Greek Syntax

TOY A. .

_ , . & _ , .

I S B N: 960-85089-3-2

, .

2

1 1. , . , , , ... , , , , ().

: ... = : , ......2. )

: 1. , ,.. , ..., . . ( " " . .) 2. , . . , , ( ) : : / ... . = : / ..

, . , . ) () , , ... , , ... , . , , . . ( ) , ( ) , ..:

, .

3

/ / / ........ = / / = / / / . = / /...

, ( ), , .. : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 --'- - - --,, --'- - - (. ) ( = 30 , = 8/7 = 1,3,5... = , ) , , . , , , , ... , , ( ), , () (, ...). () . , : 1. , .. 30 40 , . 2. ( ) ( .. 1 3 5 2 4 6 ), 3. , . ( ). , () , , . : 1) , , . 2) , , . , ( ) . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... -..-'-.. ..- .. -... ..--.., .. -..-'-.. ..- .. .. -.. (. ) ( & 1 3 5 )

, .

4

) . , . . , ..: :

; : . : ; . : 1) . 2) , . 3) , , , . ( ), ( ), , ..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .......'.. .., ........., .......'... ..., .. ...... .. ( ', . ) ( 1,3,5.. , , , 1, 3, 5). , , , .3. (, ...) o : ) , , ) , ) ( ), , ... ' . ) , &

, , , , .., . To , (, ..).

, .

5

4. () : ) (') ) (') = . ) = .

: ) ( ' ): , [ = .] . = . ) ( ' ) : _, [ = .] . = ) (, , , , , ,.. ), (') , ..: , [ = .] . = . , [ = .] . = . ) ( , ) : _, [ ' = .] . = . _, [ = ] . = . _, [ = ] . = . _, [ = .] . = _, [ = .] . = ( ), ( ), ..: _ () : , ; _ () : , : ", ". = , . ( . " ". ) : 1. ', ' , . ' ' , . , " " (, ): , , ; , .... 2. ', ', ' , , ..: , . = . = . . , () = = . (. " & ".) 3. , ..: : () (). () () . :

, .

6

: , . : , . : , . , & : , .

, .

7

2 1. : , , ... , , . , , . ..., , , , ..:

_ . _ . , , ..., .. : _ . _ _ = + ( ) ). , ( , ...), ( ) , , .. : _ . _ . _ ; () , . , . . , 7 15 20 , , ., :

, .

8

_ , . ( ) ( ) _ . ( ) : 1) ( , , , ) , ..: _ + ( ) . = . _ () . 2) ( ), ..: _ () () () . = , , . _ . = , . _ () . = , . 3) , : _ . _ . 3) . , , : _ . _ () . _ ( ) . _ . 4) , , ..: _, ( ) = , . _ . , , ..: _ . _, .

2. & . :

_ . =

, .

9

_ . = , .. , : _ . _ ( .)3. () , ( , ) , . .. , :

_ " ." : _"[ ] + [] + [ ]". = " [] + [ ] + [ ]. : ) : , , ..., . ) , .. , , ...: _[ ], [ ] [ ]. ) , , , ... , , ...., , ..: _ [ ] = [ . ] = [] = [ ] = [ ] _ = = 1989 ) , , , ..: _ + = + + . = + + + + . = + = + + .4. (, ) , , , :

: ,,; (//..) ,,; ; ,,; : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; = ;

, .

10

: . : ;/;/;/;/;/;.. ; (); = , ; = , ; = , ; = ; = , ; = , ; = : , . : , , , , , , , , ( ) . ;, (, );, ,,;, ,,;, ;,, ; ;, ;, ;, ;, ; ( ) ;;.

_ (= ), (= ) (= ) (= ) (= ) _[ ] + [] + [ ] + [ ] + [] + [ ] + [ ], + [ ]. (); ; , ; ; ; ; ; () ... = , = = = = = = =

_ . , () ; = = / ; = . = ; = = ; = =

, .

