For snle by the Superintendent. Documents, U.S. Govenlment Print.ing Office Washington, D.(~. 20402 - Price $1.75

GREEKBASIC COURSE

Volun1e 1* , **** /) *** ... ****

~~*~

ij~';~llllllt~D ~~-~ t(~~

:\:\ri~~fJ

r

worlc ws compIIed nd pub. Iished wlth the support of the c. of EductIon, Deprtment of HeIth, Eduction nd WeIfre, United Sttes of AmerIc.

his

S. OBOLENSKY, . SAPOUNTZIS and . SAPOUNTZIS

FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTEWASHINGTON, D.C.

1967D

R

F

5

GREEK BASIC COURSE

FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE BASIC COURSE SERIESEdited by

LLOYD

.

SWIFT

ii

".GREEK BASIC COURSE

PREFACE

'reeI 8o.Ic Cur... oI..me , roviles introdu.ctory mterils moden Greek lr tle stlent lo wisles aclieve working commd tle lngllge cUl7'ently spoken by educated Greeks. Tle style is neitler entirely J_t/c (coUoquilJ strictly lorml. Tle Greek ortlogrply is used lrom tle beginnig so l tle student lens red lI Ie Ias leamed .

FS'

soken

Subsequent volumes are plnned carry tle stulent lurtler no tle grr_r nJ vocabulary soken Greek nJ to introduce grdully tle more _ spoken and wriuen lorms kown QS l'tlNo.a. used 10rm occsions by educated -Greeks and commonly encountered tle press.Tle

linguist

clrge lB

pro;ect is Serge Obolensky,

Clairmn tle Deprt.

ment

Near Estem nd Alrican Languages. Greek te"S Iave been provided by Pangiotis S. Spoutzis nJ Bps liki Sapountzis, lnguge instructors. Tleseulors collaborted 1e

writing, clssroom testing, revision and tpe recorrling tle entire volume, wlicl Mrs. Sapoutzis also typed. lomes C. BoBt reviewed tle Englisl portions tle te"t lr IJtyle and cL4rity e"pression.Tle accompnying e

recorrJings were f'rodu.ced tle FSI stlios unJer t"e

direction

Gary

lley.

lames R. Fritl, Den Sclool Languge Studies Foreign Service InstituteDeprtmen Stte

111

G REEK BASIC COURSETABLE OF CONTENTS

Pref'ace Introduct1on Un:1t1

. . . .. . ..... .... ........ ........... .......... . . . ....... . .. .... . .... . . .. 8.

111 x:ii1

Symbo18 UBed

Ba8ic Dialogue

2

Note

1.1

1

.3

1.4

1.5Unit2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Consonants . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Wr1t1ng systell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assimilat10n . .. . . . . . . .. . ... . . ... ..Vwels

Transcr1ption used

356 912

!' vwels

Bas i c

Dialp;us

8.

1 .3

Naatiw

14

Note

2.1

'18'.

'1sn't'.

'are'.

Palatal1zat100 Def'1n1te Art1cle AS81Jnilat1on Un1t 3 Bas1c D1alogue Narrat1veNt.e

!' vwels

.. . ....... . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . -.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'aren't'2122

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gender and agreementIndef'1n1te article Def'in1te art1cle-plural

3.1

242526

3.2 3.3

. . . .... . .. . ....... ..

4!1

Un1t 4

Ba8ic D1alogue Narrat1ve Note 4.1

. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ass:iJilatioo

)0

32

34 35 35

4.2

Personal prooouns Verb classes ~

i,v

G REEK BASIC COURSE

Imp. and Perf. stems Pres. tense, Class

. . . .... ...verbs

36 36

Pres. tense verb 'be' Unit 5 Basic Dialogue Narrative Note 5.1

..............

37

..... .. ....... . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. ... . . .. . . . ...Assimilation of vowels Assimilation of /s/ Cases Articles: Stress Declension Plural Noun: Accusative case Accusative case Accusative

41

45

. . ... .. . .. ...... . .... ....... ...............

47 47 474850 50

. . . . . . .... . ..... . . ...........

... ....................

51 51

Adjective:

Class 11 verbs Review (Units 1-5) Greek writing system Review Drills

......... .. .. .... . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ......................

5354

.. .. . ... . . . . .... ..... . ...

5862

'Polite' expressions

Narrative Unit 6

. ... . . . ....... . . ....... ... . . ..

64

65

Basic Dialogue

666971 71 71

Narrative. Note6.1

Class

6.1.1 Class6.1.2

Class Class Class Class

... ... . . ......... . ... verbs: Future. . ........ ..... . .. . . . ... verbs: Future continuous ....... ......... verbs: Simple Future ....... ........... verbs: Perfective stem forms ..............verbs: verbs: Persona:.endings Irregular perfective stem forms

72

7?73

Notation. Class

verbs:

Subjunctive

. . . . .. ... . .. ....... . ........ . . . .. .... .. .v

74 74

GREEK BASIC COURSE

6.7

Impersonal verb /prepi/.

75

6.86.8.16.9

Verb /br/ . ImpersOI1al use ! /bori/Use ! /kmos/

757676

6.11 Unit 7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Adjective /polis/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Expressions of Time

76 76

Basic Dialogue. Narrative Note 7.17.1 .1

uSB

Genitive case-articles.

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... .. .. ... . . .. .... ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .genitive case

8184

858687 87 90 90

7.1.2

Genitive case-nouns

1st and 2nd Declensions

. .. ... .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . ..

Irregular declens ion. 7.3

Adjectives: Adjectives:

Declension

.. . .. .. .. . .. ... . .. .. ..

/aft6s/,

/os/.

929293 93

7.57.6 7.77.8

Adjectives:Use of

/pOlis/

Imalista/.

Use ! /piyno/ Use of

/pueena/

94

Unit 8Basic Dialogue. ~arrati

97100103 103

Note 8.1

Possessive prononns

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ... ..

Personal pronouns used as direct and indirect objects Demonstra ti pronouns. /arts/, /ekin05/~nestion

.. .. . ... .. . .... . . .. ....... .

106107 108109

words.

~.1Se of

vero

/180/ 8

Unit 9Basic Dialogue. 113

Narrative

.. . .. . . .. . . ... . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .vi

,16

GREEK BASIC COURSE

ot 9.19.1 .1

3~ declensio neuter nouns 1n

/-ma/.

118 118

3!:~ declension nouns /to y6.1JJ./ and /to kreas/

Un1t

1

Ba81c D1alogue Narrat1ve.Nte 10.1

Verb 'be Class

10.2

10.310.4

S1Jple

Use ! verb /arO/

. . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... . ... .. .. .. . ... . . . . . .. . ......Past tense verb: Past tense personal endings.Past Use ! verb /kond!Jvo/ .. ..

,a,123 126 ,27 1271)0

0.5

1 )1

R81ev (Un1S

6 -

1 )

Dr:i1la. Narrat1ve Un1t.1

. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. ... . . .

