Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

84
°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment «“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548-¡’π“§¡ 2549 Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005-March 2006 www.deqp.go.th www.environnet.go.th  ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ Global Warming ∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda ™–µ“°√√¡·ÀàßÀ“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe ¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’ˉ√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment

description

วารสารเส้นทางสีเขียว ฉบับที่ 17 ภาวะโลกร้อน

Transcript of Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

Page 1: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment«“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548-¡’π“§¡ 2549Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005-March 2006

www.deqp.go.th www.environnet.go.th

¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπGlobal Warming

∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda

™–µ“°√√¡·ÀàßÀ“¬π–¢Õß‚≈°Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe

¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’Ë ‰√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment

01/Cover 21/12/05, 8:50 AM1

Page 2: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment«“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548 - ¡’π“§¡ 2549Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005 - March 2006

°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Department of Environmental Quality Promotion Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment«“√ “√√“¬ 4 ‡¥◊Õπ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 ∏—𫓧¡ 2548 - ¡’π“§¡ 2549Quaterly Periodical No. 17 December 2005 - March 2006

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« : GREEN LINE

∑’˪√÷°…“ : Advisory BoardÕ¿‘«—≤πå ‡»√…∞√—°…å Apiwat Sretaruqsa

æ√∑‘æ¬å ªíòπ‡®√‘≠ Pornthip Punchareun

∫√√≥“∏‘°“√Õ”π«¬°“√ : Editor Directer√—™π’ ‡Õ¡–√ÿ®‘ Ratchanee Emaruchi

“°≈ ∞‘π–°ÿ≈ Sakol Thinakul

E-mail : [email protected]

∫√√≥“∏‘°“√∫√‘À“√ : Executive Editor “«‘µ√’ »√’ ÿ¢ Savitree Srisuk

E-mail : [email protected]

E-mail : [email protected]

°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ : Editor Staff»√™—¬ ¡Ÿ≈§” Sornchai Moonkham

æ√∑‘æ¬å “√‘°∫ÿµ√ Pornthip Sarikabutr

¿“«‘π’ ≥ “¬∫ÿ√’ Pavinee Na Saiburi

Õ≈ß°µ »√’«‘®‘µ√°¡≈ Alongkot Srivijitkamol

π—π∑«√√≥ ‡À≈à“ƒ∑∏‘Ï Nantawan Lourith

Õµ‘æ√ «‘𗬂°»≈ : ºŸâ·ª≈/‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß Atiporn Vinaikosol : Translator

‡®â“¢Õß : Owner°√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Department of Environmental Quality Promotion

°√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

49 æ√–√“¡ 6 ´Õ¬ 30 ∂ππæ√–√“¡ 6 49 Soi 30 Rama VI, Rama VI Rd.

°√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400 Bangkok 10400

‚∑√. 0-2298-5628 ‚∑√ “√ 0-2298-5629 Tel. 0-2298-5628 Fax: 0-2298-5629

Website : www.deqp.go.th http://www.dedqp.go.th

ß«π≈‘¢ ‘∑∏‘Ï Copyright

ºŸâ®—¥∑” : Publish by∫√‘…—∑ ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡’‡¥’¬ ®”°—¥ Technology Media co., ltd.

471/4 Õ“§“√æ≠“‰∑‡æ≈ ∂ππ»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ 471/4 Phaya Thai Place, Sri-ayutthaya Road,

∑ÿàßæ≠“‰∑ √“™‡∑«’ °∑¡. 10400 Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400

‚∑√. 0-2644-4555, 0-2354-5333 Tel. 0-2644-4555, 0-2354-5333

·ø°´å 0-2644-6649, 0-2354-5322 Fax 0-2644-6649, 0-2354-5322

http://www.technologymedia.com http://www.technologymedia.com

E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected]

02/Inside Cover 22/12/05, 6:19 PM2

Page 3: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ : Free Talk

ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√– ∫°—∫ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ∑’ˬ“«π“π¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª®“°‡¥‘¡„πÕ’°À≈“¬Ê ª√–‡∑»∑—Ë«‚≈° · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“¿“«–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕ߉°≈µ—«Õ’°µàÕ‰ª ∑ÿ°«—ππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“°”≈—ß√âÕπ¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“®–√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡√◊ËÕ¬Ê „π™à«ß∑»«√√…∑’˺à“π¡“∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ∑»«√√… ÷Ëß√âÕπ∑’Ë ÿ¥„π√Õ∫æ—πªï À≈—°∞“π∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å®”π«π¡“°®“°∑—Ë«‚≈°∫Õ°‡√“«à“ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‰¥â°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫¡“°¡“¬„π·∑∫∑ÿ°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑—Ë«‚≈° √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬

°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·°â‰¢ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈–°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°À√◊Õ·¡â·µàª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà ≈â«π‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â À“°·µàµâÕßÕ“»—¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ¢ÕßÀ≈“¬ΩÉ“¬ ∑—Èß„π√–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ¿“§√—∞ ¿“§‡Õ°™π·≈–¿“§ª√–™“™π ÷Ëß®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µâπ∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ °“√ √â“ß ”π÷°„Àâµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫¢Õß ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ„π¿“§ª√–™“™π

«“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫∑’Ë 17 àß∑⓬ªï æ.». 2548 π’È π” “√–‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ º≈°√–∑∫·≈–§«“¡ ”§—≠∑’˵âÕ߇√àߥ”‡π‘π°“√ µ≈Õ¥®π·π«§‘¥¢Õ߇°…µ√°√¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√ √â“ß ”π÷°√à«¡™à«¬°—π√—°…“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ𔧫“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈„Àâ°≈—∫§◊π¡“ Ÿà ¿“«–·«¥≈âÕ¡¢Õ߇√“µàÕ‰ª

∫√√≥“∏‘°“√

03-04/∫Õ°‡≈Ë“‡°È“‘∫ 20/12/05, 8:03 PM3

Page 4: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

The phenomenon of longer summer Thailand has been experiencing or the

climate change around the globe shows that the climate change is no longer

other peopleûs problem. Our globe today is warming up rapidly and tends to be

on the continuous rise. During the past decade, it is the hottest decade during the

1,000-year cycle. Many scientific evidences around the globe inform us that the

problem of climate change has caused tremendous impacts on almost every

area of the world, including Thai.

The change to solve the global warming and reduction of greenhouse gases

or even the phenomenon of El Nino, all of which can be done. However, it

required the cooperation among many agencies in international level, govern-

ment sector, private sector, and the people. The good starting point is to build

awareness on the effect of global warming to the people.

The Green Line magazine volume 17, a farewell to year 2005, presents the

information of global warming, its impacts, what needs too be done, including the

perspective of the agriculture in the North, as guidance in creating awareness of

environmental conservation to revive the balance to our environment.

Editor

03-04/∫Õ°‡≈Ë“‡°È“‘∫ 20/12/05, 8:03 PM4

Page 5: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

∫Õ°‡≈à“‡°â“ ‘∫ : Free Talk 3

“√§¥’À≈—° : Main Feature ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ 7

Global Warming

∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» Climate Change 20Why must Thailand make the climate change a top agenda

™–µ“°√√¡·ÀàßÀ“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 29Fate of the Worldûs Catastrophe

¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’Ë ‰√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 33Thai Desserts...Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment

®—∫‡¢à“§ÿ¬ : Interview 37¡ÿ¡¡Õß™“«∫â“πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊ÕInterview the Perspective of the Villagersû in the North

—ߧ¡ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Society 41°“√≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡¢Õ߇°…µ√µâπ·∫∫The Way to Reduce Burning Agricultural Areas of Conventional Agriculture

“√∫—≠ : Contents

05-06/Content 22/12/05, 6:36 PM3

Page 6: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

„∫ÕàÕπ : Young Leaf 45‡¬“«™π°—∫°“√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘ËπYouth and the Local Science Lessons

°√’π‡«Á∫ : Green Web 50WEBSITE

π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Policy 54°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈°About the Worldûs Climate Change

‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ’‡¢’¬« : Green Technology 59Roadmap ß“π«‘®—¬æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡æ◊ËÕ°√ÿ߇∑æœ ¬—Ë߬◊πThe Energy and Environment Roadmap Research for the Future of Bangkok

“√–πà“√Ÿâ : Green Tips 65çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡àDong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yai New World Heritage

“¬¥à«π ’‡¢’¬« : Green Expressway 67

ÀâÕß¢à“« : Environment News 75

05-06/Content 22/12/05, 6:36 PM4

Page 7: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 77 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 7

“√§¥’À≈—° ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ÿ¥“√—™ ‘ßÀ‚°«‘π∑å

Main Feature by : Sudarach Singhagowin

¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ (Global Warming) À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’Ë™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»µ—Èß·µàº‘«‚≈°¢÷Èπ‰ª¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß≈—°…≥–¢Õß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‡™àπ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ωπ ≈¡ ‡ªìπµâπ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ·≈–∑”„Àâ√–∫∫𑇫»¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß

§≥–°√√¡°“√√–À«à“ß√—∞∫“≈«à“¥â«¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»(Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change À√◊Õ IPCC) √ÿª«à“∂â“À“°‚≈°¬—ߧߡ’°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´ CO

2´÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π°ä“´∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ ¿“«–

‚≈°√âÕπ„πÕ—µ√“∑’ˇªìπÕ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ®–∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥0.2-0.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ /∑»«√√… À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 2-5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ¿“¬„πª≈“¬»µ«√√…Àπâ“ ®“°°“√®”≈Õß·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚¥¬√–∫∫§Õ¡æ‘«‡µÕ√åæ∫«à“ º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ“®√«¡∂÷ß°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈„π√–¥—∫∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ∂÷ß 18 ´¡. ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2030 ·≈– Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 30-110 ´¡. À√◊Õ 66 ´¡.‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2100 πÕ°®“°π’È°Á®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–Õ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ¡’擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∫àÕ¬§√—Èߢ÷Èπ ‡°‘¥ ¿“«–§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß ‰øªÉ“ ·≈–Õÿ∑°¿—¬¡“°¢÷Èπ‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬

Global Warming means surface air temperatures rise due to the change of theatmospheric climate such as temperature, rainfall, wind, etc., having impacts on humanbeings and the change of ecosystem.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC concluded that if the Earth still

emits gases especially carbon dioxide, one of the many gases causing the global warming

at the current rate, it will cause the rise of the global temperature around 0.2-0.5 C in a

decade or a rise of 2-5 C by the end of next the century. From the computer simulation

model and a climate analysis, it has found that the impacts may include an increase of sea

level by 18 cm. by 2030 and the rise of about 30-110 cm. or 66 cm. by 2100. Moreover, it will

cause the variably atmospheric climate, a lot of hurricanes, drought state, wildfire, and flood.

The global is warmer due to the many layers of the atmosphere surrounding the Earth.

Each layer of atmosphere acts as a glass panel, absorbing the solar radiation to the Earth.

Some is re-emitted and some pass through the Earthûs surface, becoming the heat, which is

retained and helps the Earthûs temperature be in its balance state suitable for the livings of

many creatures.

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:30 PM7

Page 8: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

8 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 88 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡æ√“–¡’™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»ÀàÕÀÿâ¡Õ¬Ÿà‚¥¬√Õ∫À≈“¬™—Èπ ‚¥¬™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·µà≈–™—Èπ®–∑”Àπâ“∑’˧≈⓬°—∫À≈—ߧ“ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°√–®°§Õ¬√—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’Ë àÕߺà“π‡¢â“¡“¬—ß‚≈° · ß∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ° –∑âÕπÕÕ°‰ª¬—ßπÕ°‚≈° ·≈–∫“ß à«π®– àÕß∑–≈ÿºà“π‡¢â“¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° °≈“¬‡ªì𧫓¡√âÕπ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°‡°Á∫°—°‰«â¿“¬„π ∑”„Àâ‚≈°¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ËæÕ‡À¡“–°—∫°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬

ªí®®ÿ∫—π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·µà≈–™—Èπ°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°¡πÿ…¬å∑”≈“¬·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ‚≈°¢Õ߇√“Õ¬à“ß¡“° ∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥§◊Õ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß ÷Ë߇ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°°—π∑—Ë«‰ª«à“ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡√◊Õπ°√–®°À√◊Õ°√’π‡Œ“ å ‡Õø‡ø§ (Greenhouse Effect)

Nowadays, each layer of atmosphere is being

destroyed by human and dramatically causes impacts

to our Earth. What clearly seen is the drastic rise of the

Earthûs temperatures, which is commonly known as green-

house effect.

Greenhouse effect occurs when some gases sur-

rounding the Earth act like glass panels that let sunlight

in but trap the heat produced inside. These special

gases are called greenhouse gases, which are gases

trapping the solar radiation passing though the earth in

the atmosphere, causing the surface around that area

to become warmer just like the glass panel that the

√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ·ºπ¿“æ· ¥ß°“√√—∫·≈–§“¬√—ß ’®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë¡“ çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC.

Figure 1 : Flowchart of solar radiation incoming and outgoing of the Earthûs surface and atmosphereSource : çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC.

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:30 PM8

Page 9: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 9

ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‡°‘¥®“°°“√∑’Ë‚≈°∂Ÿ°ª°§≈ÿ¡¥â«¬°ä“´∫“ß™π‘¥∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘§≈⓬°√–®°∑’Ë· ß àÕß∑–≈ÿºà“π‰¥â·µà§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¡à “¡“√∂√–∫“¬∑–≈ÿºà“πÕÕ°¡“ ®÷߇√’¬°°ä“´∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‡™àππ’È«à“ °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (GreenhouseGases) ÷Ë߇ªìπ°ä“´∑’Ë°—È𧫓¡√âÕπ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’˵°°√–∑∫º‘«‚≈° ‰¡à„ÀâÕÕ°‰ª¬—ßπÕ°‚≈° ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ∫√‘‡«≥„µâ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»∫√‘‡«≥π—ÈπÊ ¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ§≈⓬°—∫°√–®°∑’Ë∂Ÿ°· ß·¥¥ àÕß°√–∑∫‚¥¬‰¡à¡’°“√√–∫“¬§«“¡√âÕπ

„π¿“«–ª°µ‘™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‚Õ‚´π ‰ÕπÈ” ·≈–°ä“´™π‘¥µà“ßÊ ÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë°√Õß√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —Èπ∫“ß™π‘¥„Àâºà“π¡“µ°°√–∑∫æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° √—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —Èπ∑’˵°°√–∑∫æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°π’È ®– –∑âÕπ°≈—∫ÕÕ°πÕ°™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‰ª à«πÀπ÷Ëß ·≈–Õ’° à«π∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õµ°°√–∑∫¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° ÷Ëß®–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π‰«â¥â«¬æ◊ÈππÈ” æ◊Èπ¥‘π ·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µµà“ßÊ À≈—ß

®“°π—Èπ°Á®–§“¬‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“πÕÕ°¡“ „π√Ÿª√—ß ’§≈◊Ë𬓫™à«ßÕ‘πø√“‡√¥°√–®“¬¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ·≈–·ºà°√–®“¬ÕÕ°πÕ°™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‰ª à«πÀπ÷Ëß Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëßπ—Èπ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»°Á®–¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π‰«â ·≈–§“¬æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπÕÕ°¡“ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 1º≈∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ§◊Õ∑”„Àâ‚≈° “¡“√∂√—°…“ ¿“æ ¡¥ÿ≈∑“ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‰«â‰¥â ®÷ß¡’«—Ø®—°√πÈ” Õ“°“» ·≈–ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈µà“ßÊ ¥”‡π‘π‰ªÕ¬à“ß ¡¥ÿ≈‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬µàÕ°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µæ◊™·≈– —µ«å ‚≈°®÷߇ª√’¬∫‡ ¡◊Õπ‡√◊Õπª≈Ÿ°æ◊™¢π“¥„À≠à∑’Ë¡’‰ÕπÈ”·≈–°ä“´µà“ßÊ „π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ°√Õ∫°√–®°∑’˧լ§«∫§ÿ¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–«—Ø®—°√µà“ßÊ „À⇪ìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß ¡¥ÿ≈

·µà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡’ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´∫“ß™π‘¥¡“°‡°‘π ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘ Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ

sunlight enters but cannot escape.

At the normal state, the Earthûs atmosphere consists

of ozone vapor and other types of gases, which absorbs

ultraviloet solar radiation. Some of this ultraviloet solar

radiation will be reflected out of the Earthûs surface

and atmosphere and some reflected to the Earthûs

surface, which consists of water, ground, and other

living things. They will absorb the solar radiation and

then let it out as energy. From the picture, the infrared

radiation is emitted from the earthûs surface, some of

which exits the atmosphere while some are absorbed

and warms it as seen at Figure 1. The result is the earth

is able to keep the balance state of temperature;

cycle of water, air, and seasons are happening at the

balance state suitable for the living of vegetation and

animals. The earth is compared to a very large green-

house, which is used to grow plants, containing vapor

and gases in the atmosphere like the glass panel

controlling the temperature and other cycles to be in

balance.

However, the Earthûs atmosphere contains some

gases more than the natural balance caused by human

activities, such as, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and

ozone (O3). These gases have special properties, that is,

they can absorb and emit infrared solar radiation very

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:31 PM9

Page 10: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

10 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO2) °ä“´¡’‡∑π (CH4) °ä“´´’‡Õø´’(CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons) ·≈–°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å(N2O) ·≈–‚Õ‚´π (O3) ‡ªìπµâπ °ä“´‡À≈à“π’È¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘摇»…§◊Õ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π·≈–§“¬√—ß ’§≈◊Ë𬓫™à«ßÕ‘πø√“‡√¥‰¥â¥’¡“° ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°§“¬√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» °ä“´‡À≈à“π’È®–¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥‡Õ“‰«â µàÕ®“°π—Èπ¡—π°Á®–§“¬§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° ·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°®÷ß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ‡√“‡√’¬°°ä“´∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥¿“«–·∫∫π’È«à“ ç°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (Green-house Gases)é °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°πÕ°®“°®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‚¥¬µ√ß·≈â« ¡—π¬—ß àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡¥â«¬ °≈à“«§◊Õ¡—π®–∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’°—∫°ä“´Õ◊ËπÊ ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°™π‘¥„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“ À√◊Õ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∫“ß™π‘¥Õ“®√«¡µ—«°—∫‚Õ‚´π ∑”„Àâ‚Õ‚´π„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß àߺ≈„Àâ√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —ÈπÕ¬à“ß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ë àÕߺà“π™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π≈ß¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‰¥â

¡“°¢÷Èπ √«¡∑—Èߪ≈àÕ¬„Àâ√—ß ’∑’Ë∑”Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ¡πÿ…¬å ·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ àÕߺà“π≈ß¡“∑”Õ—πµ√“¬°—∫ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫π‚≈°‰¥â¥â«¬ ÷Ëß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë ”§—≠¡’ 5 ™π‘¥ ¥—ßπ’È1. °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–‡°‘¥®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ °“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘߇°‘¥®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡µà“ßÊ ·≈–°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬À√◊Õ°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“π’È π—∫«à“‡ªìπµ—«°“√ ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥ „π°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ∑—È ßπ’ȇπ◊ËÕß®“°µâπ‰¡â·≈–ªÉ“‰¡â¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑’Ë¥’ §◊Õ¡—π “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥ —∫°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰«â°àÕπ∑’Ë®–≈Õ¬¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¥—ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕæ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

well. Therefore, when the Earthûs surface emits infrared

radiation to the atmosphere, these gases will absorb

the infrared and later emit heat retaining on the earthûs

surface and atmosphere. The earthûs surface then has

a rising temperature. We call these gases çgreenhouse

gases.é Greenhouse gases not only have direct impact

on the rise of the Earthûs temperature, but they also

produce indirect impacts. That is, they will undergo

some chemical reactions with other gases, reducing

the ozone of the atmosphere, resulting in more ultravio-

let solar radiation passing through the layer of ozone

atmosphere, including letting in the radiation which is

harmful to human and living things causing dangers to

living creatures on earth as well. There are 5 major

greenhouse gases as follows:

1. Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas, derived

from multiple sources both from natural and human

activities such as burning of fossils fuel, from the indus-

trial plants, and the deforestation for living or cultivation,

especially the deforestation, the major factor in emitting

the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere because both

plants and forests are able to absorb carbon dioxide

before emitting into the atmosphere. Therefore, when

the forest areas are diminished, more carbon dioxide is

able to be accumulated at the atmosphere. From the

study of the amount of carbon dioxide by IPCC (Inter-

governmental Panel on Climate Change) since 1980, it

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:32 PM10

Page 11: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 11

®÷ߢ÷Èπ‰ª – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È°“√‡º“ªÉ“¬—ß∑”„À⇰‘¥§“√å∫Õπ ÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕ —¡º— °—∫ÕÕ° ‘‡®π„πÕ“°“»®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ’°¥â«¬ ®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‚¥¬Àπ૬ߓπ IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Cli-mate Change) ª√–¡“≥µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1980 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“√“¬ß“π«à“¡’ª√‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ¡◊Õß À√◊Õ°“√‡°…µ√¡’ª√–¡“≥ 1.6Gtc (1.65109 µ—π§“√å∫Õπ) „π¢≥–∑’˪√‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰ ¥å®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â ·≈–·À≈àßÕ◊Ëπ∑’ˇªìπº≈¡“®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å°”≈—ß¡’ª√‘¡“≥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß πÕ°®“°π’Ⱥ≈°“√»÷°…“¢Õß IPCC ¬—ß√–∫ÿ™—¥«à“°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‡ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë ∑”„Àâ ‡°‘¥æ≈— ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡„π∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π∫√√¥“°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°™π‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ∑—È߬—ß¡’·π«‚π⡇æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ°«à“°ä“´™π‘¥Õ◊ËπÊ ¥â«¬ ÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–¬‘Ëß∑«’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷ÈπµàÕ‰ªÕ’° ≈à“ ÿ¥π’ÈÀπ૬ߓπ IPCC ‰¥â√“¬ß“πª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‚¥¬Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬åπ’È ∑”„Àâæ≈—ßß“π√—ß ’§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πº‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1.56 «—µµåµàÕµ“√“߇¡µ√ „πª√‘¡“≥π’Ȭ—߉¡à§‘¥√«¡º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑“ßÕâÕ¡¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

2. °ä“´¡’‡∑π·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥¢Õß°ä“´¡’‡∑π¡’Õ¬Ÿà¡“°¡“¬∑—Èß„π∏√√¡™“µ‘

·≈–∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ‡™àπ ®“°·À≈àßπ“¢â“« ®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬´“° ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ ®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑∂à“πÀ‘ππÈ”¡—π ·≈–°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡º“‰À¡â∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·≈–‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´¡’‡∑π„π∫√√¬“°“» Ÿß∂÷ß 20% ¢Õß°ä“´¡’‡∑π„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’√“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“¢ÕßIPCC «à“æ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√‡°…µ√ª√–‡¿∑π“¢â“«„πª√–‡∑»·∂∫‡Õ‡™’¬·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ¡’°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑π Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»„πª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡“° ·≈–¡’ª√‘¡“≥·µ°µà“ß°—π„π·µà≈–∫√‘‡«≥

rising more than the others, meaning the direct impact

to the temperature of the Earthûs surface and atmosphere

to be even more severely intensed. IPCC latest reported

that the rising amount of carbon dioxide by human

activities cause the accumulated radiation energy on

earth and atmosphere to rise approximately 1.56 watt

per square meter, of which this amount is not accounted

for the indirect impact of carbon dioxide.

2. MethaneThe source of methane is abundance both in the

nature and from the human activities, such as, from the

rice paddy, decomposition of the livings, burning of

coal, fuel, and natural gas, especially natural burning

and other types of fuel burning. They are able to

produce 20% of methane of the total methane in the

atmosphere. Besides, the study of IPCC reported that

agricultural areas of rice cultivation in Asian countries

and Australia emitted highest amount of methane into

the atmosphere and varied at different areas, depend-

ing on the type and the quality of soil of each area.

Though the emission of methane into the atmosphere is

higher than that of carbon dioxide, its average dura-

tion of stay is about 11 years, a lot less if compared to

carbon dioxide. It, thus, is second to carbon dioxide in

terms of major cause of greenhouse effect. It was reported

that the average concentration of heat energy

produced directly by methane is 0.47 watt per square

meter and from the domestic research outcome, it has

found out that a square meter of rice area will release

16-18 milligram per hour of methane, however, depending

on other surroundings factor as well.

3. Nitrous oxideThe origin of nitrous oxide is in the industry where

nitric acid is used in the production process such as the

nilon-fiber manufacturing industry, chemical industry or

some plastic industry, etc. Though a lot of nitrous oxide

is available at the normal state, the rising quantity is

considered in its balance state of nature. Those produced

by human are increasingly rising and have direct impact

on the rise of heat accumulated on the earth surface

by around 0.14 watt per square meter since the start

of the industrialization until now.

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:33 PM11

Page 12: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

12 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

¢÷Èπ°—∫™π‘¥·≈–§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߥ‘π„π·µà≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·¡â«à“°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑π Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–¡’¡“°°«à“°√≥’¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ·µà°ä“´¡’‡∑π¡’Õ“¬ÿ – ¡‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥11 ªï π—∫«à“πâÕ¬¡“°‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ®÷߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ°“√‡°‘¥¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‡ªìπÕ—π¥—∫ Õß√Õß®“°°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ‚¥¬¡’√“¬ß“π«à“æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°‡©≈’ˬ√«¡∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´¡’‡∑πª√–¡“≥ 0.47 «—µµå/µ“√“߇¡µ√ ·≈–®“°º≈°“√«‘®—¬¿“¬„πª√–‡∑»æ∫«à“„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπ“¢â“« 1 µ“√“߇¡µ√ ®–¡’°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´¡’‡∑πÕÕ°¡“ª√–¡“≥ 16-18 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ™—Ë«‚¡ß ∑—Èßπ’È¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ªí®®—¬·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ◊ËπÊ ¥â«¬

3. °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å§◊ÕÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’Ë„™â

°√¥‰πµ√‘°„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ µ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ Õÿµ “À°√√¡º≈‘µ‡ âπ„¬‰π≈Õπ Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡§¡’ À√◊ÕÕÿµ “À°√√¡æ≈“ µ‘°∫“ß™π‘¥ ‡ªìπµâπ ·¡â«à“°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’Ë ‡°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘®–¡’Õ¬Ÿà¡“°„π¿“«–ª°µ‘°Áµ“¡ ·µàÕ—µ√“°“√‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥¥—ß°≈à“«°Á®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„π¿“«–∑’Ë ¡¥ÿ≈„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ à«π°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬åπ—Èπ¡’ª√‘¡“≥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈– àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°ª√–¡“≥ 0.14 «—µµåµàÕµ“√“߇¡µ√ π—∫µ—Èß·µà‡√‘Ë¡¡’Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π

3. Nitrous oxideThe origin of nitrous oxide is in the industry where

nitric acid is used in the production process such as the

nilon-fiber manufacturing industry, chemical industry or

some plastic industry, etc. Though a lot of nitrous oxide

is available at the normal state, the rising quantity is

considered in its balance state of nature. Those produced

by human are increasingly rising and have direct impact

on the rise of heat accumulated on the earth surface

by around 0.14 watt per square meter since the start

of the industrialization until now.

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‚¥¬(a) · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°·≈–µ—«°“√Õ◊ËπÊ

∑’Ë¡“ çMeteorology and Hydrology for Sustainable Developmenté by J.P. Bruce, WMO-No. 769, 1992.

(b) · ¥ßª√‘¡“≥æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´™π‘¥µà“ßÊ „π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1765 ∂÷ß 1990∑’Ë¡“ çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC

Figure 2 : shows the amount of heat accumulated as a result of greenhouses gases by:(a) the amount of heat accumulated as result of greenhouse gases and other factors.

Source : çMeteorology and Hydrology for Sustainable Developmenté by J.P. Bruce, WMO-No. 769, 1992.

(b) the amount of heat accumulated as a result of other gases at the atmospheric level from 1765 until 1990Source : çRadiative Forcing of Climate Changeé The 1994 Report of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC

(a) (b)

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:35 PM12

Page 13: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 13

4. °ä“´´’‡Õø´’ (CFCs) À√◊Õ°ä“´∑’Ë¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (Chloro-fluorocarbon)

°ä“´∑’Ë¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫æ«°§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ¡’·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥®“°‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ·≈–Õÿª°√≥凧√◊ËÕß„™â„π™’«‘µª√–®”«—πµà“ßÊ Õ“∑‘ ‡§√◊ËÕß∑”§«“¡‡¬Áπ µŸâ‡¬Á𠇧√◊ËÕߪ√—∫Õ“°“» ‡ª√¬å πÈ”¬“¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß °“√º≈‘µæ≈“ µ‘°·≈–‚ø¡ πÈ”¬“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ œ≈œ ·¡â«à“°ä“´ª√–‡¿∑π’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥≈¥≈ß40% ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ ‘∫°«à“ªï°àÕπÀπâ“π’ȵ“¡¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬ π∏‘ —≠≠“¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈ (Montreal Protocol) ·µàª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ∑’ˬ—ß¡’ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å ¬—ߧ߇ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ¡’æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°ª√–¡“≥ 0.28 «—µµå/µ“√“߇¡µ√·≈–¬‘Ë߉ª°«à“π—Èπº≈°√–∑∫∑“ßÕâÕ¡¢Õß°ä“´™π‘¥π’È ∑”„À⇰‘¥Õ—πµ√“¬µàÕ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈°¡“°¡“¬°≈à“«§◊Õ°ä“´ª√–‡¿∑π’È “¡“√∂√«¡µ—«∑“߇§¡’‰¥â¥’°—∫‚Õ‚´π®÷ß∑”„Àâ‚Õ‚´π„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß À√◊Õ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«„π™—Èπ‚Õ‚´πÕ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ´÷Ë߇ªìπ√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —Èπ∑’ˇªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈° àÕߺà“π≈ß¡“¬—ßæ◊Èπ‚≈°‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑—È߬—ß∑”„Àâ√—ß ’§≈◊Ëπ —Èπºà“π¡“µ°°√–∑∫º‘«‚≈°„π —¥ à«π∑’Ë¡“°‡°‘π¿“«– ¡¥ÿ≈ π—∫‡ªìπ°“√∑”„À⺑«‚≈°·≈–∫√√¬“°“»√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡

4. CFCs or Chloro-fluorocarbonGases with chlorofluorocarbons as components are

originated from the industrial plants and other daily

electric appliances such as refrigerants, refrigerators, air

conditionings, spray, fire-extinguishing solvents, plastic

and foam production, cleaning solvents, etc. Though

the amount of this type of gas has been reduced 40%

compared to 10 years earlier in accordance with the

Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric concentrations of

chlorofluorocarbons are still available by the human

force. It is still a cause of building up of heat on the

earthûs surface approximately 0.28 watt per square meter.

On top of this, the indirect impacts of this kind of gas

are dangerous to the atmosphere and many living things

on earth. That is, this type of gas is able to chemically

binding with ozone, causing the lesser ozone layer or

ozone hole due to the ultraviolet, which is an ultra

radiation, harmful to the livings on earth, passing through

the Earth more. In addition, it is reflected on the earthûs

surface at the excessive proportionate rate of balance

state, which is in turn the direct cause of warmer earthûs

surface and atmosphere.

5. Ground-Level OzoneThe Earthûs atmosphere level ozone will generally

help protect the Earth from the danger of ultraviolet

from the sun. However, when this gas is once at the

Earthûs surface level, it will become a toxic gas created

by the chemical reaction between this gas and the

sunlight, an assistant for Photo oxidation reaction between

sunlight and oxides of nitrogen, resulting in nitrogen

dioxide, which can be a greenhouse gas. Ozone mostly

is formed by the natural reaction between sunlight and

oxygen, and sunlight and nitrous oxide.

Though found only little at the atmosphere, the

ozone has its capacity in absorbing UV sunlight and

warming the Earthûs temperature. If the amount of this

gas is higher at the atmosphere, so is the Earthûs

temperature.

√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 · ¥ß°√“ø°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ‡©≈’ˬ∑—Ë«‚≈°∑’Ë¡“ çClimate Change 1995é The Science of Climate Change, Summary

for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report,

accepted by the IPCC.

Figure 3 : shows the graph of global temperature change onaverage

Source : çClimate Change 1995é The Science of Climate Change, Summary

for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report,

accepted by the IPCC.

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:35 PM13

Page 14: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

14 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

5. °ä“´‚Õ‚´π√–¥—∫º‘«‚≈°‚¥¬ª°µ‘·≈â«°ä“´‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ Ÿß®–™à«¬

ªÑÕß°—π‚≈°®“°¿—¬¢Õß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·µà°ä“´π’ȇ¡◊ËÕÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ°ä“´æ‘…™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√–À«à“ß°ä“´π’È°—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‚¥¬®–‡ªìπµ—«™à«¬∑”„À⇰‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‚ø‚µâ ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—Ëπ (Photo Oxi-dation) √–À«à“ß· ß°—∫°≈ÿà¡°ä“´‰π‚µ√‡®π ÷Ëß àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥°ä“´‰π‚µ√‡®π‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ÷Ë߇ªìπ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‰¥â °ä“´‚Õ‚´π à«π„À≠à¡“®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘√–À«à“ß· ß·¥¥°—∫°ä“´ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (O2) ·≈–· ß·¥¥°—∫°ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å

°ä“´‡À≈à“π’È·¡â®–¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ °≈—∫¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈–¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°Õ∫Õÿàπ ∂â“„π∫√√¬“°“»¡’°ä“´‡À≈à“π’È Ÿß¢÷Èπ °Á‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπµ“¡‰ª¥â«¬

º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°µàÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õߺ‘«‚≈°

¥—߉¥â°≈à“«¡“¢â“ßµâπ«à“°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° “¡“√∂ àߺ≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß §◊Õ∑”„Àâ‚≈°¡’æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡Õ¬Ÿà∫πº‘«‚≈°·≈–™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¡“°¢÷Èπ Õ—π‡ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ„Àâæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ º≈∑’˵“¡¡“°Á§◊Õ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√º—π·ª√¢Õß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°·≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß IPCC √–∫ÿ«à“æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ – ¡√«¡‡©≈’Ë¬Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°º≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ߢÕß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° µ—Èß·µà‡√‘Ë¡¡’Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∫π‚≈°¡’§à“ª√–¡“≥ 2.45 «—µµå/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ „π¢≥–∑’˺≈°√–∑∫∑“ßÕâÕ¡∑’Ë¡’µàÕ‚Õ‚´π¡’§à“ª√–¡“≥ 0.5 «—µµå/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√´÷Ëߺ≈°√–∑∫®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑—Èß∑“ßµ√ß ·≈–∑“ßÕâÕ¡π’È¡’¡“°°«à“º≈°√–∑∫®“°µ—«°“√Õ◊ËπÊ À≈“¬‡∑à“ ¥—ß·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫√“¬ß“πº≈°“√µ√«®«—¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬ∑—Ë«æ◊Èπº‘«‚≈° µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1860 ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π ¥—ß°√“ø„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ‡©≈’ˬ∑—Ë«‚≈°¡’·π«‚πâ¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¡“

Direct Impacts of GreenhouseGases on the EarthÕs SurfaceTemperature

As said earlier that the greenhouse gases may

cause direct impacts on us, that is, they cause the rise

of heat absorbed at the earthûs surface and atmo-

sphere, a major source of the rise of the earthûs tem-

perature, thus, the change of climate, the variability of

the global and local climate change. From the study of

IPCC, it indicated that the average heat accumulated

due to the direct impact of greenhouse gases since

the existent of industrialization on earth has values of

2.45 watt per square meter, while indirect impact on

ozone is approximately 0.5 watt per square meter. Both

direct and indirect impacts of greenhouse gases do the

harm many times more than those of other causes as

seen in Chart 2 which is in conjunction with the report

of the measurement of the average global tempera-

ture at the earthûs surface since 1860 until now as

Graph 3. It has been found that the average global

temperatureûs surface has tended to rise from mid 19

century on. And it apparently rises at the end of this

century around 0.3-0.6 degree C on average.

As the Earth has retained more heat energy as a

result of the impact of greenhouse gases, many scien-

tists have been interested in the impact on atmosphere

and environment. They are studying the change and

evaluating in conjunction with the way to lessen the

impacts incurred as follows:

1. Change of PrecipitationOnce the earth is warmer, the volume of precipita-

tion to the earth may be risen annually. That is, when

the temperature near the ground is higher, more water

√Ÿª∑’Ë 4 ¿“æ· ¥ß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑—Ë«‚≈°∑’Ë¡“ : www.uwsp.edu

Figure 1 : This picture illustrates all currents ofthe ocean around the world

Source : www.uwsp.edu

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:36 PM14

Page 15: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 15

µ—Èß·µà°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 19 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ ·≈– Ÿß¢÷Èπ™—¥‡®π„πª≈“¬»µ«√√…π’Ȫ√–¡“≥ 0.3-0.6 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ

®“°°“√∑’Ë‚≈°‰¥â√—∫æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°π’È ∑”„Àâπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å π„®»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‚¥¬‰¥â»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß·≈–ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫√«¡∑—ÈßÀ“·π«∑“ß°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰«â ¥—ßπ’È1. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÀ¬“¥πÈ”øÑ“

‡¡◊ËÕ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπª√‘¡“≥À¬“¥πÈ”øÑ“∑’˵°≈ß Ÿàæ◊Èπ‚≈°„π·µà≈–ªïÕ“®®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ π—Ëπ§◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßÕ“°“»„°≈âæ◊Èπ¥‘π Ÿß¢÷Èπ πÈ”®–√–‡À¬®“°º‘«‚≈°¡“°¢÷Èπ „π∑’Ë ÿ¥πÈ”∑’Ë√–‡À¬¢÷Èπ‰ª®–µ°°≈—∫ Ÿà‚≈°„π√Ÿª¢ÕßΩπ·≈–À‘¡– æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫“ß·ÀàߢÕß‚≈°®–‰¥â√—∫ª√‘¡“≥ΩπÀ√◊ÕÀ‘¡–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°«à“∑’ˉ¥â√—∫„πªí®®ÿ∫—π „π¢≥–∑’Ë∫“ß·Ààß®–‰¥â√—∫πâÕ¬≈ß ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ∫àÕ¬§√—Èß¡“° §◊Õ °“√‡°‘¥Ωπª√–®”∂‘Ëπ‡™àπ °√≥’Ωπµ°‰¡à∑—Ë«æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„π∫√‘‡«≥„°≈âÊ °—𠇪ìπµâπ

2. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈

®“°°“√√«∫√«¡º≈°“√»÷°…“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈¢Õßπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑—Ë«‚≈° “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥â¥—ßπ’È

‰¥â¡’°“√µ√«®æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘√–¥—∫º‘«‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 0.3-0.6 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ π—∫µ—Èß·µà°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ‚¥¬‰¥âæ∫«à“∫√‘‡«≥æ◊Èπ∑«’ª√–À«à“ß≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 40∂÷ß 70 Õß»“‡Àπ◊Õ ‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π∑’Ë∫“ß·Ààß ‡™àπ ∫√‘‡«≥¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·Õµ·≈𵑰‡Àπ◊Õ‰¥â¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈¥≈ß„π™à«ß∑»«√√…∑’˺à“π¡“

‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªæ‘ —¬¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π√Õ∫«—π∫πæ◊Èπ∑«’ª¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ßµ—Èß·µàª√–¡“≥°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥‡¡¶„π∑âÕßøÑ“ ∑”„Àâ™à«ß°≈“ß«—π¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈¥≈ß·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊π Ÿß¢÷Èπ·≈–§“¥«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ µ√“-‚µ ‡øï¬√å ( Ÿß®“°º‘«‚≈°√–À«à“ß 14-20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√) ≈¥≈߇π◊ËÕß®“°°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π ·≈–°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

”À√—∫ª√‘¡“≥Ωπ‡©≈’ˬ„π¿“§æ◊Èπ∑«’ª„π§√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 π—Èπ¬—߉¡à¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ≈¥≈ß

°“√√–‡À¬¢ÕßπÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡¢µ√âÕπ Ÿß¢÷Èπ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ª√‘¡“≥‰ÕπÈ”„π‡¢µ√âÕπ∑’˵√«®«—¥‰¥â Ÿß¢÷Èπ

æ◊Èπ∑’ËÀ‘¡–ª°§≈ÿ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫µË”°«à“§à“‡©≈’ˬµ—Èß·µàªï§.». 1987

„π™à«ß 100 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“ √–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∑—Ë«‚≈°‡©≈’ˬ

will vapor out of the surface, which is finally, fall back

to the earth in form of rain and snow. Some area of

the Earth will get an increasing volume of rain or snow

than they currently do, while some will get less. In

Thailand the phenomena, which often occurs, is

specific-local rainfall such as it is not raining in the same

neighboring areas.