11

; ;

= = = =

5. ( ) , . , , () , ..:

+ + + . = + + + ... = + + + ... , , ..: = / / .

( ) , . , ( , .. 1,3,5 2,6,6 3, 7 11 ) ..., , , ..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ' ' . () = : 1,3,5,7... 7-8 & 14-15 () , ' ' , ..: [ ] . = [ ] . = [ ] . = ( ...) . , , ..: _ (= , ). _ (= , ) . _ (= ). , ..:

, .

12

_ (= ) . _ (= ) . : : / . / .. . ..... : . . ' - . : / / / .. / ... / / ' ' . . ( .)6. (, ..) ( ) . , . ( , ) . :

the + = : the love ( ) = -, the clever man ( ) of + = : of love ( ) = - + = : i love ( ), you love... = -, -.. ary loves, Nik loves... : ) ..: , , , + + k.t.l., , ..: : love = , the love = , I love Mary. = > . ) ( , ) ( ). .. -, -, . (-, -, -..) . , .. - -, -, -. , (.. , ...) - , ,...: (= ), - (= , ), -- (= ).... , (.. -, -...) ( , -

, .

13

..) , , ..., , ..: , --, ---.... ) ( ), (. .), . .. , (= , ) ( ) . : = , = ,,, = , = , - = , = , - = , - = , - = , - = / - = ( , ),... : = 328, ( [] = , , .... ): = , , , ... = , , , .... , ..: "" () = & "" ( ) = ..., ( : - & -, - & -,...) ( ) (. , , , ... , ).7. , , : . , , , (, ) .

, . (;) _/// ; _ ; _ = ; _ = ; _ ; = ,, ; : ; : .

, .

14

, : . : ; . , , ... (!). _ ! _ ! ! _! ! ! , , , ... , ..: _ . _ . . ( ) , , , : , , , , , , , , , . , , , , ..: _ ( ) . ( , . ) _ ( ) . ( , .) _ , / ( ) . ( .) _ , / ( ) . ( ) _ , ( ) . ( ) , () ( ) ( ) - ( , , ,,) ( ) ..., ..: : ( ) : ( ) : , ( ) . : , / . : , / ( ) . , ( ) .

, .

15

, , .., , , .., , : _ () () . = , . _ ( ) . = , // . = , // . _ ( ) . = , . _ , . . () , ' , , , .. : _/ . _M, () . _M, () . () , ' , , , .. : _/ . _M, () . , , . ' , , , .. : _/ . _M, . . ( ) "/ ", ..: _ . _, . _, . ( ) "/", ..: _ .

, .

16

_, .. _, . , , ... , ..: : / / / / .. = : / / / / .. : , .. = : , .. () , , ... , ..: : , , . = : , , ... : / / / .. = : / / / .. . 1. , , ..: : . , . : . , . 2. , , , , , ..., ..: _ / / / ...... _/ / . _ ! ! _( ) ! _(/ ..) . , : , , , , , , ..: , : ) , ..: / / / / ... . ) ( ) , ..: _ / / / ...... _ / / / .... . _ .

, .

17

, , : ) , , , , , ..: _//... () . _ / / .. . _ // .. . _/ / .. . _/ .. _/ / .. . _/ / .. . _() / / .. . _ () ; _/ .. . ) , ..: _ / / .. . _,.. / / ... .

, .

18

3 1. ' , ;, , ..:

_ , (. = ). _, , . ( = ) , ... : _[ . , ], .. : 1) , , , , ..: _[. ], . > ; 2) , , , ( ), : _ , . = , . = , , . : , , .. ', , . , , . 3) , ..: : _ , ; : _, ; _() ' , . _, 2. ( ) () " + ; ( ) , , (= ), , , :

_ . ( ; = = ) _ . ( ; = = )

, .