,)4'37

Basic Dialog11e

Narrat1ve. Note 1,., , .211.3

. . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . . . . .. . . . .

140

Clas s

verb8

cont1nuous past

145,46 146

Past verb /iJxo/. .. .. Verb /erxOlM/

. . .. .. . . . ... . . . .. .. . ..

Un1t

,2

Ba81c D1alogue ..

Narrat1ve. Note 12.1,2.212.2.1

Vocative. Class

.. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .... . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . ..verbs:Iperati ve.

1 S.

'53

'SS156157

Perfect1ve Imperat1ve .. Cont1nu0U8 Imperat1V8 1JIIpersona1 verb /ny.zi/

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... .... . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ... .. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

157158

Un1t

1)D1al~e

Ba81c

Narrat1w. Nte

. . ..

16,163

'3.',).2

Class

verbs - Present

".

16S166

Future and .Bubjunct1ve continu0U8 tati.

vii

.. . . .. . . ... . . .. ....

166

G REEK BASIC COURSE

Unit 14 BasicDialo;ue

Narrative

. . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . ... .... . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . .3~2 declensin

169 171 173 173 174 175

14.1

Feminine nouns in !. i8114.1 .2 14.1.3 14.2 14.3 14.4

. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .- .. .

Feminine noW1S in -{a,

Feminine nus in I~tital Masculine nouns in Numerals atharevus4

. . . .. .. . .... . . .. . .. . -asl . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ..... . . ... . . .... . . .enings.

-4.oal

. . ... . .. . . . .. . ...

175175 176

case

Unit 15Basic Dialogue.

Narrative Note 15.1

. .. . . . . .. . . . . . ...Class

. . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . ..

181

185 187 1881

verbB:

Perfective stem fonn

15.1.1 15.2 15.3 15.).1 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7

Class 11 verbs: Class 11 verbs:~lass

5imple future and subjunct1ve 5imple Past Continuus

11 verbs:

Continuous Past in -ayal Irregular verb IVol

Thid declension neuter nouns in

Adjective: Indeclinable

Shittuns

!

. . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . I-on/ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . ....stress

past

199

1-89 190 19019C1'191

Review (Units 11 - 15).Jrills

.

195200

Narrat1ve.

Unit 16 Hasic Dialop:ue. Narrative Note 16.1

Aaverbs

Adverb1als16.3 16.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. . . ...... ..... . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . .. .. . . . . . .!

202

205 208 208 209210

tiJne

Ccnparat1ve.

..

Superlative.

v111

GREEK BASIC COURSE

Cond1t1onal Adject1ve:Un1t 17

. .. . . .katharewsa Muter [ iD /- n/

. . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .

210 211

Ba81c D1alogue. an-at1~

Note 17.117.2 17.3

Clas8 11 verb8:Decl1nable

ltemat1ve pertect1ve 8tID torm ! /lJlo/

. . . . .. .. . .... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .Ipel't1 ve

212

217 218 219

nUDlrals

UD1t

18

B81c D1alCJg\l8.

Rarrat1w Note 18.1

Pre8ent Pertect

Verb8 v1th pret1xe. .. 18.3

UD1t

l'19.1

Ba81c D1alogu.e Ilarrat1w

lote

Clu. 1111~.2 1

Clu8 111

19.2.2

Clas.

19.,

C1a8.

.. . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . ... . ... .. . ... ...... .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .... m . .. . . . .. . ... . ...Pl8t

220

223225 226 227

tense augent /e-/

230

233

Past P8rtect.

.---.--""

wrb

235

y1iM

Sten tornat1ve

sutt1xe.

235236 237

wrb

Pre8ent

n

ruture aad 8ubjunct1ve

wrb8

S1Jple

Future and Subjunct1"

19.3.2 Nta10n.1 80

:B881c

D1alc::-.

Nan-at1ve Note .20.120.1.1 20.1.2 20.1.3

Fonnat1on Cla8s 1

Class 11 Clus

.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ...... . .. . . ... . ... . ... .... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .... . . .. . . .. . . . .!

,.

21

243246 246

pertect1ve

BteJ

wrb

erb8.

246a47

erb8

1

GREEK BASIC COURSE

ote

20.2

Cla8s 111 verbs - 5iJnple Paa't.

247

Reviev CUnits 16 - 20)Dri1l.s

Narrat1ve Uni't. 21

. . . . . ... . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .

2$0

257

Ba81c Dialogue. Narrat1ve . .. .

2 S9

26t

Note

21.1

3!2US8

declensin

neuter uns 1 /-08/

2642~

21.2

!l/

". ..

Class

erb8

Use /ik6s/.~1't.

.. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . ... . .. . ..~

Inperat1ve.

.. . . . . . .' "

264

265

22

Ba81c Dialogue. Narrati.... .' - .. -. " . . . . .' .. . . . . . . _. .ote 22.1

267269271

Adjective& in /-1&/ c:aae

22.2

wrb8;

Prab1bit.1ve

22.322.4

Verb /1p4.rxo/ word

/rMJJdri!

. .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..... . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... ..... ...IJperat1Ye.~

~

"

-

-

Un1't.

a)

Ba8ic Dialogus. . Narrat1eNte 23.1

. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ._t.e8s.

.

271

276 278 280 280

Pa.st part1ciple -. _. Class 111 verbs Irregular pertect.1ve

'M1xed' conjugation .

Un1't. 24 Ba81c D1alogue.

.aea

Narrative Pret1x

/uana-/

.... . . ... . . . ... . . . .....

ae528

Presen't. active participle Un1't.2$

289

Bas1c D1a1o-. -.

291

GREEK BASIC COURSE

Note 25.1

0rd1nal8.

. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . ...

297

Rsvie (Un1t8 21 - 25)

Dr1U8

Narrat1v8Tel1ing

.. . .... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . ... . .. .....

)01 )03

~

305306

01088817'

1

GREEK BASIC COURSE

(

/'

),/

n

... n

,. .,.

\

'"'"GREECEInIernalional boundary IndefInile boundary DhIamerisma (RegIon) boundary National capitalms

s

@~

J

cenIer

Ra.Iroad Road

40 40

80 MiIes

"

i 80 Kilometers

xii

G REEK BASIC COURSE

INTRODUCTION Greek 1s the off1c1al language of the present day k1ngdom of Greece. than 95 percent of 1ts populat1on are nat1ve speakers of Greek. More

Other languages

spoken 1 Greece are those of small m1nor1t1es: Turk1sh. Bu1gar1an. Serb1an. Sephard1c (spoken ma1n1y 1 Thessa1on1k1 by the descendents of Jews former1y res1d1ng1

Spa1n and Portuga1). A1ban1an and some others.1

Outs1de the 11m1ts of Greece Greek 1s spoken

the ne1ghbor1ng 1s1ands.

such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey). Cyprus. as we11 as 1 surround1ng countr1es. e.g. southern A1ban1a. southern Yugos1av1a. Bulgar1a and Turkey (Istanbu1). It 18 a1so spoken by 1arge Greek commun1t1es 1 the Amer1cas (p.S.A Canada. Argent1na. Braz11). 1 Europe. Afr1ca and Austra11a. L1ke Eng11sh. Greek be10ngs to the 1arge Indo-H1tt1te (Indo-European) fam11y!