2. Change of Climate and Sea LevelFrom the collection of the change of climate study

and of sea level by the sciencetists around the globe,

they can be summarized as follows:

It has been detected that Earthûs surface air

temperature has been risen approximately 0.3-0.6C since

the mid 20th century, with the most highest rising tem-

perature in the continental regions between 40-70 north

altitude, while in such some areas as the North Atlantic

Ocean, the temperature has been decline during the

past decade.

In general, the mean temperature of the day

over continent has been on the cooling trend around

from mid 20th century, as a result of an increase of the

clouds in the sky, causing the decreasing temperature

during the day while rising temperature during the night.

And it has estimated that the temperature of the lower

stratosphere (about 14-20 kilometer high from the earthûs

surface) will be decreased due to the diminishing ozone

and the rise of carbon dioxide.

The mean precipitation over continent in the 20th

century has been stable.

The increasing evaporation of the tropical ocean

water correlates with the increasing amount of water

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 15

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:37 PM15

Page 16: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

16 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-2.5 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√/ªï ÷Ë߇ªìπº≈°√–∑∫‚¥¬µ√ß®“°°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß∫√√¬“°“» Ÿß¢÷Èπ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”∑–‡≈Õÿàπ·≈–¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√¢¬“¬µ—« ª√“°Æ°“√≥åπ’ȇ√’¬°«à“ °“√¢¬“¬µ—«‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ àߺ≈„Àâ∏“√πÈ”·¢Áߢ—È«‚≈°≈–≈“¬‰À≈∑à«¡·¡àπÈ” ≈”∏“√ ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èππ’È∑”„ÀâπÈ”„π∑–‡≈¡’√–¥—∫ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–Õ“® Ÿß‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∂÷ß 20 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ „πªï æ.». 2593

π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√剥â∑”°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬ ¡¡ÿµ‘∞“π∑’Ë«à“∂â“À“°ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°„πªï§.». 2100 ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 2 ‡∑à“ ®“°√–¥—∫ªí®®ÿ∫—π æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«æ◊Èπ∑—Ë«‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-3.5 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ ·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 15-95 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ÷Ëß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫𑇫» ‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡ √«¡∑—Èߥâ“πÕÿ∑°«‘∑¬“ À√◊Õ°“√®—¥°“√·À≈àßπÈ” µ≈Õ¥®π‚§√ß √â“ßæ◊Èπ∞“π·≈– ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å

3. ¥â“π√–∫∫𑇫» ªÉ“‰¡â : ª√–¡“≥°“√«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬ¢Õß‚≈°‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ

1 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ °Á‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ ·≈–°“√øóôπøŸ ¿“æªÉ“„πÀ≈“¬·ÀàߢÕß‚≈°‡ªìπ∑’˧“¥«à“ª√–¡“≥Àπ÷Ëß„π “¡¢Õߪɓ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà∑—Ë«‚≈° ®–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ߥâ“π™π‘¥æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ ‚¥¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π∫√‘‡«≥≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ ŸßÊ à«π∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ√âÕπ®–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥

æ◊Èπ∑’ËπÈ”·¢Áߪ°§≈ÿ¡ : ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªæ‘ —¬¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π√Õ∫«—π∫πæ◊Èπ∑«’ª¡’·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ßµ—Èß·µàª√–¡“≥°≈“ߧ√‘ µå»µ«√√…∑’Ë 20 ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥

vapor in the tropical measured.

The snow cover areas are at the lower average

level since 1987.

During the past 100 years, the average rise of

sea level is about 1 to 2.5 milliliter a year, showing a

direct impact of the increased atmosphereûs tempera-

ture, warming and expanding sea and ocean. This

occurrence is called expansion due to the rising tem-

perature, causing the glaciers of the Arctic melted and

flooded rivers, streams, and coasts. Thus, the rise of the

water amount causes the increase of sea level and

may be as high as 20 centimeters in 2050.

Scientists have estimated the impacts using the

climate simulation based on the hypothesis that if the

amount of carbon dioxide at the earthûs atmosphere in

2100 increases twice of the current level, it has found

that the earthûs surface air temperature will be about 1-

3.5C higher and 15-95 centimeters increase of the sea

level, which will have affect on the ecosystem, eco-

nomics and society, including hydrology or the water

source management, including the infrastructure and

human health.

3. Ecosytem Forestry : It has estimated that 1C rise of the

earthûs temperature is sufficient enough to cause the

impacts on growth and revival in many areas of the

forest in the world. It has estimated that 1 of 3 of the

worldûs forest areas will have massive changes in terms

of the vegetationû species, with the most changes at

the high altitude, while very little at the tropical areas.

Snow-cover areas : In general, the mean tem-

perature of the day over continent has been on the

cooling trend around from mid 20th century, as a result

of an increase of the clouds in the sky, causing the

decreasing temperature during daytime while rising tem-

perature during nighttime. And it has estimated that

the temperature of the lower stratosphere (about 14-20

kilometer high from the earthûs surface) will be

decreased due to the diminishing ozone and the rise of

carbon dioxide.

Coastal ecosystem : The climate change and

the increased sea level or storms and rolling-wave will

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:38 PM16

Page 17: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 17‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 17

‡¡¶„π∑âÕßøÑ“ ∑”„Àâ™à«ß°≈“ß«—π¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘≈¥≈ß·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π™à«ß°≈“ߧ◊π Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–§“¥«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å ( Ÿß®“°º‘«‚≈°√–À«à“ß 14 -20 °‘‚≈‡¡µ√) ≈¥≈߇π◊ËÕß®“°°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π·≈–°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬Ωíòß : °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ°“√‡°‘¥æ“¬ÿ·≈–§≈◊Ëπ´—¥Ωíòß ®– àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥°“√°—¥‡´“– °“√æ—ß∑≈“¬ ·≈–‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß¡“°¢÷È𠧫“¡‡§Á¡¢ÕßπÈ”„π∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”·≈–„π™—ÈππÈ”®◊¥„µâ¥‘π®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß „π·¡àπÈ”·≈–Õà“«µà“ßÊ √«¡∑—Èß°“√日擢Õßµ–°Õπ·≈– “√Õ“À“√„ππÈ” ´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬Ωíòß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬¢ÕߺŸâ§π∫√‘‡«≥π’È ·≈– àߺ≈°√–∑∫„π∑“ß≈∫µàÕ°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« °“√®—¥À“πÈ”®◊¥ °“√ª√–¡ß·≈–§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß™’«¿“æ

4. ¥â“π‚§√ß √â“ßæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈

∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ ®–¡’º≈°√–∑∫„π∑“ß≈∫µàÕ°“√æ≈—ßß“π °“√Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °“√¢π àß °“√µ—Èß∂‘Ëπ∞“π¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å °“√ª√–°—π∑√—æ¬å ‘π ·≈–°“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ¿—¬∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π§◊Õª√–™“°√∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß ´÷Ë߉¥â¡’°“√ª√–¡“≥°“√«à“®–¡’ª√–™“°√ª√–¡“≥ 46 ≈â“π§π/ªï „πªí®®ÿ∫—π∑’ˇ ’ˬߵàÕ¿—¬πÈ”∑à«¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§≈◊Ëπ擬ÿ´—¥Ωíòß·≈–À“°√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ 50 ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ®”π«πª√–™“°√∑’ˇ ’ˬ߿—¬πÈ”∑à«¡®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 92 ≈â“π§π ·≈–∂â“√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ 1 ‡¡µ√®”π«πºŸâ‡ ’ˬߵàÕ¿—¬πÈ”∑à«¡®– Ÿß∂÷ß 118 ≈â“π§π ‚¥¬ª√–™“°√¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑’ˇªìπ‡°“–‡≈Á°Ê À√◊Õª√–‡∑»¥âÕ¬æ—≤π“®–‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß°«à“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°√–∫∫ªÑÕß°—𙓬Ωíò߉¡à¥’‡æ’¬ßæÕ ·≈–ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’ª√–™“°√Àπ“·πàπ°«à“°Á¬àÕ¡‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫¡“°°«à“ ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√Õæ¬æ∑—Èß¿“¬„πª√–‡∑»·≈–¢â“¡ª√–‡∑»

®“°°“√»÷°…“º≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√∑’Ë√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ 1 ‡¡µ√ ÷Ë߇ªìπ§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥µ“¡∑’˪√–¡“≥°“√ ”À√—∫ªï§.». 2100 æ∫«à“‡°“–‡≈Á°Ê ·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥ª“°·¡àπÈ”‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ ’ˬ߿—¬ Ÿß ‚¥¬‰¥âª√–‡¡‘π°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬·ºàπ¥‘π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ ∂â“√–∫∫ªÑÕß°—π¿—¬¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡™àπªí®®ÿ∫—π¥—ßπ’È|ª√–‡∑»Õÿ√ÿ°«—¬ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ 0.05% Õ’¬‘ªµå 1% ‡π‡∏Õ√å·≈π¥å 6%∫—ߧ≈“‡∑» 17.5% ·≈–ª√–¡“≥ 80% ”À√—∫‡°“–ª–°“√—ß¡“®Ÿ‚√ (Majuro) „πÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–¡“√å·™≈ ·≈–ª√–™“°√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®–¡’¡“°ª√–¡“≥ 70 ≈â“π§π „π®’π·≈–∫—ߧ≈“‡∑»‡ªìπµâπ

”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬àÕ¡‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫Õ¬à“ßÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬß

cause more of coastal corrosion, demolition and flood

at the coastal areas. The saltiness of the water at the

estuary and at the underground will be higher, causing

the change of the high tide-low tide in the rivers and

at bays, including the blowing away of sediment and

food substances in the water. The change of the coastal

ecosystem will definitely impact the people living in the

area and have negative effect on tourism, freshwater

supply, fishery and biodiversity.

4. Human InfrastructureThe climate change and rise of sea level will have

negative effect on energy, industry, transportation, settle-

ment of human, property insurance, and tourism. The

most pronounced threat is the coastal people, estimated

current amount of 46 million in population a year, are

at the edge of flooding because of the stormy wave

and if the sea level is at 50 centimeter high, the population

at risk of flooding will increase to 92 million people. And

if the sea level is at 1 meter high, the population at risk

of flooding will be up to 118 million people. The population

of the island country or other underdeveloped countries

will be affected more severely as the coastal preventive

system is ineffective and the densely populated area

will definitely have more impact, causing both local

and overseas migration.

From the study of the impact incurred from the 1-

meter rise of sea level, the highest estimated value in

2100, it has found that small islands and areas around

estuary are classified as high risky areas. The estimated

loss of many countries, if the current preventive system

in place, are Uruguay 0.05%, Egypt 1%, the Netherlands

6%, Bangladesh 17.5% and approximately 80% of Majuro

islands in the Marshall islands and the population

impacted are around 70 million people in China and

Bangladesh.

For Thailand, it will unavoidably be affected but

how severely it will be needs to be further studied in

details. However, it can be estimated that when the

sea level is rising, it will cause impacts to the coastal

ecosystem of Thailand, resulting in flooded areas. The

more severe the impact is, the more corrosion and

demolition of the coastal areas they are. Consequently,

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:39 PM17

Page 18: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

18 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«18 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

the salt water will invade on the mainland and in the

river, affecting the more saltiness of the soil and lower

level of the river, which in turns will impact every issue

such as accommodation, agriculture, freshwater supply,

fishery, and tourism. It will then do a lot of impact to

the countryûs economy.

Alleviation of the impactsTo prevent the severe impact on the population of

Thailand and the world from the climate change as said,

we should cooperate in preserving the permanent state

of natural balance according to the following suggestions:

Use natural gas instead of coal and fuel in the

production and transportation to reduce the amount of

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Use alternative energy such as solar power, wind,

and biomass (vegetation and animal residues) in place

of energy from different fuel.

Help preserve existing forestry and revive the

substituted forests, reduce deforestation and grow

renewable forests.

Study and improve the use of fertilize to suit

each type of plant and avoid using fertilizer that causes

greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

Use electricity energy effectively both in busi-

ness, industrial, and household sectors to reduce the

amount of carbon dioxide produced by burning fuel to

‰¡à‰¥â à«π®–¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥®–µâÕß¡’°“√»÷°…“„π√“¬-≈–‡Õ’¬¥µàÕ‰ª ·µàÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬°ÁæÕª√–¡“≥‰¥â«à“‡¡◊ËÕ√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¬àÕ¡ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫𑇫»™“¬ΩíòߢÕߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬®–¡’°“√‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢÷Èπ ·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷ÈπÕ—µ√“°“√°—¥‡´“–·≈–°“√æ—ß∑≈“¬¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë™“¬Ωíòß®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ πÈ”∑–‡≈®–√ÿ°‡¢â“¡“„π·ºàπ¥‘π·≈–·¡àπÈ”¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑”„À⧫“¡‡§Á¡„π¥‘π·≈–∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ≈à“ߢÕß·¡àπÈ”‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß®– àߺ≈°√–∑∫„π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“𠇙àπ ¥â“π∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡ °“√®—¥À“πÈ”®◊¥ °“√ª√–¡ß °“√∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«‡ªìπº≈„Àâ°√–∑∫µàÕ√–∫∫‡»√…∞°‘®¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß¡“°

°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫‡æ◊ËÕ‰¡à„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°√«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫º≈

°√–∑∫∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß‚≈°∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¥—ß°≈à“«·≈â« ‡√“®÷ߧ«√„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π°“√√—°…“ ¡¥ÿ≈∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘„Àâ§ßÕ¬Ÿàµ√“∫π“π‡∑à“π“𠵓¡¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–¥—ßπ’È

√à«¡°—π„™â°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘·∑π∂à“πÀ‘π·≈–πÈ”¡—π„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ ·≈–°“√¢π àßµà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π∫√√¬“°“»„ÀâπâÕ¬≈ß

À—π¡“„™â·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑𠇙àπ æ≈—ßß“π®“°· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ≈¡ ·≈–™’«¡«≈ (´“° ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ¢Õßæ◊™·≈– —µ«å)·∑πæ≈—ßß“π®“°‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ

™à«¬°—π√—°…“ªÉ“∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà ·≈–øóôπøŸ ¿“æªÉ“∑’ˇ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡≈¥°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ ·≈–ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡

»÷°…“·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß«‘∏’°“√„™âªÿܬ „Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°—∫™π‘¥¢Õßæ◊™ ·≈–À≈’°‡≈’ˬ߰“√„™âªÿܬ∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»„Àâ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:39 PM18

Page 19: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 19

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡, ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ,

25482. IPCC 1995, Summary for Policymakers of

working Groups I, II and III. Herbert Riehl,1965, Introduction to the Atmosphere. RobertG, Fleagle, 1963, An Introduction to AtmospherePhysics.

3. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ www.tmd.go.th

Reference1. The Department of Environmental Quality Promotion,

Global Warming, 2005

2. IPCC 1995, Summary for Policymakers of working Groups

I, II and III. Herbert Riehl, 1965, Introduction to the

Atmosphere. Robert G, Fleagle, 1963, An Introduction

to Atmosphere Physics.

3. Information from the Meteorology Department

www.tmd.go.th

„™âæ≈—ßß“π‰øøÑ“Õ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ∑—Èß„π¿“§∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ·≈–§√—«‡√◊Õπ ®–™à«¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ-‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘߇æ◊ËÕº≈‘µ°√–· ‰øøÑ“ °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫Õ“§“√„Àâ¡’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ °“√„™âÕÿª°√≥å‰øøÑ“∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈–§ÿâ¡§à“„π‡™‘ß‡»√…∞°‘®

‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π¥â“π°“√§¡π“§¡ ÷ËßÕ“®∑”‰¥â‚¥¬°“√„™â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ¡—¬„À¡à∑¥·∑π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß À√◊Õª√—∫ª√ÿߪ√– ‘∑∏‘¿“懧√◊ËÕ߬πµå ‡ªìπµâπ

ªí®®ÿ∫—π∑—Ë«‚≈°‰¥â√≥√ß§å ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ªí≠À“°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°°—πÕ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß·≈–®√‘ß®—ß ‚¥¬‰¥â®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√ª√–™ÿ¡¢Õßµ—«·∑π®“°π“π“™“µ‘ 160 ª√–‡∑» ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“∑“ß≈¥ªí≠À“‚≈°√âÕπ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 1-10 ∏—𫓧¡ 2540 ∑’˪√–‡∑»≠’Ë ªÿÉ π ´÷Ë ß¡µ‘¢Õß∑’˪√–™ÿ¡≈ߧ«“¡‡ÀÁπ«à“„Àâª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ 39 ª√–‡∑» ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ßµ—Èß·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π®π°√–∑—Ëß∂÷ß™à«ß æ.». 2551-2555 “¡“√∂≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ 5.2% ¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’˪≈àÕ¬ÕÕ°∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„πªï 2533 ‡™àπ ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ·≈– ¡“§¡¬ÿ‚√ª ∂Ÿ°°”Àπ¥„Àâ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß 6% 7% ·≈– 8% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·≈–‰¥â®—¥∑”‡ªìπ π∏‘ —≠≠“«à“¥â«¬°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∑ÿ°ª√–‡∑»∂◊ժؑ∫—µ‘

Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë

°”À𥵓¡ π∏‘ —≠≠“¥—ß°≈à“«π—Èπ¬—ßπâÕ¬°«à“∑’˧«√®–‡ªìπ

¥—ßπ—Èπªí≠À“‚≈°√âÕπÕ—π‡°‘¥®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¬—ߧßÕ¬Ÿà

µàÕ‰ª À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°«à“‡¥‘¡°ÁÕ“®‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â∂â“∑ÿ°§π¬—߉¡à

‡¢â“„®ªí≠À“·≈–√à«¡·°â‰¢Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß

produce electricity. The design of the building should

concern the effective use of energy. The effective and

economic cost based value of electric equipmentûs

usage should be employed.

Increase the efficacy in terms of transportation,

which can be done through the use of new technology

substituting the use of fuel energy or improvement of

the effective motor

Currently, campaign on the reduction of green-

house gases emission has been widely and seriously

carried out throughout the world. The convention of the

international delegates from 160 countries was held to

work out the warming globe on 1-10 December 1997 in

Japan. The decree of the convention was that the

industrialized nations reduced the greenhouse gases

emission from now until during 2008-2012 when they

should cut down the greenhouse gases emission by

5.2% of the all greenhouse gases emitted in year 1997.

For example, Japan, the United States and EU, they

were enforced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases

6%, 7% and 8% respectively and treaty on cut down of

greenhouse gases emission was formed for every country

to follow.

However, the reduction amount of greenhouse gases

as regulated under the treaty is considered less than it

should be. The global warming caused by greenhouse

gases, therefore, will be further existed or possibly more

if everybody doesnût realize the problem and seriously

cooperate.

07-19/¿“«–‚≈°√ÈÕπ 22/12/05, 5:40 PM19

Page 20: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

20 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

“√§¥’À≈—° ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ¥ÿ…Æ’ ¡—Ëπ¿—°¥’ : π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

Main Feature by : Dusadee Maanphakdee : Environmentalist

20 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:11 PM20

Page 21: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 21‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 21

√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 ¿“«–ª°µ‘

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ¿“«–‡Õ≈π’‚πà

∑’Ë¡“/Source : PMEL/NOAA

When global warming occurs, causing the climate

change, it definitely has impacts on every creature on

earth and also causes a domino effect to each chain

in the ecosystem. Considering the statement of why

Thailand must take the climate change a priority, we

must first know what impacts the global warming has

caused and if itûs time for us to make it a top agenda.

The impacts of the global warming on the living

things currently observed include the destruction of

vegetation, pattern of environmental living, as well as,

agricultural, societal, and political changes.

When the globe is warming, it causes the variable

climate. The fluctuated climate impacts every part of

the globe surface, including Thailand. What mostly

seen in Thailand are the seasonal heavy storm and an

excessive hot climate in some provinces. Moreover, the

coral reefs along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andamanûs

coast are increasingly damaged, with up to 23% of the

deteriorated coral reef in the Gulf of Thailand. One of

the many causes that destroy the coral reefs is the rise

of the ocean temperature as a result of global warm-

‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ∑”„Àâ ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªπ—Èπ ¬àÕ¡¡’º≈µàÕ∑ÿ°™’«‘µ∫πæ◊Èπº‘«‚≈°Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ ·≈–°√–∑∫‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°‚´à„π√–∫∫𑇫»·µà≈–√–∫∫ °—∫§”°≈à“«∑’Ë«à“∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‡√“µâÕß√Ÿâ°àÕπ«à“º≈°√–∑∫Õ–‰√∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“° ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈â« ¡§«√·≈â«À√◊Õ¬—ß∑’˵âÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠

º≈°√–∑∫®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ∑’Ë¡’µàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∫π‚≈°∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ¡’∑—Èß°“√∑”≈“¬æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™ °“√∑”≈“¬«‘∂’°“√¥”√ß™’«‘µ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥâ“π‡°…µ√°√√¡ ·≈–¥â“π —ߧ¡·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß

‡¡◊ËÕ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ‡ªìπº≈„Àâ ¿“æÕ“°“»·ª√ª√«π ≈—°…≥–¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’Ë·ª√ª√«ππ—Èπ°√–∑∫‰ª∑ÿ° à«π∫πº‘«‚≈°√«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â∫àÕ¬Ê „π‡√◊ËÕߢÕ߃¥Ÿ°“≈≈¡æ“¬ÿ∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß ·≈– ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’Ë√âÕπ®—¥„π∫“ß®—ßÀ«—¥πÕ°®“°π’È æ∫«à“ª–°“√—ß∫√‘‡«≥Ωíòß∑–‡≈¥â“πÕà“«‰∑¬·≈–Õ—π¥“¡—π¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬¡’·π«ª–°“√—ß∑’ˇ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡∫√‘‡«≥Õà“«‰∑¬∂÷ß°«à“ 23% ´÷Ëß “‡ÀµÿÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∑”„Àâ·π«ª–°“√—߇ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡°Á§◊ÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¡√ ÿ¡®“°¡À“ ÿ¡∑√·ª´‘øî°‚¥¬µ√ß ®÷߉¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“Õ¬à“ßÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬ߉¡à‰¥â

ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà (EL Nino)ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà (EL Nino) ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë„™â‡√’¬°ª√“°Æ°“√≥嵓¡∏√√¡™“µ‘∑“ß ¡ÿ∑√»“ µ√å ‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»µ“¡ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈‡Àπ◊Õ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî° ∑”„Àâ°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°∑’ˉÀ≈µ“¡ª°µ‘®“°µ–«—πÕÕ° (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡Õ°«“¥Õ√å ‡ª√Ÿ ·≈–™‘≈’µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ) ‰ª¬—ß∑‘»µ–«—πµ°(™“¬ΩíòßÕ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ ·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) ‡°‘¥°“√‰À≈¬âÕπ°≈—∫(°√–· πÈ”®“°∑‘»µ–«—πµ°‰ª¬—ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ°) ¡’º≈„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õßæ◊Èπº‘«∑–‡≈µ—Èß·µà¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª ‘øî°µÕπ°≈“ß∂÷ß™“¬Ωíòß∑«’ªÕ‡¡√‘°“„µâÕ∫Õÿàπ¢÷Èπ

El Nino PhenomenaEL Nino phenomenon is a term to call natural oceanographic

phenomenon due to the changing seasonal climate over the Pacific

Ocean, causing the normal flow of the Pacific Ocean current from

the East (along the coasts of Peru, Ecuador and northern Chile) to

the West (along the coasts of Indonesia and Australia) shift backward

(the current flows from the West to the East). Such event leads to the

rising sea surface temperature, ranging from the Central Pacific Ocean

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:11 PM21

Page 22: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

22 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«22 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

ing. As Thailand is located where monsoons from the

Pacific Ocean directly influences, we have unavoidably

been affected by the phenomena, El Nino and La Nina.

It has also found out that the frontal system has

been changed. Formerly, Thailand is situated in the

frontal warm and moist weather from the Equatorial

line. Normally such front is moving over the Southeast

Asia region but El Nino causes this frontal system to

move further to the north more than normal, to the

area of China. The rain, which ordinarily used to occur

in this front, doesnût fall in the country. It, consequently,

poses acute agricultural problem of

Thailand, as most of the nationûs

farmers rely heavily on natural rainfall.

Many are starting to feel why it

is very dry this year and it isnût cold

in winter. When itûs summer, the sea-

son is quite longer than any other

years. That is the result of the climate

change, directly affecting all Thai farmers.

Thailand is an agricultural base so it

has undoubtedly effects on the overall

economy of the country as well. We

feel by ourselves that this year pro-

·≈–¬—ßæ∫«à“·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·π«®“°‡¥‘¡ ´÷Ë߇¥‘¡π—Èπª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„π·π«∑’ËÕ“°“»Õÿàπ·≈–™◊Èπ®“°∫√‘‡«≥‡ âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√∑’Ë¡“ª–∑–°—π ‚¥¬ª°µ‘·π«ª–∑–π’È®–‡§≈◊ËÕπµ—«Õ¬Ÿà„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√–À«à“ß¿“§æ◊Èπ‡Õ‡™’¬µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ ·µàª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà∑”„Àâ·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»π’ȇ§≈◊ËÕπ‰ª∑“ß∑‘»‡Àπ◊Õ¡“°°«à“ª°µ‘ ‚¥¬‡≈¬‡¢â“‰ª„π‡¢µª√–‡∑»®’π ∑”„ÀâΩπ∑’ˇ¥‘¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°·π«ª–∑–Õ“°“»π’ȉ¡àµ°„πª√–‡∑» °àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬à“ß¡“°‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°…µ√°√√¡ à«π„À≠à¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µâÕßæ÷Ëßæ“πÈ”Ωπ®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘

‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°‘¥§≈◊Ëπ„µâº‘«πȔ日擇Փ¡«≈πÈ”Õÿàπ∑’Ë – ¡Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πµ°‰ª·∑π∑’ËπÈ”‡¬Áπ∑“ß·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πÕÕ° (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡Õ°«“¥Õ√å) °Á®–√«¡‡¢â“°—∫º‘«πÈ” ∑”„À⺑«Àπâ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥π’ÈÕÿàπ¢÷Èπ°«à“ª°µ‘ ·≈–πÈ”Õÿàππ’È®–§àÕ¬Ê ·ºà¢¬“¬æ◊Èπ∑’ˉª∑“ßµ–«—πµ°∂÷ßµÕπ°≈“ߢÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ∑”„ÀâÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß°√–· πÈ”Õÿàπ®“°√–¥—∫ª°µ‘´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß 50-55 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ ‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∂÷ß 65 Õß»“‡´≈‡ ’¬ àߺ≈„Àâ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂ª√—∫µ—«‰¥â µ“¬À√◊ÕµâÕßÕæ¬æ‰ª ∑”„À⧫“¡Õÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å≈¥≈ß·≈–‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„Àâª√‘¡“≥ª≈“∑’Ë®—∫‰¥â≈¥≈ß ‡Àµÿ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√º≈‘µÕ“À“√‡≈’Ȭߪ√–™“°√‚≈°∑—Èß‚¥¬µ√ß·≈–‚¥¬ÕâÕ¡·≈–®“°°“√°àÕµ—«¢Õ߇¡¶Ωπ ÷Ëߪ°µ‘®–Õ¬Ÿà∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ªÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ° ®÷ß∑”„À⇰‘¥Ωπµ°¡“°°«à“ª°µ‘ „π¢≥–∑’Ë·ª´‘øî°µ–«—πµ°´÷Ë߇§¬¡’Ωπ¡“°®–¡’ΩππâÕ¬·≈–‡°‘¥§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß àߺ≈‡ ’¬À“¬µàÕ

to the coastline of the South America, to be warmer, because a wave under the water surface blows the warm

current at the Pacific West to replace the cool water of the Pacific East (coastline of Ecuador), causing the sea

surface around this area to have warmer temperature than normal. The warm current then spreads itself to the

West, reaching the center of the Ocean, resulting in the rising temperature of warm current from between 50-55

degree Celsius up to 65 degree Celsius. The warmer temperature than usual causes many living organisms that

canût adapt themselves to the changing environment to die or migrate. Consequently, the prolific abundance has

diminished and it is a cause of the lower rate of fishery, directly and indirectly affecting the food production

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:13 PM22

Page 23: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 23‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 23

¿“æ· ¥ß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑—Ë«‚≈°∑’Ë¡“ : www.uwsp.edu

This picture illustrates all currents ofthe ocean around the world

Source : www.uwsp.edu

duces quite an arid one. Whatûs behind the scene is

what causes the decrease of moisture. The cyclone

storm, bringing moist from the Ocean to Thailand and

benefiting Thai agriculture, declines. In the normal state,

Thailand has received 2-3 cyclones, that is, depression,

tropical cyclone and typhoon. The influence of these

monsoons is one of the important sources of moisture

and rain of Thailand.

And when Thailand becomes drier, the prominent

consequential impacts are forest fire, such as, the case

of wild fire at Pru-toh-daeng, which is difficult to extin-

guish, including the wild fire in many areas of the coun-

try, such as, Kao Yai National Park and Huay Kha Kaeng

À≈“¬§π‡√‘Ë¡√Ÿâ ÷°«à“∑”‰¡ªïπ’È·Àâß·≈âßπ—° Àπ“«°Á‰¡àÀπ“«·≈âß°Á¬“«π“π°«à“ªïÕ◊ËπÊ π—Ëπ‡ªìπº≈¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’Ë àߺ≈‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ‡°…µ√°√‰∑¬∑ÿ°§πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡ªìπª√–‡∑»‡°…µ√°√√¡ ·πàπÕπ¬àÕ¡°àÕªí≠À“°√–∑∫‰ª∂÷߇»√…∞°‘®‚¥¬√«¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»¥â«¬ µ—«‡√“‡Õ߬—ß√Ÿâ ÷°‰¥â‡≈¬«à“ªïπ’È·Àâß·≈âß ·µà≈÷°‰ª°«à“π—Èπ§◊Õ “‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„À⧫“¡™◊Èπ≈¥≈߇π◊ËÕß®“°æ“¬ÿÀ¡ÿπ∑’Ë擧«“¡™◊Èπ®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡¢â“ Ÿàª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·≈–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ°“√‡°…µ√¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß¡“°≈¥≈ß ‚¥¬ª°µ‘ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°æ“¬ÿÀ¡ÿπ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 2-3 ≈Ÿ° ‰¥â·°à 擬ÿ¥’‡ª√ ™—Ëπ擬ÿ‚´π√âÕπ ·≈–擬ÿ„µâΩÿÉπ Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß≈¡¡√ ÿ¡®“°∑–‡≈‡À≈à“π’Èπ—∫«à“‡ªìπ·À≈àߧ«“¡™◊Èπ·≈–‡ªìπ·À≈àߪ√‘¡“≥πÈ”Ωπ∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß

°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡∏—≠æ◊™ ÷Ë߇ªìπÕ“À“√À≈—°∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–™“°√‚≈° ¥—ßπ—Èπ§«√‡µ√’¬¡√—∫«‘°ƒµ°“√≥åå‡Õ≈π’‚πà ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—𧫓¡À“¬π–∑“ß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–∑“߇»√…∞°‘®∑’ËÕ“®®–‡°‘¥µàÕ‰ª

ª√“°Æ°“√≥å≈“π’≠à“ (Laniya)≈“π’≠à“ §◊Õ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë°≈—∫°—π°—∫‡Õ≈π’‚πà °≈à“«§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥‡ âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª ‘øî°

°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¡’§à“µË”°«à“ª°µ‘ ∑—Èßπ’ȇπ◊ËÕß®“°≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ∑’Ëæ—¥Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπª√–®”„π·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπ∑“ß ’°‚≈°„µâ(≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 0-30 Õß»“„µâ) ¡’°”≈—ß·√ß°«à“ª°µ‘ ®÷ßæ—¥æ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’ËÕÿàπ®“°·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°¡“¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ (∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòß

noursishing the worldûs population. Moreover, tropical rains usually centered over the West of the Ocean shift

eastward and center, influencing more of rainfalls than usual, while the West Pacific generally, used to have a lot

of rainfalls, now yield little rain and produce severe draught, damaging the agricultural production which is a major

source of food for the worldûs population. We, therefore, should prepare ourselves to handle El Nino to prevent any

environmental and economic disasters that may incur.

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:14 PM23

Page 24: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

24 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«24 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

Wildlife Preservation Region, causing air pollution, which

not only worsens the quality of the air because of toxic

gases, but also impacts the peopleûs health in the

neighboring incidents. It may affect the suspension of

economic sentiment, particularly if areas affected are

the tourism areas such as Phuket or Had Yai, etc.

Moreover, referring to the information from IPCC,

the worldûs temperature is rising more rapidly than what

we have estimated. In 2100, the average increase of

temperature may range from 1.4 and 5.8 degree Celsius,

an approximate 50% increase than expected 5 years

ago. The past information has implied that such rise of

temperature may cause a dramatic change of ecosystem

as it had happened in the Ice age when only 5 degree

Celsius of the temperature had occurred.

Additionally, it has been found that the rising

temperature not only has effects on vegetation and

animals in all continents, it has also caused more than

420 of natural processes to fluctuate and lose the

ecosystem balance. This may lead to the epidemic in

Thailand due to the genetic change of new disease

strains, and new diseases that can grow very quickly in

hot climate, such as, dengue hemorrhagic fever,

conjunctivitis, and diarrhea, all of which will affect the

health of the people as well as the food export

·≈–‡¡◊ËÕª√–‡∑»·Àâß·≈âߢ÷Èπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë àߺ≈ ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß¡“Õ¬à“߇ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥ §◊Õ °“√‡°‘¥‰øªÉ“ ‡™àπ °√≥’‰ø‰À¡âªÉ“∑’Ëæ√ÿ‚µä–·¥ß´÷Ë߬“°·°à°“√¥—∫ √«¡∂÷ß°“√‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘߉À¡â„πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õߪ√–‡∑» ‡™àπ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠à ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“À⫬¢“·¢âß ∑”„À⇰‘¥¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» ÷ËßπÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâ§ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»‡≈«√⓬‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´æ‘…µà“ßÊ ¬—ß°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π„π∫√‘‡«≥„°≈⇧’¬ß∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Àµÿ¥â«¬ ·≈–¬—ßÕ“® àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¿“懻√…∞°‘®™–ß—°ß—π‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß À“°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫‡ªìπ‡¢µ∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ‡™àπ ¿Ÿ‡°Áµ À√◊ÕÀ“¥„À≠à ‡ªìπµâπ

πÕ°®“°π’È¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° IPCC æ∫«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°°”≈—߇æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡√Á«°«à“∑’Ë∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬§“¥§‘¥ „πªï §.». 2100 Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‡©≈’ˬՓ®‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°ªí®®ÿ∫—π √–À«à“ß 1.4 ·≈– 5.8 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬

Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) ∑”„Àâ·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πµ°´÷Ëß·µà‡¥‘¡¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß°«à“∑“ß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« °≈—∫¬‘Ëß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈·≈–√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ Ÿß°«à“∑“ß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ‰ªÕ’° àߺ≈„π·ª ‘øî°‡¢µ√âÕπµ–«—πÕÕ°®–¡’§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß¡“°¢÷Èπ ·≈–∑“ß·ª ‘øî°µ–«—πµ°®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥Ωπ¡“°¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ’°ª√“°Ø°“√≥å≈“π’≠à“π’È®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬ 5-6 ªïµàÕ§√—Èß ·µà≈–§√—Èß®–°‘π√–¬–‡«≈“π“πª√–¡“≥ 1 ªï

ª°µ‘∑“ßµ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°„µâ„°≈⇠âπ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√À√◊Õ∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡ª√Ÿ®–¡’¢∫«π°“√‰À≈¢÷Èπ¢ÕßπÈ”‡¬Áπ®“°„µâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√¢÷Èπ¡“¬—ߺ‘«πÈ” ‡π◊ËÕß®“°≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ∑’Ëæ—¥¢π“πΩíòßºπ«°°—∫°“√À¡ÿπ√Õ∫µ—«‡ÕߢÕß‚≈°º≈—°¥—π„À⺑«πÈ”∑–‡≈∑’ËÕÿàπ‰À≈‰ª∑“ßµ–«—πµ°Àà“ßÕÕ°‰ª®“°Ωíòß πÈ”‡¬Áπ¢â“ß≈à“ß´÷ËßÕÿ¥¡¥â«¬∏“µÿÕ“À“√®÷ßæ—¥¢÷Èπ¡“·∑π∑’Ë (√Ÿª∑’Ë 1) ∫√‘‡«≥

La Nina PhenomenaLa Nina is the opposite phenomenon of El Nino, that is, the sea surface temperature in the Equator in the

Central and Eastern Pacific Ocean is lower than normal because the southwest trade wind that always blows in

the tropical Pacific in the southern hemisphere (0-30 south latitude) has more power than normal, thus taking more

warm current from the eastern tropical Pacific (along the coast of Indonesia and Australia), causing the western

tropical Pacific, formerly having higher temperature of the sea surface than that of the east, to have much higher

temperature at the ocean surface and higher sea level than that of the east. As a result, a more severe drought

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:15 PM24

Page 25: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 25‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 25

business and the investment condition.

The variation of the climate and El Nino and La

Nina phenomena, in addition, can cause quite sever

draught in some areas of Thailand. From the report on

Climate Change 2001 : Impact Adaptation and Vulnerability

of more than 700 scientists around the world concluded

the impact of global warming, divided into regions,

that Asia would experience the rising temperature,

draught, deteriorated soil, yielding a very low agriculture

production in very hot and severe draught areas, as

well as, shortage of water resources for agriculture and

industry.

Ÿß°«à“∑’˪√–¡“≥°“√‡¡◊ËÕ 5 ªï°àÕπ °«à“√âÕ¬≈– 50 ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°Õ¥’µ∫àß™’È«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ¢π“¥π’ÈÕ“®∑”„Àâ√–∫∫𑇫»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ√—Èß„À≠à ¥—ß∑’ˇ§¬‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß®“°¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Á߇¡◊ËÕÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡æ’¬ß 5 Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬

πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫«à“ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°®–°√–∑∫µàÕæ◊™·≈– —µ«å„π∑ÿ°∑«’ª·≈â« ¬—ß∑”„Àâ°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘°«à“ 420 °√–∫«π°“√ «‘ª√‘µ·ª√ª√«π·≈–√–∫∫𑇫»‡ ’¬ ¡¥ÿ≈ àߺ≈µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§√–∫“¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ‚√§ “¬æ—π∏ÿå„À¡à·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‚√§∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡®√‘≠æ—π∏ÿ剥⥒„π¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»√âÕ𠇙àπ‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ° ‚√§µ“·¥ß ·≈–‚√§ÕÀ‘«“µ°‚√§ ÷ËßπÕ°®“°®– àߺ≈µàÕ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π·≈â« ¬—ß àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ

¥—ß°≈à“«π’È®÷߇À¡“–∑’Ë ÿ¥ ”À√—∫°“√‡®√‘≠æ—π∏ÿå¢Õߪ≈“∑–‡≈ ·µà∫“ߧ√—È߇¡◊ËÕ≈¡π’ÈÕàÕπ°”≈—ß≈ß°«à“ª°µ‘À√◊Õæ—¥°≈—∫∑‘»µ√ߢⓡ®– àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§≈◊Ëπ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√日擡«≈πÈ”Õÿàπ‰ª∑“ß∑‘»µ–«—πÕÕ° «π°—∫∑‘»∑“߇¥‘¡·≈–∑”„À⺑«Àπâ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥™“¬Ωíòߪ√–‡∑»‡ª√ŸÕÿàπ¢÷Èπ°«à“ª°µ‘ ÷Ë߇√’¬°ª√“°Ø°“√≥åπ’È«à“‡Õ≈π’‚πà (El Nino)

µÕπª≈“¬∑»«√√… 1950 ‰¥â¡’°“√§âπæ∫«à“ª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å·≈–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ßÕ¬à“ß„°≈♑¥°—∫§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π ’°‚≈°„µâ (Southern Oscillation) ‚¥¬‡Õ≈π’‚πà‡ªìπª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ à«π§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ‡°‘¥„π∫√√¬“°“» (Nicholl N., 1987) „π™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥‡Õ≈π’‚π৫“¡°¥Õ“°“»∑’Ë√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª ‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√µË”°«à“ª°µ‘ ¢≥–∑’˧«“¡°¥Õ“°“»Õ’°ΩíòßÀπ÷ËߢÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ (∫√‘‡«≥Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬

occurs in the eastern tropical Pacific, while that of the west gets more rainfall. La Nina phenomenon usually takes

place 1 time per 5-years and each time lasts about 1 year. Normally, around the east of the South Pacific Ocean

near the Equator or near the coastline of Peru, the upwelling current of the cool water underneath the ocean flows

to the water surface because of the blow of South East trade wind and the oscillation of the Earth, causing the

warm water surface shift to the West away from the coast. The cool water underneath, which is rich in nutrients,

then flows in place (Figure 1). Such area is perfect for nourishing and breeding of sea fish. However, sometimes

this trade wind weakens and blows to the opposite direction, influencing the oceanic waves to bring warm currents

~

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:15 PM25

Page 26: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

26 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«26 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

These are what human

have done; we create green-

house gases, causing the

greenhouse effect, which in

return warming the globe. And

when the environment surrounding

us is on the change, it thus

impacts on the livings of every

creature on earth. What said

earlier is the effect Thailand

has been experiencing and

we are losing inestimatable

amount of money to correct

the problems. This is the answer

why Thailand must give the

current climate change a top

priority.

