Àπ¥√–¬–‡«≈“ºàÕπº—π 10 ªï„Àâª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡æ—π∏°√≥’¢Õß “√§«∫§ÿ¡°≈ÿà¡ “√ CFCs Halons CCl4 ·≈– ‡¡∏‘≈ §≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ √«¡∂÷ß„Àâ„™âª√‘¡“≥ Methyl Bromide µ“¡µ—«‡≈¢ªï §.». 1994‡ªìπ‡°≥±å
ªï §.». 1997 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ π§√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈ (Montreal Amendment)‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ‡¡∏‘≈ ‚∫√‰¡µå „Àâ≈¥≈ß 25% 50% 75% 100% ¿“¬„πªï 1999, 2001, 2003 ·≈–2005 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ „Àâ≈¥≈ß 20% ·≈–100% „πªï §.». 2005 ·≈– 2015 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ „πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“
ªï §.». 1999 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿßªí°°‘Ëß (Beijing Amendment) ‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™à𠧫∫§ÿ¡ “√‚∫√‚¡§≈Õ‚√¡’‡∑π ·≈–‰Œ‚¥√§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ
§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π‡√‘Ë¡≈¥≈ß„πªï §.». 1995 ‡æ√“–«à“µâÕß„™â‡«≈“ 3-6 ªï „π°“√§≈ÿ°‡§≈â“°—∫Õ“°“»∑’˺‘«æ◊Èπ ·≈–¢÷Èπ‰ª
nations, the reduction of 20% and 100% were applied
by 2005 and 2015 respectively.
1999 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting
substances were amended in Beijing (Beijing Amend-
ment) concerning other additional articles such as the
control of bromochloromethane and hydrochlorofluoro-
carbon.
Chlorine and bromine declined in 1995 as it took
3-6 years to have mixed them with the surface air and
drifted into the atmosphere. Then, chlorine remained
stable and gradually reduced. With full compliance
with the agreement, it will revive the ozone layer to its
normal state by mid 21st century. Compared with the
rapid depletion of CFCs, the recovery slowly takes place
as it takes the natural process to decompose chlorine
and bromine from the atmosphere. The approximate
duration time of CFCs ranges 50 years to many hundred
years. However, the future of ozone layer lies on many
factors apart from chlorine and bromine compounds,
such as methane, nitrous oxide, atomic sulfate in
conjunction with the climate change. Ozone, conse-
quently, will not be the same as pre-1980s. However,
the finding of ozone loss and agreements will help
preserve and prevent the problems that may occur.
The picture shows previous amount of chlorine and
bromine and projected outcome. If the Montreal
Protocol and other resolutions hadnût been established,
CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances would have
been increased in the atmosphere. The amount of
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74 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
*æ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åπ—Èπ‡¥‘π∑“ß¡“¬—ß‚≈°„π√Ÿª¢Õß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ À√◊Õ √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’ (UV) ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬°—π “¡™π‘¥ §◊Õ ™π‘¥‡Õ (UVA) ™π‘¥∫’ (UVB) ·≈–
™π‘¥´’ (UVC) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’π’È¡’¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“ 10.00-16.00 π. √—ß ’Õÿ≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π∑’Ë„π√Ÿª§≈◊Ëπ·¡à‡À≈Á°‰øøÑ“ ‰¡à “¡“√∂¡Õߥ⫬µ“ √—ß ’
¬Ÿ«’-‡Õ (UV-A) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’Ë¡’æ≈—ßß“πµË” ‰¡à∑”„À⇰‘¥º‘«‰À¡â„π√–¬– —Èπ ·µà¡’º≈‡ ’¬µàÕº‘«„π√–¬–¬“« ‡æ√“– “¡“√∂∑–≈ÿºà“π‡¢â“∂÷ߺ‘«™—ÈπÀπ—ß·∑â (Dermis) °àÕ„À⇰‘¥
Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–∑”≈“¬º‘« πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߇¢â“‰ª∑”≈“¬‡ âπ„¬§Õ≈≈“‡®π·≈–Õ’≈“ µ‘π ´÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’˧ߧ«“¡°√–™—∫ ·≈–¬◊¥À¬ÿàπº‘«„Àâ≈¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ≈ß ·≈–¬—ßÕ“® àߺ≈
µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß∑’˺‘«Àπ—߉¥â √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’ (UV-B) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’Ë¡’æ≈—ßß“π Ÿß ¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢Õß· ß Ÿß ÿ¥„πµÕπ‡∑’ˬ߫—π ·≈–™à«ß‡«≈“„πƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“»√âÕπ®—¥ √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’
“¡“√∂ àÕßµ√ß∑”≈“¬º‘«™—ÈπÀπ—ß°”æ√â“ (Epidermis) ´÷Ë߇ªìπº‘«™—Èπ∫π ÿ¥ ∑”„À⺑«‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’‡¢â¡¢÷Èπ‡°‘¥§«“¡À¡Õߧ≈È” ®ÿ¥¥à“ߥ”·≈–ΩÑ“‰¥â ´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß
‡À≈à“π’ȇ°‘¥®“°‡´≈≈å∑’Ë™◊ËÕ ‡¡≈“‚π‰´¥å (Melanocyte) ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™—Èπ≈à“ß ÿ¥¢Õß™—ÈπÀπ—ß°”æ√â“ ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë √â“߇¡Á¥ ’∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ ‡¡≈“π‘π (Melanin) ´÷Ë߇ªìπµ—«°”Àπ¥
’º‘«¢Õß·µà≈–§π„Àâ·µ°µà“ß°—π ‡¡◊ËÕº‘«‰¥â√—∫√—ß ’π’ÈÕ¬Ÿà‡ªìπª√–®”°Á®–‡°‘¥°“√°√–µÿâπ„Àâ √â“߇¡≈“π‘π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ®÷ß àߺ≈„Àâ ’º‘«§≈È”¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’¬—ß
Õ“®‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áߺ‘«Àπ—߉¥â‡™àπ°—π√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-´’ (UV-C) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’ËÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕº‘«¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·µà¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂∑–≈ÿºà“π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π≈ß¡“∂÷ߺ‘«‚≈°‰¥â
*Energy of the Sun reaches the Earth in the form of ultra violet radiation or what is called UV, which is composed of 3 types, that is, UVA,
UVB, and UVC. The most concentration of UV is during 10.00-6.00. Ultra violet is electric wave, invisible to human eyes. UV-A is a low energy
radiation. It has no impact on the human skin in a short term, but it causes sunburn on human skin in a long period of time because it can
penetrate the skin at the Dermis level, producing free radicals which can damage skin. Besides, it also damages collagen and elastin, mechanism
for fitness and elasticity of the skin to be less effective, and causes skin cancer as well.
UV-B is a high energetic radiation, with its most intensity at midday and during the hot summer. With direct exposure to UV-B, it can directly
damage the epidermis, an outer layer of skin, causing darker color of skin, spots, and scum. Such changes are the result of the cell, called
Melanocyte, a cell at the lowest level of the epidermis, producing pigment called melanin, the primary determinant of different human skin color.
When the skin is constantly exposed to this radiation, it stimulates creation of more melanin, leading to the darker skin. UV-B, in addition, is also
another cause of skin cancer. UV-C is the most harmful radiation to the skin, but still it is unable to pass through the ozone to the Earthûs surface.
Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ www.tmd.go.th
„π∫√√¬“°“» ®“°π—Èπª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π®–‡√‘Ë¡§ß∑’Ë·≈–≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ¥â«¬°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ßÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»°≈—∫§◊π¡“„π ¿“æª°µ‘ª√–¡“≥°≈“ß»µ«√√…∑’Ë 21 °“√°≈—∫§◊πÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°“√∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«‚¥¬ CFCs ‡æ√“–µâÕßÕ“»—¬‡«≈“„π°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘∑’Ë®– ≈“¬§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π®“°∫√√¬“°“» Õ“¬ÿ¢Õß CFCs à«π¡“°Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß 50∂÷ßÀ≈“¬√âÕ¬ªï Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡Õ𓧵¢Õß™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π¬—ߢ÷Èπ°—∫Õߧåª√–°Õ∫Õ◊ËππÕ°®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π¥â«¬‡™àπ ¡’‡∑π ‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å Õπÿ¿“§´—≈‡øµ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈° ‡Àµÿπ’È™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ®–‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫™à«ß°àÕπ∑»«√√… 1980 π—° ‰¡à«à“®–Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√§âπæ∫≈—°…≥–°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª‚Õ‚´π·≈–¢âÕµ°≈ßµà“ßÊ ®–™à«¬„Àâ°“√√—°…“·≈–ªÑÕß°—πªí≠À“∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â √Ÿª· ¥ßª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π„πÕ¥’µ·≈–°“√ª√–‡¡‘π·π«‚πâ¡∑”π“¬º≈À“°‰¡à¡’æ‘∏’ “√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈·≈–°“√·°â‰¢µà“ßÊ ·≈â«CFCs ·≈– “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πÕ◊ËπÊ ®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π∫√√¬“°“»ª√‘¡“≥ §≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ªï §.». 1980 ®–‡ªìπ 10 ‡∑à“ª√–¡“≥„πªï §.». 2050 µ√ß°—π¢â“¡°“√¡’¢âÕµ°≈ßµà“ßÊ ®–„Àâº≈°“√ª≈àÕ¬ “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡‡ âπª√– ¥—ß√Ÿª
chlorine and bromine in 2050 would have been 10
times of those in 1980. The agreements will direct the
release of ozone-depleting substances as the dashed
line of the picture.
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The outcome of the international agreement on the reduction and discontinuation the use of ozone-destroying substances
À“°‰¡à¡’æ‘∏’ “√If the Protocol
non-existed
¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕπ Montreal
1987
≈Õπ¥ÕπLondon1990
‡«’¬ππ“Vienna1995‚§‡ªπ‡Œ‡°π
Copenhagen 1992
¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈Montreal 1997
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Reference1. Information from the Meteorology Department
www.tmd.go.th
67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:35 PM74
‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 75
World Watch Institute, a well-known agency for the environment of the United States, reported that since
1980 12,000 weather-related disasters occurred around the world, causing a total of 1.3 trillion USD in the
worldûs economic losses.
Average annual economic losses from such events have been $ 26,000 million in the 1980s, but the total
cost of such disasters has risen to $ 104,000 million and only the disaster-specific-Hurricane Katerina-cost have
been up to $ 200,000 million.
World Watch Institute still warned that if the world consumes the fossil fuel at this increasing rate and
continuously destroys the natural resources and environment fundamental, the confrontation with the severity
of storms and the same catastrophe currently experienced is unavoidable.
While the weather-related scientists all have the consensus that the climate change from global warming
is a major factor to have caused the increased intensity of the Hurricane Katrina (measured by the wind speed
and the duration of its occurrence) since such storm has accumulated more power.
During the last 30 years, the power released by the hurricane around the world was on average increasing
approximately 70% or an equivalent of 15% increase of the speed and approximate 60% increase of the long-
time occurrence of the storm.
In addition, the need of economic growth not only leads to the expansion of production and consumption
activity, it also devastates the number of fundamental of natural resources constantly in every part of the world
aiming at the extent of the economic development capacity. For example, the deforestation of the coastal
forest, mangrove forest, and sand dune used to be storm barrier have been carried out for tourist areas.