1anguages and spread over the Ba1kan pen1nsu1a somet1me dur1ng the!

second m111en1um B.C. Anc1ent Greek appears to have been d1v1ded 1nto four ma1n groups d1a1ects: Arcad1an-Cypr1ot1c. Dor1an. Aeo11an and Ion1an-Att1c.11

Beg1nn1ng

1

the 4th century B.C. the Ion1an-Att1c d1a1ect spread

over the Greek speak1ng

terr1tor1es wh11e other d1a1ects began to dec11ne and then d1sappeared comp1ete1y 1 the'f1rst centur1es ! the Chr1st1an era. Modern Greek presents a rather comp1ex 11ngu1st1c p1cture. hand th1s 1anguage 1s the older Greek;re8~1t !

the one

a norma1 11ngu1st1c evo1ut1on from the

the other hand. however. 1ntense nat1ona11st1c sent1ments

dur1ng certa1n per10ds of Greek h1story have preserved 1ntact many morpholog1cal, syntact1c and 1ex1cal e1ements ! archa1c Greek. As a result there are two broad types ! 1anguage used 1 modern Greece. the IpopularI,or dh1mot1k1. and the Iforma1 I or katharevusa. The former 1s the every-day 1anguag8 ! the peop1e conta1n1ng 1oanwords from other languages wh1ch have been 1ncorporated 1nto the Greek 1anguage 1 the course ! 1ater Greek h1story. 'Dh1mot1k1' 18 pr1mar11y a 8poken language. that ! Greek songs and ba11ads. and does not have a f1xed orthography. but 1s largely used by modern wr1ters ! poetry and flctlon. The 1atter (katharevusa) 1s a consc1ous and art1f1c1a1 return to older Greek. and 1s taught 1 schoo1s and used for off1c1a1 purposes and 1ess Ipure I form by newspapers. the1r 1anguage.1

a more or

S1nce the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have d1sputed among ,themselves about At that t1me 11terary men scorned colloqu1al usage. consc1ously1

1m1tat1ng the c1ass1cal style days.

the1r works.

The sch1sm has cont1nued to Our

1

G REEK BASIC COURSE

Flna11y. a klnd of compromlse form. drawlng unsystematlca11y from both Idhlmot1k1 ' and 'katharevusa has evo1ved. Thls ~xture of the two. ca11ed ' thls Course 'kathom11umenl I 1.e. Ievery-day 1anguage I has now become the standard speech of Greece. Not a11 standard speakers of modern Greek. however. can be assumed to use the same m1xture of katharevusa sltuat10n1

dhimotlk1 e1ements

the1r speech.

The the

ratl0 may vary not on1y from speaker to speaker. but a1so may depend whlch the speaker uses the 1anguage.

Thus the same speaker may

use the extreme var1ety of dh1mot1k1 whl1e buy1ng th1ngs at a market p1ace and then sw1tch to the extreme katharevusa when address1ng a un1verslty professor. ' 1anguage. but kathareusa 1 1ts var10us degrees ! Ipur1ty' cont1nues to be used as the off1c1al 1anguage 1 government work (Para11ment. Courts. Rad10 broadcasts. etc.). The spoken Greek may be represented graph1ca11y as fo11ows: The genera1 trend 1s toward dh1mot1k1 wh1ch 1s the normal 'lnforma1

,

-

--

-

L U

--

-

- - .-

atharevusa

D1fferences of sty1e are even more consplcuous 1 the wrltten 1anguage. Bes1des Govgrnment other publlc announcements. documents. off1clal correspndence. Thus. for example. the word for f1sh1ng shop 1 every-day language 1s 'pSaradhlko I but the slgn"over the store sayR I1khth1opolfon I ; the word grocery store 1s Ibakallko I but the s1gn says Ipandopo1ion I etc.1 ~owns

etc. al1 publlc slgns

and v111ages are wr1tten 1n katharevusa.

As far a8 the press ls concerned the1

con~ervat1ve

newspapers are wrltten

!

katharevusa;'those or1ented towards the center. 1 kathoml1umen1; and those the extreme left. 1 the extreme and sometlmes even 80mewhat art1f1c1a1

dh1mot1k1.

x1v

GREEK BASIC COURSE

The wr1tten language, therefore, may be graph1cally represented thus: dh1mot1k1 Modern L1terature kathom11 unen1 katharevusa Older L1terature Off1c1al Language Moderate Press Conservat1ve Press

Every-day Usage

Th1s Course The Greek descr1bed var1ety, 1.e. that person vary1

th1s Course 1s representat1ve

!

the kathom11umen1 As the!

the 'standard ' speech ! educated Greeks. 1nfluences from the other styles ! Greek the natural speechacord1ng

!

an educated!

to the speaker and thus create a great var1ety

'correct I!

utterances, both the most common dh1mot1k1 and kathaverusa forms are represented the Bas1c D1alogues and Grammat1cal Notes. At the same t1me the use extreme dh1mot1k1 or Ioverpure I katharevusa 1s carefully avo1ded. The whole Course cons1sts!

75 un1ts and 1s d1v1ded 1nto three volumes, each volume conta1n1ng 25 un1ts. After every f1ve un1ts there 1s a Rev1ew cons1st1ng ! a Narrat1ve whlch 1 based the vocabulary ! prev10us un1ts. 1 ~dd1t1on to th1s the Revlew Un1ts ! Volume 1 have Rev1ew Dr111s 1 whlch the student 1s supposed to supply proper forms ! g1ven words. These dr111s are cont1nued 1 more advanced un1ts 1 connect1on w1th the katharevusa grammat1cal forms. atharevusa 1s systemat1cally 1ntroduced 1 the narrat1ves ! Volume 111 and the rules ! katharevusa grammar are d1scussed 1 the subsequent grammat1cal notes. Thus the student who has completed Volume 111 ! th1s Course should have a good foundat1on for read1ng off1c1al documents as well newspapers wr1tten 1 katharevusa. The follow1ng parts may be found 1 a Un1 t: Sample Dr111s Bas1c D1alogue Subst1tut1on Dr111s Response Dr111 Transformat1on Dr111s Useful Words tPo11te Express10ns Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr111s ' Response Exerc1se Narrat1ve Top1cs for D1scuss1on Grammat1cal Notes

GREEK BASIC COURSJ

Bas1c D1a1ogues and Response Dr111s are found w1th Un1t 2. The occurrence!

1

each un1t.

Narrat1ves beg1n

other parts may vary.

Use 1. Bas1c D1a1ogues Most Bas1c D1a1ogues cons1st

!

Th1s Course

!