Tha i land es tab l i s hed

measures on lessening the

impact and reducing the

pollution by reducing the

amount of greenhouse gasesû

emission, a main cause of the

global warming, especially

·≈–µÕπ‡Àπ◊Õ¢ÕßÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬) Ÿß°«à“ª°µ‘ ≈—°…≥–‡™àππ’È®–‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß·≈–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫≈¡ ‘π§â“µ–«—πÕÕ°‡©’¬ß„µâ¡’°”≈—ßÕàÕπ ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ≈¡ΩÉ“¬µ–«—πµ°·∑π∑’Ë ´÷Ëß®–æ—¥æ“πÈ”∑–‡≈∑“ߥâ“πµ–«—πµ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√·ª´‘øî°´÷Ëߪ°µ‘¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß‰ª¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—π‡™àππ’È ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈à“«∂÷߇Õ≈π’‚πà®÷ß¡—°°≈à“«∂÷ߧ«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ¥â«¬ ·≈–√«¡‡√’¬°«à“‡Õπ‚ à ÷Ëß¡“®“°¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ENSO ∑’ˬàÕ¡“®“° El Nino/Southern Os-cillation

‡Õπ‚´à ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë„™âÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈„π·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√·≈–§«“¡º—π·ª√¢Õß√–∫∫Õ“°“»„π´’°‚≈°„µâ ®÷ßÀ¡“¬§«“¡√«¡∂÷ߪ√“°Ø°“√≥å∑—È߇Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“ °≈ÿà¡π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¡—°„™â§”«à“ ¿“«–Õÿàπ¢Õ߇Õπ‚ à

to the east, opposite of the former one and to cause the sea water surface along the coast of Peru warmer than

normal. Such phenomenon is called La Nina.

Late 1950ûs El Nino phenomenon was discovered to have close correlation and link with the variations of the

climate system in the Southern Oscillation. El Nino is a phenomenon occurring in the ocean while the variations of

the climate system in the Southern Oscillation happen in the atmosphere (Nicholl N., 1987). During the El Nino

phenomenon, the air pressure at the sea level around the east of Pacific Equator is lower than normal, while its

counterpart (in Indonesia and north of Australia) is higher than usual. This characteristic is correlated and happens

Õÿµ “À°√√¡°“√ àßÕÕ°º≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ“À“√·≈–¿“«–°“√≈ß∑ÿπÕ’°¥â«¬

πÕ°®“°π’È ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’Ë·ª√ª√«π·≈–ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π’‚πà·≈–≈“π’≠à“π’È °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–·Àâß·≈âߧàÕπ¢â“ß√ÿπ·√ß„π∫“ßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°√“¬ß“π™◊ËÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» 2001 : º≈°√–∑∫°“√ª√—∫µ—«·≈–§«“¡≈àÕ·À≈¡ (Climate Change 2001: Impact Ad-aptation and Vulnerability) ¢Õßπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°«à“ 700§π∑—Ë«‚≈° √ÿªº≈°√–∑∫®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·∫àßµ“¡¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§µà“ßÊ √–∫ÿ«à“ ‡Õ‡™’¬ ®–¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·Àâß·≈âß ¥‘π‡ ◊ËÕ¡§ÿ≥¿“æ∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µ∑“߇°…µ√≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß¡“°„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë√âÕπ·≈–·Àâß·≈âß √«¡∂÷ߢ“¥·§≈π·À≈àßπÈ”‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡°…µ√·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡

‘Ë߇À≈à“π’ȇªìπº≈°√–∑∫®“°¡πÿ…¬å‡√“‡Õß∑’Ë°àÕ°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À⇰‘¥¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡√Õ∫µ—«‡√“°”≈—߇ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߬àÕ¡¡’º≈µàÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ¢Õß∑ÿ°™’«‘µ∫πº‘«‚≈° ´÷Ëß∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“π’ȇªìπº≈°√–∑∫∑’˪√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫ ‚¥¬‡√“‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬„π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“µà“ßÊ ‡À≈à“π’ÈÕ¬à“ߪ√–¡“≥¡Ÿ≈§à“‰¡à‰¥â π—Ëπ‡ªì𧔵Õ∫∑’Ë«à“∑”‰¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®÷ßµâÕß„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°„π¢≥–π’È

ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’¡“µ√°“√„π°“√∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫·≈–≈¥°“√°àÕªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°´÷Ë߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À≠à∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ

~

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:16 PM26

Page 27: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 27‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 27

(ENSO warm event À√◊Õ warm phase of ENSO) „𧫓¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫‡Õ≈π’‚πà‡æ◊ËÕÕ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß·ª ‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√Õÿàπ¢÷Èπº‘¥ª°µ‘ ·≈–„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π®–„™â§”«à“ ¿“«–‡¬Áπ¢Õ߇Õπ‚ à (ENSO cold event À√◊Õ cold phaseof ENSO) „𧫓¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—π°—∫≈“π’≠à“ ÷Ëß°Á§◊Õª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘º‘«πÈ”∑–‡≈∫√‘‡«≥µÕπ°≈“ß·≈–µ–«—πÕÕ°¢Õß·ª´‘øî°‡¢µ»Ÿπ¬å Ÿµ√‡¬Áπ°«à“ª°µ‘

at the same time of the weakening southeast trade wind, causing

the change of the wind; producing the west wind instead of the

southeast trade wind. This wind will bring the sea water, usually

producing high temperature, from the West of the Pacific Ocean to

the center and East of the Ocean. From this correlation, when

speaking of El Nino, we usually refer to the variation of the climate

system in the Southern Oscillation at the same time, so together they

carbon dioxide (CO2). The reduction of greenhouse

gases emission, as a result, requires cooperation from

many organizations or agents, the international negoti-

ating conferences, and the suspension of deforestation

while promoting forest growing every time the activities

of cutting or burning forests exists, in order to absorb

carbon dioxide in the photosynthetic process. We impose

the criteria on the emission of carbon dioxide and

other greenhouse gases from the source of generation,

especially in the electricity production and the fuel

combustion of vehicles, the reduction of the methane

amount in the atmosphere by stopping and reducing

luxury consumption, including the cut down of the use

of resources that are causing decaying process and

are the source of methane generated, and ban on

using CFCs, which there should reduce, stop, or discontinue

materials having CFCs as components such as foam for

food packaging and air freshener spray. In stead, more

use of renewable energy from the natural, such as,

wind energy, solar power energy, natural gases, nuclear

power, and tide energy, should be imposed. Also, the

effective use of fuel to reduce the emission of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere should be enforced. The

campaigns on reducing the use of car, the amount of

‚¥¬‡©æ“–°ä“´ CO2 ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡À≈à“π’ȵâÕßÕ“»—¬§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ®“°Õߧå°√À√◊ÕÀπ૬ߓπÀ≈“¬ΩÉ“¬ ®“°°“√‡®√®“„π√–¥—∫π“π“™“µ‘ ·≈–™–≈Õ°“√µ—¥‰¡â∑”≈“¬ªÉ“·≈– à߇ √‘¡°“√ª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬¥Ÿ¥´—∫°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå· ß∑ÿ°§√—È ß∑’Ë¡’°“√‚§àπ·≈–¡’°“√‡º“∑”≈“¬µâπ‰¡â ·≈–°”Àπ¥¡“µ√∞“π°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ-‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å·≈–°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ◊ËπÊ ®“°·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–®“°°“√º≈‘µ°√–· ‰øøÑ“·≈–®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß®“°¬“π¬πµå ·≈–≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´¡’‡∑π„π∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬≈¥≈–°“√∫√‘‚¿§∑’ËøÿÉ¡‡øóÕ¬ √«¡∑—Èß≈¥°“√„™â∑√—欓°√∑’Ë®–π”¡“ ÷Ëß°“√‡πà“‡ªóòÕ¬ºÿæ—ß ·≈–‡ªìπµâπµÕ„π°“√°àÕ„À⇰‘¥°ä“´¡’‡∑π ·≈–µàÕµâ“π°“√„™â “√ ’‡Õø ’ (CFCs) §«√¡’°“√≈¥ ≈– À√◊Õ‡≈‘°„™â«— ¥ÿ∑’Ë¡’

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:16 PM27

Page 28: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

28 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«28 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

are called ENSO, an English abbreviation of El Nino/Southern Oscillation.

ENSO is a term to explain the change of the sea surface temperature in the Pacific Equator and the variations

of the climate system in the Southern Oscillation. Consenquently, it gives the comprehensive meaning to both El

Nino and La Nina phenomena. A group of scientists usually use ENSO warm event or warm phase of ENSO in the

same meaning of EL Nino to explain the unusual warmer sea surface temperature of the central and east of the

Pacific Equator, and on the contrary use ENSO cold event or cold phase of ENSO in the same meaning of La Nina,

that is, the unusual colder sea surface temperature over the central and east of the Pacific Equator.

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡. ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ, 25482. http://www.tmd.go.th/knowledge/know_elnino01.html2. ª√“°Æ°“√≥å‡Õ≈π‘‚πà ™ÿ¥ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡, UNEP/GEMs

‡≈à¡∑’Ë 8,2544

Reference1. Department of Environmental Quality Promotion,

Global Warming, 2005

2. http://www.tmd.go.th/knowledge/know_elnino01.html

3. El Nino phenomenon, Environment, UNEP/GEMs Volume

8, 2544

nitrogen fertilizer, the burning of coal fuel, the amount

of livestock to reduce wastes produced from them should

be promoted. And the measures of increase the areas

of forestry and reducing deforestation should also be

imposed.

Every sector must vigorously cooperate in reducing

greenhouse gases and what people can simply do is to

reduce the use of unnecessary luxurious things, reduce

the use of chemical based products while on the con-

trary increase the use of natural-extracted products

such as use pandan or coal in place of perfuming

spray or use fresh flowers that are popular household

gardens, such as, orang jessamine, endorphine plumeria,

etc., producing a Thai atmosphere, looking cute in a

way.

à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õß “√ ’‡Õø ’ ‡™àπ ‚ø¡∫√√®ÿÕ“À“√ ·≈– ‡ª√¬åπÈ”ÀÕ¡ª√—∫Õ“°“» ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡≈◊Õ°„™âæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘„Àâ¡“°¢÷È𠇙àπ æ≈—ß≈¡ æ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ æ≈—ßß“π𑫇§≈’¬√å °√–· πÈ” œ≈œ ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àℙ⇙◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√·æ√à°√–®“¬¢Õß°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“» ·≈–√≥√ߧå à߇ √‘¡°“√≈¥„™â√∂¬πµå ·≈–√≥√ߧå≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âªÿܬ‰π‚µ√‡®π ≈¥°“√‡º“º≈“≠‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑∂à“π·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ª»ÿ —µ«å‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õ߇ ’¬®“° —µ«å ·≈–°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ ≈¥°“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“

∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬µâÕß√à«¡·√ß·¢Áߢ—π™à«¬°—π≈¥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ·≈–∑’˪√–™“™π “¡“√∂∑”‰¥âßà“¬Ê §◊Õ °“√≈¥°“√„™â ‘ËßøÿÉ¡‡øóÕ¬‚¥¬‰¡à®”‡ªìπ ≈¥°“√„™â “√‡§¡’ ·≈–„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π„Àâ‡≈◊Õ°„™â “√ °—¥®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘·∑π Õ“∑‘ ‡ª√¬åπÈ”ÀÕ¡ °Á„™â„∫‡µ¬À√◊Õ∂à“π À√◊Õ¥Õ°‰¡â ¥∑’Ëπ‘¬¡ª≈Ÿ°„π∫â“π Õ“∑‘ ¥Õ°·°â« √“µ√’≈’≈“«¥’ œ≈œ °Á‰¥â∫√√¬“°“»·∫∫‰∑¬Ê Õ’°·∫∫∑’Ë¥Ÿπà“√—°¥’

~

20-28/∑”‰¡‰∑¬µÈÕß 22/12/05, 6:17 PM28

Page 29: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 29

“√§¥’À≈—° ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß®“°∫∑‚∑√∑—»πå√“¬°“√ ”√«®‚≈°

Main Feature Edited from the TV Script of World Exploration Program

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 29

Õ’°∑ƒ…Ø’Àπ÷Ëß„π°“√∑”π“¬º≈°√–∑∫®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°

Another theory of prediction the impactfrom the global climate change

¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õß‚≈°°”≈—ßµ°Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–ªÉ«¬ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇撬߇≈Á°πâÕ¬Õ“®‡ª≈’ˬπ‚≈°‡√“‰¥â ·≈–∂Ⓡ√“¡Õ߇¢â“‰ª„πÕ𓧵 ¿“æÕ“°“»Õ“®‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª √Ÿª·∫∫™’«‘µ¢Õ߇√“°Á®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª¥â«¬ ·µà¡—π®–‰ª∑“߉Àπ ¿—¬·≈âß∑’Ëπà“ –æ√÷ß°≈—«À√◊ÕÕ𓧵∑’Ë∂Ÿ°·™à·¢ÁßÕ¬Ÿà„𧫓¡À𓫇¬Áπ

µÕππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“µâÕß√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ ¿“æÕ“°“»·ª√ª√«π∑’Ë àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬à“ß„À≠àÀ≈«ß ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπÕÿ∑°¿—¬À√◊ÕΩπµ°„À≠à ‰ª®π∂÷ߧ«“¡√âÕπ√–Õÿ·≈–¿—¬·≈âß ‡√“‰¡àÕ“®®–Àπ’®“°§«“¡°√“¥‡°√’Ȭ«¢Õß∏√√¡™“µ‘π’ȉ¥â π—∫·µà‡√‘Ë¡Õ“√¬∏√√¡ ¿“æÕ“°“»¢Õ߇√“§ß∑’Ë¡“µ≈Õ¥ ·µà∫—¥π’È¡’À≈—°∞“π∑’Ë™’È„Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π«à“ ¡—π°”≈—߇ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª ‡√“®”‡ªìπµâÕß√Ÿâ«à“®–‡°‘¥Õ–‰√¢÷Èπ„π«—π¢â“ßÀπâ“ ¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ 擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß §«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„¥§√Õß‚≈° °“√§âπÀ“§”µÕ∫®÷߇√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π ∂“π∑’Ë∑’ËÀà“߉°≈∑’Ë ÿ¥·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß„π‚≈°

The worldûs climate is being in ailing condition. A

little change can trigger the transformation to our world

and if we look into the future, despite of the climate

change, so does our pattern of life. But which is it

leading into; an appalling drought or the freezing future?

Our world is now dealing with the fluctuation of

the climate, causing massive catastrophes, ranging from

flood or rain to heat and drought. We cannot inevitably

avoid the anger of nature. Since the civilization era,

our climate has been stable but evidences have clearly

shown that it is now changing. As a result, we must

know what will happen in the future; global warming,

hurricanes, ice age, which transformation conquers the

world, the exploration. The answer to this question starts

29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 21/12/05, 2:36 PM29

Page 30: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

30 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«30 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

∫π¬Õ¥‡¢“‡¡“πà“‚≈Õ“ (Mauna Loa) Œ“«“¬ Õ“°“»∑’Ëπ—Ëπ –Õ“¥·≈–∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï ‰°≈Àà“ß®“°¡≈¿“«–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ∑’Ëπ’˧◊Õ∑’ˇÀ¡“–∑’Ë®–µ√«®«—¥Õ“°“»

‡¡◊ËÕ 20 ªï°àÕπ ‡√“‰¥âµ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß¿—¬®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√° ∑ÿ°Ê ªï√—∞∫“≈µà“ßÊ „π‚≈°„™â‡ß‘π°«à“ 4æ—π≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¥“«‡∑’¬¡ ∑’Ë “¡“√∂∫Õ°∂÷ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„π∑–‡≈·≈–™“¬À“¥∑ÿ°·Ààß„π‚≈° ·µà∑«à“Õÿª°√≥åµà“ßÊ ¡“°¡“¬°≈—∫欓°√≥åÕ“°“»≈à«ßÀπⓉ¥â‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°’Ë«—π ¿“«–¢Õß‚≈°¿“¬„π√–¬– 100ªï¢â“ßÀπâ“À√◊Շ撬߷§à 20 ªï ®÷߬—ߧ߇ªìπª√‘»π“

¿“æÕ“°“»π—Èπ¡’µ—«·ª√Õ—πÀ≈“°À≈“¬ ´—∫´âÕπ‡°‘π°«à“®–欓°√≥剥ⷡà𬔠·µà«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å°”≈—ß欓¬“¡∑”π“¬¥â«¬°“√∑”·∫∫®”≈ÕߢÕß ¿“æÕ“°“»Õ—π´—∫´âÕπ ·≈–º≈ √ÿª§◊Õ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 1.5 Õß»“ „πÕ’° 100 ªï¢â“ßÀπâ“Õ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π ¡—πÕ“®øíߥŸ‡À¡◊Õπ‰¡à√⓬·√ß ·µàÕ—π∑’Ë®√‘ßπ’˧◊Õ Ÿµ√ ”‡√Á®¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬π·ª≈ß„π∑“߇≈«√⓬ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑’Ë¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ«à“®–‡√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ·≈â« ·µà¬—ß¡’ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∫—π∑÷° ¿“æÕ“°“»‡Õ“‰«â∑ÿ°ªï¡“π“ππ—∫æ—πªï·≈â« ‘Ë ß∑’Ë·¢Áß·°√àß·≈–«“ß„®‰¥â ÷Ëß∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥â∫—π∑÷° ¿“æÕ“°“»‡Õ“‰«â¿“¬„µâ‡ª≈◊Õ°¢Õßµâπ‰¡â‚∫√“≥ §◊Õ∫—π∑÷°¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»„πÕ¥’µ∑’Ë·¡à𬔠¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π«ßªï¢Õßµâπ‰¡â™à«¬„Àâ‡√“‡ªî¥Àπ⓵à“߉ª Ÿàª√‘»π“„πÕ¥’µ‡¡◊ËÕ 8 æ—πªï°àÕπ „π«ßªïÀ≈“¬Ê¢π“¥‰¥â ‘Ëß∑’Ëæ«°‡¢“¡ÕßÀ“§◊Õ «ßªï∑’Ë·§∫ ÷Ë߫ߪï∑’Ë·§∫· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‡ªìπªï∑’Ë·Àâß·≈âß ¬‘Ë߫ߪ﷧∫‡∑à“‰√ ¿—¬·≈â߬‘Ëß√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ °“√∑”𓬠¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬«ßªïπ—Èπ§àÕπ¢â“ß®–·πàπÕπ

à«πªí®®—¬∑’˺≈—°¥—π„Àâ ¿“æÕ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßπ—Ëπ°Á§◊Õ¡≈¿“«– ≈–ÕÕßπÈ”®“°∑–‡≈ ≈–ÕÕß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ·≈–§«—π‰Õ‡ ’¬∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß®–¢÷Èπ‰ªÕ¬Ÿà∫π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»®–‰ªµ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà„πÀ‘¡–∑’˵°∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈° ¡—π®–°≈“¬‡ªìππÈ”·¢Áß µ°≈ß¡“∑—∫∂¡´âÕπ°—π‰ª∑ÿ°ªï ™—ÈππÈ”·¢Áßµà“ßÊ ®÷ß°≈“¬‡ªìπ·À≈àߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë摇»…ΩÿÉπ·≈– “√‡§¡’µà“ßÊ „ππÈ”·¢Áß ‡º¬«à“‚≈°‡√“µ°Õ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâπÈ”·¢ÁßÕ“¬ÿÀ≈“¬æ—πªï πÈ”·¢Áß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß™à«ß‡«≈“·™à·¢Áߧ√—Èß„À≠൓¡¥â«¬™à«ß‡«≈“Õ∫Õÿàπ‡æ’¬ß√–¬– —ÈπÊ ∂Ⓡ√“°≈—Ëπ‡ âπ‡«≈“‡ âπ·√° ·≈â«æ‘®“√≥“¬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ª‚¥¬„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·°ππÈ”·¢Áß ‡√“®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ°“√·™à·¢Áߧ√—Èß√⓬·√ß ·≈–¬—߇ÀÁπ™à«ß‡«≈“Õ∫Õÿàπ√–¬– —ÈπÊ

‚≈°¢Õ߇√“ ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ‡¡◊ËÕ∑«’ª·¬°®“°°—π ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“ Õ’°∑—Èß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√„À¡àÕ—π°«â“ß„À≠àπ—∫®“°π—Èπ¡“ ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß°Á‡√‘Ë¡‡°‘¥·≈–À“¬‰ªÕ¬Ÿà‡π◊ÕßÊ ¬“¡∑’Ë‚≈°‚§®√√Õ∫¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å «ß‚§®√¢Õß‚≈°∑”„Àâ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‡°‘¥πÈ”¢÷Èπ·≈–πÈ”≈ß¡—π‡ªìπ°ÿ≠·® ”§—≠„π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æÕ“°“»¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√∑ÿ°·Ààß„π‚≈°≈â«π‡™◊ËÕ¡µàÕ°—π¥â«¬°√–· πÈ”À≈—°

in one of the most remote areas of the world, up in the

mountainûs top, Mauna Loa, Hawaii where only clean

and pure air are existing, away from the industrializa-

tion, which is a perfect place for the measurement of

the air.

The last 20 years made us first aware of disasters

caused by global warming. The governments all over

the world have spent more than $ 4 billion to predict

the climate condition, using satellite technology, which

can exactly tell the temperature of all the sea and

beach in the world. However, many of the equipment

are able to predict the weather only a few days in

advance. The worldûs conditions within the next 100 or

just 20 years are still mystery to us.

There are many variables involved in the predic-

tion of the climate condition, too complex to produce

accurate prediction. However, scientists have been

trying to make the complex climate simulations and the

conclusion is an obvious increase of 1.5 C within the

next 100 years may not sound precarious but this is the

fixed formula of the worse change, the change that

seems to have already started. However, there is one

thing that has recorded the climate condition for

thousands of years, the strong and trusting that the

nature has recorded underneath the bark of ancient

trees, which is the accurate record of aged climate

condition. The data of the annual ring of the trees

open up the window to the puzzle in the last 8,000

29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 21/12/05, 2:36 PM30

Page 31: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

32 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«32 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß/Reference : www.nextstep.co.th

special source of information. Dust and chemical substances inside the ice

reveal that our world has been underneath the ice for thousands of years.

The ice shows the long period of freezing followed by a short period of

warmth. If we produce the first time line and think back by using the

information of iceûs stem, we will see the intense freezing time and a short

period of warmth.

Our world was originated when the two continents split apart and

formed the mountain range as well as the massive vast of oceans. Since

then the ice age formed on and off. When the earth orbits around the sun,

the orbit path cause the ocean to produce high and low tide, a main key

of climate change. One major current connects every ocean in the world.

This current brings warm seawater to the polar. And when the seawater is

highly condensed, it will dip. The dipped seawater is a pump, a force

behind the whole system, making the circulatory water from the Atlantic to

the Pacific and vice versa. As long as the current is circulating, the weather

is warm. However, once it stops, the ice age returns based on the model of

evidence. It can predict historically that what will happen next. The signs,

from the ice stem, the tree, the fossils at the bottom of the sea, shows that

we are gradually entering the ice age again and the cooling of the world

will occur in the next 3,000 years.

New evidence shows that the change might come into place faster.

The climate is in crisis around the globe. The people are waiting desperately,

when their life has been destroyed by the weather never before

experienced. While one continent is encountering the disaster of storm, the

other is facing the drought catastrophe. The weather condition of the world

is on the change by greenhouse effects and deforestation created by man

made. It is the first in the history that human changes the climate balance

by his/her own hand.

The rise of temperature causes the currentûs circulation to be suspended.

The global warming melts the polar ices, diluting the seawater flowing into

the north polar. Without the warm current circulation throughout the world,

the circulation of the current in the ocean stops, leading to the expansion

of ice pole. The evidence shows that the world is warmer and will suddenly

be frozen.

Today, the world is experiencing the warming condition and it may lead

to the freezing condition of the world again. If the history has repeated itself,

what will the future of the world be underneath the ice?

29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 21/12/05, 2:37 PM32

Page 32: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 31‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 31

Àπ÷Ëß°√–· °√–· π’Èπ”‡Õ“πÈ”‡§Á¡Õ∫Õÿàπ‰ª¬—ߢ—È«‚≈° ´÷Ë߇¡◊ËÕπÈ”Àπ“·πàπ¢÷Èπ°Á®–®¡≈ß πÈ”‡§Á¡∑’Ë®¡≈ßπ’ȧ◊Õªíö¡∑’˺≈—°¥—π∑—Èß√–∫∫ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”‰À≈‡«’¬π®“°·Õµ·≈𵑰‰ª®π∂÷ß·ª ‘øî°·≈–°≈—∫¡“Õ’°§√—Èß µ√“∫„¥∑’Ë°√–· πÈ”¬—߉À≈‡«’¬π ¿“æÕ“°“»°Á¬—ߧßÕ∫Õÿàπ∂â“¡—πÀ¬ÿ¥ ¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢Áß®–‡√‘Ë¡Õ’°§√—Èß®“°√Ÿª·∫∫À≈—°∞“π∑“ߪ√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å “¡“√∂∑”𓬉¥â«à“®–‡°‘¥Õ–‰√¢÷ÈπµàÕ‰ª —≠≠“≥µà“ßÊ ®“°·°ππÈ”·¢Áß ®“°µâπ‰¡â®“°øÕ ‘≈„π°âπ∑–‡≈ · ¥ß«à“‡√“°”≈—ß®–§àÕ¬Ê °â“«‡¢â“ Ÿà¬ÿ§πÈ”·¢ÁßÕ’°§√—Èß ·≈–°“√‡¬Áπ≈ߢÕß‚≈°®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¿“¬„πÕ’° 3æ—πªï¢â“ßÀπâ“

À≈—°∞“π„À¡à· ¥ß«à“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â‡√Á«°«à“π—Èπ Õ“°“»°”≈—ß«‘°ƒµ‘∑—Ë«‚≈° ºŸâ§π‡ΩÑ“¡ÕßÕ¬à“ß ‘ÈπÀ«—߬“¡∑’Ë™’«‘µ¢Õßæ«°‡¢“∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬¥â«¬ ¿“æÕ“°“»∑’ˉ¡à‡§¬æ∫‡ÀÁπ¡“°àÕπ ¢≥–∑’Ë∫π∑«’ªÀπ÷Ëß¡’¿—¬∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°æ“¬ÿ ·µà∫π∑«’ªÕ’°·Àà߇°‘¥¿—¬·≈âß ¿“æÕ“°“»„π‚≈°°”≈—߇ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪؑ°‘√‘¬“‡√◊Õπ°√–®°®“°Ωï¡◊Õ¡πÿ…¬å·≈–°“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ π—∫‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√°„πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¡¥ÿ≈¢Õß ¿“æÕ“°“»¥â«¬¡◊Õ¢Õßµ—«‡Õß

°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∑”„Àâ°“√‰À≈‡«’¬π¢Õß°√–· πÈ”À¬ÿ¥™–ß—° ‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ∑”„ÀâπÈ”·¢Áߢ—È«‚≈°≈–≈“¬ ∑”„ÀâπÈ”‡§Á¡∑’ˉÀ≈¡“∂÷ߢ—È«‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ‡®◊Õ®“ß °“√‰À≈‡«’¬π¢Õß°√–· πÈ”„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√À¬ÿ¥∑”ß“π≈߇¡◊ËÕª√“»®“°πÈ”Õÿàπ‰À≈‡«’¬π‰ª∑—Ë«‚≈° ¢—È«πÈ”·¢Áß®÷ߢ¬“¬µ—« À≈—°∞“π· ¥ß«à“‚≈°∑’Ë√âÕπ¢÷Èπ·≈–®–∂Ÿ°·™à·¢ÁßÕ¬à“ß°–∑—πÀ—π

«—ππ’È‚≈°¢Õ߇√“‡°‘¥¿“«–‚≈°√âÕπ ·≈–Õ“®π”‰ª Ÿà

¿“«–‚≈°·™à·¢ÁßÕ’°§√—Èß ·µà∂⓪√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å°≈—∫¡“ È”

√Õ¬‡¥‘¡ ‚≈°¢Õß«—πæ√ÿàßπ’È®–‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√¿“¬„µâπÈ”·¢Áß

years. With the annual rings of many sizes, what they

are looking for is the narrow annual ring, representing

the symbol of drought year. The narrower the annual

ring is, the more sever is the drought. The prediction of

climate condition using the annual ring produces quite

accurate information.

The forcing factors of the climate change are

pollution, sea vapor, dust from volcano, and toxic smoke.

All of these will drift into the atmosphere, trapped in the

snow falling in the polar areas, and then becoming ice

accumulated year by year. Each layer of ice then is a

29-32/À“¬π–¢Õß‚≈° 21/12/05, 3:36 PM31

Page 33: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 33

“√§¥’À≈—° ‚¥¬ : §√√™‘µ ªîµ–°“

Main Feature by : Kanchit Pitaka

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 33

‡¡◊ËÕ∂÷߇∑»°“≈ß“πµà“ßÊ À√◊Õ„π‚Õ°“ ”§—≠Ê À≈“¬§π§ßµâÕ߇µ√’¬¡À“¢Õߢ«—≠‰ª¡Õ∫„Àâ·°à§π∑’Ë√—°À√◊Õ§π∑’ˇ§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ ¬‘ËßµÕππ’ÈÕ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß‡∑»°“≈ªï„À¡à °Á‡≈¬Õ¬“°·π–π”¢Õߢ«—≠Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπà“®– ◊ÈÕÀ“‰ª¡Õ∫„Àâ°—π π—Ëπ°Á§◊Õ¢π¡‰∑¬

¢π¡‰∑¬¡’§Ÿà‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬¡“µ—Èß·µà§√—Èß‚∫√“≥°“≈ ∑—Èß∑’ˇªìπ¢π¡‰∑¬¥—È߇¥‘¡·≈–¢π¡∑’Ë√—∫¡“®“°µà“ß™“µ‘¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“™â“π“π®π°≈◊π°≈“¬‡ªìπ¢π¡¢Õ߉∑¬¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å ¢π¡‰∑¬·µà≈–™π‘¥πÕ°®“°®–¡’§«“¡ «¬ß“¡®π∂÷ߢ—Èπ«‘®‘µ√æ‘ ¥“√·≈â« ™◊ËÕ¢Õß¢π¡¬—ß∫àß∫Õ°∂÷ߧÿ≥§à“·≈–§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑“ß∑’Ë¥’·≈–‡ªìπ ‘√‘¡ß§≈ ´÷Ë߇ªì𧫓¡™à“ߧ‘¥¢Õߧπ‰∑¬‚∫√“≥‡ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß ¢π¡∑’Ë¡’§”«à“ ç∑Õßé π”Àπâ“ ‡™àπ ∑ÕßÀ¬‘∫ ∑ÕßÀ¬Õ¥ΩÕ¬∑Õß ∑Õß¡â«π œ≈œ ≈â«π‡ªìπ™◊ËÕÕ—π‡ªìπ¡ß§≈·°àºŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ªï„À¡à ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ§”Õ«¬æ√∑’Ë·Ωߧ«“¡À¡“¬„π¢π¡„Àâ¡’·µà§«“¡√ÿà߇√◊Õß„π™’«‘µµ≈Õ¥‰ª

™◊Ë Õ ¢Õߢπ¡‰∑¬‚¥¬ à«π„À≠à·≈⫇ªìπ™◊ËÕ∑’Ë¥’· ≈ – ‡ ªì π ¡ ß § ≈∑—È ß ‘È π¢π¡‰∑¬∫“ß™π‘¥πÕ°®“°®–¡’™◊ËÕ‡ªìπ¡ß§≈ ¬—ß· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡ Ÿß àß·≈–Õ≈—ß°“√‡™àπ ¢π¡®à“¡ß°ÿÆ ¢π¡∫—«≈Õ¬ ·¡â™◊ËÕ®–‰¡à„™à»—æ∑å· ß«‘®‘µ√ ·µà °Á

¢π¡‰∑¬...¢Õߢ«—≠®“°„®∑’ˉ√âº≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

Once the arrival of festivals or occasions, many of

you are looking for buying gifts for the beloved or

respected ones. As especially now itûs a New Year

festival, Iûd like to advise a gift for others, that is, Thai

dessert.

Thai desserts, both the original and the long-time-

foreign-adapted ones, have been around in Thailand

since the ancient times. Each of Thai dessert not only

represents exquisite beauty, but its name also represents

value and positive meaning and fortune, expressing the

great thinker of the ancient Thais. Dessert with the name

beginning with çTHONG,é such as Thong Yib, Thong

Yord, Foi Thong, Thong Maun, etc., all of which their

names bring lucks to those who receive them as a New

Year gift; its name is representing a greeting

with hidden meaning for forever prosperity.

The name of the Thai desserts

mostly has good names and fortunate

meaning. Some of the Thai desserts

not only contain lucky name,

but they also represent the

nobility and greatness such as

Ja-Mongkut dessert. Bualoy

dessert, despite of its plain

Thai Desserts... Gift from the Heart, Non-Impact to Environment

33-36/Main/Kanom 21/12/05, 10:07 AM33

Page 34: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

34 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«34 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

∑”„Àâπ÷°∂÷ߥհ∫—«∑’Ë≈Õ¬Õ¬Ÿà‡Àπ◊ÕπÈ” ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕßÀ¡“¬¢Õߧ«“¡ «à“ß∑“ߪí≠≠“

°“√„Àâ¢π¡‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ªï„À¡à°Á‡À¡◊Õπ„Àâ ‘ËߢÕßÕ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ§◊Õ µâÕß√Ÿâ«à“ºŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫™Õ∫¢π¡™π‘¥‰Àπ ÷Ëß∂Ⓡªìπ§π∑’Ë π‘∑ π¡°—π°Á‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕßßà“¬ à«π§π∑’ˉ¡à π‘∑ π¡ °Á‰¡à¬“°π—° ∂â“°≈â“∑’Ë®–∂“¡®“°§π„°≈♑¥°àÕπ‡≈◊Õ° ◊ÈÕ ·µàÀ“°‰¡à·πà„® „Àâ‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡À≈“¬Ê ™π‘¥√«¡°—π‰ª·≈–‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡∑’ˇªìπ°≈“ßÊ §◊Õ ‰¡àÀ«“π¡—π®—¥

∂â“À“°®–‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë¥’·ΩßÕ¬Ÿà ”À√—∫∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ëπ—∫∂◊ÕÀ√◊Õ‡§“√æ ÷ËßÕ“®®–„ à√«¡‰ª°—∫¢π¡™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ§≈–°—π æ√âÕ¡°“√奧”Õ«¬æ√∑’Ë‚¬ß∂÷ß™◊ËÕ¢π¡Õ—π‡ªìπ¡ß§≈π—Èπ°Á®–¥Ÿπà“ª√–∑—∫„®‰¡àπâÕ¬∑’‡¥’¬«

¢π¡∑’Ë¡Õ∫„À⧫√‡ªìπ¢π¡·Àâß®–‡À¡“–°«à“ Õ“®®–¡’¢π¡™π‘¥‡ªï¬°∫â“ß ∑—Èßπ’È¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ºŸâ√—∫¥â«¬ ·µà§«√®–¡’¢π¡∑’Ë “¡“√∂‡°Á∫‰«â∑“π‰¥âÀ≈“¬«—π¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–¢π¡∫“ß™π‘¥∂â“∑“π™â“À√◊Õ∑“π‰¡àÀ¡¥ Õ“®®–‡πà“‡ ’¬∑‘È߉ª‡ª≈à“Ê

°“√‡≈◊Õ°¢π¡‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠ §«√¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬ ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕß√ ™“µ‘·≈–§«“¡ «¬ß“¡ ‡√’¬°«à“§«√æ‘∂’æ‘∂—π‡ªìπ摇»…Õ—π· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡µ—Èß„®¡Õ∫„À⺟â√—∫¥â«¬§«“¡Õ“∑√·≈–§«“¡‡§“√æπ—∫∂◊Õ

‡¡◊ËÕ‡≈◊Õ°‰¥â¢π¡ «¬Ê πà“∑“π‰¥âÀ≈“¬™π‘¥·≈â« §«√À“¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ„Àâ¡‘¥™‘¥ ÷Ëߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫™π‘¥¢Õߢπ¡¥â«¬ ¢π¡∫“ß™π‘¥Õ“®®–µâÕß„ à„π‚À≈·°â« ‚¥¬®—¥‡√’¬ß≈ß„π‚À≈Õ¬à“߇ªìπ√–‡∫’¬∫ ‰¡à„™à‡∑À√◊Õ¬—¥≈߉ª ∑”„À⥟‰¡àß“¡µ“ ∫“ß™π‘¥µâÕß∫√√®ÿ„π∂“¥·°â« À√◊Õ°≈àÕß·°â« ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⺟â√—∫ “¡“√∂π”

name, yet reminds of a lotus floating on top of the

water surface, a sign of enlightenment.

The giving of Thai dessert as New Year present is

similar to giving other types of presents, that is, which

type of dessert the receiver like. If the receiver is close

person, itûs easy to find out. However, it may not be

that difficult if you dare to ask from those who are

close to him/her. If you are uncertain, pick many kinds

of desserts together and choose the kinds that have

mild taste, that is, not too sweet.

If you are to choose the desserts with lucky names

for the respected or honored person, they might be

combined with other kinds along with a greeting card

linked to the fortunate name of the dessert. This may

be quite impressive.

The desserts should be the dry type mixed with the

wet ones, depending on whom the recipient is.

However, there should be some kinds that can be kept

for many days because some dessert, if not eaten all

up, may be thrown away and rotten.

To choose the dessert as a gift should produce a

variety, both in terms of taste and beauty, which is

called special delicacy, expressing your willing to give

to the receiver with thoughtfulness and respect.

Once you have bought many of beautiful sweets,

a tight lid container should be

used, which is depending

on the type of dessert.