Hurricane Katerina, The Lesson Thai People should Concern (Khao Sod Newspaper, 12 October 2005)
ÀâÕß¢à“« ‚¥¬ : “¬¢à“«
Environment News by : News Line Team
∂“∫—π World Watch ÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë¡’™◊ËÕ‡ ’¬ß∑“ߥâ“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¢ÕßÕ‡¡√‘°“ √“¬ß“π«à“ π—∫µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1980¡’¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑—Ë«‚≈°√«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ 12,000 §√—Èß √â“ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„Àâ·°à‡»√…∞°‘®‚≈°√«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ1.3 ≈â“π≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ
‚¥¬„π∑»«√√… 1980 §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 26,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ/ªï „πªï §.». 2004 §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬°≈—∫¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 104,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ ·≈–‡©æ“–§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« Ÿß∂÷ß200,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ
∂“∫—π World Watch ¬—߇µ◊Õπ«à“ À“°‚≈°‡√“¬—ߧߡ’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π®“°·À≈àßøÕ ‘≈„πÕ—µ√“∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ·∫∫π’È ·≈–∑”≈“¬∞“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß °“√º®≠°—∫§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß擬ÿ·≈–‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„π√–¥—∫‡¥’¬«°—∫‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“ ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’ËÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬ߉¡à‰¥â
„π¢≥–∑’Ëπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â“π¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» °Á¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπµ√ß°—π«à“ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕ𠇪ìπªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„Àâ擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∑’ˇ°‘¥„𻵫√√…π’È¡’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ («—¥∑’˧«“¡‡√Á«≈¡·≈–§«“¡¬“«π“π¢Õß™à«ß‡«≈“∑’ˇ°‘¥) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°æ“¬ÿ¥—ß°≈à“«¡’°“√ – ¡æ≈—ßß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ
‚¥¬„π√Õ∫ 30 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“æ∫«à“ æ≈—ßß“π∑’˪≈àÕ¬®“°æ“¬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∑—Ë«‚≈° ¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 70% À√◊Õ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 15% ·≈–§«“¡¬“«π“π¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥æ“¬ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 60%
πÕ°®“°π’È §«“¡µâÕß°“√°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâ¡’°“√¢¬“¬°‘®°√√¡∑“ߥâ“π°“√º≈‘µ·≈–∫√‘‚¿§ÕÕ°‰ª·≈â« ¬—ß¡’°“√∑”≈“¬∞“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° ·≈–Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„π∑ÿ°¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§¢Õß‚≈°∑—Èßπ’È ‡æ◊ËÕ¢¬“¬¢’¥®”°—¥„π°“√æ—≤π“∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª ‡™àπ °“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‰¡â™“¬Ωíòß ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π —π∑√“¬ ∑’Ë·µà‡¥‘¡‡§¬∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ·π«°—π™π擬ÿµà“ßÊ „À⇪ìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«
‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“ ∫∑‡√’¬π∑’˧π‰∑¬§«√„ à„®(Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå¢à“« ¥ «—π∑’Ë 12 µÿ≈“§¡ 2548)
75-78/ÀÈÕߢ˓« 22/12/05, 6:33 PM75
76 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«
The Environment and Human Security Institute, the United Nations University, revealed the report on
October 11th that the worsening environment may have caused the approximate 50 million of world population
to mitigate their own settlement by 2010 due to droughts, the increase of sea level, flood and storms, which
are linked to the rise of global temperature affecting hundred millions of the world population.
Mr. Janos Bogardi, the head of the Institution in Bonn, Germany, warned those involved preparing to
handle the existing situation as it was estimated the environment based immigrants of about 50 million, who
could be people in Ukraine or Italy, and the worst was the expected number of up to 1,000 million immigrants.
However, Mr.Bogardi expected that 20 million people are threatening by the natural disasters caused by
the destruction of the environment, ranging from the agricultural problem to contaminated toxic water
problem. Such problems have already affected millions of people in the Sub-Sahara Africa, India and Asia.