10 sentences.!

more advanced un1ts the

d1a1ogue may be d1v1ded 1nto two or three parts up or a sentence) tw1ce for each student. 1tem1mm~d1ate1y!

10 to 14 sentences.!

The 1nstructor reads the Greek. 1tem by 1tem. repeat1ng each 1tem (a bu11dEach member the c1ass repeats the after the 1nstructor. try1ng to lm1tatehls (or her) pronun1nstru~torIs 110

c1at1on.

the

the 1tem 1s m1spronounced by the After the c1ass hours each

student. the 1nstructor repeats 1t at norma1 speed w1th the student repeat1ng after h1m (or her) as many t1mes necessary. dolrtg thls untl1 he knows the d1a1ogue by heart. After the sentences students take part!1 !

student goes over the Bas1c D1a1ogue by 11sten1ng to the tape and repeat1ng. the D1a1ogue have been thorough1y memor1zed the The 1nstructor may take one

act1ng out the D1a1ogue.

the parts the f1rst t1me or two.

Thls procedure 1s to be contlnued unt11 actor.

any student can take part and go through thedla10gue 11ke2.

Response Dr1l1s Response dr111s cons1st!

quest10ns and answers based

the d1a1ogue

and narrat1ve st1uat1ons.

~nd

are d1v1ded 1nto 'Response Dr111

referr1ng

the d1a1ogue and IResponse Dr111 referr1ng to the narrat1ve. One 'rea1 s1tuat1on I 1s g1ven by the d1a1ogue and another one by the narrat1ve. The answers to the quest10ns are. therefore. pred1ctab1e . and the student 1s supposed to know them. Thus. for examp1e. 1! 1t appears from the d1a1ogue that fact and say

the restaurant 1s Just across the street from the mov1e theatre. the student must accept 1t as a 'real 1s the restaurant?I the f1rst 15 un1ts the answers to the quest10ns are g1ven w1th the dr111s. dr111ed1

'

when answer1ng the quest1on:1

'Where

the Response Dr111s Beg1nn1ng

Therefore. these quest10ns and answers must be the sentences!

the same way

the Bas1c D1alogues.

w1th Un1t 16 response dr111s conta1n on1y quest10ns and the student 1s supposed to formulate the answers1

h1s own words. but h1s answers must be pert1nent to

the g1ven s1tuat1on. From Un1t 16 the Response Dr111s are 10nger dr111ed 1 the same way as Bas1c D1a1ogues. but rather take the form ! a free conversat10n based

the facts g1ven by the d1a1ogue or the narrat1ve. xv1

G REEK BASIC COURSE

3.4.

Useful Words and rPo11te Expressions1

memor1zed by the student Narrat1ve

the same way as the Bas1c D1alogues.

'

must be dr111ed by the 1nstructor and

The narrat1ve presents that represented1

1

expos1tory style e1ther a s1tuat1on s1m11ar to

the Bas1c D1alogue.

a s1tuat1on related to 1t. w1th

broader vocabulary. The 1nstructor goes through the sentences 111ustrat1ng new vocabulary 1tems1

the same way as for Bas1c D1alogue.

After the students have thus

fam111ar1zed themselves w1th the new vocabulary. the 1nstructor reads through the whole narrat1ve at a normal speed. closed. The students summar1ze1

The students 11sten w1th the1r books

Eng11sh as much as they understand

the

narrat1ve. answer them.1

Then the students read and translate the narrat1ve 1nto Eng11sh. Response Dr111''

The 1nstructor then asks the quest10ns the student's own words The narrat1ves and1

and the students

The narrat1ves are 1ntended to be memor1zed at home and retold

class the next day.

1

Un1ts 2 through 5 are presented both

transcrlpt10n

the Greek wr1t1ng system.

subsequent narrat1ves the transcr1pt1on

18 om1tted.

5. 6.used

SampIe Dr111s are to be treated

1

the same way as the sentences

Bas1c

D1algou8s.Subst1t~t1on.1

Transformat1on and Correlat1on-Subst1tut1on Dr11Is are to be accordance w1th the 1nstruct1ons g1ven at the beg1nn1ng each dr111.

7.

Response Exerc1se Response Exerc1ses occur at the very end

each un1t.

The quest10ns of GraduaIIy.

these exerc1ses are not necessar1Iy reIated to any part1cuIar un1t. as the student's vocabulary 1ncreases, these quest10ns beoOme character.

more general

The purpose

a Response Exerc1se 1s to 1nduce the student 1nto a

free conversat1on with1n the scope these answers should be dr11Ied D1aIogues.1

h1s vocabulary. AIl

Un1ts 2. 3. and 4 all poss1ble answers to the quest10ns are g1ven. the same way as the sentences

the Bas1c

Beg1nn1ng w1th Un1t 5 these exerc1ses cons1st

quest10ns only, and the1

student 1s supposed to be abIe to answer the quest10ns by h1mseIf. Any answer g1ven by the student 1s cons1dered correct and 1s good Greek. The student repeats the corrected answer. 1t 1s appropr1ate1

The answer 1s corrected by the 1nstructor

necessary.

11

G REEK BASIC COURSE

8.

Top1cs for D1scuss1on These dr111s appear 1n the advanced. un1 ts1

11eu of Response

Exercisc~s.

The 1nstructor presents the topics one by one and asks the members of the c1ass to take part the 1nstructor.1

the d1scuss1on.

One of the students 1s asked to develop

the top1c further and g1ve h1s reasons for agree1ng w1th the problem ra1sed by Another student should present h1s arguments to derend the Another one should try to f1nd a comprom1se between1

oppos1te po1nt of v1ew. the two posltlons. The exerc1se goes

Then other students jo1n

the d1scusslon.

When one toplc

has been fully d1scussed the 1nstructor ra1ses the next controversla1 questlon. unt11 a11 top1cs of the un1t have been thoroughly d1scussed and tota11y exhausted.

GLOSSARY At the end of each volume there 1s an alphabetlcal 11st of a11 the vocabu1ary 1tems 1ntroduced1

that volume.

Follow1ng each verb 1s a number 1nd1cat1ng the unlt forms of the verb are 11sted.

whlch the other

!

GREEK BASIC COURSE

\!

t

~~~~_~~_~~_~~!:_~~~!_~!!l~~!!_!~_!~_~~

~~~!:!!!!_~2~!

~

the ~Us!! I!~.. parentheses and quota on marks are used toge :~her (,1

)

a more Uteral tranalation is given Brackets [ ] are used

addition to the ord1nar'j EngUsh equ1valent.~11sh

indicate vords in the

equ1valent vhich do not

equ1valent in Greek.) 1Ddicate vordB vhich are in the Greek but no a noral EnElish

ParentbeSe8

equ1valent. 'n1e Eng11sh side 1s not a Uteral trans1at1on speakers ord1nar11y Ny1n ISUch a s1tuation. explainedOnon1tted. bo shuld aa o~

the Greek. but parentheses

Englisb

'1be use

o~

un

brackets

the s1tuat1on clear 1n each case.8lDt1es

Greek s1de. parentheses are used to 1nd1cate sounds vh1ch areo~

Alternate pronunciat1on /.

the same word or alternate vords are given atter a

slant line

Granatical Motes, slant lines /

/ are used to or~ Greek sounda, word8, an EngU8h text.

phrases or _entence. 1n

trnacr1pt1on vi th1n

t

GREEK BASIC COURSE

Unit ,

. .

kalimra

sas. sas.