19

: 1. . , . , , , , , , ....., (, , , , ..... = , ..: _ (= ) , (= , ) _ (= , ) _ (= ) , (= , ) (= , ) , , , , ..: _ ( ) . (= 2 ) _ ( ) . ( = 2 ) _ ( ), () . (= 3 ) 2. : ) . _- , . = = _- , . = = _- , . ,, = ,, = ) , (. ): -,,.. = . , ,, .. = . ) , . : -,, ( = 1 ) -,, ( = ) ( = ). ) (, , ) : _- / - . = _'- / - . = _ - / - . = 3. , (. ): . (. ""). (. ""). 4. ", " : / / ... . ", " : . .3. ",, + " , ,, :

) , ..: _ . ( ; = = .)

, .

20

_ .( ; = = .) _ .( ; = = .) _ . ( ; = = .) ) ( ), ..: _ ; ( ; = . = ) : 1. (, , , ....) (, ) - , , ..: _- . (. = ' = = .) _- . (. = ' = = .) 2. (= ) (= ) . , ..: _ , . ("" = , , "" = ). _ , . ("" = , , "" = ) _O , () () () . 3. , : ) : . = . ) , , (, , , ,) , , : , , . . 4. , , ( , ), ..: _[ ] . _[ ] . : _ / / / ..... .= / / .. _ ' . = . = ... _ > . = . (= , , , .. = "/,,"): . . . ' .

, .

21

: > . > . = & , : O . , : ) , . , , : : , ! , ! : , ! , ! , : , . . , . . ) .. , , ..: . . .4. ( ) ,, / / , ( , ), : , , , , , .. ..:

_ . . ( ; = . . = ) _ / ... ( ; = / . = ) _ (.) (.). _ (.) (.). = (.) (.) () _ / / ... = = _ / / _ / / ... = _ / / ... = _ / .. = _ / .. = _ / / .. = / _'/ / / = _ / / .. . = _ / / ..=

, .

22

_ ' = & _ . . = & _ . = _ . = _ / / .. = _ / ... (). = ,.......................... : ; ; : ! : ! ! : . ! 1. - , . - : : , , , .... : , , , , , , / .. : , , , , , ,.. : , , , .. : - , , , ... _/ / / .. . _ / .. / .. _/ / / .. _/ / / .. / .. _ / /.. . 2. , , : _ , = _ / = _ = _ 1987. = _ 1987. (. , ...) 3. () , , ..: _ (. ). . = [() ]. . = [() ]. ( ) . _ (. ). (. ). () . ( ) () . 4. , : _ ] [ (]. _ .

, .

23

5. : ) & : _ . ) : _ (/ ) / . 6. : _ & , 7. , ..: _ / . __ / = . ( ), , , ..: _ / .... . = / .. _ / ... / .. = / ... /.. . _ / / ... = / / .. ( ) , , ..: _ . = > . _ . . = . . _ ( )> . _H () ( ).5. ",, + ", , (,,) , ..:

: _/ / / / .. . _/ / ... . ( / ..; = = ) : _ ; ; _ / ; = ,, / ;

, .

24

, , , ..: / / / ... . = ' / / .. ( = .) { . . } , : / / ... . : /... = : ) (= "/ "), .. : / / , , .. / . (. " ".) ) : _/ / / ....... = / / ... : (, , ) , , ,, : / .... : _ // ... . _/ / / ... . : _/ / ... . : _/ / / ,... : _/ / /.. . _/ . : _ / _ [( ) ]/ . : _/ .. . _/ / ... _ / . , .. : _, , ... . _, , ... . ,....................... 2) To , , ..: ' / ....... / / .. '/ ....... / / ... 3) , : / / ...... / / ... / / ...... / ...1)

, .

25

, ..: / / / ...... . / ....... . 5) : / / / .. . / : " ". = / . ,...........................4)

, , , . (, ...) . ) : : [ .] : (. . ). ) , : (. ). ) : (. ). (. ). ) , ): (. ) ) : [ = ]. [ = ] ) : [ = ]. , , & : , . _/ .. = _ / . = , , , . _/ / = _ / .. = , : _ . = _ . = _ . . .6. " ,, + " , , ' ( , ) , , ..:

_ / ... . ( ; = = )

, .