The Institute is demanding for the acceptance of the status of the environment-related immigrants,
meaning that, people who immigrate from their settlement due to worsening environment should be supported
in terms of food, equipment, home, health care, and being accepted as the same refugees who immigrated
for the reason of politics, war or abuse. (Reuter)
Worsening Environment, 50 million people Immigrating(Matichon Newspaper, 12 October 2005)
‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡≈«√⓬∑”§π 50 ≈â“π¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ(Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ塵‘™π «—π∑’Ë 12 µÿ≈“§¡ 2548)
∂“∫—π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ Àª√–™“™“µ‘ ‡º¬√“¬ß“π‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 11 µÿ≈“§¡ √–∫ÿ«à“ ¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇ≈«√⓬≈߇√◊ËÕ¬Ê Õ“®®–∑”„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°√“« 50 ≈â“π§π µâÕßÕæ¬æ®“°∂‘Ëπ∞“π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¢Õßµ—«‡Õß¿“¬„πªï æ.». 2553 Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß °“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ °“√‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡·≈–擬ÿ ÷Ë߇°’ˬ«‚¬ß°—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‚≈°∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ®π∑”„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°π—∫√âÕ¬≈â“π§π‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫
𓬮“πÕ ‚∫°“√奒 À—«Àπâ“ ∂“∫—π„π‡¡◊Õß∫Õππå ª√–‡∑»‡¬Õ√¡π’ ‰¥âÕÕ°¡“‡µ◊Õπ„Àâ∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬‡µ√’¬¡√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡æ√“–§“¥«à“Õ“®®–¡’ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ√“« 50 ≈â“π§π ÷ËßÕ“®®–‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èߪ√–™“°√„π¬Ÿ‡§√πÀ√◊ÕÕ‘µ“≈’ ·≈–À“°‡≈«√⓬∑’Ë ÿ¥°Á®–¡’ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡“°∂÷ßæ—π≈â“π§π∑’‡¥’¬«
°√–π—Èπ°Áµ“¡ ‚∫°“√奒§“¥«à“¡’ª√–™“°√√“« 20 ≈â“π§π ∑’Ë°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘√ÿ°√“πÕ¬ŸàÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√∑”≈“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ π—∫µ—Èß·µàªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕß°“√∑”°“√‡°…µ√‰ª®π∂÷ߪí≠À“¿“«–πÈ”‡ªìπæ‘… ´÷Ëߪí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕª√–™“°√π—∫≈â“π§π„π´—∫´“Œ“√“ ·Õø√‘°“ Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ·≈–‡Õ‡™’¬·≈â«
πÕ°®“°π’È ∑“ß ∂“∫—π¬—߇√’¬°√âÕß„Àâ¡’°“√¬Õ¡√—∫§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß ∂“π–¢ÕߺŸâ≈’È¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߪ√–™“™π∑’˵âÕßÕæ¬æÕÕ°®“°∂‘Ëπ∞“πÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“° ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇ≈«√⓬≈ß Õ—π‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈∑’˧«√‰¥â√—∫§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ¥â“πÕ“À“√‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ ∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬ °“√√—°…“欓∫“≈ ·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√¬Õ¡√—∫‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß Àπ’¿—¬ ߧ√“¡À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°°¥¢’ˢࡇÀß (√Õ¬‡µÕ√å)
75-78/ÀÈÕߢ˓« 22/12/05, 6:33 PM76
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π“¬Õ‘ √– ‚™µ‘∫ÿ√°“√ Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ „π‡√Á«Ê π’È°√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡‡µ√’¬¡®–ª√–°“»‡æ‘Ë¡∫∑≈ß‚∑…‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’ˉ¡àªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡√–‡∫’¬∫¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫¢Õß°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë¡’ à«π‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °“√ª≈àÕ¬πÈ”‡ ’¬ ·≈–¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» ®“°‡¥‘¡∑’Ë®–¡’‚∑…ª√—∫ Ÿß ÿ¥‡æ’¬ß10,000-20,000 ∫“∑ ‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ 200,000 ∫“∑ ·∑π æ√âÕ¡°—∫¬—ß®–µ—Èß√“ß«—≈„Àâ°—∫ºŸâ∑’Ë·®â߇∫“–· ¢Õß‚√ßß“π∑’Ë∑”º‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬25% ¢Õß®”π«π‡ß‘π∑’˪√—∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡„Àâ·°à™ÿ¡™π√Õ∫‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡·µà≈–·Ààß„π°“√µ√«® Õ∫‚√ßß“π