Good norn1ng (Iyour good da ). Good arternoon. 2!: Good

kal1s~ra

evening. (Iyur good arternoon/.1 ).

.

kalintxta sa5.~rete.

Good n1ght. (said parting).He110.

.

2!:

Good bye.

.C .

'-

su.p6s

81.bowyouHwa,r.

&/ &;KC,

isee/istep6s:!e?

are you1

ka1l.

_11

.

erxar1st6

thanks (11 thaDk land

)

!;

youandyu?

. ' !; C ., .'!;.

kesis? ka1An.a::

erxar1st

kesis?

IIJD rine, tbanks, and you?

Yes.

C.c.

~

mflista.61. .

'..:

paraka16.

Please.

: Yu1re).

velcOIe.

( beg l aried~

'~f~!~~!~

t.'umbers

tvo

2

G REEK BASIC COURSE

,

~C:

trfat~sera

threeEur

~:,,~

p&ndeSks1

fivesix

~.

~f./~f.

ept4/eft' okt610xt6 eMa/erry4~ka

6K~/6x~

eight

l;""f:/l"".f.

nineten

Grammat1cal Notes

----------------The spelllng!

Modern Greek1

1

wr1tteo 10 Greek 1etters 1nher1ted from auc1eot Greek.1

to a large extent h1stor1cal aodak

therefore not cons1stent on a number!

polnts.

In order to

1t ea81er for the student the t1rst '0 un1ts

th1s course are vr1tten11

both 10 Greelc cbaracters and 10 transcr1pt10n. 10 Greelc scr1pt and the transcr1pt10nTbe traDscrlpt10n used here1

Beglnning ,,1th the un1t

Qverything 18

used only occaslonally io grammatica1 notes. adaptat10n!

1 a

Lat1n ]etters for l1IOst sounds andFor

Greelc 1etters for a tn.

It

1

not stric1tly speaking a 'phonetlc transcriptlon.

exp1e the 1etter / stands for one sound before

la,o,u/

and for another sound before

le,1/.

510ce the pronunc1ation 1s predictab1e the basis ! vhere lt occurs, a s1ng1e

letter may be used for both sounds. The transcrlption usedyi>ols: Voels:

1

th1s course cons1sts

!

the follov1ng 1etters and other

a,

,

u, e, 1

Consnants:

V01ce1ess: Volced:

,

t,

,

Ic,

,

t, ts,

b, d, b, g, , v, dz, , r, 1, , n,

The acceot mark 1ndicates the 10udest syllab1e a p}rase 01 sentence and 1ndlcates a 1ess 10ud (IsecondaryI) stress.1

The weak stress 1s unmarked.

word sa1d 1n a sentence

iso1at10n (as 1n the bu11d-ups) 111 regu1ar1y have a primary stress

1'1.

thls may be replaced by secondary or even by weak Btress (unmarked).

The stress 1n Greek

3

GREEK BASIC COURSE

falls a1vays

one

!

the last three sy11ab1es

!

a word.

There are three types ! phrase endings (~~: 'junctures') 1n Greek: (the spec1a1 signs for these are These punctuat10nnarks

1,1 111

and

1.1

11/, 1111

and1

1#1

respect1ve1y).B8Jll vlI~ues

are not used

the same vay or v1tb the

as 1n

either Eng1ish or Greek ordinary spe111ng. to the punctuat10n 'T'he conanarks.

The system used here ass1gns spec1f1c values

1,1

1nd1cates that the intonation pattei-n precediw 1t 1s character1zed the last stressed syllab1e!

by a ra1sed pitch per10d

!

the phrase.

1.1 1s

used to 1nd1cate the end ! a pbrase accompan1ed by fal1ing p1tcb.

It may or may not correspond to a period e1ther in Greek or 1n Eng11sh spe111ng. quest10n nark

111

1ndicates a r1sing p1tch 1 questions. be div1ded 1nto tvo categories:

Quest10ns

1

Greek

w~y

,) QuestioDS vbich begin v1th a quest10n vord (such, for examp1e, as 'vbo', 'vben', 'vhere', 'hw', etc.), e.g. ,wbere are you g01ng1' 'Wbat d1d be say?' etc.

2) Quest10ns vithout quest10n vords (usually beg1nn1ng v1tb a verb 1n Greek) sucb as,'Are you g01ng there1'

'D1d be

sa

tbat1', etc.!

The bighest p1tcb in quest10ns gradually to the 1ast syllab1e. Quest10ns tbe 1ast vord.Tbe p1tch 1eve1s are"! curse, !

tbe first category

1

tbe quest10n vord, tal11ng

the second

categ~ry

have tbe bighest p1tch

tbe stressed syllab1e

not abso1ute, but are bigb or

lor

relat1ve to each

other. Stress (vh1ch 1s 10udness) and p1tch (vh1ch 1 be1gbt tone) lIIWJt be caretul1y d1st1ngu1shed. S1nce tbe 10udest syllab1e 1s otten tbe bigbest 1n p1tcb, there1

frequent1y a tendency to con!use tbe tvo. Very spec1al attent10nust

be pa1d to the 1ntonat1on ! each Greek sentence.

It

should never be treated as i f 1t vere an Eng11sb sentence.

Tbe punctuat10n

narks

vill

he1p the student to say tbings correctlyj but only careful l1sten1ng, and 1mitat1on as vell as constant and pers1stent dr111111

g1ve

a correct prcnunc1at10n.

4

G REEK BASIC COURSE

,

Tbere are

1 voe1

sounds in Greek:

/1/

Soevhat

l1ke

!

!!~!!!!!!,

but

k1rfa, k6r1, 1r{n!, {stera

h1gher, tenser and v1thout the gl1de

that

voe1.

Tedhn1cally: a h1gh front unrounded e1 [1].

/8/

L1ke e

-

1et.

----

e&6, ker6s, It1mos,mSros

T8chn1cally: a (h1gber) n1d tront unrounded voe1 [e].

/./

SOJllvhat 1jke

! 10

!!~~!:' but

kill, 4na,parakal6, pot!mi

RUch shorter 11 unstressed.Techn1cally: aw11

unrounded

{a].

/0/

thch l1ke

c10th.

e06, 6ra, p6ros, etxar1st6

ecbn1cal1:=

a h1gher-IIIid

rounded back Toel [].

/uI

.S08Vhat l1ke~'

00 1

boot or u 10

kun6, kuldr1,kalu, ualfa

but h1gher, tenser, and~

v1tbout the

g11de

English.