Some dessert may be

kept in a glass con-

tainer, lining orderly

33-36/Main/Kanom 21/12/05, 10:08 AM34

Page 35: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 35‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 35

¿“™π–°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à‰¥â ‰¡à§«√∫√√®ÿ„π°≈àÕßæ≈“ µ‘°‡æ√“–‡¡◊ËÕ„™â‡ √Á®°Á‚¬π∑‘Èß°≈“¬‡ªìπ¿“√–¢Õß —ߧ¡‰ªÕ’° ‡ √Á®·≈⫺Ÿ°¥â«¬√‘∫∫‘Èπ ’ ¥„ À√◊Õ∂â“®–„À⇰㵓¡°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…å«—≤π∏√√¡‰∑¬ °Á∫√√®ß‡¬Á∫°√–∑ß·∫∫ «¬ß“¡¡’™—Èπ‡™‘ßµ“¡°“√®—¥Õ¬à“߉∑¬‚∫√“≥°Á “¡“√∂ √â“ߧÿ≥§à“¢Õߢπ¡‰∑¬∑’Ë∑à“π®–𔉪ٓ°ºŸâÀ≈—°ºŸâ„À≠à‰¥â·≈â« ®“°π—Èπ°Á∫√√®ÿ„ à°√–‡™â“À√◊Õµ–°√â“À«“¬À√◊Õ‰¡â‰ºà¢π“¥æÕ‡À¡“– ·≈â«„™â√‘∫∫‘È𧓥À√◊ÕºŸ°∑’ËÀŸÕ’°∑’Àπ÷Ë߇∑à“π’È∑à“π°Á‰¥â¢ÕßΩ“°∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”°≈—∫‰ª„™â‰¥â∑ÿ° à«π·≈–‰¡à‡À≈◊Õ´“°¢¬–„À⇪ìπ¿“√–¢Õß —ߧ¡µàÕ‰ª

À“°¿“¬„πµ–°√â“À√◊Õ°√–‡™â“¬—ßæÕ¡’∑’Ë«à“ß Õ“®®–¡’Àπ—ß ◊Õ¥’Ê „Àâ§ÿ≥§à“∑“ߪí≠≠“ —° 1-2 ‡≈à¡„ à≈߉ª ‡ªìπ°“√¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠∑’ˇªìπÕ“À“√∫”√ÿ߇≈’Ȭß√à“ß°“¬·≈–Õ“À“√∫”√ÿ߇≈’È¬ß ¡Õߥ⫬ ‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æÕ’°‡∑à“µ—«

‡¡◊ËÕ¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π‡π◊ËÕß„π«—πªï„À¡à “°≈¥â«¬

inside the container, not throwing or stuffing, producing

unpleasant image. Some may be stored on the glass

tray or box for the receiver to reuse the container.

They shouldnût be put in the plastic box because once

eaten, the plastic box will be thrown away, causing

societal burden in another way. When done packing, a

colorful-colored-ribbon tied around it would be nice, or

if you want something cool as the Thai conservative

trend, making a delicate banana leaves vessel using

the traditional Thai arrangement can add value to the

Thai dessert you are giving to the superior. Later arrange

them in a right size of basket or rattan or bamboo

basket and tie ribbon at one handle and at another.

You will then have a gift of which its part can be

reused and no residues left to be the burden of society

any longer.

If there is some room left inside the basket,

one or two good books for intellectual

enhancement might be good. Itûs a gift that

is nourishing your health and your brain at

the same time; it is called double gift.

When giving the present with Thai

dessert for the occasion of international

New Year, the Thai people should not

forget the Thai New Year or çSongkran

Festival,é an end of the year festival, starting

on the 14th night of solar eclipse in the 4th

month, the ancient people considered it

as an end to the old year and marked it as

an inherited tradition until now.

As the Thai New Year is in mid April, a

summer season, the present given should be

dry desserts and if the recipient doesnût live

too far and itûs convenient for the giver to

deliver, a cool dessert can be added or just only

cool one is enough.

The cool Thai dessert includes Thai melon, a

33-36/Main/Kanom 21/12/05, 10:13 AM35

Page 36: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

36 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«36 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

¢π¡‰∑¬·≈â« §π‰∑¬°Á‰¡à§«√≈◊¡ªï„À¡à‰∑¬ À√◊Õ çµ√ÿ… ß°√“πµåé ÷Ë߇ªìπ‡∑»°“≈ ‘Èπªï ‡√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π«—π·√¡ 14 §Ë” ‡¥◊Õπ4 §π„π ¡—¬‚∫√“≥∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ«—π ‘Èπªï‡°à“·≈–‰¥â¬÷¥∂◊Õ‡ªìπª√–‡æ≥’ ◊∫∑Õ¥°—π¡“®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π

ªï„À¡à‰∑¬Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß°≈“߇¥◊Õπ‡¡…“¬π ‡ªìπƒ¥Ÿ√âÕ𠧫√®–¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠‡ªìπ¢π¡·Àâß ·≈–∂â“À“°ºŸâ√—∫Õ¬Ÿà‰¡à‰°≈π—°·≈–ºŸâ„Àâ “¡“√∂𔉪„À≥⠖¥«° Õ“®®–¡’¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ ‡æ‘Ë¡‡¢â“‰ª À√◊Õ„À⇪ìπ¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ Õ¬à“߇¥’¬«°Á‰¥â

¢π¡‰∑¬∑’ˇªìπ¢π¡‡¬ÁπÊ ‰¥â·°à ·µß‰∑¬ ‡ªìπº≈‰¡â‰∑¬∑’Ë¡’‡π◊ÈÕπÿà¡ÀÕ¡À«“ππà“°‘π ·§à°‘π‡ª≈à“Ê ¬—ßÕ√àÕ¬™◊Ëπ„® ∂â“∑”‡ªìπ°–∑‘·µß‰∑¬¬‘ËßÀ«“πÕ√àÕ¬®—∫„® ≈Ÿ°µ“≈≈Õ¬·°â« °Á‡ªìπ¢ÕßÀ«“π·∫∫‰∑¬·∑â∑’ËÀ«“π©Ë”„®Õ’°·∫∫Àπ÷Ëß µâ¡√“°∫—«„ àπÈ”µ“≈∑√“¬·¥ß°ÁÕ√àÕ¬πà“∑“π πÈ”µ“≈∑√“¬·¥ß®–¡’√ À«“π·∫∫∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈–‰¡à¡’‚∑…‡À¡◊ÕππÈ”µ“≈øÕ°¢“« ÷Ëß¡’·µà “√‡§¡’ πÈ”√“°∫—«„ àπÈ”·¢Áߥ◊Ë¡™◊Ëπ„®·≈–„Àâª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ√à“ß°“¬

§π‰∑¬‡√“πà“®– √â“ߧà“π‘¬¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß§«“¡‡ªìπ‰∑¬¥â«¬°“√¡Õ∫¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π‡π◊ËÕß„πªï„À¡à‰∑¬¥â«¬¢π¡‰∑¬°—π¥Ÿ∫â“ß ‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“™“µ‘‰∑¬‡√“¡’‡Õ°≈—°…≥凪ìπ¢Õßµ—«‡Õß¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“™â“π“π·≈â«

¥—ßπ—Èπ „πªï„À¡à‰∑¬À√◊Õµ√ÿ… ß°√“πµå∑’Ë®–‡«’¬π

¡“∂÷ßÕ’°«“√–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ 摇»…∑’˧π‰∑¬§«√®–¡Õ∫

¢π¡‰∑¬‡ªìπ¢Õߢ«—≠„Àâ·°à°—π ‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡

√—°„§√à π‘∑ π¡·≈–§‘¥∂÷ß°—π¥â«¬§«“¡‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ“∑√

Thai fruit containing soft, delicious meat, eaten it pro-

ducing a fresh feeling. If it is made into melon-coconut

milk dessert, it is even more delicious. Sugar palm in

syrup is an authentic Thai dessert, very luscious to the

heart. It can be boiled with red sugar, producing a

quite delicious dessert as well. The red sugar gives natu-

ral sweet and is not so harmful as the bleached white

sugar, containing only chemical substances. The iced

lotus root drink is a refreshing and healthy drink for the

body.

The Thai people should create

value to express the Thai charac-

teristics by giving the present on

New Year day with the Thai

dessert, to show that the Thai

nation has its own uniqueness for

a long time.

Therefore, the Thai New Year or Songkran that is

coming another round marks another special occasion

for the Thai people to give the Thai dessert as present for

each other, a representative of love, friendship, and

thoughtfulness.

33-36/Main/Kanom 21/12/05, 10:13 AM36

Page 37: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 37

®—∫‡¢à“§ÿ¬ ‚¥¬ : °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√

Interview by : Editorial Board

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 37

∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√

√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß

—¡¿“…≥å¡ÿ¡¡Õß™“«∫â“πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊ÕInterview the Perspective of the Villagers´ in the North

«“√ “√‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«©∫—∫ àß∑⓬ªï æ.». 2548 æ“∑à“π‰ªæ∫查§ÿ¬°—∫™“«∫â“π„πµ”∫≈ª“°µ÷ß Õ”‡¿Õ·¡à®—π ®—ßÀ«—¥‡™’¬ß√“¬ „π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕß°“√‡º“ªÉ“ π“ ‰√à „πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ°—π

∫π‡ âπ∑“ß®“°µ—«‡¡◊Õ߇™’¬ß√“¬ Ÿà·¡à “¬ ∑‘«‡¢“¢â“ßÀπâ“∑’ˇÀÁπ ™“«∫â“π∫Õ°‡√“«à“π—Ëπ§◊Õ‡¢“π“ßπÕπ à«π∑’ËÀ—π¡“∑“ß∑‘»∑’ˇ√“°”≈—ß·≈àπµ√߉ª§◊Õ»’√…–¢Õßπ“ßπÕπ ∑‘«∑—»πå¢â“ß∑“ß¡’·µà¿Ÿ‡¢“≈âÕ¡√Õ∫‡¢’¬«™–Õÿࡵ≈Õ¥∑“߇™’¬ß√“¬‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß„πÀÿ∫‡¢“®√‘ßÊ ‰¡à«à“®–¢—∫√∂ºà“π‰ª∑’ˉÀπ°Á®–‡ÀÁπ·µà¿Ÿ‡¢“∂Ⓡ∑’¬∫°—∫∑“ß¿“§Õ’ “π∫â“π‡√“¿Ÿ‡¢“§π≈– ’°—π‡≈¬ Õ“°“»∑’Ëπ’Ë°Á™ÿà¡™◊Èπ°«à“‡æ√“–¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ¡“°°«à“ ¢â“ßÀπâ“∑’ˇ√“°”≈—ß®–‰ª‡æ√“–‡ÀÁ𧫗π‰øÕ¬ŸàÀπâ“∫â“π ∑’Ëπ’ˇ¢“‡º“¢¬–°—π‡°◊Õ∫∑ÿ°∫â“π∑’‡¥’¬« ∫â“π™“«‰∑¬¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ à«π„À≠àª≈Ÿ°µâπ‰¡â°—π·∑∫∑ÿ°∫â“π ∫“ß∫â“π°Á‡™◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕ߉¡â¡ß§≈ ª≈Ÿ°µâπ¡–¬¡‰«âÀπâ“∫â“π „∫¡–¬¡√à«ß°√“«·≈⫇¢“®–®—¥‡°Á∫‡»…„∫‰¡â°‘Ë߉¡âπ’ËÕ¬à“߉√

Green Line magazine, a farewell of 2005, takes you to talk with

the villagers in Paak Teung Tambon, Mae Chan District, Chiengrai

province, in their view of burning forest, rice paddy, and crop in the

northern areas.

From the center of Chiengrai to Mae Sai, a view ahead of us is

Nang Non Mountain. The part that is coming into our straight way is

the head of Nang Non. All the sideways are surrounding by green

mountains. Chiengrai really is a city in a valley. Wherever we are

cruising by, a bunch of mountains are seen. If the mountains are

compared to those of the northeastern, they have different color.

The weather here is more moisture, as there are more of the forest

areas. We are going straight because we see the smoke in front of

the house. Here almost every household burns waste. Most households

of the Thais in the north grow a lot of plants. Some believe in lucky

plants. Lots of Mayom plants are at the front of the house. When the

leaves fall down, how they can collect twigs and leaves. The simple

37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬ 20/12/05, 5:34 PM37

Page 38: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

38 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«38 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

ßà“¬Ê ∑’Ë∑”°—πÕ¬Ÿà®“°Õ¥’µ®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π§◊Õ‡º“ À≈“¬Ê §√—«‡√◊Õπæ√âÕ¡„®°—π‡º“ πà“®–≈Õß«‘®—¬°—π —°∑’«à“ °“√‡º“¢¬–„π∫â“π‡√◊Õπ 1 §√—Èß°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å´÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß‚≈°√âÕπ¢÷Èπ Ÿà™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‡∑à“‰√ ·≈â«π”¡“ª√–™“ —¡æ—π∏å„À♓«∫â“π™à«¬≈¥°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë®–°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å°—π ¿“§√—∞§ßµâÕßÀ“«‘∏’°“√®—¥‡°Á∫¢¬–„π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å™ÿ¡™π Õ“∑‘ °“√√≥√ߧå„À♓«∫â“πµ—È߇ªìπ™ÿ¡™π∑”ªÿܬ àߢ“¬‡ªìπ OTOP™ÿ¡™π À√◊ÕÕ–‰√°Á‰¥â µ√ßπ’ȧ‘¥«à“§π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπà“®–√Ÿâ™àÕß∑“߉¥â¥’°«à“ ‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡º“¢¬–„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬∑“ß¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ‡√“æ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥âµ≈Õ¥∑“ß ‰¡à«à“„π«—¥ „π∫â“π ∂â“π÷° πÿ°®—∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë™ÿ¡™π¡“‡√’¬ß°—π·≈â«·µà≈–∫â“π‡º“¢¬–æ√âÕ¡°—π°ÁπâÕßʉøªÉ“‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ·∂¡‡°‘¥‡ªìπª√–®”∑ÿ°«—π‡ ’¬Õ’° ·µà®–¥’°«à“‰øªÉ“ÀπàÕ¬µ√ß∑’ˇ√“¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’˪ɓ§ß‡À≈◊Õ„Àâ™à«¬≈¥°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â

‡√“·«–À¬ÿ¥æ—°‡æ◊ËÕ查§ÿ¬°—∫™“«∫â“πµ”∫≈ª“°µ÷ßÕ.·¡à®—π °—π¥’°«à“ ÷Ë ß∑à“π‰¥â ≈–‡«≈“„Àâ ∑—Èßπ’È∑“ß°Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√µâÕߢհ√“∫¢Õ∫æ√–§ÿ≥‰«â ≥ ∑’Ëπ’È §◊Õ §ÿ≥√—µπå°—π∑–¬«ß ·≈–§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ §ÿ≥√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß ‰¥â„Àâ¡ÿ¡¡Õß·≈–§«“¡√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√‡º“π“ ‰√à ·≈–ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°‘π«à“

燥’ά«π’È™“«∫â“π‡√“‰¡à‡º“ªÉ“·≈â« ∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π®–‡ªìπæ«°°–‡À√’ˬߴ–¡“°°«à“ ‡æ√“–√—∞‡¢“‡¢â“¡“√≥√ߧå„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π æ«°‡√“°Á√Ÿâ·≈â««à“¥’‰¡à¥’Õ¬à“߉√ ‡¥‘¡ “‡Àµÿ∑’ˇº“ªÉ“‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√àπ—Èπ‡æ√“–µâÕß°“√¶à“À≠â“·≈–«—™æ◊™„Àâ∂÷ß√“°¢Õß¡—π ∂Ⓡ√“∂Õπ‡¥’Î¬«¡—π°Á¢÷ÈπÕ’° ·¬àߪÿܬ·¬àßÕ“À“√¢Õßæ◊™æ—π∏ÿå∑’ˇ√“ª≈Ÿ° ∂â“®–‰∂°≈∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°‘π¢Õ߇√“°Á¡’À‘π∫â“ß°ÁÕ¬Ÿà∫π‡¢“¡—π°Á∑”≈”∫“°®÷߉¡à§àÕ¬π‘¬¡°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠

way, carried out from the past

until now, is burning. Many

households jointly burn waste.

There should be a study on how

much carbon dioxide, one of the

greenhouse gases, a major factor of

global warming, emits in the atmosphere

if one household burns waste for 1 time. Then,

take that figure and use it as a campaign for the

villagers to help reduce the activities causing carbon

dioxide. The government sector should find the way to

collect waste in the community innovatively such as

the campaign for the formation of community and

producing fertilizer as OTOP product or any activities,

which the villagers should know about the better chan-

nel. Burning waste in their residence in the northern part

of Thailand has been found on the way we drive even

in the temples. If we line up the community areas in a

row and each house burn waste at the same time, it

can be a brother to wild fire and on top of that it

happens everyday. However, the good part is we still

have lots of forests remained, reducing the emission of

carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Weûd better stop to talk with the villagers of Paak

Teung Tambon, Mae Chan District, Chiengrai province.

All of them spare their own time to talk with us. We, the

Editor Team, would like to say thank you. They are Khun

Ratt Kanthayaung and Khun Banjob Santhabutr. Khun

Ratt Kanthayaung showed her perspective and know-

ledge of paddy rice, crop, and forest burning that:

çWe, the villagers, do not burn forests. Those that

do are mostly Karen. Since the government has carried

out campaign in the village, we now know how bad it

is. Originally, we burn the forest, paddy rice, and crop,

because we want to get rid of grasses and weeds to

their roots. If we pull them out, they will grow back very

37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬ 20/12/05, 5:34 PM38

Page 39: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 39‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 39

‡ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬¡“°¥â«¬ °“√‡º“®÷߇ªìπ«‘∏’∑’ˇ√“π‘¬¡„™â‡æ√“–‰¡à ‘Èπ‡ª≈◊Õß ·≈–‰¥âº≈¥’ ´“°À≠â“∑’ˇº“°Á°≈“¬‡ªìπªÿܬÀπâ“¥‘π¥â«¬é

∂â“Õ¬à“ßπ—Èπ°“√‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√à „π¡ÿ¡¡ÕߢÕߧÿ≥√—µπå §‘¥«à“‡ªìπÕ¬à“߉√

ç∂â“∂“¡«à“°“√‡º“π“ ‡º“‰√à ·≈–‡º“ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°‘π¥’‰À¡°ÁµÕ∫‰¥â«à“‰¡à¥’·πàπÕπ ‡æ√“– Õ∫µ. °”π—π ‡¢“°Á∫Õ°·≈â««à“¡—π‰¡à¥’µàÕ à«π√«¡Õ¬à“߉√π– ™“«∫â“π∑’Ëπ’Ë°Á√Ÿâ°—πÕ¬Ÿà ¡‡¥Á®∑à“π°Á∫Õ° ‡√“µâÕß√—°…“À≈—ߧ“∫â“π‡√“ ∂Ⓡ√“‰ª∑”≈“¬ªÉ“°Á‡À¡◊Õπ∑”≈“¬À≈—ߧ“∫â“π·≈⫇√“®–Õ¬Ÿà°—πÕ¬à“߉√∫â“π∑’Ë√ࡇ¬Áπ°Á®–·Àâß·≈âß Õ—ππ’Èæ«°‡√“°Á™à«¬°—π„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’°—∫¿“§√—∞ ™“«∫â“π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√“∫‡¥’ά«π’ȉ¡à¡’°“√‡º“‰√à π“ ªÉ“·≈â« ‡√“„™â‰∂À«à“π‡À¡◊Õπ∑’ËÕ◊ËπÊ ∂â“Õ¬“°‡ÀÁπ°“√‡º“ªÉ“ ‡º“π“ µâÕߢ÷Èπ‰ª∫π‡¢“π—Ëπ°Á¬—ß¡’„Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬Ÿà ‡¢“‡º“°—π∑’‡°◊Õ∫§√÷Ëß≈Ÿ° ·µàµÕππ’ÈÀπâ“À𓫇¢“‰¡à§àÕ¬‡º“°—π®–‡º“°—πµÕπÀπâ“√âÕπÀ≈—߇°Á∫‡°’ˬ« ·µà°ÁæÕ‡ÀÁπ√àÕß√Õ¬Õ¬Ÿà ≈Õߢ—∫√∂¢÷Èπ‰ª¥Ÿ´‘é

rapidly, competing for food of the plants we are growing.

If we do the plough, rocks still exist. Sometimes the land

is on the mountain, so it is harder and not popular and

sometime using other method costs quite a fortune.

Thus, burning is a famous one because it doesnût cost

much and is effective. And the burnt grass residues

become fertilizer covering the soil surface.é

So, what is your point of view on burning paddy riceand crops?

çIf you ask whether the burning of paddy rice,

crops, and forest is good or not, we definitely answer

that it is not because as the local administration, the

village chief told that how bad it is for the public. The

villagers here have realized that. Her Majesty the Queen

also said that. We must preserve the roof of the house.

If we destroy the forest, itûs like we destroy our roof of

the house as well. And how can we live? The peaceful

house will turn drought. We have very well cooperated

with the government sector. Villagers in the plain areas

do not burn paddy rice, crops, or foresee. We do the

plough just like others. If you want to see

burning of forest or paddy rice, you have

to up the mountain. When they do

burning, half of the mountain is burnt.

But now itûs winter. They rarely burn.

They will burn during the summer

after the harvesting but you might

37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬ 20/12/05, 5:34 PM39

Page 40: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

40 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«40 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

®∫§”∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õߧÿ≥√—µπå °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√‰¥âæ∫·≈–查§ÿ¬°—∫§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ ‡°…µ√°√¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õ߉∑¬∑à“π‰¥â„Àâ¢âÕ§‘¥‡ÀÁπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√‡º“π“ ‰√à ªÉ“ ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ·À≈àß∑”°‘π«à“

ç·µà°àÕπ‡√“°Á‡º“°—ππ– ·µà‡¥’ά«π’ȇ√“‰¡à‡º“·≈â« °“√‡º“π—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ∂“ßæ«°«—™æ◊™ À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‡º“‡æ◊ËÕ°”®—¥¢¬–æ«°ø“ß„ππ“ ‡æ√“–‡√“‰¡à√Ÿâ®–‡Õ“‰ª∑”Õ–‰√ µàÕ¡“‡°…µ√Õ”‡¿Õ‡¢“·π–π”«à“ø“ߢ⓫‡¢“‡Õ“‰ªª≈Ÿ°¢‘ß ‡¥’ά«π’ȧπ‰√࢑߇¢“¡“¢Õ´◊ÈÕ∑’Ëπ“°—π‡≈¬ ‰¡àµâÕ߉ª‡º“·≈â« „πæ◊Èπ∑’˺◊π√“∫∫â“π‡√“(·¡à®—π) ‡¢“‰¡à‡º“°—π·≈â«®–¡’°Á·µàæ«°∫π‡¢“‚πàπ¬—ß∑”°—πÕ¬Ÿà™“«∫â“π‡√“®–‡º“°Á·µà¢¬–‡≈Á°Ê πâÕ¬Ê ‡æ√“–‰¡à√Ÿâ®–‡Õ“‰ª∑”Õ–‰√ à«πø“߇¥’ά«π’Èπ’ˇ¢“À“´◊ÈÕ°—π¡“° ‡Õ“‰ªª≈Ÿ°‡ÀÁ¥‡æ“–µâπ°≈â“ ‡°…µ√Õ”‡¿Õ‡¢“¡“∫Õ°À¡¥é

®“°§”∫Õ°‡≈à“¢Õߧÿ≥√—µπå °—π∑–¬«ß ·≈–§ÿ≥∫√√®∫ —π∑–∫ÿµ√ ‡√“Õ¬“°π”¿“æ°“√‡º“‰√à π“ ∫π‡¢“¡“Ω“° ‡ÀÁπ∑—Èß Õß∑à“π∫Õ°«à“ ‡ âπ∑“ß “¬·¡à “¬π’Ⱥà“π‡¢“ Ÿß “¡“√∂‡ÀÁπ‰¥â ‡√“¢â“¡‡¢“µ√߇¢â“ Ÿà·¡à “¬¿“æ¢Õß∑‘«∑—»πå¢â“ß∑“ßµ√ßµ“¡§”∫Õ°‡≈à“ ¿Ÿ‡¢“∑’ˇÀÁπ‡¢’¬«Ê ∫“ß≈Ÿ°‡À¡◊Õπ∂Ÿ°µ’µ“√“߉«â ’πÈ”µ“≈∫â“ß ’¥”∫â“ß ’‡¢’¬«ÕàÕπ∫â“ß ‰¡àÀ≈߇À≈◊Õ‰¡â„À≠àÊ „Àâ‡ÀÁπ °Á¡’∫“ß·Ààß∑’ˇÀÁπ≈‘∫Ê ¡’§«—π°”≈—߇º“Õ¬Ÿà·µà°ÁÕ¬Ÿà ‰°≈‰¡à “¡“√∂¢â“¡‰ª‰¥â‡æ√“–¬—߉¡à¡’ ‡ âπ∑“ߧ¡π“§¡∑’Ë¥’ ·µà∂÷ßÕ¬à“߉√ ‡√“°Á™◊Ëπ„®«à“§π‰∑¬¿“§‡Àπ◊Õ‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠„π°“√≈¥ªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √—°…åº◊πªÉ“ ·≈–¡’§«“¡√Õ∫√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕ߇°…µ√°√√¡¡“°¢÷Èπ √Ÿâ®—°„™â∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘

Õ¬à“ߧÿâ¡§à“ ‰¡à‡º“∑‘È߉ª„Àâ°àÕ°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

Õ—π‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥ª√“°Ø°“√≥å¿“«–‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‚≈°¢Õ߇√“√âÕπ¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°¢≥– ‡À¡◊ Õπªí®®ÿ∫—π∑’Ë ‡ √“‡º™‘≠Õ¬Ÿà

see some evidence. Maybe you can drive there to

observe.é

After the end of the story from K. Ratt, the Editor

team met and discussed with Khun Banjob Santhabutr,

an agriculture in the north of Thailand. He gave some

thought that regarding the burning of paddy rice, crops,

and forest to use as an agricultural area that:

çBefore we did burn, but now we donût. The burning

is for eliminating weeds or hay of the paddy rice because

we donût know what we can further do with them.

Later, the District Agricultural Office advised us that rice

hays could be used for growing ginger. Now the farmer

of ginger crop comes to buy them at the rice paddy.

So there is no need to burn. In the plain land (Mae

Chan), they are not burning but those up in the mountains

still practice. Our villagers will burn only small amount of

wastes because they donût know how to use them. For

rice hays, they are bought to grow mushroom, seed-

lings. The District Agricultural Office came to tell us all.é

From the interview of Khun Ratt Kantayaung and

Khun Banjob Santhabutr, weûd like to show you the

pictured of burning paddy rice up in the mountains.

Both of them told us that this stream of river is running

through the high mountains. We were crossing the

mountains to Mae Sai, a picture of which is like what

being told. Some green mountains were like checker,

brown table, black one, or pale green. There were no

large trees left. In some places as seen afar rose the

smoke. However, we couldnÕt reach there because of

poor transportation. However, we are delighted that

the Thai people of the North see the importance in the

reduction of pollution to preserve forest areas and they

are more knowledgeable about agriculture. They know

how to use natural resources worthily. They donût burn

them to produce carbon dioxide, a cause of greenhouse

effect, thus resulted in the global warming, a problem

we are now facing.

37-40/®—∫‡¢Ë“§ÿ¬ 20/12/05, 5:35 PM40

Page 41: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 41

—ߧ¡ ’‡¢’¬« ‚¥¬ : ‡¡…≠“ ™◊ËπÕ“√¡≥å/π—°‡¢’¬πÕ‘ √–

Green Society by : Mesaya Chuenarom/Freelance Writer

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 41

Agriculture has long been a main occupation of

the Thai people due to suitable geography and climate

and, more important, the consumer behavior of the

Thai people. We, then, count heavily on the agriculture

all along. Farmers should be respectable people of

Thailand. However, it has been widely known that farmers

always bear the burden of agricultural problem. Besides

a major problem of the low price of the products that

is not break even, what farmers overlook is the way

they do the cultivation, demanding high production

cost but yielding low production output.

In the primitive rice cultivation method, after harvesting,

an abundance of rice straws is left, creating a problem

of plough up. Farmers, as a result, burn both rice straws

‡°…µ√°√√¡‡ªìπÕ“™’æÀ≈—°¢Õߧπ‰∑¬¡“™â“π“π·≈â« ¥â«¬

§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡¢Õß¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–‡∑» ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠π‘ —¬°“√

∫√‘‚¿§¢Õߧπ‰∑¬ ‡√“®÷ßµâÕßæ÷Ëßæ“°“√∑”‡°…µ√°√√¡µ≈Õ¥¡“

‡°…µ√°√ ¡§«√‡ªìπ∫ÿ§≈“°√∑’Ëπà“¬°¬àÕߢÕ߉∑¬ ·µà°Á‡ªìπ∑’Ë

∑√“∫°—π¥’«à“‡°…µ√°√π—ÈπµâÕß·∫°√—∫ªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√‡æ“–

ª≈Ÿ°‡ ¡Õ ÷Ëߪí≠À“À≈—°πÕ°®“°√“§“¢Õߺ≈º≈‘µµË”∑’ˉ¡à§ÿâ¡∑ÿπ

·≈â« ‘Ëß ”§—≠∑’Ë ‡°…µ√°√¡Õߢⓡ‰ª°Á§◊Õ √Ÿª·∫∫°“√∑”

‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õ߇°…µ√°√∑’Ë∑”„ÀâµâÕß„™âµâπ∑ÿπ°“√º≈‘µ∑’Ë Ÿß

·≈–¬—ß∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µÕÕ°¡“„πª√‘¡“≥µË”¥â«¬

°“√∑”π“¢Õ߇°…µ√°√π—Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°’ˬ«¢â“«‡ √Á®·≈â«®–¡’

ø“ߢ⓫∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ®“°°“√∑”𓇪ìπ®”π«π¡“° ÷Ë߇ªìπÕÿª √√§„π

°“√‰∂°≈∫ ‡°…µ√°√®÷ß∑”°“√‡º“‚¥¬Õ“®‡º“∑—Èßø“ߢ⓫·≈–

µÕ´—ß À√◊Õ‡º“‡©æ“–ø“ߢ⓫‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬« ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇪ìπ°“√ßà“¬

µàÕ°“√‰∂‡µ√’¬¡¥‘π‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°ƒ¥Ÿ°“≈µàÕ‰ª ´÷Ëß∑’Ëπ“

°“√≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡The Way to Reduce Burning Agricultural Areas

41-44/≈¥æ∑.‡°…µ√°√√¡ 22/12/05, 4:55 PM41

Page 42: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

42 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

and cobs or just the rice straws for easier preparation

of land for the next season of crop. One rice paddy

contains 1 ton of rice straws and stalks. If farmers wait

and let the rice straws and cobs become soft, do not

use the burning method and do only plough, once the

rice straws and cobs are decomposed, such nutrients

as nitrogen of about 10 kilograms contain in the composition.

Burning agricultural residues, whether be burning of

rice straws, sugar caneûs leaves or others, causes a lot

of damages both to the cultivation, accidents from

poor visibility owing to smoke of burning, and air pollution

in terms of dust and toxic gases, detrimental to breathing.

Today there are many authorities to offer their

hand, whether be the Ministry of Agriculture and

Cooperative, the Ministry of Natural Resources and

Environment, and many other agencies involved. Not

long ago the Department of Agricultural Extension and

Pollution Control Department held the project led by the

National Master Plan on open-air burning according to

the agreement among ASEAN on the air pollution from

across-border smoke. The measures of open-air burning

control are implemented in 4 provinces of the piloting

agricultural areas, that is, Ayudthaya, Chainat, Suphanburi,

and Chiengmai.

Measures of Open Air Burning Controlûs major

targets are :

1. Reduce the forest fire down to less than 300,000

rais per year

2. Manage material residues from the agricultural

sector in place of burning method in at least 600,000

rais of agricultural areas by 2007

3. Utilize agricultural residues as biomass supple-

mentary energy, accounted for 21% and 25% of the

total energy consumption in 2006 and 2011, respectively.

4. Reduce the open-air burning of waste by providing

the acceptable and safe method of waste disposal not

less than 50% of all provinces and utilize waste not less

than 30% of the waste generated in 2006.

Farmers convene and build network of non-straws

and caneûs leaves burning under these activities, including

ratifying on the non-straws and caneûs leaves burning,

which has been in operation as follows

1. Provide training on the management of vegetation

1 ‰√à ®–¡’ø“ߢ⓫·≈–µÕ´—ߪ√–¡“≥ 1 µ—π ∂Ⓡ°…µ√°√√Õ

‡«≈“∑‘Èß„Àâø“ߢ⓫·≈–µÕ´—ßπ‘Ë¡ ‰¡à¡’°“√‡º“„™â°“√‰∂°≈∫‡æ’¬ß

Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ø“ߢ⓫·≈–µÕ —ß·≈â«®–¡’∏“µÿ

Õ“À“√®”æ«°‰π‚µ√‡®πª√–¡“≥ 10 °‘‚≈°√—¡ Õ’°¥â«¬

°“√‡º“«— ¥ÿ∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ„™â®“°°“√‡°…µ√‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√‡º“

ø“ߢ⓫ „∫ÕâÕ¬ À√◊ÕÕ◊ËπÊ ∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈‡ ’¬À≈“¬Õ¬à“ß∑—ÈßµàÕ°“√

‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°¢Õ߇°…µ√°√‡Õß ∑”„À⇰‘¥Õÿ∫—µ‘‡Àµÿ®“°∑—»π«‘ —¬∑’ˉ¡à

¥’®“°§«—π‰ø ·≈⫬—ß∑”„À⇰‘¥ªí≠À“¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»„π¥â“π

ΩÿÉπ≈–ÕÕß·≈–°ä“´æ‘…À≈“¬Ê ™π‘¥ ∑”„À⇪ìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ°“√

À“¬„®Õ’°¥â«¬

ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’À≈“¬Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˬ◊Ëπ¡◊Õ‡¢â“¡“™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ ‰¡à«à“®–

‡ªìπ°√–∑√«ß‡°…µ√·≈– À°√≥å °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘

·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·≈–Õ’°À≈“¬Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡àπ“π

¡“π’È°√¡ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡°…µ√·≈–°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…‰¥â®—¥∑”

‚§√ß°“√‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°·ºπ·¡à∫∑·Ààß™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß

µ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ßÕ“‡ ’¬π‡√◊ËÕß¡≈æ‘…®“°À¡Õ°§«—π¢â“¡·¥π ‚¥¬„™â

¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡π”√àÕß 4

®—ßÀ«—¥§◊Õ æ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ ™—¬π“∑ ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ ·≈–‡™’¬ß„À¡à

‚¥¬¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß¡’‡ªÑ“À¡“¬À≈—°§◊Õ

1. ≈¥‰ø‰À¡âªÉ“„Àâ‡À≈◊Շ撬߉¡à‡°‘πªï≈– 300,000 ‰√à

2. ®—¥°“√‡»…«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â®“°¿“§°“√‡°…µ√∑¥·∑π°“√

‡º“„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 600,000 ‰√à ¿“¬„πªï æ.». 2550

3. π”‡Õ“‡»…«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â®“°¿“§°“√‡°…µ√¡“„™â‡ªìπ

æ≈—ßß“π™’«¡«≈∑¥·∑π°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π„π‡™‘ßæ“≥‘™¬å §‘¥‡ªìπ

√âÕ¬≈– 21 ·≈– 25 ¢Õߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π„πªï æ.». 2549

·≈–ªï æ.».‹ 2554 µ“¡≈”¥—∫

4. ≈¥°“√‡º“¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„π∑’Ë‚≈àß‚¥¬®—¥„Àâ¡’°“√°”®—¥

¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°À≈—°«‘∏’·≈–ª≈Õ¥¿—¬‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 50

¢Õß®—ßÀ«—¥∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ·≈–¡’°“√„™âª√–‚¬™πå¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‰¡àµË”°«à“

√âÕ¬≈– 30 ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πªï æ.». 2549

‚¥¬°‘®°√√¡π’È ‡°…µ√°√®–¡’°“√√«¡°≈ÿà¡·≈– √â“ß

‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬°“√‰¡à‡º“µÕ´—ß·≈–„∫ÕâÕ¬ æ√âÕ¡∑—Èß¡’°“√≈ß —µ¬“∫—π

41-44/≈¥æ∑.‡°…µ√°√√¡ 22/12/05, 4:55 PM42

Page 43: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 43

residues and agricultural residues for 12 groups with 10

people of each by supporting materials needed for

bio-water production and organic fertilizer composting,

enabling farmers to use and reduce chemical

substances. It also is the improvement to the soil fertility

or generating income for the farmers.

2. The Department of Agricultural Extension has provided

the crop demonstration of the effective way of plough

rice stalks and sugar caneûs leaves, which can turn

them into fertilizer and increase organic materials in the

soil, replenishing plant nutrients to soil. It also improves

soil properties in relation to physical, biology and chemistry,

as well as, the sustainable enrichment of soil :

- Demonstration of Rice Stalks Plough (250 rais at

Chiengmai, 200 rais at Ayudthaya, 200 rais at Chainat,

and 200 rais at Suphanburi)

- Demonstration of Sugar Caneûs Leaves Plough

(150 rais at Suphanburi)

The project of rice stalks plough is effective as follows :

Ô Being able to do the complete and consistent

plough over the crop

Ô Overturn grass roots to be exposed in the sunlight

and become dry and finally dead

Ô Once ploughed soil has been completely exposed

to the sun, the sunlight will help kill diseases and insects,

accumulated beneath the soil, reducing the use of

pesticides.

Ô The soil can be deeply ploughed, resulting in

loosen soil surface, suitable for the roots to burrow and

easier to get food. The plant is sprouting very well.

3. Organize technology transfer exhibitions 4 times

with 120 participants each, educating the participating

farmers, who are the member of network of non-straws

and caneûs leaves burning, and neighboring farmers in

the piloting provinces.

4. Organize workshop training at 4 piloting provinces

for the involved government officials and networking

farmers, 60 people each.