ç°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥™—¥‡®π«à“ À“°∑”º‘¥√–‡∫’¬∫Õ–‰√ ®–µâÕߪ√—∫®”π«π‡∑à“„¥ ÷Ëß‚∑… Ÿß ÿ¥§◊Õ°“√≈—°≈Õ∫°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ª√—∫∑—π∑’ 200,000 ∫“∑ ·≈–‚√ßß“ππ—ÈπÊ ®–µâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√·°â‰¢∑—π∑’ ¡‘‡™àππ—Èπ°Á®–¡’°“√„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬«—µ∂ÿÕ—πµ√“¬¡“∫—ߧ—∫„™â ∑’Ë®–¡’‚∑…®”§ÿ°Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 2 ªï ¡“‡Õ“º‘¥¥â«¬ ÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π‚√ßß“π∑’ˬ—ß∑”º‘¥√–‡∫’¬∫Õ¬Ÿàª√–¡“≥ 25% °Á§“¥«à“À≈—ß®“°∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡∫∑≈ß‚∑…·≈â« ®–∑”„Àâ¡’‚√ßß“π∑’˪ؑ∫—µ‘µ“¡√–‡∫’¬∫¡“°¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ°«à“ 99%é
π“¬Õ‘ √–°≈à“««à“ °àÕπ∑’Ë®–¡’°“√ÕÕ°µ√«®‚√ßß“π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»π—Èπ °√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–¡’°“√ àßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡«’¬π·®âß„Àâ·°à‚√ßß“π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»∑√“∫°àÕπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇫≈“„π°“√ª√—∫·°â„π à«π∑’ˬ—߉¡à∂Ÿ°√–‡∫’¬∫ À≈—ß®“°π—Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-2 ‡¥◊ÕπÀ≈—ß®“°π’È°Á “¡“√∂ÕÕ°µ√«®‚√ßß“π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»‰¥â‡≈¬ ‚¥¬°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–‡πâπ„π°“√µ√«®‚√ßß“π¢π“¥„À≠à·≈–„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑朷≈–ª√‘¡≥±≈ à«π‚√ßß“π„πµà“ß®—ßÀ«—¥π—Èπ∑“ߺŸâ«à“√“™°“√®—ßÀ«—¥·µà≈–®—ßÀ«—¥®–‡ªìπºŸâ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫
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Mr.Issara Chottiburgarn, Director General of the Department of Industrial Works, revealed that the Ministry
of Industry would soon increase more penalties to the industrial plants that do not conform to the rules and
regulations of the Department of Industrial Works, particularly those who are involved with the environment in
terms of industrial residues disposal, polluted water release, and air pollution, from the highest penalty of 10,000
-20,000 Baht to 200,000 Baht. We also have the rewards for those who offer us the inside information of the
illegal plants, 25% of the fine to build engagement of each factories-neighboring community to help monitor
the factories.
çThe Department clearly defines which category of your illegal action falls into and how much penalty you
will be fined. The highest penalty is the smuggling of industrial residues disposal with the immediate fine of
200,000 Baht and that factory is required to resolve the problem immediately, otherwise the provision of
hazardous materials will be imposed, which penalizes at least 2-year imprisonment. Currently, 25% of the
factories involving illegal actions are expected to comply with the new law, thus, leading to more than 99%
increase of the factories complying to the regulations,é
Mr.Issara said, however, that before the audit of all factories around the country, the Department would
send circulating letter informing the factories over the country in advance for them to have time to correct
what doesnût apply to the rules. Around 1-2 months later we could then audit the factories nationwide. The
Department is aiming the audit of large factories both in Bangkok and its vicinity. For the factories outside
Bangkok, the Governor of each province will be responsible.
Mr.Issara said that in addition the Ministry of Industry is setting the policy of imposing more fee in industrial
residue disposal, which the Department is doing more study of how much fee will be increased for which type
of industrial residues in conjunction with the disposal method, which must not affect the environment. The
service fee charge for this is not the same, so the Department needs to set the average fee. The current
service fee for industrial residues disposal is 1,000-4,000 Baht per ton on average.
çThe problem of the current industrial residues disposal is some factories are benighted dumping such
waste in the depilated areas and the landfill facilities of the local administration are not up to the standard.
Therefore, the education and knowledge must be rapidly promoted as well as create more incentives for
correct, effective and environmental friendly method of
industrial residues disposal because such issue will
certainly impact the future, Mr.Issara saidé çAnd that
currently there are 130,000 factories over the country
and approximate 6.4 million tons of industrial residues
needed to be eliminated. Of these, 20,000 factories produce
industrial residues that are difficult to be disposed of.
Penalty Increased for Industrial Factories Damaging EnvironmentIncentive Reward for Community Watch Out(Matichon Newspaper, 2 November 2005)
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