Techn1cally: a h1gh back roundedvoe1

[u].

Pronunc1at1oo Dr111s

G.D.I.2

/1/k{rios 1or6tasefirerfoa

fkaros1mSra

ae!nakorits1

nda

GREEK BASIC COURSE

/e/leoforlo~repe

et!letemiMn

perno patatesp~nde

t!na ner6Ha

/a/trfa6ra

4I-ostos kal$.aeli:

patE!rasdra

/0/6rap6noskorn

aft6s mikr6s

sor6s6mikroD

6nomaak6ma

/u!ur4

kut6skun6uJ. urans

us{aUte

kaldut!teros

Note 1.3. Consonants

/b/

L1ke b ! bob. --Techn1cally: a voiced b11ab1al stop [b).

br,

bamb4a, buk411

bt!no, blka

6

GREEK BASIC COURSE

UNIT ,

/d/

Like d

!

dot but with the tongue

dn, knd,

pandd,

touching the teeth. Techn1cally: stop [~] a voiced dental

pand6fles

/f/

L1ke f 1 fOM. Technically: a voiceless

----

f40, falakr6s, f6ros furd, fflos, fe16s

labiodental sp1rant [f].

/g/

L1ke

~ 1 ~~~.

Rare except after

grernn6s, grfnya 4ngelos, 4ng1ra, 4nglos

Technically:stp

a vo1ced dorso-velar

[gJ.!

/k/

L1ke c

cot but wi tho~t!

k6ta, kano, kdpa

strong purf

breath.

Fronted kd, kfrios

before /1/ and Technically:

/e/.

a vo1celess

dorso-velar stop [k].

/1/

be like

!

! !!~! (before /o~u,

lA01, luluo1 lost6s, lekls, leksik6 1fma, 11p6n, 11ym6s, l1manj, lituryf.

a/), fronted bere /e/ aM /1/

(v1th

B~PE

speakers almost l1ke

!l

before /1/).

Technically: a yoiced apico-dental lateral [1]./r./

Like !!! -!

~;

may be fronted

maSima, mikr6s,

akros, m6Xosra, ~o

(toards ~) iJefore /1/.

Techn1cally: a b1lab1al

/rj

Like ~ ! ~~ bef~re /a,o,u/, fronted before /e/ and /i/.Tech.~ical1y: 3D

na6s, n01163, nus~oB,

n1sf, nfxta

apico-dental nasal

/n/.~

7

GREEK BASIC COURSE

//

Like puff

ot P2S but wi thout the strong

tri,,

paraka16,

pueen

breath.

pern6

Techn1cally: a voiceless bilab1al stop(].!

/r/

Usually a single flap or tap

tbe

r6nd, 6ra, rUxo, r'vo, p6roskorItsi,rev1

tongue against the ridge behind the upper teeth. Technically: an

alveolar flap [r'].

/s/

Like !!

! !!~~!.

Technically: a

s4mos, sU1a, sovar6s Isya, 'se,1

vo1celess apico-dental spirant(s]

/t/

L1ke t

!

tot but without the!

tfnos, poti, t4ksis

strong puff

breath, and with

the tonguetQuch1ng the teeth. Techn1cally: a vo1celess apicodental stop (t J.//

L1ke

V ! !!~!.

Technically: a

e'o, ',

vun6

vo1ced lab1o-dental sp1rant //.//

vfxas, v6rio8

Made by friction tbrough asr~r

!

air pass1ng

tongue 1s in position

/k/. xar4, xor6s, xdfta

Before /a,o,uI (or before consonantsfollwed

by one

!

these

wlB)2~ f

oxtd,

xta61

the sound 1s back, l1ke German!~!!, ~~~!!, beforefollwed

/e,1/ (or consonantsthesevwels)

x1m6nas,

x!rete,

xees,

:xeB

by one

!

the

sound 1s front, more l1ke ch1ch.

1 Oran

Technically: a vciceless dorso-velar sp1rant(].

8

G REEK BASIC COURSE

UT

,

//

L1ke

~ ! ~~!!.

Technica11y:[).

6,

pzo, zIte, zaxari

a voiced apico-denta1 spirant//

zum

Made by frict10n

!

air pass1ng1

ayor4,yra,

_1,

4yuros,

through as tongue is

pos1tion

ynost6s

for / gf. (It 1 a vo1t:ed counterpart //).

TechrI1cal1y: a v01ced(). 6, ad, d108

dorso-ve1ar 3p1rant

/'6//8/

L1ke

~~ ~~~!!:.

Tecbnically: a(].

vo1ced ap1co-dental s11t sp1rant L1ke~~ ! ~h!!!.

1, ~ndro, 16, eks14

Techn1cal1y: a

aniBema, B41asa, 86108auk1&~18,

v01ce1ess apjco-dental s11t sp1rant

81savr6s.

(8).

/ts//dz/

L1ke ts

1

nets. Techn1ca11y: a

kor:l'ts1, ts1iEndo, tsCY tsuv411, ts1 yUO kafedz:ls, dz{dz1kas{].

v01celess ap1co-dental aftr1cate [cJ. L1ke

'nyo.xi episis ena ka1 estiatrio.xilymetra

..

ena:! oio

't . .''t6 ~x.

rnakria ':), in(e) ena alo kacyaft e:d pol or~a

:n, . .6. KOV'tcX a'ta&-

ksen06oxio. :Jomatia.

ke meyala eM kond&,

a18 ine ke pol: akrivc.

22

GREEK BASIC COURSE

mrr

3

6.

~~6

~x~ ~ 6

!n(e) staOros. stams,ka1 estiatrio.