From the 400 surveys of the problem of burning in

the agricultural areas, it has found that :

Ô Before the existence of the project, 85% of farmers

burnt rice straws and agricultural residues of the crop,

while 15% did not. The reason of burning is that itûs

°“√‰¡à‡º“µÕ´—ß·≈–„∫ÕâÕ¬ ÷Ëß¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¥—ßπ’È

1. °“√Ωñ°Õ∫√¡°“√®—¥°“√‡»…æ◊™ ·≈–‡»…«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â

∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√ ®”π«π 12 °≈ÿà¡ °≈ÿà¡≈– 10 §π ‚¥¬°“√

π—∫ πÿπ«— ¥ÿÕÿª°√≥å„π°“√º≈‘µπÈ” °—¥™’«¿“æ·≈–ªÿܬÀ¡—°

™’«¿“æ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰…µ√°√𔉪„™â‡Õ߇ªìπ°“√≈¥°“√„™â “√‡§¡’

√«¡∑—È߇ªìπ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß∫”√ÿߥ‘π„Àâ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å À√◊Õ “¡“√∂𔉪

®”Àπà“¬ √â“ß√“¬‰¥â„Àâ°—∫°≈ÿࡇ°…µ√°√

2. °√¡ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡°…µ√‰¥â®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√‰∂°≈∫

µÕ´—ß·≈–°“√‰∂°≈∫„∫ÕâÕ¬∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ “¡“√∂‰∂°≈∫

µÕ´—ß„À⇪ìπªÿܬ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡Õ‘π∑√’¬å«—µ∂ÿ„π¥‘π„Àâ∏“µÿÕ“À“√æ◊™°≈—∫

§◊π Ÿà¥‘π µ≈Õ¥®π‡ªìπ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑—Èß°“¬¿“æ ™’«¿“æ

·≈–‡§¡’ √«¡∑—È߇ªìπ°“√∫”√ÿߥ‘π„Àâ ¡∫Ÿ√≥嬗Ë߬◊π ¥—ßπ’È

- ®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√‰∂°≈∫µÕ —ß (‡™’¬ß„À¡à 250 ‰√à,

Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ 200 ‰√à, ™—¬π“∑ 200 ‰√à

·≈– ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ 200 ‰√à)

- ®—¥∑”·ª≈ß “∏‘µ°“√

‰∂°≈∫„∫ÕâÕ¬ ( ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’ 150

‰√à)

‚¥¬°“√‰∂°≈∫µÕ —ß

¢Õß‚§√ß°“√π’È¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ

¥—ßπ’È

Ô “¡“√∂‰∂æ≈‘°°≈∫

‰¥âÕ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈– ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ

∑—Èß·ª≈ß

Ô æ≈‘°‡Õ“√“°À≠â“¢÷Èπ

¡“µ“°·¥¥„Àâ·Àâßµ“¬ ‡¡◊ËÕµ“°¥‘π∑’˺à“π°“√‰∂æ≈‘°Õ¬à“ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å

·≈â« · ß·¥¥®–‡ªìπµ—«™à«¬∑”≈“¬‚√§ ·¡≈ß ∑’Ë – ¡Õ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π

™à«¬≈¥°“√„™â “√‡§¡’„π°“√°”®—¥·¡≈ß

Ô “¡“√∂‰∂‰¥â≈÷° ∑”„ÀâÀπâ“¥‘πÀ≈«¡ √“°æ◊™™Õπ‰™‡µ‘∫‚µ

·≈–À“Õ“À“√‰¥âßà“¬ æ◊™·µ°°Õ¥’

3. ®—¥π‘∑√√»°“√°“√∂à“¬∑Õ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ „À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°à‡°…µ√°√

∑’ˇ¢â“√à«¡‡ªìπ‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬°“√‰¡à‡º“µÕ —ß ·≈–‡°…µ√°√¢â“߇§’¬ß

„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥π”√àÕß ®”π«π 4 §√—Èß §√—Èß≈– 120 §π

4. ®—¥ª√–™ÿ¡‡™‘ߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ëπ”√àÕß 4 ®—ßÀ«—¥ ”À√—∫

‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë à«π√“™°“√∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ·≈–‡°…µ√°√‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬ §√—Èß≈–

60 §π

®“°°“√ ”√«®¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ¿“æªí≠À“°“√‡º“„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë

‡°…µ√°√√¡¢Õß‚§√ß°“√®”π«π 400 ™ÿ¥ æ∫«à“

Ô °àÕπ‡√‘Ë¡‚§√ß°“√¡’‡°…µ√°√∑’ˇº“ø“ߢ⓫·≈–‡»…æ◊™

„π‰√àπ“ √âÕ¬≈– 85 ‰¡à‡º“√âÕ¬≈– 15 “‡Àµÿ∑’ˇº“ à«π„À≠à

‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡à –¥«°„π°“√‡µ√’¬¡¥‘𠇪ìπ«‘∏’∑’Ëßà“¬ ·≈–µâÕß°“√

‡√àß√—¥°“√„™âæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ擖ª≈Ÿ°Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß

Ô À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë¡’‚§√ß°“√ ¡’‡°…µ√°√„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ∑’Ë®–‰¡à

41-44/≈¥æ∑.‡°…µ√°√√¡ 22/12/05, 4:55 PM43

Page 44: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

44 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. ·ºπ·¡à∫∑·Ààß™“µ‘ «à“¥â«¬°“√§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡º“„π∑’Ë‚≈àß

(°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…)2. «“√ “√‡°…µ√°√√¡ª≈Õ¥°“√‡º“ ªï∑’Ë 1. ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2.

(°.§.-°.¬. 2547), ©∫—∫∑’Ë 2

Reference1. The National Plan on the Control of Open Air Burning

(The Pollution Control Department)

2. Non-Burning Agriculture magazine, Year 1, Volume 2

(July-September, 2004), Issue 1

inconvenient for them in land preparation while

burning is easier and fast method for the

continual use of crop.

Ô After the existence of the project, 49% of

the farmers are cooperating and not burning

rice straws and agricultural residues. They are in

need of the government support in terms of

agricultural machines, plough service to replace

burning, including providing knowledge in other

areas such as composting manure and bio-

extract as well.

In Suphanburi, many authorities constantly

provide technical information and suggestion. From the

survey of information from the farmers, it has found that

currently the rice paddy burning decreases from the

overall burning (both straws and cobs), to burning only

rice straws but leave cobs alone. Later, plough or soil

battering is done, and add microbes into the rice crop

for the help of decomposition. Leave it for 10-15 days,

then the process of sowing and transplanting rice

seedlings begins.

As observed, farmers acknowledge the technical

information provided by many agencies, and are able

to reduce the burning of rice crop. However, the total

revamp of the new method of agriculture cannot be

done at once until the government agencies can show

them that if they donût use the technique of burning,

other practical, effective and fast alternative exists. The

equipment too must be available, cheap, and cost-break

even. What important is the alternative method to burning

should be adaptable to suit different agricultural areas

of Thailand. Consequently, farmers are convinced and

permanently change to practice agriculture without

burning.

‡º“ø“ߢ⓫·≈–‡»…æ◊™‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 49 ·≈–¡’§«“¡µâÕß°“√

„Àâ√—∞ π—∫ πÿπ‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√°≈°“√‡°…µ√ „π°“√∫√‘°“√√—∫®â“ß

‰∂°≈∫‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“°“√‡º“ √«¡∑—Èß°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π‡§√◊ËÕß

®—°√°≈‡°…µ√ µ≈Õ¥∂÷ß°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ¥â“πÕ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °“√∑”ªÿܬ

À¡—° °“√∑”πÈ” °—¥™’«¿“æ¥â«¬

„π®—ßÀ«—¥ ÿæ√√≥∫ÿ√’°Á¡’À≈“¬Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ¢â“‰ª·π–π” ·≈–

„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘™“°“√Õ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ ·≈–®“°°“√ Õ∫∂“¡

¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°‡°…µ√°√ æ∫«à“„πªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√‡º“π“®–≈¥≈ß®“°‡§¬

‡º“∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ (ø“ß·≈–µÕ —ß) ‡À≈◊Õ·§à°“√‡º“ø“ß∑‘Èß·µà‡À≈◊Õ

µÕ´—߉«â ®“°π—Èπ®–∑”°“√‰∂°≈∫À√◊Õµ’¥‘π ·≈–„ à®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å≈ß

„π·ª≈ßπ“‡æ◊Ëՙ૬„π°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ ∑‘È߉«âª√–¡“≥ 10-15 «—π

®“°π—Èπ®÷ß∑”°“√À«à“π¢â“«À√◊Õ¥”𓉥â

®–‡ÀÁπ«à“‡°…µ√°√°Á√—∫øíߧ«“¡√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘™“°“√∑’ËÀ≈“¬

Àπ૬ߓπ‡¢â“‰ª‡º¬·æ√à ·≈– “¡“√∂≈¥°“√‡º“æ◊Èπ∑’Ëπ“‰¥â ‡æ’¬ß

·µà°“√∑’Ë®–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√Ÿª·∫∫°“√∑”‡°…µ√°√√¡Õ¬à“ß ‘Èπ‡™‘ß

¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â µ√“∫®π°√–∑—ËßÀπ૬ߓπ∑“ß√“™°“√®–

∑”‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß„À⇰…µ√°√‡ÀÁπ«à“°“√‰¡à‡º“·≈â«„™â«‘∏’Õ◊Ëπ‰¥âº≈

‰¡à‡ ’¬‡«≈“ ·≈–‡§√◊ËÕß®—°√°≈∑’Ë„™â°ÁµâÕ߇撬ßæÕ ·≈–√“§“‰¡à·æß

§ÿâ¡∑ÿπ¥â«¬ ∑’Ë ”§—≠«‘∏’∑’Ë®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π¡“„™â·∑π°“√‡º“µâÕß¡’°“√

ª√—∫‡ª≈’ˬπ„À⇢⓰—∫æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ°…µ√°√√¡∑’ˉ¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π¢Õ߉∑¬

‡°…µ√°√®÷ß®–‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ·≈–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“∑”°“√‡°…µ√·∫∫‰¡à

‡º“π“Õ¬à“ß∂“«√

41-44/≈¥æ∑.‡°…µ√°√√¡ 22/12/05, 4:55 PM44

Page 45: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 45

„∫ÕàÕπ ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : ÿ¥“√—™ ‘ßÀ‚°«‘π∑å

Young Leaf Compiled by : Sudarach Singhagowin

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 45

‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠇪ìπÀπ÷Ëß„π‚§√ß°“√∑’Ë ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.) „Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ ÷Ëß®–‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√æ—≤π“»—°¬¿“æ¢Õߧ√Ÿ ‚¥¬‡ª≈’ˬπ«‘∏’§‘¥·≈–°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ®“°§√Ÿ∑’ˇ§¬ Õπµ“¡·∫∫·ºπ·≈–‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„À⇪ìπ§√Ÿ„π∞“π–ºŸâ √â“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ®“°∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑’ˇªìπª√–‡¥Áπ∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß¡’ à«π√à«¡√–À«à“ß‚√߇√’¬π°—∫™ÿ¡™π

Youth and the Local Science Lessons

The local science project is among the funded projects of

the Thailand Research Fund (TRF). The project is a guidance to

develop the capacity of the teacher by transforming the thinking

and teaching process. Formerly, the teacher gave the lesson on

the basis of established patterns and contents. Now, the teacher

becomes a creator of local knowledge through research projects,

in order to build local scientific anecdotes with the participation

between school and community.

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:34 PM45

Page 46: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

46 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«46 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ §◊Õ §√ŸµâÕß≈ß¡◊Õ§âπ§«â“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â«¬µπ‡Õß ∑—Èß®“°‡Õ° “√·À≈àߧ«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈–®“°°“√ ”√«®„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«π”¡“ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å«‘∂’™’«‘µ —ߧ¡ ·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√µ‘¥Õ“«ÿ∏∑“ߪí≠≠“„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˧√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫∑∫“∑‡ªìππ—°«‘®—¬ ·≈â«·ª≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥âπ’ÈπÕ°®“°®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ‡©æ“–∂‘Ëπ·≈⫬—߉¥â√Ÿâ®—°·À≈à߇√’¬π√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ∑—Èß®“°π—°«‘™“°“√ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËÀπ૬ߓπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª√“™≠噓«∫â“π ¥â«¬§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∑’Ë«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª≈«· ß·Ààߪí≠≠“‡®‘¥®â“„πµ—«§√Ÿ·≈â«°“√ àߺà“𧫓¡√Ÿâ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°§√ŸºŸâ Õπ¡“¬—ߺŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ—Èπ‡¥Á°Ê ºŸâ‡√’¬π®–∂Ÿ°ª≈Ÿ°«—§ ’π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥∑’ˇªìπ°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥·∫∫«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê§ÿâπ‡§¬°Á “¡“√∂𔉪ª√—∫ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‰¥â°—∫ ç°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâµ≈Õ¥™’«‘µé

°“√‡√’¬πøî ‘° 宓°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“ ‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬π”‡Õ“‡√◊ËÕß√“«„π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¡“‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬π“¬‰æ√√ÿàßß“¡ ¡æ√æß»å ‚√߇√’¬πª√‘π å√Õ·¬≈«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß‚§√ß°“√™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ¡∫—µ‘·≈–ª√“°Ø°“√≥å¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß®“°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠À“≈â“ππ“ ÷Ëß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâπ’ȇªìπ°“√π”¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬»“ µ√å∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å Õ“∑‘ °“√π”‡Õ“¢à“ß‚«â¡“∑¥≈Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§ÿ≥‰æ√√ÿàß ¡’§«“¡ π„®‡√◊ËÕß°“√∑√ßµ—«·≈–°“√À¡ÿπ∑’ˉ¥â ¡¥ÿ≈‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ∑’ˇ¡◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°¢à“ßÀ¡ÿπ∑«π‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ·µà∂â“À¡ÿπµ“¡‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ª√–‡¥Áππ’ȵâÕ߉ª»÷°…“À“§”µÕ∫®“°·À≈àߺ≈‘µ ÷Ëߧ”µÕ∫∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¬‘Ëß∑”

The main principle of local learning is for the teachers

themselves to search for knowledge both from the

anecdotes and from the local surroundings, to create

knowledge activities, associated with sciences, way of

life, society, and culture, for students. As such, itûs the

process of building intellectual weapon for the teacher

through the research process where the teacher plays

his/her role of the researcher and then transforms the

knowledge gained from the study into lessons. The

knowledge gained not only comes from the local

anecdotes but also from different sources of

knowledge; be academicians, local government

officials, and local gurus. The belief that when the teacher

is enlightened with the intellect, the knowledge gained

and the learning processes are passed through to the

learner. The students then are vaccinated with the

scientific process of thinking and the familiar research

process and they are able to apply such knowledge to

çleft-time learning.é

The learning of physics from the local Lanna

wooden toys is an example of the learning/teaching

lesson by relating local surrounding with the science.

Mr. Priaroong Ngamsomporn of Prince Royal College,

Chiang Mai, is the project owner of the learning of

properties and the phenomena of sound wave through

the local Lanna wooden toy. This project is to apply the

local toy to explain the principle of physics, such as,

the experiment of the top, because K. Priaroong is

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:34 PM46

Page 47: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 47‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 47

„À⇧“√æ„π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√∫“°‰¡â‰ºà„À≥âÕß»“‡À¡“–‡®“– °“√°–¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ∑’Ë„Àâ≈¡ºà“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ ’¬¥ ’√–À«à“ß≈¡°—∫√Ÿ ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß¢÷Èπ‰¥â ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ◊ËÕ§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π§≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß‰¥â™—¥‡®π∑’Ë ÿ¥ “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß‡ ’¬ßµË” ®“°µâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß·≈–§«“¡∂’Ë∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß·≈–·À≈¡

°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ¢Õß‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π·À≈¡Õ.°—πµ—ß ®.µ√—ß ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’˧‘¥¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â»÷°…“‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ÷Ëß¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„πµ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡ ¡“∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡ªìπÀ≈—° Ÿµ√∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫π—°‡√’¬πµ—Èß·µà ª.4 ∂÷ß ª.6 „À≥â√Ÿâ∑—Èßç∑—°…–°“√‡≈’Ȭßé ç«ß®√™’«‘µé √«¡∂÷ß ç√–∫∫𑇫»¢Õß™“¬Ωíòßé·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√√≥√ߧå„À⇬“«™π‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀÕ¬π“ß√¡´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±åª√–®”µ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡¥â«¬

·¡≈ßÀ°¢“∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ëß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π°√–∑ÿà¡Õ. µ÷° ®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡¥Á°Ê ∑’Ëπ’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡‡√’¬π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓°µ“√“ß∏“µÿ ·µà‡√‘Ë¡®“°°Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ»÷°…“«à“‡Àµÿ„¥·¡≈ß„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π®÷ß≈¥≈ß °‘®°√√¡∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê µâÕß∑”§◊Õ °“√ÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈ßæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑—Èß®“°°“√ —߇°µ °“√ Õ∫∂“¡‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡®“°§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∑—È߬—ßµâÕß»÷°…“√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß·¡≈ß·∫∫≈ß≈÷°¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“«ß®√™’«‘µ ‚¥¬·∫àß°≈ÿà¡°—π‡≈’Ȭ߷¡≈ß À√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈߇∫â“ ´÷ËßÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π¢’ȧ«“¬ ‡¥Á°‡°‘¥§«“¡ ß —¬«à“‡æ√“–Õ–‰√¡—π∂÷߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà„ππ—Èπ®÷ß𔉪 Ÿà°“√查∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ·≈⫇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß Ÿà∑ƒ…Æ’µà“ßÊ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’‡Àµÿ¡’º≈

interested in the balance and the balancing spin,

particularly when the tops are spun counter-clockwise,

they will make sound. But if they are spun clockwise,

the sound wonût be produced. We did a little research

at the source of manufacturer. With the result, we have

even been more respectful with the local intellect in

the way that the cut of the groove on the bamboo at

the right angle to make an appropriate hole for the

wind to pass through, the friction between the wind

and hole, can make sound. Itûs considered as a local

toy that can clearly explain the knowledge of sound

wave, the high and low tone from the original source

of sound, and the frequency producing high and treble

tone.

The learning of oyster at Ban Laem school,

Amphur Kantang, Trang is another set of learning cre-

ated for students to learn about nature through the

study of oyster, which is plenty at Tambon Ban Laem.

The lesson is an integral part of the curriculum for Pratom

4-6 to teach çSkills of Farming,é çLife Cycle,é including

çCoastal Ecology,é and it also is a campaign for the

young people to regard the importance of oysters, a

main product of Ban Laem sub-district.

6-legged insect at Burirum is another scientific

learning set of students at Ban Gratoom school, Amphur

Satuek, Burirum. Students here donût start to learn

science from the Element Table but from the pile of

buffalo dung to study why the number of the insects at

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:34 PM47

Page 48: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

48 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«48 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢ÕßπÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß Õ.∑ÿàß ß ®.π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊ÕπÀâÕ߇√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππÈ”¢Õß·¡àπÈ”µ√—ß∑’ËÀ≈àÕ‡≈’Ȭߧπ„πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë „πÕ¥’µπ—Èπ·¡àπÈ”„ –Õ“¥ “¡“√∂„™â¥◊Ë¡°‘π‰¥â ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÀ≈“¬·Ààßµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„°≈â°—∫·À≈àßµâππÈ” °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–∑“ßπÈ” Õ’°∑—Èߧπ„π™ÿ¡™π¬—ߢ“¥§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√®—¥°“√πÈ” ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π™ÿ¥π’È®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¬‘Ëß ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™ππ’È ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°®–‰¥â√—∫πÕ°®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈â« ¬—߉¥â√—∫ª√– ∫°“√≥åµ√ß ∑—°…– ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬ °“√∫—π∑÷°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ÷Ë߉¡à„™à‡ªìπ°“√∑àÕß®”®“°µ”√“·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê Õ’°·≈â«πÕ°®“°π’ȇ¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§π„π™ÿ¡™π®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑’Ë¥’µàÕ°—π ‡æ√“–∂â“π—°‡√’¬π‡¢“Õ¬“°√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕßÕ–‰√‡¢“®–∂“¡§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∫“ß∑’§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á∂“¡„π ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ‡¢“‰ª ”√«®¡“∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á‡√‘Ë¡‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢Õß “¬πÈ”·Ààßπ’È¡“°¢÷Èπ º≈®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê‡°‘¥§«“¡§‘¥µàÕ¬Õ¥®“°°‘®°√√¡ ”√«®πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« æ«°‡¢“‡ÀÁπ«à“§«√®–¡’°“√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë æ√âÕ¡°—∫√à“ß·≈–∑”·ºπ∑’ËπÈ”µ°ª≈‘«¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√° π—∫‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ˬ—߉¡à‡§¬¡’„§√§‘¥∑”¡“°àÕπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·Ààßπ’È ‚¥¬®–∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ‰«â Õ“∑‘°“√æ∫ª≈“µŸÀπ“ ÷Ë߇ªìπª≈“∑’ˇ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â¥’„π∫√‘‡«≥πÈ”π‘ËßÀ√◊ժɓæ√ÿ ‡¢“°Á‰ª»÷°…“À“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–§âπæ∫«à“¡—π„°≈â Ÿ≠æ—π∏ÿ凵Á¡∑’·≈â« ®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ—π∏ÿåª≈“™π‘¥π’È¢÷Èπªí®®ÿ∫—π·ºπ∑’Ë “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ∑”¢÷Èππ’È ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π-‚≈¬’√“™¡ß§≈‰¥â¢Õ·ºπ∑’ˉª„™â»÷°…“µàÕ ·≈–Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√

the village are decreasing. The activities these children

had to do were collecting insect samples, studying the

information both through observation and from interviewing

additional information from the local community. Apart

from this, they had to go deep in details of the insect

through the study of its life cycle. They were divided into

groups to perform different tasks, such as, raising the insect

or collecting samples of the insects living inside the

buffalo dung. The students were wondered why they

reside in the dung, thus leading to the chemical structure

of buffalo dung. And from the study of natural surroundings,

it can also link to other scientific theories, enabling the

children to explain natural phenomenon reasonably.

The learning set of the community quality of

water is another scientific learning through the study of

Pliew waterfall, a natural resource of Amphur Tungsong,

Nakorn Sithammarat, considered as a local lab. Pliew

waterfall is an original source of the Trang river, nourishing

the people in the area. The water of the river was once

so pure that it could be consumed directly. However,

since there are many factories located nearby, the

water pollution unavoidably occurs. Besides, the people

still lack knowledge of water management in the

community. As a result, this learning set of the community

quality of water poses its importance for this community.

The children not only learn science, but they will also

gain direct experience, skills, and the process of

research, recording, analyzing, all of which are no longer

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:34 PM48

Page 49: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 49‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 49

the memorization of the knowledge as that of the old

lesson. Moreover, it also builds a good relationship be-

tween children and community people because the

students will ask the community people of what they

want to know. Sometimes, on the contrary, the

community ask the students of what they have learnt,

generating the sharing of knowledge among themselves.

More important is that the community sees the value of

the river more. The result of learning and study of the

Pliew waterfall enabled the children to further create

other activities. They thought that there should be a

map. So, they drafted the map and made it for the first

time which nobody had ever thought of doing so. On

the map, they put the remarks on such things as the

discovery of Tu-Naa fish, a fish that can grow very well

in the stagnant water, or Peat Swam Forest, where they

looked into the information and found that itûs almost

extinct. Thus, it created the sense of Tu-naa fish conser-

vation in the community. Today, the Technology

Ratchamongkol Institute has requested for the map to

further study and the local administration is able to use

the map to develop the community along the path of

Pliew waterfall, too.

To educate the children and youth through the

natural learning process not only revives the scientific

textbooks or other academic contents, but it also makes

learning science a fun way, and cultivates the

awareness of loving nature, observation, recording,

analyzing, and, more importantly, the innovation for their

own community, to understand the local sciences, and

the love for the community. If many communities

develop the learning process through nature, the future

of the country will lie in the hands of younger generation

who definitely love and care for their nature, along with

local cultures and traditions.

à«πµ”∫≈°Á “¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑’Ëπ’ȉª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“™ÿ¡™π„π‡ âπ∑“ß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‰¥â¥â«¬

°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°à‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√

‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâµ”√“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å

À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“°“√µà“ßÊ ¡’™’«‘µ¢÷Èπ¡“ „Àâæ«°‡¢“‰¥â‡√’¬π√Ÿâ

Õ¬à“ß πÿ° π“π·≈â« ¬—ߪ≈Ÿ°Ωíß ”π÷°√—°…å∏√√¡™“µ‘

°“√ —߇°µ °“√∫—π∑÷° °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ

°“√ √â“ß √√§å ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ™ÿ¡™π∑’˵π‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿà ‰¥â‡¢â“„®

»“ µ√åæ◊Èπ∫â“π ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√‡§“√æ√—°∂‘Ëπ∞“π ∂â“À≈“¬Ê

™ÿ¡™π‡°‘¥·π«§‘¥„π°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„Àâ

Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘„π·µà≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠧑¥«à“Õ𓧵

¢Õß™“µ‘§ß¡’Õπÿ™π√ÿàπÀ≈—ß∑’Ë√—°·≈–Àà«ß„¬∏√√¡™“µ‘

µ≈Õ¥®π«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–ª√–‡æ≥’∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. ™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿâ, ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ·Ààß™“µ‘

(Thailand Knowledge Center : TKC) °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√, Àπâ“ 102,æ.». 2547

Reference1. Community Knowledge Management, Thailand

Knowledge Center : TKC, Ministry of Information and

Communication Technology, page 102, 2004

π„® Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‰¥â∑’Ë

‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.)‡≈¢∑’Ë 979 Õ“§“√‡Õ ‡ÕÁ¡ ∑“«‡«Õ√å ™—Èπ 14∂ππæÀ≈‚¬∏‘π ·¢«ß “¡‡ π„π ‡¢µæ≠“‰∑°√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400‚∑√»—æ∑å 0-2298-0455-72

For more information, please contact:

The Local Science Project

Thailand Research Fund (TRF),

14th Floor, SME Tower, 979, Paholyothin Rd.,

Samsennai, Payathai, Bangkok 10400

Tel: 0-2298-0455-72

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:34 PM49

Page 50: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

46 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«46 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

À≈—°°“√ ”§—≠„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ §◊Õ §√ŸµâÕß≈ß¡◊Õ§âπ§«â“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â«¬µπ‡Õß ∑—Èß®“°‡Õ° “√·À≈àߧ«“¡√Ÿâ ·≈–®“°°“√ ”√«®„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·≈â«π”¡“ √â“ß°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬πÕ¬à“߇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß ∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕߢÕß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å«‘∂’™’«‘µ —ߧ¡ ·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√µ‘¥Õ“«ÿ∏∑“ߪí≠≠“„Àâ·°à§√Ÿ¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’˧√Ÿ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫∑∫“∑‡ªìππ—°«‘®—¬ ·≈â«·ª≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ˉ¥âπ’ÈπÕ°®“°®–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ‡©æ“–∂‘Ëπ·≈⫬—߉¥â√Ÿâ®—°·À≈à߇√’¬π√ŸâÕ’°¡“°¡“¬ ∑—Èß®“°π—°«‘™“°“√ ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËÀπ૬ߓπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª√“™≠噓«∫â“π ¥â«¬§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∑’Ë«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª≈«· ß·Ààߪí≠≠“‡®‘¥®â“„πµ—«§√Ÿ·≈â«°“√ àߺà“𧫓¡√Ÿâ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°§√ŸºŸâ Õπ¡“¬—ߺŸâ‡√’¬π¬àÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕπ—Èπ‡¥Á°Ê ºŸâ‡√’¬π®–∂Ÿ°ª≈Ÿ°«—§ ’π∑“ߧ«“¡§‘¥∑’ˇªìπ°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥·∫∫«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê§ÿâπ‡§¬°Á “¡“√∂𔉪ª√—∫ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‰¥â°—∫ ç°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâµ≈Õ¥™’«‘µé

°“√‡√’¬πøî ‘° 宓°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“ ‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ‚¥¬π”‡Õ“‡√◊ËÕß√“«„π∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ¡“‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ‚¥¬π“¬‰æ√√ÿàßß“¡ ¡æ√æß»å ‚√߇√’¬πª√‘π å√Õ·¬≈«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ®.‡™’¬ß„À¡à‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß‚§√ß°“√™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ¡∫—µ‘·≈–ª√“°Ø°“√≥å¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß®“°¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠À“≈â“ππ“ ÷Ëß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâπ’ȇªìπ°“√π”¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π≈â“ππ“¡“Õ∏‘∫“¬»“ µ√å∑“ߥâ“πøî ‘° å Õ“∑‘ °“√π”‡Õ“¢à“ß‚«â¡“∑¥≈Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§ÿ≥‰æ√√ÿàß ¡’§«“¡ π„®‡√◊ËÕß°“√∑√ßµ—«·≈–°“√À¡ÿπ∑’ˉ¥â ¡¥ÿ≈‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ∑’ˇ¡◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°¢à“ßÀ¡ÿπ∑«π‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ·µà∂â“À¡ÿπµ“¡‡¢Á¡π“Ãî°“®–‰¡à‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß ª√–‡¥Áππ’ȵâÕ߉ª»÷°…“À“§”µÕ∫®“°·À≈àߺ≈‘µ ÷Ëߧ”µÕ∫∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¬‘Ëß∑”

The main principle of local learning is for the teachers

themselves to search for knowledge both from the

anecdotes and from the local surroundings, to create

knowledge activities, associated with sciences, way of

life, society, and culture, for students. As such, itûs the

process of building intellectual weapon for the teacher

through the research process where the teacher plays

his/her role of the researcher and then transforms the

knowledge gained from the study into lessons. The

knowledge gained not only comes from the local

anecdotes but also from different sources of

knowledge; be academicians, local government

officials, and local gurus. The belief that when the teacher

is enlightened with the intellect, the knowledge gained

and the learning processes are passed through to the

learner. The students then are vaccinated with the

scientific process of thinking and the familiar research

process and they are able to apply such knowledge to

çleft-time learning.é

The learning of physics from the local Lanna

wooden toys is an example of the learning/teaching

lesson by relating local surrounding with the science.

Mr. Priaroong Ngamsomporn of Prince Royal College,

Chiang Mai, is the project owner of the learning of

properties and the phenomena of sound wave through

the local Lanna wooden toy. This project is to apply the

local toy to explain the principle of physics, such as,

the experiment of the top, because K. Priaroong is

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:35 PM46

Page 51: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 47‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 47

„À⇧“√æ„π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√∫“°‰¡â‰ºà„À≥âÕß»“‡À¡“–‡®“– °“√°–¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ∑’Ë„Àâ≈¡ºà“π‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ ’¬¥ ’√–À«à“ß≈¡°—∫√Ÿ ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß¢÷Èπ‰¥â ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇≈àπæ◊Èπ∫â“π∑’Ë “¡“√∂ ◊ËÕ§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π§≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß‰¥â™—¥‡®π∑’Ë ÿ¥ “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß‡ ’¬ßµË” ®“°µâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß·≈–§«“¡∂’Ë∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß·≈–·À≈¡

°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ¢Õß‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π·À≈¡Õ.°—πµ—ß ®.µ√—ß ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’˧‘¥¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â»÷°…“‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡°’ˬ«°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ÷Ëß¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„πµ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡ ¡“∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡ªìπÀ≈—° Ÿµ√∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡°—∫π—°‡√’¬πµ—Èß·µà ª.4 ∂÷ß ª.6 „À≥â√Ÿâ∑—Èßç∑—°…–°“√‡≈’Ȭßé ç«ß®√™’«‘µé √«¡∂÷ß ç√–∫∫𑇫»¢Õß™“¬Ωíòßé·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√√≥√ߧå„À⇬“«™π‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀÕ¬π“ß√¡´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈‘µ¿—≥±åª√–®”µ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡¥â«¬

·¡≈ßÀ°¢“∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ëß™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π°√–∑ÿà¡Õ. µ÷° ®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡¥Á°Ê ∑’Ëπ’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡‡√’¬π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓°µ“√“ß∏“µÿ ·µà‡√‘Ë¡®“°°Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ»÷°…“«à“‡Àµÿ„¥·¡≈ß„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π®÷ß≈¥≈ß °‘®°√√¡∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê µâÕß∑”§◊Õ °“√ÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈ßæ√âÕ¡Ê °—∫»÷°…“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∑—Èß®“°°“√ —߇°µ °“√ Õ∫∂“¡‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡®“°§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∑—È߬—ßµâÕß»÷°…“√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß·¡≈ß·∫∫≈ß≈÷°¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“«ß®√™’«‘µ ‚¥¬·∫àß°≈ÿà¡°—π‡≈’Ȭ߷¡≈ß À√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª‡°Á∫µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈߇∫â“ ´÷ËßÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π¢’ȧ«“¬ ‡¥Á°‡°‘¥§«“¡ ß —¬«à“‡æ√“–Õ–‰√¡—π∂÷߇¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà„ππ—Èπ®÷ß𔉪 Ÿà°“√查∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ·≈⫇™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß Ÿà∑ƒ…Æ’µà“ßÊ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’‡Àµÿ¡’º≈

interested in the balance and the balancing spin,

particularly when the tops are spun counter-clockwise,

they will make sound. But if they are spun clockwise,

the sound wonût be produced. We did a little research

at the source of manufacturer. With the result, we have

even been more respectful with the local intellect in

the way that the cut of the groove on the bamboo at

the right angle to make an appropriate hole for the

wind to pass through, the friction between the wind

and hole, can make sound. Itûs considered as a local

toy that can clearly explain the knowledge of sound

wave, the high and low tone from the original source

of sound, and the frequency producing high and treble

tone.

The learning of oyster at Ban Laem school,

Amphur Kantang, Trang is another set of learning cre-

ated for students to learn about nature through the

study of oyster, which is plenty at Tambon Ban Laem.

The lesson is an integral part of the curriculum for Pratom

4-6 to teach çSkills of Farming,é çLife Cycle,é including

çCoastal Ecology,é and it also is a campaign for the

young people to regard the importance of oysters, a

main product of Ban Laem sub-district.

6-legged insect at Burirum is another scientific

learning set of students at Ban Gratoom school, Amphur

Satuek, Burirum. Students here donût start to learn

science from the Element Table but from the pile of

buffalo dung to study why the number of the insects at

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:36 PM47

Page 52: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

48 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«48 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢ÕßπÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß Õ.∑ÿàß ß ®.π§√»√’∏√√¡√“™´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊ÕπÀâÕ߇√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åª√–®”∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππÈ”¢Õß·¡àπÈ”µ√—ß∑’ËÀ≈àÕ‡≈’Ȭߧπ„πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë „πÕ¥’µπ—Èπ·¡àπÈ”„ –Õ“¥ “¡“√∂„™â¥◊Ë¡°‘π‰¥â ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÀ≈“¬·Ààßµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„°≈â°—∫·À≈àßµâππÈ” °àÕ„À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–∑“ßπÈ” Õ’°∑—Èߧπ„π™ÿ¡™π¬—ߢ“¥§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√®—¥°“√πÈ” ™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π™ÿ¥π’È®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¬‘Ëß ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™ππ’È ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°®–‰¥â√—∫πÕ°®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈â« ¬—߉¥â√—∫ª√– ∫°“√≥åµ√ß ∑—°…– ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«‘®—¬ °“√∫—π∑÷°°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ÷Ë߉¡à„™à‡ªìπ°“√∑àÕß®”®“°µ”√“·∫∫‡¥‘¡Ê Õ’°·≈â«πÕ°®“°π’ȇ¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§π„π™ÿ¡™π®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑’Ë¥’µàÕ°—π ‡æ√“–∂â“π—°‡√’¬π‡¢“Õ¬“°√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕßÕ–‰√‡¢“®–∂“¡§π„π™ÿ¡™π ∫“ß∑’§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á∂“¡„π ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ‡¢“‰ª ”√«®¡“∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§π„π™ÿ¡™π°Á‡√‘Ë¡‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢Õß “¬πÈ”·Ààßπ’È¡“°¢÷Èπ º≈®“°°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·≈–»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê‡°‘¥§«“¡§‘¥µàÕ¬Õ¥®“°°‘®°√√¡ ”√«®πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« æ«°‡¢“‡ÀÁπ«à“§«√®–¡’°“√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë æ√âÕ¡°—∫√à“ß·≈–∑”·ºπ∑’ËπÈ”µ°ª≈‘«¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√° π—∫‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ˬ—߉¡à‡§¬¡’„§√§‘¥∑”¡“°àÕπ„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·Ààßπ’È ‚¥¬®–∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ‰«â Õ“∑‘°“√æ∫ª≈“µŸÀπ“ ÷Ë߇ªìπª≈“∑’ˇ®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ‰¥â¥’„π∫√‘‡«≥πÈ”π‘ËßÀ√◊ժɓæ√ÿ ‡¢“°Á‰ª»÷°…“À“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–§âπæ∫«à“¡—π„°≈â Ÿ≠æ—π∏ÿ凵Á¡∑’·≈â« ®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ—π∏ÿåª≈“™π‘¥π’È¢÷Èπªí®®ÿ∫—π·ºπ∑’Ë “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ∑”¢÷Èππ’È ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π-‚≈¬’√“™¡ß§≈‰¥â¢Õ·ºπ∑’ˉª„™â»÷°…“µàÕ ·≈–Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√

the village are decreasing. The activities these children

had to do were collecting insect samples, studying the

information both through observation and from interviewing

additional information from the local community. Apart

from this, they had to go deep in details of the insect

through the study of its life cycle. They were divided into

groups to perform different tasks, such as, raising the insect

or collecting samples of the insects living inside the

buffalo dung. The students were wondered why they

reside in the dung, thus leading to the chemical structure

of buffalo dung. And from the study of natural surroundings,

it can also link to other scientific theories, enabling the

children to explain natural phenomenon reasonably.

The learning set of the community quality of

water is another scientific learning through the study of

Pliew waterfall, a natural resource of Amphur Tungsong,

Nakorn Sithammarat, considered as a local lab. Pliew

waterfall is an original source of the Trang river, nourishing

the people in the area. The water of the river was once

so pure that it could be consumed directly. However,

since there are many factories located nearby, the

water pollution unavoidably occurs. Besides, the people

still lack knowledge of water management in the

community. As a result, this learning set of the community

quality of water poses its importance for this community.

The children not only learn science, but they will also

gain direct experience, skills, and the process of

research, recording, analyzing, all of which are no longer

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:37 PM48

Page 53: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 49‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 49

the memorization of the knowledge as that of the old

lesson. Moreover, it also builds a good relationship be-

tween children and community people because the

students will ask the community people of what they

want to know. Sometimes, on the contrary, the

community ask the students of what they have learnt,

generating the sharing of knowledge among themselves.

More important is that the community sees the value of

the river more. The result of learning and study of the

Pliew waterfall enabled the children to further create

other activities. They thought that there should be a

map. So, they drafted the map and made it for the first

time which nobody had ever thought of doing so. On

the map, they put the remarks on such things as the

discovery of Tu-Naa fish, a fish that can grow very well

in the stagnant water, or Peat Swam Forest, where they

looked into the information and found that itûs almost

extinct. Thus, it created the sense of Tu-naa fish conser-

vation in the community. Today, the Technology

Ratchamongkol Institute has requested for the map to

further study and the local administration is able to use

the map to develop the community along the path of

Pliew waterfall, too.

To educate the children and youth through the

natural learning process not only revives the scientific

textbooks or other academic contents, but it also makes

learning science a fun way, and cultivates the

awareness of loving nature, observation, recording,

analyzing, and, more importantly, the innovation for their

own community, to understand the local sciences, and

the love for the community. If many communities

develop the learning process through nature, the future

of the country will lie in the hands of younger generation

who definitely love and care for their nature, along with

local cultures and traditions.

à«πµ”∫≈°Á “¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑’Ëπ’ȉª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“™ÿ¡™π„π‡ âπ∑“ß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‰¥â¥â«¬

°“√„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·°à‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√

‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâµ”√“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å

À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“°“√µà“ßÊ ¡’™’«‘µ¢÷Èπ¡“ „Àâæ«°‡¢“‰¥â‡√’¬π√Ÿâ

Õ¬à“ß πÿ° π“π·≈â« ¬—ߪ≈Ÿ°Ωíß ”π÷°√—°…å∏√√¡™“µ‘

°“√ —߇°µ °“√∫—π∑÷° °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ

°“√ √â“ß √√§å ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ™ÿ¡™π∑’˵π‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿà ‰¥â‡¢â“„®

»“ µ√åæ◊Èπ∫â“π ·≈–‡°‘¥°“√‡§“√æ√—°∂‘Ëπ∞“π ∂â“À≈“¬Ê

™ÿ¡™π‡°‘¥·π«§‘¥„π°“√æ—≤π“°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„Àâ

Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘„π·µà≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠧑¥«à“Õ𓧵

¢Õß™“µ‘§ß¡’Õπÿ™π√ÿàπÀ≈—ß∑’Ë√—°·≈–Àà«ß„¬∏√√¡™“µ‘

µ≈Õ¥®π«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–ª√–‡æ≥’∑âÕß∂‘ËπÕ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. ™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿâ, ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ·Ààß™“µ‘

(Thailand Knowledge Center : TKC) °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√, Àπâ“ 102,æ.». 2547

Reference1. Community Knowledge Management, Thailand

Knowledge Center : TKC, Ministry of Information and

Communication Technology, page 102, 2004

π„® Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‰¥â∑’Ë

‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.)‡≈¢∑’Ë 979 Õ“§“√‡Õ ‡ÕÁ¡ ∑“«‡«Õ√å ™—Èπ 14∂ππæÀ≈‚¬∏‘π ·¢«ß “¡‡ π„π ‡¢µæ≠“‰∑°√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400‚∑√»—æ∑å 0-2298-0455-72

For more information, please contact:

The Local Science Project

Thailand Research Fund (TRF),

14th Floor, SME Tower, 979, Paholyothin Rd.,

Samsennai, Payathai, Bangkok 10400

Tel: 0-2298-0455-72

45-49/‡¬“«™π„À¡Ë 22/12/05, 1:38 PM49

Page 54: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

50 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

°√’π‡«Á∫ ‚¥¬ : Mr.web

Green Web by : Mr.web

‡«Á∫‰´µå∑’Ëπ”¡“·π–π”°—π„π©∫—∫π’È ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫∑’Ë

„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√∑’Ëπà“√Ÿâ πà“ π„®¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß

ª√–‡∑» √«¡‰ª∂÷ߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß‚≈° ·∂¡

∫“߇«Á∫¬—ß¡’≈‘ߧ剪¬—߇«Á∫∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ∂⓵âÕß°“√

»÷°…“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ√—∫√Õ߉¡àº‘¥À«—ß

Websites introduced in this volume are webs

that provides informative and interesting on the

energy of Thailand as well as the World. Some

webs may have links to other related webs. If

you want to do research or educate, you wonût

be disappointed for sure.

‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß ¿“Õÿµ “À°√√¡·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡‡√◊ËÕß√“«¢Õß¿“«–Õÿµ “À°√√¡, SMEs, ¿“…’Õ“°√, ∑√—欓°√¡πÿ…¬å, °ÆÀ¡“¬, ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’, æ≈—ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡, ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õÿµ “À°√√¡, ¡“µ√∞“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡, à߇ √‘¡°“√≈ß∑ÿπ,°“√ àßÕÕ°

It is the web of the Federation of Thai Industries,

compiling the situation of industry, SMEs, taxes, human

resources, law, technology, industrial energy, environ-

mental industry, international standard of industry,

support of investment, and export.

„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π

It provides information on energy and environment

conservation and the use of renewable energy.

WEBSITE

www.fti.or.th

www.efe.or.th

50-53/Green Web 20/12/05, 6:08 PM50

Page 55: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 51

‡ªìπ‡«Á∫¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—πæ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π‡Õ∏“πÕ≈‰∫‚Õ¥’‡´≈·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡¢à“« “√ °‘®°√√¡ ∫∑§«“¡ ‡°’ˬ«°—∫

‡Õ∏“πÕ≈

This web belongs to the Foundation of Alternative Energy Ethanol-Bio Diesel of Thailand, compiling news,

activities, and articles about ethanol.

www.ethanol-thailand.com

‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß»Ÿπ¬åÕπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π ¡’‡√◊ËÕß√“«¢Õ߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™âæ≈—ßß“π ‡¬“«™π°—∫æ≈—ßß“π ·≈–°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π„π§√—«‡√◊Õπ

Itûs the website of the Center of Energy Conserva-

tion, offering the information of technology energy, the

application of energy, youth and energy, and the use

of household energy.

„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µà“ßÊ ¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π Õ“∑‘ √“§“πÈ”¡—𠇫Á∫‰´µå¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π √«¡‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ëπà“ π„®∑—Ë«Ê ‰ª‡°’ˬ«°—∫æ≈—ßß“π‚¥¬¡’»Ÿπ¬å “√ π‡∑»°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥∑”

It provides an abundance of energy information

such as the gas price, comprehensive links of energy,

including other interesting things about energy. The

Information Technology of the Center of Energy

Conservation created the website.

www.ecct-th.org

www.thaienergy.net

50-53/Green Web 20/12/05, 6:09 PM51

Page 56: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

52 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—πª√–À¬—¥æ≈—ßß“π·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ „Àâ¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π

The website belongs to the Energy Efficiency

Institute (Thailand) Foundation, offering information

concerning the conservation of energy and environment,

and the use of renewable energy.

www.eeit.or.th

‡ªìπ‡«Á∫¢Õß ”π—°ß“ππ‚¬∫“¬·≈–·ºπæ≈—ßß“π „À⧫“¡√Ÿâ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π

It is the web of the Energy Policy and Planning

Office, educating and providing information concern-

ing the conservation of energy and environment, and

the use of renewable energy.

www.eppo.go.th

”π—°∫√‘°“√ “√ π‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡æ≈—ßß“π ‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥∑”‡«Á∫π’È ‚¥¬„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡√◊ËÕß°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π

The Information Technology of Industrial Energy

Service Office created this website and provide

information on the use of renewable energy.

www.energythai.net

50-53/Green Web 20/12/05, 6:09 PM52

Page 57: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 53

„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ∂“π°“√≥åæ≈—ßß“π ‰øøÑ“‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ √“§“®”Àπà“¬µ≈“¥µà“ߪ√–‡∑»·≈–„πª√–‡∑» ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»»—°¬¿“æ· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ‡ªìπµâπ

It provides information about the situation of

energy, electricity, fuel, the use of energy and fuels,

the gas price of domestic and overseas market,

climate, the sunlight capacity, etc.

www.teenet.chula.ac.th

‡ªìπ‡«Á∫∑’Ë√«∫√«¡·≈–‡º¬·æ√à¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ß“π«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’˪√–À¬—¥„™âßà“¬ ‚¥¬„™â∑√—欓°√ ·≈–¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ ‚¥¬¡’ ¡“§¡‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ (Appropriate Technology Association) ‡ªìπºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈

It is the website that compiles and provide

information and appropriate technology, research and

development, the saving and easy-to-use energy by

using local resources and intelligence under the

supervision of Appropriate Technology Association.

www.ata.or.th

50-53/Green Web 20/12/05, 6:10 PM53

Page 58: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

54 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢’¬« ‚¥¬ : ¥ÿ…Æ’ ¡—Ëπ¿—°¥’ : π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…

Green Policy by : Dusadee Maanphakdee : Environmental Officer, Pollution Control Department

54 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

Nowadays way of life is like the movement of

conveyor belt that starts its operation from 8.00 am.

until 5.00 pm. The consumption amount has been influenced

by the media and the current of society, resulting in the

increasing production output concurrent with the

consumption rate. It stimulates the production of the

industrial sector to increase its production output to be

able to catch up with the rising demand of the people.

And since the industry has increasingly expanded, it has

consequent impacts, that is, the rising of worldûs

temperature, caused by the increased greenhouse gases

in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases are mostly

from the burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and

coal, which are the major energy sources of the

industrialized countries. In 1992, the United Nations

Conference on Environment and Development or UNCED

agreed on the United Nation Framework Convention

on Climate Change or UNFCCC in Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil, to solve the issue of climate change as a

„π¬ÿ§ªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ “¬æ“π°“√º≈‘µ∑’Ë®–‡√‘Ë¡°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ∑’ˇ«≈“ 08.00 π. ‡√◊ËÕ¬‰ª®π∂÷ß17.00 π. ª√‘¡“≥°“√∫√‘‚¿§‡Õß°Á‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ◊ËÕ µ“¡°√–· ¢Õß —ߧ¡ ®÷ß∑”„Àâª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ¬‘Ë߇æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπµ“¡°√–· °“√∫√‘‚¿§ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√‡√à߇√â“„Àâ°“√º≈‘µ¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ„Àâ∑—πµàÕ§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å¡“°¢÷Èπ·≈–®“°°“√∑’ËÕÿµ “À°√√¡¡’°“√¢¬“¬µ—«‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èππ—Èπ ∑”„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µ“¡¡“∑’Ë ”§—≠ §◊Õ°“√∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‚≈° Ÿß¢÷Èπ ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈¡“®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à¡“®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßøÕ ‘≈ ‰¥â·°à °ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÈ”¡—π ·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π ÷Ëß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ‚¥¬„πªï æ.». 2535 ≥ °√ÿß√‘‚Õ‡¥Õ®“‡π‚√ ª√–‡∑»∫√“ ‘≈ ∑’˪√–™ÿ¡„À≠à Àª√–™“™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–°“√æ—≤π“ (United Nations Con-ference on Environment and Development À√◊Õ UNCED)¡’¡µ‘√—∫√ÕßÕπÿ —≠≠“ Àª√–™“™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» (United Nation Framework Convertionon Climate Change À√◊Õ UNFCCC) ‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´

54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:21 AM54

Page 59: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 55

‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ·≈–°“√√—°…“√–¥—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’Ë‚≈°ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ‰¡à àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß∑“ߥâ“πÕ“À“√·≈–°“√æ—≤π“∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π ´÷ËßÕπÿ —≠≠“ UNFCCC ¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2537 ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥„Àâ ç∑’˪√–™ÿ¡ ¡—™™“ª√–‡∑»¿“§’Õπÿ —≠≠“œé(Conference of the Parties À√◊Õ COP) ‡ªìπÕߧå°√ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’ˇªìπ‡«∑’°“√‡®√®“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¿“§’ ´÷Ëß®–®—¥¢÷Èπ‡ªìπª√–®”∑ÿ°ªï ‚¥¬¡’¢âÕµ°≈ß«à“ª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡µâÕß≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß„Àâ‡∑à“°—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´œ „πªïæ.». 2533 ÷ËßÀ≈—ß®“°π—Èπ¡“°Á‰¡à¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“ª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡®–≈¥≈ߪ≈àÕ¬°ä“´œ ‰¥âµ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ߥ—ß°≈à“« ®÷߇ªìπ∑’Ë¡“¢Õß æ‘∏’ “√‡°’¬«‚µ (Kyoto Protocol : ¡—¬ª√–™ÿ¡COP ∑’Ë 3) „πªï æ.». 2540 ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡æ—π∏°√≥’¢ÕßÕπÿ —≠≠“œ ∑’Ë¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√ ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ·≈–æ—π∏–ºŸ°æ—π∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ÷Ëß°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»¿“§’¿“¬„µâÕπÿ —≠≠“œ ¡’Õ¬Ÿà∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 186 ª√–‡∑» ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ

Ô Annex I : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ À√◊Õª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â« 41 ª√–‡∑»

Ô Annex II : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»√Ë”√«¬ 24 ª√–‡∑» ( ÷Ë߇ªìπª√–‡∑»„π°≈ÿà¡ Annex I)

Ô Non-Annex I : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ 145 ª√–‡∑»(√«¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¥â«¬)

consequence of the emissions of greenhouse gases by

human, and to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations

in the atmosphere at a level that is safe and not

affecting the food security and sustainable development.

The UNFCCC treaty entered into force in 1994 assigning

çConference of the Parties or COPé to be the top

organization of the world conferences among negotiating

parties held annually. The agreement was the industrialized

countries must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases

equal to the emissions level in 1990. After that no

industrialized nations seemed to reduce the greenhouse

gases emissions as agreed. It, thus, led to the Kyoto

Protocol, adopted at the third session of the Conference

of Parties (COP-3), in 1997 to add more commitments

to the treaty with the aim of operation, target, and

legal binding. There are 186 countries under the treaty,

categorized into 3 groups as follows :

Ô Annex I : 41 industrialized countries or developed

countries

Ô Annex II : 24 rich countries (also countries in Annex I)

Ô Non-Annex I : 145 developing countries (including

Thailand)

°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ∑’Ë®–µâÕß≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈àÕ¬≈ß¡’6 ™π‘¥ ‰¥â·°à °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO

2), °ä“´

¡’‡∑π (CH4), °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å (N

2O), °ä“´

‰Œ‚¥√ø≈Ÿ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HFCs), °ä“´‡ªÕ√åø≈Ÿ‚√§“√å∫Õπ(PFCs) ·≈–°ä“´ —≈‡øÕ√凌°´à“ø≈Ÿ‚Õ‰√¥å (SF

6) ´÷Ëß

„π®”π«π°ä“´∑—Èß 6 ™π‘¥π’È °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å(CO

2) ‡ªìπ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ∫√√¬“°“»

‚≈°¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥

Greenhouse gases needed to be reduced in

amount of emissions are carbon dioxide (CO2),

methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N

2O), hydrofluorocar-

bon (HFCs), perfluorocarbon (PFCs) and sulfer

hexafluoride (SF6). Of these 6 types, carbon dioxide

is the main target that most impacts the worldûs

atmosphere.

54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:21 AM55

Page 60: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

56 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

This protocol came into force only when the coun-

tries in Annex 1 could reduce their collective emissions

of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year

1990 within 2008-2012. The agreement came into force

on 16 February 2005, initiated by countries in Annex I

(without the signatories of the United States and Australia

which are the major countries that emit the large amount

of greenhouse gases of the world)

To achieve the most important target of reducing

emissions of greenhouse gases in developed countries,

3 flexible mechanisms are established :

1. Emission Trading : ET is the adoption of trading

program as a mechanism to be the negotiating tool of

agreement between developed and developing coun-

tries. It means the developed countries can use the low

level of greenhouse gases emissions of the developing

countries as a credit to the high level of greenhouse

gases emissions of their own. The developing countries

receive the compensation in terms of the countryûs

revenue, or what is called çcarbon credit trading.é

2. Joint Implementation : JI is a joint operation among

countries in Annex I to reduce emissions of greenhouse

gases. The reduced amount of gases will be shared in

credit terms.

3. Clean Development Mechanism : CDM is a joint

cooperation between countries of Annex I and non-

‚¥¬æ‘∏’ “√π’È®–¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â°ÁµàÕ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (Annex 1) “¡“√∂≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 5.2% ¢Õß°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„πªï 2533 „À≥⿓¬„πªï æ.». 2551-2555´÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫·≈⫇¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 16 °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å æ.». 2548‚¥¬®–‡√‘Ë¡®“°ª√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (‚¥¬ª√“»®“°°“√≈ßπ“¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ÷Ë߇ªìπª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°√“¬„À≠à¢Õß‚≈°)

·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ°“√≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ëæ—≤π“·≈â«π—Èπ ®÷߉¥â°”Àπ¥°≈‰°‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇰‘¥°“√¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ 3 ·π«∑“ß §◊Õ

1. °“√ ◊ÈÕ¢“¬‡§√¥‘µ°“√≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ

°√–®° (Emission Trading : ET) ‡ªìπ°“√π”√–∫∫´◊ÈÕ¢“¬¡“‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√‡®√®“∑”æ—π∏°√≥’¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â«°—∫ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߪ√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â« “¡“√∂π”√–¥—∫°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫µË”¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑’Ë°”≈—ßæ—≤π“¡“À—°≈∫°—∫√–¥—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µπ∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫ Ÿß‰¥â à«πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“°Á®–‰¥âº≈ª√–‚¬™πåµÕ∫·∑π‡ªìπ√“¬‰¥â¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√◊Õ‡√’¬°«à“ ç°“√§â“¢“¬§“√å∫Õπ‡§√¥‘µé

2. °“√¥”‡π‘π‚§√ß°“√√à«¡°—π (Joint Implementa-

tion : JI) ‡ªìπ°“√√à«¡°—π√–À«à“ß°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 ¥â«¬°—π‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´¥—ß°≈à“«∑’Ë≈¥≈ß®–¡’°“√·∫à߇§√¥‘µ°—π

3. °≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥ (Clean Development

Mechanism : CDM) ‡ªìπ°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»

°√“ø· ¥ß°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å

¢Õߪ√–‡∑»®“°¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1

Graph shows carbon dioxide emissions of the

countries from Annex 1

54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:23 AM56

Page 61: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 57‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 57

Annex I countries (including Thailand). The characteristics

of the project under the Clean Development Mechanism

in general have 3 types :

Ô Energy Efficiency Improvement Project (Energy

Efficiency) has set the criteria of the reduction of

energy consumption by up to the equivalent of 15

gigawatt/hours per year (million watt a year)

Ô Renewable Energy Generation Project (Renew-

able Energy Generation) there should be a maximum

output capacity equivalent of up to 15 megawatts

(million watt a year)

Ô Other projects in terms of carbon capture

(Carbon Sink) reduces anthropogenic emissions by sources

and directly emits less than 15 kilotonnes of carbon

dioxide equivalent annually such as forest plantation

Thailand ratified this protocol on 28 August 2002

(the 89th country), which could choose whether or not

to enter into cooperation with the developed countries

under the clean mechanism. The protocol is non-binding

in the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. All of

the projects in CDM will be presented to the cabinet

for careful consideration case by case.

Though the Kyoto Protocol has been enforced, without

the cooperation of the world population to seriously

resolve the climate change, which means the cooperation

to solve the problems incurred from the industrial

„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 °—∫°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»πÕ°¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 ( ÷Ëߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬°ÁÕ¬Ÿà„π°≈ÿà¡π’ȥ⫬) ÷Ëß≈—°…≥–¢Õß‚§√ß°“√¿“¬„µâ°≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡’Õ¬Ÿà 3 √Ÿª·∫∫ ‰¥â·°à

Ô ‚§√ß°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߪ√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π

(Energy Efficiency) ¡’‡°≥±å«à“®–µâÕß “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√≈¥°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π≈߉¥â ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ 15 ®‘°–«—µµå™—Ë«‚¡ß/ªï (æ—π≈â“πÀπ૬‰øøÑ“/ªï)

Ô ‚§√ß°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√„™âæ≈— ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π

(Renewable Energy Generation) ®–µâÕß¡’ ¡√√∂¿“æ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“ 15 ®‘°–«—µµå™—Ë«‚¡ß/ªï (æ—π≈â“πÀπ૬‰øøÑ“/ªï)

Ô ‚§√ß°“√√Ÿª·∫∫Õ◊ËπÊ „π·π«∑“߇æ◊ËÕ‡°Á∫°—°

§“√å∫Õπ (Carbon Sink) ‚¥¬§‘¥‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ª√‘¡“≥§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 15 °‘‚≈µ—π§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å/ªï ‡™àπ °“√ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“

‚¥¬ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â„Àâ —µ¬“∫—πµàÕæ‘∏’ “√π’ȇ¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 28 ‘ßÀ“§¡ æ.». 2545 (‡ªìπª√–‡∑»¿“§’≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 89) ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂‡≈◊Õ°∑’Ë®–‡¢â“√à«¡¡◊Õ°—∫°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â«¿“¬„µâ°≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’Ë –Õ“¥À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‰¥â ‚¥¬‰¡à∂◊Õ‡ªìπæ—π∏°√≥’„π°“√∑’Ë®–≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°µ“¡‰ª¥â«¬´÷Ëß‚§√ß°“√ CDM ∑ÿ°‚§√ß°“√®–µâÕß¡’°“√𔇠πÕ·°à§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’°“√æ‘®“√≥“°≈—Ëπ°√Õ߇ªìπ°√≥’Ê ‰ª

∂÷ß·¡â«à“æ‘∏’ “√‡°’¬«‚µ®–¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â·≈â« ·µàÀ“°

ª√–™“°√∫π‚≈°‰¡à√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√

‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß ÷Ëß®–À¡“¬∂÷ß

°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“¢Õß¿“§∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿµ “À°√√¡´÷Ëß

‡ªìπµâ𰔇π‘¥À≈—° °“√≈¥°“√∫√‘‚¿§¢Õߪ√–™“°√∑’Ë

54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:30 AM57

Page 62: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

58 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. «“√ “√ ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 ‡¥◊Õπµÿ≈“§¡-

∏—𫓧¡ 25482. http://web.ku.ac.th/shoolnet/snet6/envi3/pgreen/

pgreenn.htm3. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/

items/2774.php4. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/

items/2833.php5. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/

items/2213.php

Reference

1. Appropriate Technology magazine, volume 4,

October - December, 2005

2. http://web.ku.ac.th/shoolnet/snet6/envi3/pgreen/

pgreenn.htm

3. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/

items/2774.php

4. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/

items/2833.php

5. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/

items/2213.php

π—∫«—π®–‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπµ“¡°√–· ¢Õß°“√∫√‘‚¿§π‘¬¡ °“√

„™â∑√—欓°√Õ¬à“ß√Ÿâ§ÿ≥§à“ °“√π” ‘ËߢÕß∑’Ë„™â·≈â«°≈—∫¡“

„™â„À¡à‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥¢—ÈπµÕπ¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ °“√ à߇ √‘¡

„Àâ¡’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ °“√º≈‘µæ≈—ßß“π

®“°æ≈—ßÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π∑’Ë –Õ“¥ ª≈Õ¥¿—¬µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈â«

‰¡à«à“®–¡’æ‘∏’ “√Õ’°°’Ë©∫—∫ °Á‰¡à “¡“√∂·°â‰¢ªí≠À“

º≈°√–∑∫∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∫π

‚≈°‰¥â

À¡“¬‡Àµÿ : °≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (Annex 1)‰¥â·°à Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,European Economic Community, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland·≈– United States of America

sectors, a major source, the reduction of the peopleûs

consumption that has been rapidly increased in

conjunction with the trend of consumerism, the effective

use of natural resources, the recycling of used materials

to reduce the production process, the support of the

effective use of energy, the generation of clean and

safe renewable energy to the environment, no matter

how many protocols come into force, the impacts of the

climate change will never be resolved.

Note : Countries in Annex 1 are Australia, Austria,

Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech

Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic

Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia,

Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands,

New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,

Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland ·≈– United States of America

54-58/Green Policy 21/12/05, 9:30 AM58

Page 63: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 59‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 59

‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ’‡¢’¬« ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ : §√√™‘µ ªîµ–°“

Green Tech Edited by : Kanchit Pitaka

π—∫µ—Èß·µàæ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–æÿ∑∏¬Õ¥øÑ“®ÿÓ‚≈° ‰¥â ∂“ªπ“°√ÿ߇∑æ-¡À“π§√‡ªìπ√“™∏“π’¢Õ߉∑¬ ‡¡◊ËÕªï æ.». 2325 ‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß·Ààßπ’ȉ¥â‡µ‘∫‚µ¢÷Èπ„π∑ÿ°Ê ¥â“π ∑—Èß®”π«πª√–™“°√ °“√»÷°…“ ‡»√…∞°‘® °“√§¡π“§¡¢π àß ®π°≈“¬‡ªìπ ç¡À“π§√é ∑’Ë¡’ª√–™“°√¡“°°«à“ 10 ≈â“π§π „πªí®®ÿ∫—π

·µà°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ∑’Ë¢“¥°“√«“ß·ºπ√Õß√—∫°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇¡◊Õß∑’Ë™—¥‡®π‰¡à¡’¡“µ√°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°§«“¡‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß ∑”„Àâª√–™“™π∑’Ë¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà„π¡À“π§√·Ààßπ’ȉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“° ¿“æªí≠À“µà“ßÊ

°“√·°âªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“«πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–∫√√‡∑“ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°Àπà«¬ß“π¿“§√—∞ ∑—Èß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ √«¡∂÷ßÀπà«¬ß“π¿“§√—∞Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ œ≈œ ·≈â« °“√«“ß·ºπ√–¬–¬“« §◊Õ §”µÕ∫

Since its founding days in 1782, the city

of Bangkok has been growing into a

metropolis of ten million. But Bangkokians fully

benefited from the city living. No definite

preventive measures dealing with the rapid

city growth and the lack of clear city planning

have turned the city into a basket full of

overdue problem. Apart from the actions

from the agencies such as Ministry of Science

and Technology, Ministry of Interior, the city

still badly needs the long term planning to

deal with its looming threat of future energy

¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°™ÿ¡™π®—¥°“√§«“¡√Ÿâ ‚§√ß°“√»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ·Ààß™“µ‘°√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√

59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 8:47 AM59

Page 64: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

60 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«60 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°“√√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ªí≠À“∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ𓧵¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È ç ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘é ®÷߉¥â¡Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ

ç∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡é (Joint GraduateSchool of Energy and Environment-JGSEE) ·≈–§≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ (¡®∏.) ∑”°“√»÷°…“ 炧√ß°“√·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡é ‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß (Roadmap) °“√«‘®—¬¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë®”‡ªìπµàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π∑—Èߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¿“¬„µâ«‘ —¬∑—»πå‡æ◊ËÕ°“√æ—≤π“∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ-¡À“π§√ ¥—ßπ’È

燪ìπ¡À“π§√∑’Ë´÷Ëß “¡“√∂æ÷Ëßµπ‡Õ߉¥â„π√–¬–¬“« „π¥â“π

‡»√…∞°‘® —ߧ¡·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬ª√–™“™π∑’ËÕ“»—¬µâÕ߉¥â√—∫

§«“¡ –¥«° ∫“¬∑—È ß®“° “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§

“∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§¢—Èπæ◊Èπ∞“𠇙àπ πÈ” ‰øøÑ“ √–∫∫

¢π àß √–∫∫°“√®—¥°“√¢¬– Àπ૬∫√‘°“√

™ÿ¡™π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„π™’«‘µ

·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π √«¡∂÷ߧÿ≥¿“æ∑’Ë¥’¢Õß ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

‡™àπ Õ“°“»∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï ·À≈àßπÈ” –Õ“¥ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬«

∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ ÷Ë߇ªìπªí®®—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π„π°“√¥”‡π‘π

™’«‘µ ·≈–°“√æ—°ºàÕπ∑“ß®‘µ„® ‚¥¬§ß‡Õ°≈—°…≥å

¢Õ߇¡◊Õߥâ“π ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡ »‘≈ª«—≤π∏√√¡

§«“¡¡’‡ √’¿“æ„π°“√‡≈◊Õ° ·≈–∑“ß°“√∫√‘À“√

®—¥°“√∑√—欓°√∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà®”°—¥„Àâ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ

·≈–ª√–À¬—¥ ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬Õߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ∑“ß«‘™“°“√

·≈–§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘∑—Èß®“°¿“§√—∞·≈–

‡Õ°™π ·≈–‡µ√’¬¡À“«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë®–π”∑√—欓°√

‡À≈à“π—ÈπÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à‰¥â„πÕ𓧵é

¿“¬„µâ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“¥—ß°≈à“« ∑’¡«‘®—¬‰¥â·∫àß°“√»÷°…“ÕÕ°‡ªìπ5 ª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—° §◊Õ çº—ß‡¡◊Õß·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √√§å √â“ßé çπÈ”‡ ’¬é 碬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬é ç¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»é ·≈– ç°“√§¡π“§¡¢π àßé ÷Ëß≈â«π‡ªìπªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’˧π°√ÿߪ√– ∫Õ¬Ÿà ´÷Ëß®“°°“√§âπæ∫ °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå —ß‡§√“–Àå ·≈–°“√·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ°—∫ºŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕߺà“π‡«∑’µà“ßÊ “¡“√∂„Àâ¿“æ¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æœ „π·µà≈–¥â“π∑—Èß„π¿“æªí®®ÿ∫—π·≈–¿“æ∑’Ë°”≈—ß®–¡“∂÷߉¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’

ªí®®ÿ∫—π§π°√ÿß √â“ߢ¬– 1.24 °‘‚≈°√—¡/«—π ª√‘¡“≥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°·À≈àßµà“ßÊ ¡’·π«‚πâ¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ∑ÿ°ªï *1·≈–¡’Õ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„π‡¡◊Õß„À≠à‡©≈’ˬ Ÿß∂÷ß 1.24 °‘‚≈°√—¡/§π/«—π À“°‰¡à√«¡ª√–™“°√∑’ˇ¥‘π∑“߇¢â“¡“∑”ß“π Õ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‡©≈’ˬ®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ 1.61°‘‚≈°√—¡/§π/«—π ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬«

√». ¥√. ‘√‘π∑√‡∑æ ‡µâ“ª√–¬Ÿ√ ª√–∏“𠓬 ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Àπ÷Ëß„π§≥–«‘®—¬®“°∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (JGSEE)ºŸâ»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ߥâ“π°“√®—¥°“√¢¬–°≈à“««à“ ª√‘¡“≥¢¬–∑’˧π°√ÿß √â“ߢ÷Èπ¡’®”π«π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ¥—ßπ—ÈππÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√À“∑’ËΩíß°≈∫

and environmental problems.

The National Research Council assigned

the Joint Graduation School of Engineering

and Environmental or JGSEE to study

Bangkokûs energy and environment situation

and draw up the roadmap. The study tries

to seek possibilities in resources and

management in recycling to make the city

economical, social and environmental

sustainable. Its citizens should be able to

benefit from the efficient infrastructure, Quality

of urban life, from clean environment. They

should be able to enjoy hat the city can

offers to its people in terms of culture,

architecture and freedom of choice.

The study is divided into five major areas.

They are City Planning and Productive

Environment, Polluted Water, Trash, Air Pollu-

tion and Transportation.

Extensive interviews with the Bangkokians

through many public forums along with other

sources gives the team an access in field

information that will give clearer pictures of

what kind of energy and environmental issues

Bangkok is and will be confronting.

Now the Bangkokians have 1.24 kilo of

trash per person a day. The cityûs trash from

domestic is rising. The average cityûs trash has

reached the rate of 1.24 kg.a day per person

59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 8:48 AM60

Page 65: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

62 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«62 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„π à«π¢ÕßçπÈ”‡ ’¬é √–∫ÿ«à“ ·π«‚πâ¡¢Õߪí≠À“πÈ”‡ ’¬¡’≈—°…≥–∑«’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ

º». ¥√. √âÕ¬¥“« «‘π‘®π—π∑√—µπå ®“°§≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ ¡®∏.ºŸâ∑”°“√«‘®—¬„π à«π¢Õß çπÈ”‡ ’¬é °≈à“««à“ °∑¡. ¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë 1,568 µ“√“ß-°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ·µà‚√ß∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬∑—Èß 6 ·Ààß∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà √Õß√—∫πÈ”‡ ’¬‰¥â„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë 191µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ À√◊Õ§‘¥‡ªìπ 12.22 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå‡∑à“π—Èπ À√◊ÕÀ“°®–√«¡‚§√ß°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕ𓧵∑’Ë∑”„Àâ√–∫∫∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬√Õß√—∫πÈ”‰¥â„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√«¡°—π 358 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ (22.82%) °Á¬—ß¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë°√ÿ߇∑æœ Õ’°°«à“ 3 „π 4 ∑’ˬ—߉¡à¡’√–∫∫∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬√«¡

‘Ëß∑’Ë∑’¡«‘®—¬‡ πÕ·π–ºà“π√“¬ß“π©∫—∫π’È°Á§◊Õ „Àâµ—È߇ªÑ“À¡“¬√à«¡°—π¢Õß∑ÿ°Àπ૬ߓπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√®—¥°“√§ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”„π°√ÿ߇∑æœ «à“ ®–µâÕß ç≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å„π·À≈àßπÈ”¢Õß °∑¡. „Àâ “¡“√∂𔉪„™â‡æ◊ËÕ°“√Õÿª‚¿§-∫√‘‚¿§ ·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡‰¥âé (‡°≥±å¡“µ√∞“π§ÿ≥¿“æ·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘πª√–‡¿∑ 4) ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥¥—™π’™’È«—¥ §◊Õ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬ √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß®”π«πª√–™“°√∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°‘®°√√¡°“√„™âπÈ”

à«π¥â“π°“√§¡π“§¡ º». ¥√.®”πß √æ‘æ—≤πå ª√–∏“𠓬«‘™“æ≈—ßß“π JGSEE Àπ÷Ëß„π§≥–«‘®—¬ “¢“°“√¢π àß ‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ ®“°°“√»÷°…“ªí≠À“√–∫∫¢π àß„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑æœ æ∫«à“ —¥ à«π√–À«à“ß√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈µàÕ√∂ “∏“√≥–‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫‡¡◊Õß„À≠àÕ◊ËπÊ „πª√–‡∑»·∂∫‡Õ‡™’¬ ª√“°Ø«à“°√ÿ߇∑æœ ¡’ —¥ à«π°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ Ÿß°«à“√∂ “∏“√≥– §‘¥‡ªìπ —¥ à«π55% µàÕ 45% ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°√ÿß¡–π‘≈“ ª√–‡∑»øî≈‘ªªîπ å 22% µàÕ 78%·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ Ÿß¢÷È𠧓¥«à“„πªï æ.». 2546 ®–¡’√∂ “∏“√≥–‡À≈◊Õ‡æ’¬ß 34% ªí®®ÿ∫—π√–¬–‡«≈“„π°“√‡¥‘π∑“ߢÕß√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈‚¥¬‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 50 π“∑’ ¢≥–∑’Ë√∂ “∏“√≥–„™â‡«≈“∂÷ß 70 π“∑’

º≈°√–∑∫Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°ªí≠À“°“√®√“®√ §◊Õ ªí≠À“°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢≥–π’È„π∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å æ∫«à“ ¿“§°“√¢π àß¡’ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥√âÕ¬≈– 38 (¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡√âÕ¬≈– 32 ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬√âÕ¬≈– 23 °“√§â“√âÕ¬≈– 4 ·≈–°“√‡°…µ√√âÕ¬≈–3) ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âπÈ”¡—π·µà≈–™π‘¥®–„™â°—∫√∂¬πµå‡ªìπÀ≈—° ‚¥¬„™âπÈ”¡—π‡∫π ‘π√âÕ¬≈– 98·≈–πÈ”¡—π¥’‡´≈√âÕ¬≈– 77 ÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“º‘¥À≈—°„π°“√«“ß·ºπ∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å

πÕ°®“°π’È¡≈æ‘…®“°√–∫∫¢π à߇ªìπ·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥ ”§—≠¢Õß “√æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» °≈à“«§◊Õ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥ “√‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ (HC) ÕÕ°‰´¥å¢Õ߉π‚µ√‡®π (NO) °ä“´§“√å∫Õπ¡ÕπÕ°‰´¥å (CO)·≈–ªí≠À“ΩÿÉπ¢π“¥‡≈Á° (PM) ‡ªìπ —¥ à«π 100%80% 75% 54% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ÷Ëß¡’º≈µàÕªÕ¥¢Õߧπ °àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ·≈–‚√§¡–‡√Áß ªí≠À“π’È¡’·π«‚πâ¡√ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬ “‡ÀµÿÀ≈—°‡°‘¥®“°„™â¬“πæ“Àπ–‡À≈à“π’È

expected to be finished in the near future.

It can serve only 22.82 per cent. In another

word, three out of four of Bangkokûs waste

water will be left untreated.

The research team suggests all involved

agencies to make all efforts to lower the

mount of organic substance in the cityûs

water sources. The treated water may be

suitable for consumption and industry use

according to surface water resource standard

type four.

In case of transportation, Dr.Jamnong

Sorapipat of JGSEE transportation study team

reports that Bangkokûs ratio of personal

vehicles: public transportation vehicles is tipping

heavily towards the personal vehicle side

(55.45). Itûs expected that the ratio will reach

the rate of 62:38 in 2021

Most of the countryûs energy is consumed

in transportation section (38 per cent). Thirty-two

per cent is for the industry section. Twenty-

three per cent is for homes. Four per cent is

for trades. And three per cent is for agriculture.

Itûs the economy planning that is coming out

of proportion.

Transportation is reported to be the

major source of air pollution. Exhaust fume

contains hydrocarbon, oxide of nitrogen,

carbon monoxide, and micro particles. All

are highly hazardous to health and the

59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 8:48 AM62

Page 66: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

64 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«64 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇¡◊ÕßÀ≈—° ·µà°Á‡ªìπ°“√°”Àπ¥¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√‡¥‘π∑“ߢÕß§π®“°√Õ∫πÕ°‡¢â“¡“‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à¡’°“√ ç √â“ßß“π‰«â√Õß√—∫é

çπÕ°®“°¢“¥·π«∑“ß°“√ √â“ßß“π·≈â« °“√ √â“ß™’«‘µ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ¬∑”„Àâ§π¡’«‘∂’°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢÷Èπ ¡‘„™à„™â™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà°—∫°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß·≈–°“√∑”ß“π‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ≈“π°’Ó ÀâÕß ¡ÿ¥ À√◊Õ·¡â°√–∑—Ëß≈“π·≈–‡«∑’°“√· ¥ßµà“ßÊ ´÷ËßÀ“°»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ¬∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¡à¡’À√◊Õ„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë®–‡µ‘¡‡µÁ¡§«“¡‡ªìπ¡πÿ…¬åπâÕ¬‡°‘π‰ª√«¡∂÷߉¡à¡’ß“π¡“√Õß√—∫§π√Õ∫πÕ°Õ¬à“߇撬ßæÕ °“√‡¥‘π∑“߇¢â“ Ÿà°≈“߇¡◊Õß®–‰¡à¡’«—π≈¥≈ßé

¢âÕ‡ πÕ ”§—≠®“°°“√»÷°…“π’ȧ◊Õ ∑”Õ¬à“߉√„Àâ§π°√ÿ߇∑æœ ‡°‘¥§«“¡µâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–‡ÀÁπ‡¡◊ÕߢÕßµπ‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π ·≈– “¡“√∂Õ¬Ÿà‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’§«“¡ ÿ¢ ‡æ√“–À“° “¡“√∂∑”„À⇰‘¥ª√–™“¡µ‘√à«¡°—π‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ‰√ °“√º≈—°¥—π‡™‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬°Á®–¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ

Õπ÷Ëß ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß©∫—∫π’È·¡â®–‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ߢÕß°√ÿ߇∑æ-¡À“π§√‡©æ“–¥â“π°“√«‘®—¬„πª√–‡¥Áπæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·µàµ≈Õ¥°√–∫«π°“√¢Õß°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È ‰¥â‡πâπ°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢ÕߺŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß∑—Èß¿“§√“™°“√·≈–‡Õ°™π ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ §«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ ª√– ∫°“√≥å ·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‚¥¬¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë√«∫√«¡‰¥â®“°Àπ૬ߓπ‡À≈à“π’È®–ºà“π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå —ß‡§√“–Àå ‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥°√Õ∫¢Õß°“√«‘®—¬„π·µà≈–ª√–‡¥Áπ ·≈–𔇠πÕ°≈—∫‰ª¬—ߺŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß‚¥¬„™â°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‡™‘ߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√‡ªìπ‡«∑’·≈°‡ª≈’ˬπ‡√’¬π√Ÿâ

√». ¥√.∫—≥±‘µ øÿÑß∏√√¡ “√ ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ JGSEE „π∞“π–À—«Àπâ“‚§√ß°“√ °≈à“««à“ ®“°°“√ª√–™ÿ¡‡™‘ߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√∑’Ë𔇠πÕª√–‡¥Áπ»÷°…“∑—Èß5 ª√–‡¥Áπ ®”π«π 2 §√—Èß √«¡∂÷ß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡°≈ÿ࡬àÕ¬Õ’°À≈“¬§√—Èß πÕ°®“°®– “¡“√∂ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®·≈–√–¥¡§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ®“°ºŸâ¡’ à«π‰¥â à«π‡ ’¬‡æ◊ËÕ√«¡°—π°”Àπ¥¿“æ©“¬Õ𓧵∑’Ëæ÷ߪ√– ߧå¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√„π√Ÿª¢Õß«‘ —¬∑—»πå ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ·≈–µ—«™’È«—¥·≈â« ¬—߉¥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ—π‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π ”À√—∫°“√°”Àπ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’·≈–°“√®—¥°“√‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪 Ÿà°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß (Roadmap) °“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ∑’ˇªìπ·ºπ√–¬–¬“« 10 ªï (2550-2560) ∑’Ë∑“ß ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘ “¡“√∂®–𔉪‡ πÕµàÕ√—∞∫“≈·≈–°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√µàÕ‰ª

population study team criticizes that the cityûs

sub-centers in the suburbs are in fact organized

to ease the in and out bound traffic flows

from the further outskirts. Jobs and city life are

not available for those living in the sub-center areas.

çCity living doesnût mean just commuting

and works. Without and sport facilities, parks,

and other recreation, Bangkokians will not

stop commuting to seek the city life quality

in the inner city area,é Dr.Ganjanee comments.

The team suggests that the topic of

the future city must be focused to raise the

public concern and further discussions.

The energy and environment roadmap

for the future of Bangkok (will be completed

in February 2005) would like to thanks the

collaborations and kind assistance of involved

government and private agencies. Discussion

and feedback on the study will be a

constructive tool for the solutions.

Dr.Bandit Foongdhammarsarn, the JGSEE

director and the chief of the project, says

the information acquired from many meetings

in all involved agencies and communities is

valuable information needed before the

process of technology and technological

management. The ten year plan roadmap

for the future of Bangkok will be reported to

the government and BMA.

™◊ËÕ‚§√ß°“√ : ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡π—°«‘®—¬ : ∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡(JGSEE) §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà : ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ 91∂.ª√–™“Õÿ∑‘» ·¢«ß∫“ß¡¥ ‡¢µ∑ÿàߧ√ÿ °∑¡. 10400Àπ૬ߓπ π—∫ πÿπ : ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘ («™.)