exi ena

1

~~~6~o.

~Ex~ xC

.

~~o !

exi episis ke mia kali

~ , ! xC , ! .

taverna.

to estiatrio, oe ine mea1o,

ine mikr6 ke ftin6, a18. i taverna, ine po1imei1i.

ariem:

Mt/XMtMtMt

endeka/en8eka60eka5ekatra

e1even twe1ve thirteen fO\Jrteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty

-)ekateseraO~

Mt XT/MtMtOX/MtO Mt '

ekaeksi

~ekaefta~ekaepta

6eka0xt6/5ekaokt6 oekaeneakosi

~~!!~-~!!!

pu~

in(e) ena

1::;cno()oXo~

na

ksenobox!o, in(e) ena xiJ.ymetro ma)r.ria

apoQ.

rnc,,:-&la

kyor,~a

:'omatia7

alista,~lista,

exi meilaine ftin6.ka1

ke 1'0 l:. orea matia.

:tne ftin6?

c:d.

estiat6rio7na

, xi

ena

estiatOrio.

pU in(e)

8:10 ksenoi)ox!07

en(a) 810 ksenoox!o, in(e)xilyrretra makria apOOo.

ena

i

exi afto orea ke meya1a

60~~tia7

a1ista, It

exi orea ke meila octia,

me banyo. in (e) akriv6 af'to toksenoooX07

alista,

in(e) akriv6.ineO

pU in(e)cxi

staGmos?

staemos

konda.

staGmos estiat6ri07

ma1ista, staGms !

ena

kal6

est.iatrio.

w(e) art to est.iatrio mey810 kyakriw723

xi. af't to estiatrio

ine m1kr ke 1n.

GREEK BASIC COURSE

ar1n

ke p8nd.e

ekapMde.

8Ilea

ke tera

ekatr!a.

olctO ke tr!aeca8k81 ke eka ke

erdeka. tA8era

:lkDsi.

eksi&:10

ok.ekap8nde.

ekatria ke

ekat8sera

k8na

ekapDe.ko.I.

ZIelcaeneaokt

kna

k;yolctO

ekaeksi.

ept ky~1eka k;iks!eka I;yept8

eka&li.

ZIekaepU. ZIekaenea.!koI.

ekaokt ke

Gramnat1cal

Note8

~_~~.!.

Adjective:

Gender

Agreeent.

Bl~ MOV-rt;

:tne

kanna kal ksenooxo

Is there a good hotel around

eo

k0nd871s

here71 1?

Bl~ K~;wOx~, ~ -rv. El~ ~ ~K ~-rt,t i) .

:lne akriv67 6xi. :lne :lne[1n.

,

1t 's reasonab1e.

ena

mikr~ ar1stera,

There 1s a small, very good the 1eft.

18d.

poll ka1b.

~ yt -rv.

kall ke eyiutaverna. good and big tavern.

These sentences iUustrate the use the three genders.

!

adject1ves, wh1ch have d1fferent end1ngs for each

Adjectives wh1ch mooify nouns 'agree' witlI them 1n gender.

In ~

/ka10 !/, the noun 18 neuter, and the af"jective has neuter end1ng, 1n

24

GREEK BASIC COURSE

tJ

3

'tf

/ka1l taverna/ the noun is teminine, and the adjecti has a tem:inine ending.

Adjectives which refer to a noun a1so 'agree' with the noun, as /!ne akriv7/ ., . 't6t /Oro1. 0/.!

. &.6

/xi, ine ttin/, both reterring to the neuter noun

There are severa1 difterent classes

adJectives, according to their endings.

'1be

most frequent i8 that which has -; /-os/ in the ma.sculine, --

/-i/

in the teinine, and

/-0/

in the Duter, e.g..

F./ttins/~1j 1j y~.1j

.

't6;

/ttini//kal//mea1i/

~66y~o.6

/ttioo//ka1/

'cbtap'

6;y~o; .6;

/b16s/ /meyi10s//1krs/

'1001'

/mea1o/ 'b1g'

/rd.kr/./

/rd.kz6/

-

An other adjective c1ass 18 represented by:.;

.-

/orf:os/adjec:t1w vith

/or~a/

.

.-

/orlJo/ 'beaut.Uul'

Rear:l1' an

n-

ead1Jg 1n. wrel (_ 1 /. ./) 81'8

ot tb:18 VPe.

'l\o adJectivestolloing orns:

;

/enas/ '' and

; /kanenas/ '~, 80118' have the

.

F./4nas/ /ma/ ~~ .~ /rr18/

.

;;

/4na//kanna/

/kanena8/ /kama/~! .~ /karnY/ !

Other classes

adJectives

111

be discussed in 1ater units.

Beg1nn1ng with Un1t 4 the three forms (nascul1ne, feminine am neuter) ! a11

adjectives "i11

gi.ven in the build-ups

follos:

6; ,

-1j, -6

ka1s,

-1.,

-

'good' 'bie' 'beautiful'

y~o;, -, - ;, -, -

e10B, .-i, -

oreos, -a,

-

.tc. .

Sce adj.Ct1W8 vith 81088 end1ng 1

/k/

baw an a1ternate

tea:1D1n. on 1n/-'/,

6;

/Jake/Ibed I ; 1n.:

!Ia'd./

K.~

/IaJq./.

!~-2:.!. ID:ie.t1n1te Art1cle

1he atject1w

, /,

/mas/, /ma/2!:

Wa/,

/la/ow' 18 alo

2$

GREEK BASIC COURSE

equivalent

the English 1ndefinite article (1;,:1, 'an'):

F. w~

/eMs staerSS/ ~~ . l:pa

/! 6ra/

la 4n / onio/

/rrW&'an

r/

'a

staticn'

hur'

'a

1'0011' 1'0011'

'one station'b

'nsinglar

hour'

'one

indefinite art1 cle occurs only w1 th Definite Article. Plural/~

nouns.

!i2~_~~. ou:

' ' .

()omB tial

the rooms''6

This exaJJlple illustrates the plural fonn

' /ta/of neuter def1nite article

/to/.The def1nite article follows:Eons

you have encountered up to here can be

sumar1zed

2i.Mascul1ne

Pl.

6'6

/0/

'

/i//1/

Feminine

Neuter

/1/ /to/Graatical

/ta/

Dri1ls

1parn na ka ksenoooxio e8 kond81iPrxi

!ne kan meyUo ksenooxio e knd.i1 ine kanena JJleyalo est1atrio e knd.i1 !ne kanna JJleBlo leofono e kond8? :tne kanna JJleyalo omati kond.&1 !ne kanena oreo lJenoox!o kond.&1 ine kaneD8 oreo estiatrio e koncl.&1 :tne kaneD8 oro ti e kond.&1 !ne

ena kal estiatri e kond8?ka ()nAtio

ipArx:i. ella

kond&1

1parxi ena kald loofor!o kond8? iparxi kanella nikr ksenooxio k0nd41 iparxi lnena JJI1kr estiatr10 eM koncl.&?1pirxiprx1

kanena JJi.1' ()ona10 eM koncl.&? kanena:n1.kr

leo.fono eM koncl.&1

kanena

oreo leofor!o e knd.i1

26

GREEK BASIC COURSE

:!ne !ne

kamy

kal! taverna

kond8? k0nd8?

!ne kanenas kals stanS kond41 :!ne kanenas meyllos staems koooa?

lcanyi m:ilcr! tave1a

!ne kaJny8 eyll taverna e ko~? ine kany8 or_ taverna ko~?

kanenas mikrs koma?

!ne kannas oreos e koma?

mili8ta, :!n (e)

naB e

k0nd4.

cSx1,

n

:Ine kan4nas eM k0nd.8. nas

maUsta,

kond8.

6xi,

!ne

1caMaB e

kond8.

!ne

kannas 1kr.

kond81

mallsta, m(e) 8naS kond8.

6xi,

:lne kaMnas::n (e) naB

e

kond4.

!De

kannas

or80s

()

koma1

miusta,61,

eM k0nd4. kond8.

!ne

kanSnas e

miusta, :!ne m!a e kond8., ~

Ine kam!a

_

konda.

!ne Jauny8 ey111 tav1rna e koooa1

_Usta, ine,

da e

kond8. kond8.

!ne

k:an e da .

!De

kanyi

tt1n!

tavma e

koma?

usta,

!ne

kond8.

6:d., n :Ine lc8d kond8.!e k8ny4

or8a

tavema

konda?

dllsta, !ne m!a eM kond&.61, .n

ine

k!a na

k0rd8. kond&.

ine Jnena ka1D estiatrio

e6c)

kond?

dUsta, !n(e)

6%1,:te Jn8na t.1n estiatrio e

t\n

!ne kan8na!)

e knd.

Icoma?

milista,

ena

k0nd8.

6xi,:te kanna m:ikro estiatr10

!ne kaneM

kond8.

eM koma?

mallsta, !n(e) 6xi,

na

koma. konda.

!ne kanena

:lne kanena

oro 8stiatri e

kom.a?

ma1ista !n(e) na eM koma.

6xi,inekannas

on

ine kanena konda. !n(e) enas kanenas kondI. eO kord&.

or&!s ke

mealos staems

ni1ista,

e

k0nd41

xi,

27

GREEK BASIC COURSE

ine kamnya nikr orea ke ft1n:l tavernaeO kndc?

m4lista, m!a eM kond!. 6%1, ine lua e kaooa. mal1sta, () na e kn:a.

ine

kanera

mey:il0 oreo ke ftin estiatrio

e

kondA?

cSx:i.,

ine kanena

kond&.

COrre1ation-8ubstitution Dr1lls

------------------------------Substitute the 1Iords in parentheses !or the underlined 1Iord (or 1Iords) sentences and change the fonns the noun substituted. G.D.3. ,~_~~~_~~~~~~ koroa.!

!

articles ard. acljectives as necessary to agree with

~_m1~~!_~_~~~!_~~~in (e) aristera.

(taverna)~}~~!~_!~E!~! !n(e) aristera.

(taverna)

!_~~!!_~~_~~~~..!!!!!~ine ka~!an brost8.(stams)

(leofono) i mikri taverna ine katefeian brosta. (staems)!_~~~_~!~!'~ in(e) aristera.(ksenoOox:o)

~_~~~_~!_!~~~_!~!~!~ eksia.(oatio)

~_~!~_~_~~~_~~1ne.(Jcsenooxo)

~_'!!~~!~_!!~!!~~~:tne \eksit.()

(prenia)kntefe:tan ~rost8.

to

ftin ksenooox!o ------------------- !ne

(taverna)

G.D.

3.2

iparx:i. _~!~_~!~~..2 e kond8?

(tAverna, omatio, BmB)

1parxi ~~!~_~!:~_~!~~e k0nd8?

(tavema,\~st.iat6r:io, leoforio, stans, taverna)

estiatrio, )emati)

28

GREEK BASIC COURSE

,

pi k(e)

na kal ksenoox!o1

ena poli kal ksnOOono,!ne pnde xi~traaakr1& apOO/ 1n(e) e&c)

kondi/ !ne p4rakond8 8na

pol! makr1i/

n lparX e

kalC> kSenooxio/ () ena,kat.eteian

brost8, a18 ine pira pol! akrivd/ in(e)na, eea X:~tra akr1a prok8en!o.:!

&oMt1a

8:1

pol ora ke 8eyla II8tla/ 8 pol ,

a18

pol 1kr ona tla/

exi pira

poli kal8 cat1a ae bMyo.:1ne l't1Jl6 art to Inoox!o?

maUata.

pol

rt1n6/6x1. !ne pira pol!pol!kal/ kal/

akr1w,

al& kB

pr

!ne

pol

f'tin, 14

ke

!ne f't1n6, a18

para poli n1krO/ !ne f'tin, ko kal.B11sta,x:i

8na

pol ey810 ke kal

est1atr1o/ .usta, xi na lllikr,

a18

!ne

pol kal/ ix: ,

a1A !nexi

pol

akrlw/8x: ,

aU

.

ine poli kal/aia .ey&l1

n 1 eat1atl'io,

a18

-in(e) oeu x11,7etra aakri8 aptout1atSr1o/ !n(e)

arl8ter' to or!o/

ine

&ea:tJ . ut.1atoo/1n(e) ecS ~.CStera eka18.

katefe!an bro8U,1 {(8) .58"

ine

pd X:1yetra

_kr18 apto

kal

k8en0od/ !ne p8r~

poli .akri8.kali tavema/,

xi 8taI e8t1atrio7

,

a14

ex1

l. pol!n

ex1 ena, _18

ine poli ka1O.

ora ine?

ine m/ pnde/ ept&/ / cSeka. ine katef'e1an brost /xilyetra

pU ine to leo!'orio1

k(e) 1

makria apoM.

29

G REEK BASIC COURSE

!~_~~I~~~~&f~10e~1ete

'breakfast '

want

&f""

you want (the) cup (the) tea (the) corree Would you l1ke ('do you want') a cup!

",,6

"";:6:.

fi1dz4n1

",,66

""0'6:.'f

ka'!

ef"" "";:6:.

""O'6:t

e~1ete ~B

fi1dz4n1

~ xff; ;:6:

, kar~?

tea or corree?

1 zixar1

(the) sugar (the) 1ellOn

",,6ef ~

6.

1em6n1

""O'6:t

f o~

!10 !na . zlxar1

me

pol

1'd 11ke tea with a

10 !

;:6: 6.. '

ke

1eni.

sugar and [a p1ece or] 1elllOn. you (1. or p011te s1ng.)

esfs

dr1nk

""'Ea ""

pfnete

you dr1nk[Hw abut]

",,6

e81s.

p6s p!nete to(n)

you?

Hw

do you

Kaff

';

gart 8&S? to(m)-

talce ('dr1nk') your corree?

",,6

-

dr1nk

1

af"",

-,

sklt08. -1, xorfs

unsweetened, p1a1n w1thout (the) m1k(

",,6

6:

-y41a

6 af""o 6:.

to(m) blno sk~to ke xorfsAla.

dr1nk 1) w1thout sugar and w1thout m11k.

30

G REEK BASIC COURSE

4

mpoB

~xo ~xete

kul6r1ku1-ya

ta

:

vdt1ro

1 marme1'ZlaIff) ~x~ !., ~. o!~o xt ~:

ndpos t!xete kul11rya, psondne

Do

you by any chance have

wtiro ke

doughnuts or bread and butter and [some) uralade7

mar1ie1.Zla7

~xo .~

~JCUne

we have(the) toast1.

1 1

friyanYfriyany~s

.~6 .

to

~H

(the) honey,

. &~ fv . .. . ~;

6JC1, a14

~xume fr1'Yan~s

but

'

have toasts and Do you vant a]%

ke _11.16

etlete%

honey.

11m th1rsty

~6 o~~., -, -

potIr1-,-

(the) glass co1d (tbe) vaterhv

krfos,

6 6

ner6

6