The Energy and Environment Roadmap Research for

the Future of Bangkok

The Joint Graduate School of Energy and

Environment (JGSEE)

Department of Energy and Materials, King Mongkutûs

Iniversity of Technology, Thonburi

Address : King Mongkutûs Iniversity of Technology,

Thonburi 91 Pracha-utis road, Bangmod, Tungkru,

Bangkok 10400

59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 8:48 AM64

Page 67: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 61

„Àâ∑—πªí≠À“·≈â« ‘Ëß∑’˵âÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√‰ªæ√âÕ¡°—π°Á§◊Õ °“√π”¢¬–∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷ÈπÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à À√◊Õ°”®—¥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„À≥âª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥‚¥¬«“ß·ºπß“π®“°°“√»÷°…“√Ÿª·∫∫°“√§—¥·¬°¢¬–ª√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬™ÿ¡™π ¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬Õ—πµ√“¬ À√◊Õ¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ »÷°…“∂÷ß√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß√–∫∫°“√‡°Á∫√«∫√«¡¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬∑’Ë Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫√Ÿª·∫∫°“√§—¥·¬°¢¬–·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß ∂“π∑’Ë∫”∫—¥¢¬– ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√§—¥·¬°¢¬–·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß ∂“π∑’Ë∫”∫—¥¢¬– ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√À¡ÿπ°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à

πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߉¥â𔇠πÕ°≈¬ÿ∑∏å¥â“π°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π à߇ √‘¡„Àâª√–™“™π√à«¡°—π§—¥·¬°¢¬–°àÕπ∑‘Èß √«¡∂÷ß°“√ √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„®„Àâª√–™“™π√à«¡°—π„™â ‘π§â“∑’Ë¡’∫√√®ÿ¿—≥±å ’‡¢’¬«∑’Ë àߺ≈¥’µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥¢âÕ¬°‡«âπ„π°“√‡°Á∫¿“…’µàÕ ‘π§â“∑’ˇªìπ¡‘µ√µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

√». ¥√. ‘√‘π∑√‡∑æ °≈à“««à“ ç°“√·°âªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕߢ¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬µâÕß„™â°≈¬ÿ∑∏åÀ≈“¬¥â“π√à«¡°—π ·≈–«‘∏’°“√°”®—¥¢¬–∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥ ”À√—∫§π∑—Ë«‰ª §◊Õ°“√§—¥·¬°¢¬–°àÕπ∑‘Èß ‡™àπ §—¥·¬°¢¬–Õ—πµ√“¬ÕÕ°¡“°àÕπ ∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ°Á®–‡ªìπ¢¬–‰¡àÕ—πµ√“¬·≈â« ·≈–∫“ß à«π “¡“√∂π”¡“À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π„™â„À¡à‰¥â‡™àπ æ≈“ µ‘°À√◊Õ‡À≈Á° °≈“¬‡ªìπ¢¬–∑’Ë¡’§à“ ¥—ßπ—ÈπÀ“°¡’°“√®—¥°“√·¬°¢¬–„Àâ™—¥‡®π®– “¡“√∂°”®—¥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑’Ë ÿ¥é

à«π ∂“π°“√≥å¥â“π¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»„π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¬—߉¡à∂÷ߢ—Èπ«‘°ƒµ ·µà°Á‡ªìπªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π‡¢µ™ÿ¡™π¢π“¥„À≠à ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√®√“®√§—∫§—Ëß ‚¥¬®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… ªí≠À“ “√¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»∑’˵√«®æ∫«à“¡’§à“‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“π„π°√ÿ߇∑æœ „πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‡™àπ ΩÿÉπ¢π“¥‡≈Á°´÷Ë߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ ”§—≠¢ÕßÕ“°“√ªÉ«¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® ®–æ∫æ◊Èπ∑’ˇ ’ˬßÀ≈“¬®ÿ¥ ‰¥â·°à√‘¡∂ππæ√–√“¡∑’Ë 6 ∫√‘‡«≥°√–∑√«ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ßæ∫∑’Ë∂ππ ÿ¢ÿ¡«‘∑ ∫√‘‡«≥ª“°´Õ¬ÕàÕππÿ™ ∂ππ∫”√ÿ߇¡◊Õß ∫√‘‡«≥·¬°·¡âπ»√’ ∂ππ‡æ™√∫ÿ√’ ∫√‘‡«≥·¬°¬¡√“™ ∂ππÀ≈“πÀ≈«ß ∂ππ√“™ª√“√¿ ¬à“πª√–µŸπÈ” Õ—π‡ªìπº≈¡“®“° ¿“æ°“√®√“®√∑’˵‘¥¢—¥§—∫§—Ëß√«¡∂÷ß°“√°àÕ √â“ß∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ

„π à«π¢Õß°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ ∑’Ë𔉪 Ÿàªí≠À“°“√‡°‘¥°ä“´‚Õ‚´π àߺ≈°√–∑∫°—∫§π·≈– ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ Õ“∑‘ ®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™·≈–∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µ¢Õßæ◊™≈¥πâÕ¬≈ß ·≈– àߺ≈µàÕ√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„®¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ·¡â®–¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬ‰¡à‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“π ·µà„π∫“ß™à«ß‡«≈“°Áæ∫§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥∑’ˇ°‘π¡“µ√∞“π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∫√‘‡«≥¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬√“¡§”·Àß √Õß≈ß¡“§◊Õ‚√߇√’¬π ‘ßÀ√“™æ‘∑¬“§¡ ‡§À–™ÿ¡™π§≈Õß®—Ëπ ·≈–‚√߇√’¬πππ∑√’«‘∑¬“µ“¡≈”¥—∫

πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å°“√«‘®—¬¥â“π§ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»·≈â« ®–µâÕß¡’√Ÿª·∫∫°“√‡ΩÑ“√–«—ߧÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»·∫∫·¡à𬔷≈–©—∫‰« æ√âÕ¡∑’Ë®–·°â‰¢°√≥’©ÿ°‡©‘π‰¥â∑—π∑à«ß∑’ √«¡∑—Èß°≈¬ÿ∑∏å À√◊Õ¡“µ√°“√„π°“√≈¥¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»∑’˧√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∂÷ß·À≈àߪ≈àÕ¬¡≈æ‘…µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à ¥â“π¢π àߥâ“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ¥â“π°“√°àÕ √â“ß·≈–Õ“§“√

à«π°“√®—¥°“√πÈ”„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑æœ §π°√ÿ߇∑æœ √â“ßπÈ”‡ ’¬°«à“«—π≈–2.19 ≈â“π≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡µ√ ®“°√“¬ß“π°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫

Dr.Sirintaratep Taoprayoon, one of JGSEE

head researchers, says recycling and

recycling management are the answers to

the cityûs overflowing trash problem. The

capacity of the cityûs trash recycling can

be improved with the study of the types of

trash (commercial, hazardous, and infectious).

Suitable trash collection system that

correspond to the routine of recycling must

be identified. Moreover public involvement

and full participation will be a great help in

the war against the cityûs trash

In situation of air pollution in Bangkok

hasnût yet reach the alarming state, the city

apparently has an air pollution situation. There

were reports of the locations where poor air

quality were monitored. Most are in the highly

populated areas and the areas with heavy

traffic. The considerable amount of micro

particles were found at Rama 6 road in

front of Ministry of Science and Technology,

Onnuch intersection, Mansri intersection,

Yommaraj intersection and Pratunam area.

Heavy traffic and increasing construction are

thought to be cause of the pollution.

In case of hydrocarbon gas hasnût

reached the hazardous level. But during the

certain hours in some areas, the amount of

the gas was considerable high. The exception

of the research strategy on air quality and

air pollution monitoring is need. Government

agencies must plan and learn to respond

to the air pollution emergency calls.

In case of water pollution in Bangkok.

Each day the city releases 2.19 million cubic

meters of waste water into its sewage. The

JGSEE study indicates that the incoming

tendency of increasing water pollution is almost

inevitable. Dr.Soidao Vinichnantaratana of

JGSEE water pollution study team reports

that the cityûs six water treatment plants

can serve only the 12 per cent of the city

area. Even with the full operation with plant

59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 9:41 AM61

Page 68: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 63

¢âÕ‡ πÕ‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ®“°°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È §◊Õ °“√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√ç¢π§πé ¡“°°«à“ ç¢π√∂é ‚¥¬®–µâÕß°”À𥇪ìππ‚¬∫“¬„Àâ™—¥‡®π«à“çµâÕß°“√„Àâ§π°√ÿ߇∑æœ ‡¥‘π∑“ߥ⫬√–∫∫¢π àß “∏“√≥–é ‚¥¬¡’¡“µ√°“√µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ®Ÿß„® ‡™àπ ®—¥„Àâ¡’√–∫∫¢π àß¡«≈™π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥â„π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘‡æ◊ËÕ√Õß√—∫‡ ’¬°àÕπ ®÷ߧàÕ¬¡’¡“µ√°“√®”°—¥°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈µ“¡¡“ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—πµâÕß √â“ß√–∫∫°“√ª√– “πß“π√–À«à“ßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“߇հ¿“æ·≈–≈¥§«“¡ È”´âÕπ¥â«¬

à«π¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √√§å √â“ß ·¡â«à“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√®–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥º—ß‡¡◊Õß¡“°«à“ 20 ªï ·µà¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ”π—°º—߇¡◊Õß °∑¡. °≈—∫æ∫«à“ ‰¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߉¥â ‚¥¬ª√–™“°√°√ÿ߇∑æœ ∑’Ë¡’¡“°°«à“ 10 ≈â“π§ππ—Èπ °≈—∫¡’°“√°√–®ÿ°µ—«°—π„π∫“߇¢µ∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¢Õߪ√–™“°√ Ÿß∂÷ß 4 À¡◊Ëπ§π/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ¢≥–∑’ˇ¢µ™“π‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈“¬·Ààß¡’‰¡à∂÷ßÀ¡◊Ëπ§π/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√

¥√.°—≠®π’¬å æÿ∑∏‘‡¡∏’ ®“°§≥– ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡·≈–°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ ¡®∏.Àπ÷Ëß„π∑’¡»÷°…“«‘®—¬°≈à“««à“ ∑’˺à“π¡“·¡â«à“®–¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡◊ÕßÕÕ°¡“§àÕπ¢â“ߥ’ ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å°“√æ—≤π“¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß·≈–°“√„™â∑’Ë¥‘π ∑’Ë·¡â®–°”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’ 统π¬å°≈“߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ¬é (Sub-Center) °√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà„π‡¢µ™“π‡¡◊Õß ‡æ◊ËÕ·∫à߇∫“¿“√–¢Õß

situation is getting worse.

The teamûs suggestion is that the government

should come out with the more defined

policy on the cityûs mode of transportation.

Unless it demands Bangkokians to use only

public transportation, the environmental and

energy problem will remain unsolved. Moreover

big improvement on public transportation is

needed.

In case of crowded city, Bangkok has

its city plan for over twenty years. But the

statistic form the Bangkok Office of City Planning

itself shows that itûs lost control on the growth

of the city. Its population is densely populated

in some areas (40,000 per one square km.

In some suburbs, the population is less that

10,000 per one square km.

Dr.Ganjanee Buddhimetee of the

59-64/Green Tech 21/12/05, 9:41 AM63

Page 69: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 65‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 65

“√–πà“√ŸâGreen Tips

«—π∑’Ë 14 °√°Æ“§¡ 2548 ∑’˺à“π¡“ §≥–°√√¡°“√æ‘®“√≥“¡√¥°‚≈°¢ÕßÕߧ尓√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡·Ààß Àª√–™“™“µ‘ (UNESCO) ‰¥âª√–°“»¢÷Èπ∫—≠™’ çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ æ√âÕ¡°—∫·À≈àß∏√√¡™“µ‘ ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÊ Õ’° 7 ·Ààß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπº◊πªÉ“Ωπ‡¢µ√âÕπ∑’ËÕÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß™’«¿“æ¡“° ‚¥¬‡ªìπ·À≈àß√«¡æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™°«à“ 800 ™π‘¥ ·≈– —µ«å‡≈’Ȭß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡Õ’° 112 ™π‘¥ ∑—È߬—ß¡’π°·≈– —µ«å‡≈◊ÈÕ¬§≈“π∑’Ë„°≈â Ÿ≠æ—π∏ÿåÀ≈“¬™π‘¥ Õ“∑‘ ™–π’¡ß°ÿÆ π°‡ß◊Õ° ’πÈ”µ“≈®√–‡¢âπÈ”®◊¥ ‡ªìπµâπ

¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡à‡ªìπº◊πªÉ“∑’Ë„À≠à∑’Ë ÿ¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬º◊πªÉ“„À≠à 5 ·Ààß §◊ÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠à-∑—∫≈“π-ª“ß ’¥“-µ“æ√–¬“-·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“¥ß„À≠à ¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë√«¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 4 ≈â“π‰√à °—Èπ°≈“ß√–À«à“ß∑’Ë√“∫ ŸßÕ’ “π·≈–∑’Ë√“∫≈ÿà¡¿“§°≈“ß

„πÕ¥’µº◊πªÉ“·Ààßπ’ȇ§¬∂Ÿ°‡√’¬°¢“π«à“ ç¥ßæ≠“‰øé ¥â«¬‡ªìπªÉ“¥ß¥‘∫°«â“ß„À≠à∑’ˇµÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬¿¬—πµ√“¬∑—Èß®“° —µ«åªÉ“π“π“™π‘¥ ‰¢âªÉ“ ·≈–§«“¡≈’È≈—∫¡“°¡“¬ ‡ªìπ∑’ËÀ«“¥À«—Ëπ¢Õߧπ∑—Ë«‰ª ®π‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√ √â“ß∑“ß√∂‰ø‡™◊ËÕ¡¿“§°≈“ß°—∫¿“§Õ’ “π„π ¡—¬æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–®ÿ≈®Õ¡‡°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬ŸàÀ—«æ√–Õߧ塒√—∫ —Ëß„À⇪≈’ˬπ™◊ËÕ‡ ’¬„À¡à«à“ çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπé ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡√ࡇ¬Áπ‡ªìπ ÿ¢¢ÕߺŸâ§π∫√‘‡«≥π’È

À≈—ß®“°¡’°“√ √â“ß∂ππ¡‘µ√¿“æµ—¥ºà“π‡¡◊ËÕ‡°◊Õ∫ 50 ªï°àÕπ ªÉ“¥ß¥‘∫º◊ππ’È°Á∂Ÿ°§«“¡‡®√‘≠√ÿ°§◊∫‡¢â“‰ª √—∞∫“≈®Õ¡æ≈ ƒ…¥‘Ï ∏π–√—™µå ‡ªìπÀà«ß«à“º◊πªÉ“®– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª®÷߉¥â®—¥µ—È߇ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π ®π°√–∑—Ëß¡’°“√ª√–°“»„Àâº◊πªÉ“ à«πÀπ÷ËߢÕߪɓ¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ„π‡∑◊Õ°‡¢“æπ¡¥ß√—° æ◊Èπ∑’˪√–¡“≥ 2,168

çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡à

On the 14th of July, 2005, the Committee of World

Heritage, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO) announced çDong

Phayayen Forest-Khao Yaié to be a natural world heritage

together with 7 other major natural resources because

of the fertile tropical rainforest, producing a biodiversity,

a major collection of more than 800 species of plants

and 112 species of mammals, including birds and reptiles

that are scarce such as Pileated Gibbon, brown hornbill,

freshwater crocodiles, etc.

The new world heritage is the biggest forest area

of Thailand, consisting of 5 vast forest areas, that is,

Khao Yai National Park, Tab Lan National Park, Pangsida

National Park, Ta Phraya National Park and Dong Yai

Wildlife Preservation, a total area of 4 million rai, a

central barrier between the Northeast plateau and the

Central plateau.

In the past, this forest was called çDong Phayaphai,é

as it is a vast rainforest, full of dangers from numerous

wild animals, malaria fever, and mysteries, being fright-

ened by everyone until the construction of railway con-

nection between the central and the northeast. During

the era of His Majesty the King Chulajormklao, had a

decree to change the name to çDong Phayayen Foresté

for peace and happiness of the people in that area.

After Mittraphab road had been constructed for

almost 50 years ago, this rainforest was invaded by the

Dong Phayayen Forest-Khao YaiNew World Heritage

65-66/Green Tips 20/12/05, 5:57 PM65

Page 70: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

66 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«66 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ‡ªìπ çÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠àé „πªï æ.». 2505 π—∫‡ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘·Ààß·√°„π‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬

°«à“∑’Ë çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ®–‰¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°„π§√—Èßπ’Ȫ√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„™â‡«≈“π“π°«à“ 10 ªï ‚¥¬°àÕπÀπâ“π’ȉ∑¬‡ πÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠à„À⇪ìπ¡√¥°‚≈°‡æ’¬ß·Àà߇¥’¬« ·µà‰¡à‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“ ®π≈à“ ÿ¥‰¥âºπ«°º◊πªÉ“Õ’° 4 ·Ààß„πªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ §◊ÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘∑—∫≈“π Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ª“ß ’¥“ Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘µ“æ√–¬“ ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“¥ß„À≠à ‡¢â“‰ª„π¢âÕ‡ πÕ∑”„À⇢“„À≠à‰¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß∑’Ë 5 ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߉∑¬ ®“°‡¥‘¡¡’¡√¥°‚≈° 4 ·Ààß §◊Õ Õÿ∑¬“πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å ÿ‚¢∑—¬-»√’ —™π“≈—¬-°”·æ߇æ™√ Õÿ∑¬“πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√åæ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ ·À≈àß‚∫√“≥§¥’∫â“π‡™’¬ß ®.Õÿ¥√∏“π’ ·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏ÿå —µ«åªÉ“∑ÿàß„À≠àπ‡√»«√-À⫬¢“·¢âß

„π°“√ª√–°“»§√—Èßπ’È ¬Ÿ‡π ‚°¬—ߢ÷Èπ∫—≠™’¡√¥°‚≈°„À¡àÕ’° 7 ·Ààß ‰¥â·°à

§“∫ ¡ÿ∑√™‘‡√‚∑‚°–∫π‡°“–ŒÕ°‰°‚¥¢Õß≠’˪ÿÉπ, Àÿ∫‡¢“ª≈“«“à „π∑–‡≈∑√“¬

∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢ÕßÕ’¬‘ªµå, ø¬Õ√å¥ 2 ·Ààß∑“ßµ–«—πµ°¢ÕßπÕ√‡«¬å, À≈ÿ¡Õÿ°°“∫“µ

«‡√‡¥øÕ√å∑ ‚¥¡ ∑“ßµ–«—πµ°‡©’¬ß„µâ¢Õßπ§√‚¬Œ—π‡π ‡∫‘√å° ·Õø√‘°“„µâ ÷Ëß

°”≈—߉¥â√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“„À⇪ìπÀπ÷Ëß„π ‘Ëß¡À—»®√√¬å¢Õß‚≈°‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫¬Õ¥‡¢“

À‘¡“≈—¬·≈–°”·æ߇¡◊Õß®’π¥â«¬

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß/Reference : www.nextstep.co.th

progress. However, the Marshall Sarit Thanaratch was concerned about the

devastation of the forest, so he had the forest been called the park until a

new announcement was released that some parts of the Dong Phayayen

Forest in the Phanom Dongrak mountains, an approximate area of 2,168

square kilometer, to be Khao Yai National Park in 1962, considered the first

national park of Thailand.

Before çDong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yaié was named to be a world

heritage, Thailand had taken more than 10 years. Earlier Thailand had

proposed only Kao Yai National Park to be a world heritage but hadnût

been taken into consideration until 4 more forest areas of the Dong Phayayen

forest; Tab Lan National Park, Pangsida National Park, Ta Phraya National

Park and Dong Yai Wildlife Preservation, were added to the propose. As a

result, Kha Yai was named the 5th national world heritage of Thailand. The

prior world heritage places are Sukothai-Srisatchanalai-Kamphaengphet

Historical Park, Ayudthaya Historical Park, Ban Chiang Archaeological Site,

Udornthani Province, and Thung Yai Naresuan-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife

Preservation.

In this announcement, UNESCO listed 7 other new world heritages, that

is, Shiretoko Peninsula on Hokkaido island of Japan, Whale valley in the

desert, east of Egypt, 2 fjords of Norway, Vredefort Dome, southeastern part

of Johanesberg, South Africa, currently being under consideration to be the

worldû national wonder like the Himalaya and the Great Wall of China.

65-66/Green Tips 20/12/05, 5:57 PM66

Page 71: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 67‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 67

“¬¥à«π ’‡¢’¬« ‚¥¬ : °Õß∫√√≥“∏‘°“√

Green Expressway by : Editorial Board

1. §«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡™àπ · ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈–¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à?

ç·¡â«à“∏√√¡™“µ‘®–¡’ à«π°”Àπ¥ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π ·µà‰¡à‡¥àπ™—¥«à“¡’º≈µàÕ‚Õ‚´π„π√–¬–¬“«é

°“√øÕ√塵—«¢Õß‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»‡°‘¥®“°· ßÕ—≈µ√“-‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√·ºà√—ß ’®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å®÷ß¡’º≈µàÕÕ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥‚Õ‚´π‡™àπ°—π æ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∂Ÿ°ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬∑—Èß· ßÕ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ ·≈–Õπÿ¿“§ª√–®ÿ ‡™àπÕ‘‡≈Á°µ√Õπ·≈–‚øµ√Õπ ®–·ª√º—πµ“¡°“√‡°‘¥®ÿ¥„π¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å„π√Õ∫ 11 ªï (11-years sunspot cycle) °“√µ√«®«—Ø®—°√· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åÀ≈“¬Ê √Õ∫∑’˺à“π¡“µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1960 · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“√–¥—∫‚Õ‚´π‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉ª 1-2% ®“°§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥∂÷ß§à“µË” ÿ¥¢Õß«—Ø®—°√ª°µ‘ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å°Á‰¡à àߺ≈µàÕ°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π„π√–¬–¬“«‡æ√“–«à“·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π¡’¡“°°«à“ 1-2%

√Ÿª¿“æÀπâ“∂—¥‰ª· ¥ßæ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åµ—Èß·µàªï §.».1978 ¡’§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥„πªï §.». 1980 ·≈– 1991 ·≈–µË” ÿ¥„πªï1985 ·≈– 1996 ·≈–®– Ÿß ÿ¥Õ’°§√—Èß„πªï §.». 2002 ·µà‚Õ‚´π¬—ߧß≈¥≈ß„π™à«ßπ—Èπ °“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚Õ‚´π„π√“¬ß“π ‰¥â®“°°“√æ‘®“√≥“Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å¥â«¬ ·≈–®“°°“√µ√«®«—¥·≈–·∫∫®”≈Õ߉¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ Õπÿ¿“§®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø‰¡à “¡“√∂‰ª∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß ¡’‡æ’¬ßªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®“°§≈Õ√’π®“°°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¢÷Èπ°—∫Õπÿ¿“§º‘«æ◊Èπ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–®“°ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√·≈–°“√µ√«®∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’∑’˺‘«æ◊Èπ¢ÕßÕπÿ¿“§¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø∑’Ëæÿàß°√–®“¬ Ÿà µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åµÕπ≈à“ß𔉪 Ÿà°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π ‚¥¬°“√‰ª‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õߧ≈Õ√’π„π√Ÿª¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’®“° “√ —߇§√“–Àå‚¥¬¡πÿ…¬å Õ¬à“߇™àπ CFCs °“√√–‡∫‘¥¢Õß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ‡™àπ Agung (1963) Fuego (1974) El Chichon(1982) ·≈– Pinatubo (1991) ‡ªìπµâπ º≈®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø

1. Does the change of nature such as sunlight andthe eruption of the volcano have the impact onthe change of ozone?

çThough the nature has played the part of deter-

mining the amount of ozone, it has not been clearly

seen if it has impacts on the ozone in the long-term.é

Ozone formation in the atmosphere occurs from

ultraviolet light of the sun, so the radiation of the sun

has affected the rate of ozone creation as well. The

sunûs energy will release both the ultraviolet light and

such molecules as electron and proton, directly varied

with 11 years sunspot cycle. The sunlight cycle of the

past cycle since 1960 has been monitored and shown

that 1-2% of the ozone level has changed from its

highest to the lowest value during the regular cycle.

However, the change of the sun has had no impact to

the ozoneûs change in long run as the declining trend

of ozone has been 1-2% more prevalent. The figure

below shows the energy from the sun since 1978 with

the highest value in 1978 and 1991 and the lowest in

1985 and 1996, and will reach its peak again in 2002

However, the ozone has still been on its declining trend

during that time. The ozone estimated in the report has

been derived from the assessment of the sunûs influ-

ence as well. The eruption of volcano can directly inject

substances into ozone but the measurement and simu-

lation have show that the volcanoesû particles cannot

directly damage ozone. Only the reaction from chlorine

produced from the synthesis with neutron surface can

increase the ozone depletion in the atmosphere now-

adays. Especially the survey of operation and atmo-

sphere has indicated that the chemical reactions at

67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:32 PM67

Page 72: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

68 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

-8

0

1978 1982

El Crichon Mt. Pinctuto

1996 1990 1994 1998

100

200

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

·π«‚πâ¡‚Õ‚´π∑—Ë«‚≈° ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ·≈–«—Ø®—°√¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åTrend of global ozone, eruption of volcanoes, and solar cycle

‚Õ‚´π∑—Ë«‚≈° ∑’Ë≈–µ‘®Ÿ¥ 00 Õß»“„µâ∂÷ß 00 Õß»“‡Àπ◊ÕGlobal ozone at the north to south latitude

°“√√–‡∫‘¥¢Õß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø/Eruption of volcanoes

‡ªÕ√

å‡Áπµ

å°“√‡

ª≈’ˬπ

·ª≈ß

Perc

enta

ge c

hang

e®”

π«π®

ÿ¥ su

nspo

tth

e nu

mbe

r of

sun

spot

s

«—Ø®—°√¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å/Solar cycle

ªï/year

Pinatubo ‰¥â‡æ‘Ë¡Õπÿ¿“§∑’Ë®–‰ª‡æ‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥°«â“ß º≈°√–∑∫®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π„π∫√√¬“°“»∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—∫‡¡¶„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑’Ë¢—È«‚≈°‡æ√“–«à“Õπÿ¿“§®–À“¬‰ª®“° µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å 2-5 ªï®÷ß°√–∑∫µàÕ‚Õ‚´π™à«ß‡«≈“ —ÈπÊ ®÷߉¡à¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√–¬–¬“« °“√µ√«®«—¥·≈–°“√§”π«≥‰¥â™’È«à“√–¥—∫‚Õ‚´πµË”°«à“ª°µ‘„πªï §.». 1992-1993 ÷Ë߇ªìπº≈®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø Pinatubo √–‡∫‘¥ æ√âÕ¡°—∫ª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ„π∑»«√√… 1990 ‡∑’¬∫°—π°àÕπ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥

2. √Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ§√—Èß·√°‡¡◊ËÕ„¥?√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ ‡ªìπ

ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπµâπ∑»«√√…∑’Ë 1980s ‡∑’¬∫°—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„πÕ¥’µπ—∫®“° §.». 1957

π—∫®“°ªï §.». 1980 ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ ‰¥â‡°‘¥ª√“°Ø°“√≥å√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π™à«ßª√–¡“≥ 3 ‡¥◊Õπ ‡Àπ◊Õ¢—È«‚≈°„µâ „πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ (‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-惻®‘°“¬π) ‚¥¬§à“‚Õ‚´π≈¥≈ß Ÿß ÿ¥∂÷ß 60% à«πª≈“¬ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π‰¡à≈¥≈ß¡“°π—° ®“°°“√µ√«®«—¥®“° ∂“π’µà“ßÊ·≈–¥“«‡∑’¬¡∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈°„µâ‰¥âº≈§≈⓬°—π °“√µ√«®«—¥‚¥¬∫Õ≈≈Ÿπ · ¥ß§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßµ“¡§«“¡ Ÿß„Àâº≈¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë ∂“π’ Syowa (‚¥¬ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ„π∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°)æ∫«à“‚Õ‚´π≈¥≈ß∑’˧«“¡ Ÿß∫“ß™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π„π·µà≈–ªï¢Õ߃¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘‡∑’¬∫°—∫‚Õ‚´πª°µ‘°àÕπªï §.». 1980 ¡’ “‡Àµÿ§◊Õ§≈Õ√’π °àÕπ∑’Ë µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å®–‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π®“°¡πÿ…¬åπ—Èπ √–¥—∫‚Õ‚´πµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘µË”°«à“ƒ¥Ÿ‡¥’¬«°—π„π∑«’ªÕ“√å°µ‘°30-40% §«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕß∑—Èß Õß∫√‘‡«≥‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ (µ√«®æ∫‚¥¬ Dobson) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡‡¬Áπ®—¥‡ªìπ摇»…·≈–√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß≈¡„πƒ¥ŸÀπ“«¢Õß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢Õß∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫Õ“√å°µ‘° §«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“ßÕÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å‰¡à “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‰¥â ‡æ√“–®“°°“√µ√«®«—¥æ∫«à“Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢Õß·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„π

the surface of the volcanoûs aerosols, injected to the

lower stratosphere, leading to the increased concentra-

tions of chlorine in the form of active chemical by the

synthetic substances produced by human such as CFCs,

the eruption of the volcanoes like Mt. Agung (1963), Mt.

Furego (1974), Mt. El Chichon (1982) and Mt. Pinatubo

(1991), etc. The result from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo

enhanced the aerosol to increase the extended chemical

reaction. The impact from the nature depends on the

chlorine compounds in the atmosphere similar to the

clouds in the stratosphere at the polar. Because aerosol

will be depleted from stratosphere for 2-5 years, it will

affect ozone only for a short time and thus have no

impact in a long-term change. The measurement and

calculation have indicated the lower level of ozone

than usual during 1992-1993, a result of the eruption of

Mt. Pinatubo, and the increased amount of chlorine

during the 1990s, compared to that before the eruption.

2. When did the first ozone hole occur?çOzone hole over the Antarctica continent in spring

was a phenomenon of the early 1980s compared to

the past information since 1957.é

From 1980 on, the phenomenon of ozone hole

occurred during the 3-month period over Antarctica in

spring (September-November) with a reduction of ozone

value of up to 60%. The amount of ozone was not

declined much at the end of summer January-March.

The measurement of many stations and the satellite

near the Antarctica produced similar result. The mea-

surement of balloon representing the change in relative

with height showed the result as seen. Syowa station

(by Japan in the Antarctic continents) detected the

loss of ozone at some height where ozone depletion

exists during the spring of each year compared to the

normal ozone before 1980. Itûs cause is chlorine. Before

the stratosphere had been affected by chlorine and

bromine by man-made, the natural ozone level of the

Antarctica continent in spring was lower than that of

the Arctic by 30-40%. The difference of the two areas

by nature (found by Dobson) was from the excessive

cold it produced and the pattern of wind during winter

by the stratosphere of the Antarctica continent compared

67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:33 PM68

Page 73: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 69

00 5 10 15 20

10

20

30

°“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ ≥ ∂“π’ Syowa - ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°The decrease of ozone level in spring at Syowa station - the Antarctica continent

ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π (§«“¡°¥, ¡‘≈≈‘-ª“ §“≈)The amount of ozone (pression, milli-Pascal)

√–¥—∫

§«“¡

Ÿß (°

‘‚≈‡¡

µ√)

Hei

ght L

evel

(ki

lom

eter

)

°àÕπ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π §.». 1966-1980

Before the ozone hole (1966-1980)

™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π§.». 1991-1997

During the ozone hole (1991-1997)

™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– Ozone Layer æ√âÕ¡· ¥ß√–¥—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘

Atmosphere and Ozone Layer with the level of temperature

ƒ¥ŸÀ𓫉¡à¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß °àÕπ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π„π·µà≈–ªï„π‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¥àπ™—¥§◊Õ “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π∑’Ë —߇§√“–Àå¢÷È𠇪ì𠓇Àµÿ¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠À“¬‰ª¢Õß‚Õ‚´π„πÀ≈“¬ªï∑’˺à“π¡“

3. ∑”‰¡√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° ‡¡◊ËÕ CFCs·≈– Halon à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°ª≈àÕ¬„π´’°‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ?

∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡’°“√À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π‚¥¬≈¡√Õ∫‚≈° °ä“´∑’Ë∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π®–º ¡°—∫Õ“°“»∑’ËÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π‰ª‚¥¬∑—Ë«∫√√¬“°“» √«¡∑—Èß·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°¥â«¬ ‰¡à¢÷Èπ°—∫«à“·À≈àߪ≈àÕ¬Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë„¥ ¢÷Èπ°—∫‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢«à“°ä“´‡À≈à“π—Èπ®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°¡“°°«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫∑’ËÕ◊Ëπ

°“√ª≈àÕ¬´’‡Õø´’·≈–Œ“≈Õπ ( “√ª√–°Õ∫‚∫√¡’π) à«π¡“°‡°‘¥∫√‘‡«≥ ’°‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ ª√–¡“≥ 90% ¡“®“°¬ÿ‚√ª√— ‡´’¬ ≠’˪ÿÉπ ·≈–Õ‡¡√‘°“‡Àπ◊Õ °ä“´æ«°´’‡Õø´’·≈–Œ“≈Õπ‰¡à≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”·≈–‰¡à∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®–§≈ÿ°‡§≈â“„π∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ≈à“ß¿“¬„π 1-2 ªï ·≈–®–¢÷Èπ‰ª°—∫Õ“°“»∂÷ß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ√âÕπ ÷ËßÕ“°“»‡∫“µ—«®÷ß≈Õ¬µ—«¢÷Èπ ·≈–≈¡æ—¥Õ“°“»‡À≈à“π’ȉª¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈°∑—È߇Àπ◊Õ·≈–„µâ ¥—ßπ—ÈπÕ“°“»µ≈Õ¥™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑—Ë«‚≈°®÷ß¡’ à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õߧ≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π ∫√‘‡«≥´’°‚≈°„µâ ¢—È«‚≈°¡’ à«π¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑«’ª

with those of the Arctic. The meteorological change in

stratosphere could not explain ozone hole since from

the measurement it was found that the temperature of

stratosphere in winter was unchanged before ozone

hole occurred annually in September. In contrast, what

prominent was chlorine chemicals and bromine

synthesized, causing ozone depletion during the past years.

3. Why does ozone hole occur at the Antarcticacontinent while CFCs and Halon are mostly releasedin the northern hemisphere?

çThe Earthûs atmosphere circulates around the world.

Gases destroying ozone are mixed with the air circulating

in the atmosphere, including Antarctica, which does

not depend on where the release of source is but on

those gases which have more destroying impact at the

Antarctic than any other places.é

The release of CFCs and Halon (bromine com-

pounds) occurs mostly over the northern hemisphere.

Approximate release of 90% is from Europe, Russia, Ja-

pan, and the North America. Those of CFCs and Halon

arenût dissolved in water and wonût cause any reaction,

but they will remain in the lower atmosphere within 1-2

years and bu i ld up to s t ratosphere in the

tropical regions where the lighter air is floating and

wind blows them to both nor th and south

polar. The air of the entire stratosphere around the

world, therefore, has chlorine and bromine as compo-

nents. For the south polar, it contains a massive area of

the Antarctica continent, surrounded by oceans and

being symmetric, thus, causing a very cold air during

winter of the stratosphere over the continent. As the air

divided by the circulatory winds around the edge of

the continent, the temperature is very low, leading to

the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, inducing the

chemical change, enhancing the activation of chlorine

and bromine and the rapid destruction of ozone layer.

Each year when the sun returns in September-October,

the result is the production of Antarctic Ozone Hole.

The illustration presents the expanded ozone hole

through the 1980s. It was the result of the increase of

substances destroying ozone in the atmosphere. Unlike

the Antarctica, the temperature of the Arctic is not very

67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:33 PM69

Page 74: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

70 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

1979

≈—°…≥–°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õß√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´πThe pattern of ozone holeûs expansion

1986

1991 1996

·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°∑’Ë°«â“ß„À≠à≈âÕ¡√Õ∫¥â«¬¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ·≈–°“√¡’≈—°…≥– ¡¡“µ√π’È∑”„À⃥ŸÀπ“«¡’Õ“°“»‡¬Áπ®—¥„π™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª ‡æ√“–Õ“°“»∂Ÿ°·¬° à«π‚¥¬≈¡∑’ËÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π√Õ∫¢Õ∫∑«’ª®÷ß¡’Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’˵˔¡“° ∑”„À⇰‘¥‡¡¶„π™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√増ȫ‚≈° (Polar stratospheric clouds) ÷Ëßπ”¡“´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑“߇§¡’ à߇ √‘¡„Àâ§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚§√ß √â“ß·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ‡¡◊ËÕ∑«’ª‰¥â√—∫· ß·¥¥„π‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-µÿ≈“§¡„π·µà≈–ªï º≈§◊Õ‡°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° (Antarctic Ozone Hole)

√Ÿª· ¥ß¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë°«â“ߢ÷Èπµ≈Õ¥∑»«√√…∑’Ë1980s ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ„π∫√√¬“°“» ¿“«–¢Õß∑«’ªÕ“√å°µ‘°‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π‡æ√“–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„πƒ¥ŸÀπ“«™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢ÕßÕ“√å°µ‘°‰¡àµË”¡“°µ‘¥µàÕ°—πÀ≈“¬ —ª¥“À凙àπ„π¢—È«‚≈°„µâ ‚Õ‚´π®÷ß≈¥≈ßπâÕ¬°«à“ ·≈–¬—߉¡à∂÷߇°≥±å∑’ˇ√’¬°√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π (‡°≥±å§◊Õ <220 Dobson Unit„π‡¢µ¢—È«‚≈°)

4. °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à?

°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡æ√“–«à“‚Õ‚´π‡ªìπµ—«¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ

¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åª≈àÕ¬√—ß ’À√◊Õæ≈—ßß“π„π™à«ß°«â“ß √«¡∑—Èß∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µæ≈—ßß“π Ÿß¥â«¬ ª√–¡“≥ 2%∫“ß à«π§◊Õ UV-B* ∑’Ë¡’‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕ¡πÿ…¬å·≈– ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ‡™àπ º‘«Àπ—߉À¡â‡°√’¬¡ ¡–‡√Áߺ‘«Àπ—ß ·≈–‚√§µ“ ª√‘¡“≥√—ß ’UV ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫µ”·Àπàß∑’˵—Èß∫πæ◊Èπ‚≈° ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“» ‡¡¶ ·≈–¡≈¿“«– π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√凙◊ËÕ«à“°“√‰¡à¡’‡¡¶À√◊Õ¡≈¿“«–„π¢≥–∑’Ë‚Õ‚´π Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª ∑”„Àâ√—ß ’ UV‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑’Ëæ◊Èπ‚≈° °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π¡“° ÿ¥„π√Õ∫ 15 ªï

low in consecutive weeks like that of Antarctica, so ozone

is depleted less and then it canût be called ozone hole.

(The criterion is <220 Dobson Unit in the polar region.

4. Does loss of ozone cause the increase ofultraviolet light at the surface?

çOzone depletion is expected to increase surface

UV levels because ozone absorbs UV light.é

The sun releases radiation or energy, including those

released in the form of high ultraviolet radiation, around

2%, horizontally. Some of these are UV-B* that are detri-

mental to human and living creatures, such as, skin

burnt, skin cancer, and eye diseases. The amount of UV

reception lies on the location of the Earthûs surface, the

amount of ozone in the atmosphere, clouds, and pollution.

Sciencetists believe that the disappearance of clouds

or pollution during ozone depletion will lead to increases

in surface UV. The higest depletion of ozone for the

past 15 years, observed in the Antarctica continent

during September-October when ozone hole occurred,

as well as the measurement of UV radiation and ozone

level in many stations, found that there was much more

UV light than the regular level in Sandiego, California,

where the sun is at its height with the horizontal column.

Where only small amount of ozone depletion occurs, it

is difficult to detect whether or not the UV-B increases,

particularly through the measurement of the trend of

UV-B radiation, which associated with the decline of

ozone. Itûs because of the complexity when clouds

around, the pollution, and the condition of equipment

used for many years, etc. Approximately at the end of

1980s the equipment available were not accurate enough

for measuring UV-B, so the information from old stations

with no specific use might be rarely trustworthy. Itûs

particularly true for the measurement of paralleling cloudûs

conditions or the absence of pollution. While the

measurement of stations away from the community

without pollution produces a high quality measure, the

reduction of ozone is then correlated with the rise of UV-B.

The illustration presents the measurement during

clear sky from 6 stations, showing that the reduced

ozone leads to the increase of UV-B.

67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:33 PM70

Page 75: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 71

∑’˺à“π¡“∑’Ëæ∫‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-µÿ≈“§¡ ∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´πæ√âÕ¡°—∫°“√µ√«®«—¥√—ß ’ UV °—∫‚Õ‚´πæ√âÕ¡°—π„πÀ≈“¬ ∂“π’æ∫«à“√—ß ’ UV ¡’¡“°‡°‘π√–¥—∫ª°µ‘„π‡¡◊Õß San Diego, California ´÷Ëߥ«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑”¡ÿ¡ Ÿ ß°—∫·π«√“∫„π∫√‘ ‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´ππâÕ¬ ‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–µ√«® Õ∫«à“ UV-B ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√µ√«®·π«‚πâ¡¢Õß√—ß ’ UV-B ∑’Ë —¡æ—π∏å°—∫‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë≈¥≈ß ‡æ√“–§«“¡´—∫´âÕπ„π°√≥’‡¡¶ ¡≈¿“«–·≈– ¿“«–¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπ‡«≈“À≈“¬ªï ‡ªìπµâπ √“«ª≈“¬∑»«√√… 1980 ¬—߉¡à§àÕ¬¡’‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕ߇∑’ˬߵ√ß ”À√—∫µ√«®«—¥ UV-B ¡“°π—° ¥—ßπ—Èπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ∂“π’„π‡¡◊Õß∑’ˇ°à“·°à ·≈–‰¡à„™à ”À√—∫„™â‡©æ“–¥â“πÕ“®∑”„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ‰¥â¬“° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√µ√«®§«∫§ŸàÀ“§«“¡µà“ߢÕß ¿“«–‡¡¶ À√◊Õ¡≈¿“«–¬—߉¡à§àÕ¬¡’ ¢≥–∑’Ë°“√µ√«®„π ∂“π’∑’ËÀà“߉°≈·À≈àß™ÿ¡™πª√“»®“°¡≈¿“«– ®–‡ªìπ°“√µ√«®§ÿ≥¿“æ Ÿß °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π®÷ß®– Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß UV-B

¿“æ· ¥ß°“√µ√«®«—¥∑’Ë¢≥–∑âÕßøÑ“·®à¡„ ®“° 6 ∂“π’· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë≈¥≈ß∑”„Àâ√—ß ’ UV-B ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ

5. °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à?°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߉¥âÀ≈“¬∑“ß

·µà‰¡à„™à “‡ÀµÿÀ≈—°‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¡¥ÿ≈Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß

‚≈° 2 ¥â“π §◊Õ°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®–∑”„Àâ∫√√¬“°“» µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åÕ∫Õÿàπ¢÷Èπ ·≈–¬—ߥŸ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ‘πø√“‡√¥∑’˪≈¥ª≈àÕ¬®“°º‘«‚≈° ‡ªìπ∑’ˇ°Á∫§«“¡√âÕπ®“°™—Èπ‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√å∑’Ë¥’ ¥—ßπ—Èπº≈°√–∑∫®“°§«“¡º—π·ª√‰ª¢Õß‚Õ‚´π ®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡ Ÿß∑’Ë¡—πÕ¬Ÿà ‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π‚¥¬¡πÿ…¬å

5. Does ozone depletion cause climate change?çOzone depletion causes climate change but it is

not a major factor.é

Ozone in the atmosphere has effects on the 2

sides of temperatureûs balance, that is, the absorption

of ultraviolet radiation, which will make the stratosphere

warmer, and the absorption of infrared radiation, emitted

from the Earthûs surface, which is a good confinement

of the heat from Troposphere. Therefore, the impact of

the variation of ozone depends on how high the ozone

is. The loss of ozone, as a result of chlorine and bromine-

containing gases caused by human at the lower strato-

sphere, leads to the cooler of the Earthûs surface. It is

expected, in contrast, that ozone will increase around

the surface or troposphere because the pollution in the

air warms the globe or greenhouse effect. To compare

the impacts of ozone change with other types of gases

in the atmosphere, doing the accurate calculation is

considered difficult. From the picture, the opaque graph

represents the temperature change while the transparent

one represents ozone change; it has found that the

increased CO2, generated by fuel burning such as coal,

fuel, and natural gas, causes the most changes to

climate. Currently, CO2 in the atmosphere increases

50% compared with 50 years ago. For other green-

house gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),

chlorofluorocarbon compounds, surface ozone (Tropo-

spheric ozone), atmospheric ozone (Stratospheric Ozone),

the graph represents the outcome. The climate change

in return has impacts to ozone layer as well because

ozone is influenced by meteorological conditions and

the change of components of atmosphere, caused by

the climate change. The more essence is the coldest

stratosphere, and it will remain still for a long time. It

stimulates the ozone depletion, particularly at the polar

region. The size and boundary of cooler air will cause

ozone to return to its balance state even more slowly.

6. Will ozone layer return to its normal state?If it does, when will that be?

çThe loss of ozone produced by chlorine compounds

and bromine synthesized by man made is expected to

gradually phase out by mid 21st century when such

67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:34 PM71

Page 76: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

72 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ä“´µà“ßÊ „π∫√√¬“°“»The climate change due to different gases in the atmosphere

°“√‡¬Áπ≈ßCooler

Relative Importance °“√√âÕπ¢÷ÈπHotter

§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥åCarbon dioxide

¡’‡∑πMethane

‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥åNitrous oxide

§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫ÕπChlorofluorocarbon

‚Õ‚´π„π‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√åTropospheric Ozone

‚Õ‚´π„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å/Stratospheric Ozone

„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åµÕπ≈à“ß∑”„À⺑«‚≈°‡¬Áπ≈ß „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—𧓥«à“‚Õ‚´π®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥º‘«æ◊ÈπÀ√◊Õ‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√å‡æ√“–«à“¡≈¿“«–„πÕ“°“»∑”„Àâ‚≈°Õÿàπ¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õª√“°Ø°“√≥å‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (Greenhouse Effect) °“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π°—∫°ä“´„π∫√√¬“°“»™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–§”π«≥‰¥â∂Ÿ°µâÕß ®“°√Ÿª °√“ø·∑àß∑÷∫·∑πÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ ·∑àß ’¢“«·∑𧫓¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´πæ∫«à“ CO2 ∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¡“° ÿ¥ ´÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßµà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ∂à“πÀ‘π πÈ”¡—π ·≈–°ä“´∏√√¡™“µ‘ ªí®®ÿ∫—π CO2 „π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 30% ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ 50 ªï°àÕπ °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ◊ËπÊ ¡’º≈¥—ß°√“ø ‡™àπ ¡’‡∑π(CH4) ‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å (N2O) “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√-§“√å∫Õπ (CFCs) ‚Õ‚´πº‘«æ◊Èπ (Tropospheric Ozone)‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“» µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å (Stratospheric Ozone)„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈°°Á¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π‡™àπ°—π ‡æ√“–‚Õ‚´π‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¿“«–∑“ßÕÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ ·≈–‚¥¬§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßÕߧåª√–°Õ∫„π∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë ‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‘Ëß ”§—≠§◊Õ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑’ˇ¬Áπ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈–¬—ߧ߇ªìπ‡™àππ’ȇªìπ‡«≈“π“𠇪ìπ ‘Ëß°√–µÿâπ°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡¢µ¢—È«‚≈° „πªí®®ÿ∫—π¢π“¥·≈–¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õß°“√‡¬Áπ≈ß ®–∑”„Àâ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π°≈—∫§◊π ¿“æ‡¥‘¡™â“ÕÕ°‰ªÕ’°

6. ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π®–°≈—∫§◊π ¿“æÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ∂â“°≈—∫§◊π®–‡ªìπ‡¡◊ËÕ„¥?

°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å —߇§√“–Àå¢÷È𠧓¥«à“®–§àÕ¬Ê À“¬‰ªª√–¡“≥°≈“ß»µ«√√…∑’Ë 21 ‡¡◊ËÕ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡À≈à“π’ȧàÕ¬Ê À“¬‰ª®“°∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘

§«“¡ ”‡√Á®Õ—ππ’ȇ°‘¥®“°¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„π°“√À¬ÿ¥º≈‘µ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ßÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡∑’Ë®–™à«¬„Àâª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√øóôπøŸ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π‰¥â ¥â«¬°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë ”§—≠Ê ‚¥¬¬àÕ ¥—ßπ’È

compounds slowly disappear from the atmosphere by

natural process.é

The success came from the agreement among

international nations on the discontinued production

and use of ozone-destroying substances. The full

compliance to the agreement will contribute to the

success of recovery of ozone layer through various

implementations. The main actions are summarized as

follows:

1981 Deep understanding of the capacity of chlorine

and bromine in relative to ozone depletion

1985 The adoption of the Vienna Convention for

the protection of the ozone layer

1987 The existing of Montreal Protocol on phase

out of substances that deplete the ozone layer

1990 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting

substances were amended in London (London Amend-

ment) to discontinue producing and use of ozone-de-

stroying substances (CFCs, Halons) by year 2000 among

the developed nation and 2010 among the developing

countries and added controlling measures on other sub-

stances, that is, CCl4 by year 2000 and Methyl Chloro-

form by year 2005 in the developed countries. Nowadays

136 members, including Thailand, ratified the amendment.

1992 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet-

ing substances were amended in Copenhagen

(Copenhagen amendment) by changing the time of

discontinuing production and use of ozone-depleting

substances to be enforced earlier from year 2000 to be

1995 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet-

ing substances were amended at Vienna (Vienna Amend-

ment) concerning other additional articles such as the

10-years permission extended to the developed nations

in adoption under the commitment of controlled sub-

stances of CFCs, Halons, CCl4, and Methyl Chloroform,

including the use of Methyl Bromide amount on the

basis of the figure of 1994.

1997 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet-

ing substances were amended in Montreal (Montreal

Amendment) concerning other additional articles such

as the control of Methyl Bromide to reduce by 25%,

50%, 75% and 100% within 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005

respectively for developed nations. For developing

67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:34 PM72

Page 77: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 73

™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– Ozone Layer/

Atmosphere and Ozone Layer

ªï §.». 1981 ¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®Õ¬à“ß≈÷°´÷Èß∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õߧ≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π„π°“√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π

ªï §.». 1985 ¡’Õπÿ —≠≠“‡«’¬ππ“ ”À√—∫æ‘∑—°…å™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π(Vienna Convention)

ªï §.». 1987 ¡’æ‘∏’ “√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈«à“¥â«¬°“√‡≈‘°„™â “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π (Montreal Protocol)

ªï §.». 1990 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿß≈Õπ¥Õπ (London Amendment)„Àâ¡’°“√‡≈‘°º≈‘µ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π (CFCs, Halons)¿“¬„πªï §.». 2000 „πª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ ·≈–ªï §.». 2010 „πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√µ—«Õ◊Ëπ§◊ÕCCl4 ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2000 ·≈– ‡¡∏‘≈ §≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ ¿“¬„πªï§.». 2005 „πª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’ ¡“™‘°„Àâ —µ¬“∫—π·≈â«®”π«π 136 ª√–‡∑» √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬

ªï §.». 1992 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿß‚§‡ªπ‡Œ‡°π (Copenhagen Amend-ment) ‚¥¬‡ª≈’ˬπ‡«≈“‡≈‘°º≈‘µ ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π„Àâ‡√Á«¢÷Èπ ®“°ªï §.». 2000 ‡ªìπ §.». 1996 ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“‡æ‘Ë¡ “√§«∫§ÿ¡‰Œ‚¥√‚∫√‚¡ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HBFCs) ·≈–‰Œ‚¥√§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HCFCs) “√∑¥·∑π™—Ë«§√“« ÷Ëß¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πµË” √«¡∑—Èß ‡¡∏‘≈‚∫√‰¡µå ‡¢â“‰ª¥â«¬ ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’ ¡“™‘°„Àâ —µ¬“∫—π·≈â«®”π«π101 ª√–‡∑» √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬

ªï §.». 1995 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿ߇«’¬ππ“ (Vienna Amendment)‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °”Àπ¥√–¬–‡«≈“ºàÕπº—π 10 ªï„Àâª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡æ—π∏°√≥’¢Õß “√§«∫§ÿ¡°≈ÿà¡ “√ CFCs Halons CCl4 ·≈– ‡¡∏‘≈ §≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ √«¡∂÷ß„Àâ„™âª√‘¡“≥ Methyl Bromide µ“¡µ—«‡≈¢ªï §.». 1994‡ªìπ‡°≥±å

ªï §.». 1997 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ π§√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈ (Montreal Amendment)‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™àπ °“√§«∫§ÿ¡ ‡¡∏‘≈ ‚∫√‰¡µå „Àâ≈¥≈ß 25% 50% 75% 100% ¿“¬„πªï 1999, 2001, 2003 ·≈–2005 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ „Àâ≈¥≈ß 20% ·≈–100% „πªï §.». 2005 ·≈– 2015 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ „πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“

ªï §.». 1999 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿßªí°°‘Ëß (Beijing Amendment) ‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ◊ËπÊ ‡™à𠧫∫§ÿ¡ “√‚∫√‚¡§≈Õ‚√¡’‡∑π ·≈–‰Œ‚¥√§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ

§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π‡√‘Ë¡≈¥≈ß„πªï §.». 1995 ‡æ√“–«à“µâÕß„™â‡«≈“ 3-6 ªï „π°“√§≈ÿ°‡§≈â“°—∫Õ“°“»∑’˺‘«æ◊Èπ ·≈–¢÷Èπ‰ª

nations, the reduction of 20% and 100% were applied

by 2005 and 2015 respectively.

1999 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting

substances were amended in Beijing (Beijing Amend-

ment) concerning other additional articles such as the

control of bromochloromethane and hydrochlorofluoro-

carbon.

Chlorine and bromine declined in 1995 as it took

3-6 years to have mixed them with the surface air and

drifted into the atmosphere. Then, chlorine remained

stable and gradually reduced. With full compliance

with the agreement, it will revive the ozone layer to its

normal state by mid 21st century. Compared with the

rapid depletion of CFCs, the recovery slowly takes place

as it takes the natural process to decompose chlorine

and bromine from the atmosphere. The approximate

duration time of CFCs ranges 50 years to many hundred

years. However, the future of ozone layer lies on many

factors apart from chlorine and bromine compounds,

such as methane, nitrous oxide, atomic sulfate in

conjunction with the climate change. Ozone, conse-

quently, will not be the same as pre-1980s. However,

the finding of ozone loss and agreements will help

preserve and prevent the problems that may occur.

The picture shows previous amount of chlorine and

bromine and projected outcome. If the Montreal

Protocol and other resolutions hadnût been established,

CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances would have

been increased in the atmosphere. The amount of

67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:34 PM73

Page 78: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

74 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

*æ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬åπ—Èπ‡¥‘π∑“ß¡“¬—ß‚≈°„π√Ÿª¢Õß√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ À√◊Õ √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’ (UV) ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬°—π “¡™π‘¥ §◊Õ ™π‘¥‡Õ (UVA) ™π‘¥∫’ (UVB) ·≈–

™π‘¥´’ (UVC) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’π’È¡’¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“ 10.00-16.00 π. √—ß ’Õÿ≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π∑’Ë„π√Ÿª§≈◊Ëπ·¡à‡À≈Á°‰øøÑ“ ‰¡à “¡“√∂¡Õߥ⫬µ“ √—ß ’

¬Ÿ«’-‡Õ (UV-A) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’Ë¡’æ≈—ßß“πµË” ‰¡à∑”„À⇰‘¥º‘«‰À¡â„π√–¬– —Èπ ·µà¡’º≈‡ ’¬µàÕº‘«„π√–¬–¬“« ‡æ√“– “¡“√∂∑–≈ÿºà“π‡¢â“∂÷ߺ‘«™—ÈπÀπ—ß·∑â (Dermis) °àÕ„À⇰‘¥

Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–∑”≈“¬º‘« πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߇¢â“‰ª∑”≈“¬‡ âπ„¬§Õ≈≈“‡®π·≈–Õ’≈“ µ‘π ´÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’˧ߧ«“¡°√–™—∫ ·≈–¬◊¥À¬ÿàπº‘«„Àâ≈¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ≈ß ·≈–¬—ßÕ“® àߺ≈

µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß∑’˺‘«Àπ—߉¥â √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’ (UV-B) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’Ë¡’æ≈—ßß“π Ÿß ¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢Õß· ß Ÿß ÿ¥„πµÕπ‡∑’ˬ߫—π ·≈–™à«ß‡«≈“„πƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“»√âÕπ®—¥ √—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’

“¡“√∂ àÕßµ√ß∑”≈“¬º‘«™—ÈπÀπ—ß°”æ√â“ (Epidermis) ´÷Ë߇ªìπº‘«™—Èπ∫π ÿ¥ ∑”„À⺑«‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ ’‡¢â¡¢÷Èπ‡°‘¥§«“¡À¡Õߧ≈È” ®ÿ¥¥à“ߥ”·≈–ΩÑ“‰¥â ´÷Ëß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß

‡À≈à“π’ȇ°‘¥®“°‡´≈≈å∑’Ë™◊ËÕ ‡¡≈“‚π‰´¥å (Melanocyte) ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™—Èπ≈à“ß ÿ¥¢Õß™—ÈπÀπ—ß°”æ√â“ ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë √â“߇¡Á¥ ’∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ ‡¡≈“π‘π (Melanin) ´÷Ë߇ªìπµ—«°”Àπ¥

’º‘«¢Õß·µà≈–§π„Àâ·µ°µà“ß°—π ‡¡◊ËÕº‘«‰¥â√—∫√—ß ’π’ÈÕ¬Ÿà‡ªìπª√–®”°Á®–‡°‘¥°“√°√–µÿâπ„Àâ √â“߇¡≈“π‘π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ®÷ß àߺ≈„Àâ ’º‘«§≈È”¡“°¢÷Èπ πÕ°®“°π’È√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’¬—ß

Õ“®‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ„À⇰‘¥¡–‡√Áߺ‘«Àπ—߉¥â‡™àπ°—π√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-´’ (UV-C) ‡ªìπ√—ß ’∑’ËÕ—πµ√“¬µàÕº‘«¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·µà¬—߉¡à “¡“√∂∑–≈ÿºà“π™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π≈ß¡“∂÷ߺ‘«‚≈°‰¥â

*Energy of the Sun reaches the Earth in the form of ultra violet radiation or what is called UV, which is composed of 3 types, that is, UVA,

UVB, and UVC. The most concentration of UV is during 10.00-6.00. Ultra violet is electric wave, invisible to human eyes. UV-A is a low energy

radiation. It has no impact on the human skin in a short term, but it causes sunburn on human skin in a long period of time because it can

penetrate the skin at the Dermis level, producing free radicals which can damage skin. Besides, it also damages collagen and elastin, mechanism

for fitness and elasticity of the skin to be less effective, and causes skin cancer as well.

UV-B is a high energetic radiation, with its most intensity at midday and during the hot summer. With direct exposure to UV-B, it can directly

damage the epidermis, an outer layer of skin, causing darker color of skin, spots, and scum. Such changes are the result of the cell, called

Melanocyte, a cell at the lowest level of the epidermis, producing pigment called melanin, the primary determinant of different human skin color.

When the skin is constantly exposed to this radiation, it stimulates creation of more melanin, leading to the darker skin. UV-B, in addition, is also

another cause of skin cancer. UV-C is the most harmful radiation to the skin, but still it is unable to pass through the ozone to the Earthûs surface.

Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°√¡Õÿµÿπ‘¬¡«‘∑¬“ www.tmd.go.th

„π∫√√¬“°“» ®“°π—Èπª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π®–‡√‘Ë¡§ß∑’Ë·≈–≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ¥â«¬°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ßÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»°≈—∫§◊π¡“„π ¿“æª°µ‘ª√–¡“≥°≈“ß»µ«√√…∑’Ë 21 °“√°≈—∫§◊πÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°“√∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«‚¥¬ CFCs ‡æ√“–µâÕßÕ“»—¬‡«≈“„π°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘∑’Ë®– ≈“¬§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π®“°∫√√¬“°“» Õ“¬ÿ¢Õß CFCs à«π¡“°Õ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß 50∂÷ßÀ≈“¬√âÕ¬ªï Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡Õ𓧵¢Õß™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π¬—ߢ÷Èπ°—∫Õߧåª√–°Õ∫Õ◊ËππÕ°®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π¥â«¬‡™àπ ¡’‡∑π ‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å Õπÿ¿“§´—≈‡øµ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈° ‡Àµÿπ’È™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ®–‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫™à«ß°àÕπ∑»«√√… 1980 π—° ‰¡à«à“®–Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡°“√§âπæ∫≈—°…≥–°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª‚Õ‚´π·≈–¢âÕµ°≈ßµà“ßÊ ®–™à«¬„Àâ°“√√—°…“·≈–ªÑÕß°—πªí≠À“∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â √Ÿª· ¥ßª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π„πÕ¥’µ·≈–°“√ª√–‡¡‘π·π«‚πâ¡∑”π“¬º≈À“°‰¡à¡’æ‘∏’ “√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈·≈–°“√·°â‰¢µà“ßÊ ·≈â«CFCs ·≈– “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πÕ◊ËπÊ ®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π∫√√¬“°“»ª√‘¡“≥ §≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ªï §.». 1980 ®–‡ªìπ 10 ‡∑à“ª√–¡“≥„πªï §.». 2050 µ√ß°—π¢â“¡°“√¡’¢âÕµ°≈ßµà“ßÊ ®–„Àâº≈°“√ª≈àÕ¬ “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡‡ âπª√– ¥—ß√Ÿª

chlorine and bromine in 2050 would have been 10

times of those in 1980. The agreements will direct the

release of ozone-depleting substances as the dashed

line of the picture.

20

15

10

5

01980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

ªï/Year

º≈®“°¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»µàÕ°“√≈¥·≈–‡≈‘°„™â “√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π

The outcome of the international agreement on the reduction and discontinuation the use of ozone-destroying substances

À“°‰¡à¡’æ‘∏’ “√If the Protocol

non-existed

¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕπ Montreal

1987

≈Õπ¥ÕπLondon1990

‡«’¬ππ“Vienna1995‚§‡ªπ‡Œ‡°π

Copenhagen 1992

¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈Montreal 1997

ª√‘¡“

≥∑’Ë¡

’Õ¬Ÿà (

à«πµàÕ

æ—π≈â“

π à«π

)Ex

isten

t am

ount

(1:

1,00

0 m

illio

n ra

tio)

Reference1. Information from the Meteorology Department

www.tmd.go.th

67-74/“¬¥Ë«π’‡¢’¬« 23/12/05, 2:35 PM74

Page 79: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 75

World Watch Institute, a well-known agency for the environment of the United States, reported that since

1980 12,000 weather-related disasters occurred around the world, causing a total of 1.3 trillion USD in the

worldûs economic losses.

Average annual economic losses from such events have been $ 26,000 million in the 1980s, but the total

cost of such disasters has risen to $ 104,000 million and only the disaster-specific-Hurricane Katerina-cost have

been up to $ 200,000 million.

World Watch Institute still warned that if the world consumes the fossil fuel at this increasing rate and

continuously destroys the natural resources and environment fundamental, the confrontation with the severity

of storms and the same catastrophe currently experienced is unavoidable.

While the weather-related scientists all have the consensus that the climate change from global warming

is a major factor to have caused the increased intensity of the Hurricane Katrina (measured by the wind speed

and the duration of its occurrence) since such storm has accumulated more power.

During the last 30 years, the power released by the hurricane around the world was on average increasing

approximately 70% or an equivalent of 15% increase of the speed and approximate 60% increase of the long-

time occurrence of the storm.

In addition, the need of economic growth not only leads to the expansion of production and consumption

activity, it also devastates the number of fundamental of natural resources constantly in every part of the world

aiming at the extent of the economic development capacity. For example, the deforestation of the coastal

forest, mangrove forest, and sand dune used to be storm barrier have been carried out for tourist areas.

Hurricane Katerina, The Lesson Thai People should Concern (Khao Sod Newspaper, 12 October 2005)

ÀâÕß¢à“« ‚¥¬ : “¬¢à“«

Environment News by : News Line Team

∂“∫—π World Watch ÷Ë߇ªìπÀπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë¡’™◊ËÕ‡ ’¬ß∑“ߥâ“π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¢ÕßÕ‡¡√‘°“ √“¬ß“π«à“ π—∫µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1980¡’¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑—Ë«‚≈°√«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ 12,000 §√—Èß √â“ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„Àâ·°à‡»√…∞°‘®‚≈°√«¡∑—Èß ‘Èπ1.3 ≈â“π≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ

‚¥¬„π∑»«√√… 1980 §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 26,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ/ªï „πªï §.». 2004 §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬°≈—∫¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 104,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ ·≈–‡©æ“–§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« Ÿß∂÷ß200,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ

∂“∫—π World Watch ¬—߇µ◊Õπ«à“ À“°‚≈°‡√“¬—ߧߡ’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π®“°·À≈àßøÕ ‘≈„πÕ—µ√“∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ·∫∫π’È ·≈–∑”≈“¬∞“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß °“√º®≠°—∫§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß擬ÿ·≈–‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„π√–¥—∫‡¥’¬«°—∫‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“ ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’ËÀ≈’°‡≈’ˬ߉¡à‰¥â

„π¢≥–∑’Ëπ—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â“π¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» °Á¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπµ√ß°—π«à“ °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕ𠇪ìπªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„Àâ擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∑’ˇ°‘¥„𻵫√√…π’È¡’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ («—¥∑’˧«“¡‡√Á«≈¡·≈–§«“¡¬“«π“π¢Õß™à«ß‡«≈“∑’ˇ°‘¥) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°æ“¬ÿ¥—ß°≈à“«¡’°“√ – ¡æ≈—ßß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ

‚¥¬„π√Õ∫ 30 ªï∑’˺à“π¡“æ∫«à“ æ≈—ßß“π∑’˪≈àÕ¬®“°æ“¬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∑—Ë«‚≈° ¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 70% À√◊Õ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 15% ·≈–§«“¡¬“«π“π¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥æ“¬ÿ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 60%

πÕ°®“°π’È §«“¡µâÕß°“√°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àâ¡’°“√¢¬“¬°‘®°√√¡∑“ߥâ“π°“√º≈‘µ·≈–∫√‘‚¿§ÕÕ°‰ª·≈â« ¬—ß¡’°“√∑”≈“¬∞“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“° ·≈–Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß„π∑ÿ°¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§¢Õß‚≈°∑—Èßπ’È ‡æ◊ËÕ¢¬“¬¢’¥®”°—¥„π°“√æ—≤π“∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘®ÕÕ°‰ª ‡™àπ °“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‰¡â™“¬Ωíòß ªÉ“™“¬‡≈π —π∑√“¬ ∑’Ë·µà‡¥‘¡‡§¬∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ·π«°—π™π擬ÿµà“ßÊ „À⇪ìπæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«

‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√’π“ ∫∑‡√’¬π∑’˧π‰∑¬§«√„ à„®(Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æå¢à“« ¥ «—π∑’Ë 12 µÿ≈“§¡ 2548)

75-78/ÀÈÕߢ˓« 22/12/05, 6:33 PM75

Page 80: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

76 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

The Environment and Human Security Institute, the United Nations University, revealed the report on

October 11th that the worsening environment may have caused the approximate 50 million of world population

to mitigate their own settlement by 2010 due to droughts, the increase of sea level, flood and storms, which

are linked to the rise of global temperature affecting hundred millions of the world population.

Mr. Janos Bogardi, the head of the Institution in Bonn, Germany, warned those involved preparing to

handle the existing situation as it was estimated the environment based immigrants of about 50 million, who

could be people in Ukraine or Italy, and the worst was the expected number of up to 1,000 million immigrants.

However, Mr.Bogardi expected that 20 million people are threatening by the natural disasters caused by

the destruction of the environment, ranging from the agricultural problem to contaminated toxic water

problem. Such problems have already affected millions of people in the Sub-Sahara Africa, India and Asia.

The Institute is demanding for the acceptance of the status of the environment-related immigrants,

meaning that, people who immigrate from their settlement due to worsening environment should be supported

in terms of food, equipment, home, health care, and being accepted as the same refugees who immigrated

for the reason of politics, war or abuse. (Reuter)

Worsening Environment, 50 million people Immigrating(Matichon Newspaper, 12 October 2005)

‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡≈«√⓬∑”§π 50 ≈â“π¬â“¬∂‘Ëπ(Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ塵‘™π «—π∑’Ë 12 µÿ≈“§¡ 2548)

∂“∫—π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈–§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ Àª√–™“™“µ‘ ‡º¬√“¬ß“π‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 11 µÿ≈“§¡ √–∫ÿ«à“ ¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇ≈«√⓬≈߇√◊ËÕ¬Ê Õ“®®–∑”„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°√“« 50 ≈â“π§π µâÕßÕæ¬æ®“°∂‘Ëπ∞“π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¢Õßµ—«‡Õß¿“¬„πªï æ.». 2553 Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß °“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”∑–‡≈ °“√‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡·≈–擬ÿ ÷Ë߇°’ˬ«‚¬ß°—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘‚≈°∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ®π∑”„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°π—∫√âÕ¬≈â“π§π‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫

𓬮“πÕ ‚∫°“√奒 À—«Àπâ“ ∂“∫—π„π‡¡◊Õß∫Õππå ª√–‡∑»‡¬Õ√¡π’ ‰¥âÕÕ°¡“‡µ◊Õπ„Àâ∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬‡µ√’¬¡√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡æ√“–§“¥«à“Õ“®®–¡’ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ√“« 50 ≈â“π§π ÷ËßÕ“®®–‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èߪ√–™“°√„π¬Ÿ‡§√πÀ√◊ÕÕ‘µ“≈’ ·≈–À“°‡≈«√⓬∑’Ë ÿ¥°Á®–¡’ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡“°∂÷ßæ—π≈â“π§π∑’‡¥’¬«

°√–π—Èπ°Áµ“¡ ‚∫°“√奒§“¥«à“¡’ª√–™“°√√“« 20 ≈â“π§π ∑’Ë°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘√ÿ°√“πÕ¬ŸàÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°ªí≠À“∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√∑”≈“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ π—∫µ—Èß·µàªí≠À“‡√◊ËÕß°“√∑”°“√‡°…µ√‰ª®π∂÷ߪí≠À“¿“«–πÈ”‡ªìπæ‘… ´÷Ëߪí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕª√–™“°√π—∫≈â“π§π„π´—∫´“Œ“√“ ·Õø√‘°“ Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ·≈–‡Õ‡™’¬·≈â«

πÕ°®“°π’È ∑“ß ∂“∫—π¬—߇√’¬°√âÕß„Àâ¡’°“√¬Õ¡√—∫§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß ∂“π–¢ÕߺŸâ≈’È¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߪ√–™“™π∑’˵âÕßÕæ¬æÕÕ°®“°∂‘Ëπ∞“πÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“° ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇ≈«√⓬≈ß Õ—π‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈∑’˧«√‰¥â√—∫§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ¥â“πÕ“À“√‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ ∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬ °“√√—°…“欓∫“≈ ·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√¬Õ¡√—∫‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ºŸâ≈’È¿—¬∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß Àπ’¿—¬ ߧ√“¡À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°°¥¢’ˢࡇÀß (√Õ¬‡µÕ√å)

75-78/ÀÈÕߢ˓« 22/12/05, 6:33 PM76

Page 81: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 77

π“¬Õ‘ √– ‚™µ‘∫ÿ√°“√ Õ∏‘∫¥’°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ ‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ „π‡√Á«Ê π’È°√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡‡µ√’¬¡®–ª√–°“»‡æ‘Ë¡∫∑≈ß‚∑…‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’ˉ¡àªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡√–‡∫’¬∫¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫¢Õß°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë¡’ à«π‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑—Èß„π‡√◊ËÕß°“√°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °“√ª≈àÕ¬πÈ”‡ ’¬ ·≈–¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“» ®“°‡¥‘¡∑’Ë®–¡’‚∑…ª√—∫ Ÿß ÿ¥‡æ’¬ß10,000-20,000 ∫“∑ ‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ 200,000 ∫“∑ ·∑π æ√âÕ¡°—∫¬—ß®–µ—Èß√“ß«—≈„Àâ°—∫ºŸâ∑’Ë·®â߇∫“–· ¢Õß‚√ßß“π∑’Ë∑”º‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬25% ¢Õß®”π«π‡ß‘π∑’˪√—∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡„Àâ·°à™ÿ¡™π√Õ∫‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡·µà≈–·Ààß„π°“√µ√«® Õ∫‚√ßß“π

ç°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥™—¥‡®π«à“ À“°∑”º‘¥√–‡∫’¬∫Õ–‰√ ®–µâÕߪ√—∫®”π«π‡∑à“„¥ ÷Ëß‚∑… Ÿß ÿ¥§◊Õ°“√≈—°≈Õ∫°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ª√—∫∑—π∑’ 200,000 ∫“∑ ·≈–‚√ßß“ππ—ÈπÊ ®–µâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√·°â‰¢∑—π∑’ ¡‘‡™àππ—Èπ°Á®–¡’°“√„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬«—µ∂ÿÕ—πµ√“¬¡“∫—ߧ—∫„™â ∑’Ë®–¡’‚∑…®”§ÿ°Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 2 ªï ¡“‡Õ“º‘¥¥â«¬ ÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π‚√ßß“π∑’ˬ—ß∑”º‘¥√–‡∫’¬∫Õ¬Ÿàª√–¡“≥ 25% °Á§“¥«à“À≈—ß®“°∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡∫∑≈ß‚∑…·≈â« ®–∑”„Àâ¡’‚√ßß“π∑’˪ؑ∫—µ‘µ“¡√–‡∫’¬∫¡“°¢÷Èπ À√◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ°«à“ 99%é

π“¬Õ‘ √–°≈à“««à“ °àÕπ∑’Ë®–¡’°“√ÕÕ°µ√«®‚√ßß“π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»π—Èπ °√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–¡’°“√ àßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡«’¬π·®âß„Àâ·°à‚√ßß“π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»∑√“∫°àÕπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇫≈“„π°“√ª√—∫·°â„π à«π∑’ˬ—߉¡à∂Ÿ°√–‡∫’¬∫ À≈—ß®“°π—Èπª√–¡“≥ 1-2 ‡¥◊ÕπÀ≈—ß®“°π’È°Á “¡“√∂ÕÕ°µ√«®‚√ßß“π∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑»‰¥â‡≈¬ ‚¥¬°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–‡πâπ„π°“√µ√«®‚√ßß“π¢π“¥„À≠à·≈–„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑朷≈–ª√‘¡≥±≈ à«π‚√ßß“π„πµà“ß®—ßÀ«—¥π—Èπ∑“ߺŸâ«à“√“™°“√®—ßÀ«—¥·µà≈–®—ßÀ«—¥®–‡ªìπºŸâ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫

πÕ°®“°π’È °√–∑√«ßÕÿµ “À°√√¡¬—ß¡’π‚¬∫“¬„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡§à“∏√√¡‡π’¬¡„π°“√°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ÷Ëߢ≥–π’È°√¡‚√ßß“πœÕ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß°“√»÷°…“«à“®–µâÕߪ√—∫‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπÕ—µ√“‡∑à“„¥ °—∫°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ª√–‡¿∑„¥ √«¡‰ª∂÷ß°“√∑”≈“¬«à“µâÕß„™â«‘∏’∑”≈“¬¥â«¬°“√‰¡à„Àâ àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬Õ—µ√“§à“∫√‘°“√®–‰¡à‡∑à“°—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ°√¡‚√ßß“πœ µâÕß°”Àπ¥√“§“°≈“ßÕÕ°¡“ ‚¥¬√“§“°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√°”®—¥°“°œ ªí®®ÿ∫—π‡©≈’ˬ∑’Ë 1,000-4,000 ∫“∑/µ—π

çªí≠À“¢Õß°“√°”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡„π¢≥–π’È §◊Õ ¬—ß¡’‚√ßß“π∑’Ë√Ÿâ‡∑à“‰¡à∂÷ß°“√≥åπ”¢¬–‡À≈à“π’ȉª∑‘Èß„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√°√â“ß·≈–À≈ÿ¡Ωíòß°≈∫¢ÕßÕߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ à«πµ”∫≈ (Õ∫µ.) ´÷Ë߉¡à‰¥â¡“µ√∞“πµ“¡∑’Ë°√¡‚√ßß“πœ °”Àπ¥ ¥—ßπ—ÈπµâÕ߇√àß √â“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„® √«¡∂÷ß √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„®„Àâ°”®—¥°“°Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–‰¡à∑”≈“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡æ√“–‡√◊ËÕ߇À≈à“π’È®– àߺ≈µàÕÕ𓧵 ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» 130,000 ‚√ßß“π ¡’ª√‘¡“≥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡∑’˵âÕß°”®—¥ª√–¡“≥ 6.4 ≈â“πµ—π ·≈–®“°®”π«π‚√ßß“π°«à“ 1 · π·Ààßπ’È ·∫à߇ªìπ®”π«π 20,000 ‚√ßß“π ∑’Ë¡’°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡∑’Ë°”®—¥∑”≈“¬‰¥â¬“°é

‡æ‘Ë¡‚∑… √.ß. Õÿµœ ∑”≈“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ µ—Èß√“ß«—≈π”®—∫¥÷ß™ÿ¡™π Õ¥ àÕß(Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ塵‘™π «—π∑’Ë 2 惻®‘°“¬π 2548)

75-78/ÀÈÕߢ˓« 22/12/05, 6:33 PM77

Page 82: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

78 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

Mr.Issara Chottiburgarn, Director General of the Department of Industrial Works, revealed that the Ministry

of Industry would soon increase more penalties to the industrial plants that do not conform to the rules and

regulations of the Department of Industrial Works, particularly those who are involved with the environment in

terms of industrial residues disposal, polluted water release, and air pollution, from the highest penalty of 10,000

-20,000 Baht to 200,000 Baht. We also have the rewards for those who offer us the inside information of the

illegal plants, 25% of the fine to build engagement of each factories-neighboring community to help monitor

the factories.

çThe Department clearly defines which category of your illegal action falls into and how much penalty you

will be fined. The highest penalty is the smuggling of industrial residues disposal with the immediate fine of

200,000 Baht and that factory is required to resolve the problem immediately, otherwise the provision of

hazardous materials will be imposed, which penalizes at least 2-year imprisonment. Currently, 25% of the

factories involving illegal actions are expected to comply with the new law, thus, leading to more than 99%

increase of the factories complying to the regulations,é

Mr.Issara said, however, that before the audit of all factories around the country, the Department would

send circulating letter informing the factories over the country in advance for them to have time to correct

what doesnût apply to the rules. Around 1-2 months later we could then audit the factories nationwide. The

Department is aiming the audit of large factories both in Bangkok and its vicinity. For the factories outside

Bangkok, the Governor of each province will be responsible.

Mr.Issara said that in addition the Ministry of Industry is setting the policy of imposing more fee in industrial

residue disposal, which the Department is doing more study of how much fee will be increased for which type

of industrial residues in conjunction with the disposal method, which must not affect the environment. The

service fee charge for this is not the same, so the Department needs to set the average fee. The current

service fee for industrial residues disposal is 1,000-4,000 Baht per ton on average.

çThe problem of the current industrial residues disposal is some factories are benighted dumping such

waste in the depilated areas and the landfill facilities of the local administration are not up to the standard.

Therefore, the education and knowledge must be rapidly promoted as well as create more incentives for

correct, effective and environmental friendly method of

industrial residues disposal because such issue will

certainly impact the future, Mr.Issara saidé çAnd that

currently there are 130,000 factories over the country

and approximate 6.4 million tons of industrial residues

needed to be eliminated. Of these, 20,000 factories produce

industrial residues that are difficult to be disposed of.

Penalty Increased for Industrial Factories Damaging EnvironmentIncentive Reward for Community Watch Out(Matichon Newspaper, 2 November 2005)

75-78/ÀÈÕߢ˓« 22/12/05, 6:33 PM78

Page 83: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

79/Inside Back Cover 21/12/05, 9:09 AM79

Page 84: Greenline 17 Global Warmimg

80/Back Cover 21/12/05, 9:10 AM80