26

: 1) (= ): _ ( = = , : ( = ) 2) "" . : / .. (= ), : / .. = . 3) , . . ( . "") , . , : _ / ... = = = . _ , .. = = = . , & , : (= .) (. ).= (= .) (= .). ' : ) : / / .. ) / / ... : / . / / ... ..... (. ) & , , , ..: _/ / ... ( ). _/ .. / .... _/ .. . , , , ..: _/ / ....... / . _ / / .... _/ ..... .7. " + " () :

) :

, .

27

_ , . ( ; = = ). = , . (; = = ) ) : _ , . (; = = ) _T (= ) / .., ; : 1. , , : . (. " " = ). (. " / "...) 2. O : , , . = , = . 3. .

, (, , ) . " " , ..: _ (.) (.), . ( = - ) _ , . = , .. . _ , ( . = ) _ , . : 1) " = = ". , ..:

.. = / .. / .. ( ) . ( ) = . = . / .. = . / .. = .. = . ( ) .) " + / " : / .. . = / .. . . = , = / ..

2) ( ), .: ) " + = ": / .. . = / ...... ( ) . / .. = / -

_ , / . = , . _/ ...... . _ () () ... _ , .

" ' ", : _ / ...... / . = / ....

, .

28

_ / . = . = / / / . : ) (' ): / . ( / ) ) , : , ( ) , ( ) ) ( " = " ): , . = , . , . ) ( ""): , .

, .

( ) ( ) . , , .., ..:_ , / .. = = = , . : , / = = = _ . = , . = : , . = , = .

: , (= ) . , . , . / , .

: 1) , . : " = = ", : , / . , / . , . "", : , () . , () . = / ", : () / .. = / .... / .. / . = / .. . 2) (= "" + : , , ...). : = . = . = . = . 3) : , , .. : . . . .

, .

29

4)

: / / ...... / / .. = / .. ). / ...... . = . / ...... / . = .., .. _ , . = . = . = / ... _ = . ( = ) _ . ( "" = = ) _ . ( "" = / = = ) : _ ( ). _ ( ) _ ( ) _ / ( )8.

" + ", , , ( ) :

) : _ . ( ; = = ). _ . ( ; = = ) _ . ( ; = = ) ) : _ . (; = = ) : 1) ( ..) : . . 2) (, , ) - : / () . / () . 3) ( ) ( ) : ) : ( ) . = (.) . / / . ) , , , : = & = ) : / ..... / ... ) : (= , ). (= 1993, 1994). ) . : : , , , , , , , , , , ..: _ (= )

, .

30

. _ / .. _ , . ( ): _ / . = / . _ / . _ [ (= ] ... _ [ (= ) .]. _ (/ ) . _ [/ ].

, , , (), ..... : (), , (). . = - // = () () - / = () = = () > = ( ) = = / = -/ , .. = _ = _ . = _ . = _/ .. 1940. = _/ .. 1945. = _/ .. 1940 1945. = _/ .. . = (. .)9. " + " (, , ...) :

) : _ . = . (; = = / ) ) : _(/ .. . ( ; = = . : _ . = . _/ / / ... . : _ / / ..._ / / .. : _' . .

, .

31

: 1. , : ; , (. ). 2. , .: ) : / / / .. ) , , : / .. / . / .. / ) , " + ": / / / . ... ) : / .. / .. = / .. [ ] = . ) , : (= ). ( ) = . . = ' , . (= , ' ). ) ( ). To , : / / / .. . // 14 . : : , 15 1995. . 15 . : / .. > . / / .. ( ) > . , , , .. , ..... : (), , , , (), : ) = ( - ) // = () () - / = = = () > = ( ) ) = = / = //.. = = , , .. =

, .

32

//.. . = = = . //.. . = /.. . = /.. . = /.. / . = /.. . = ///... / ... _/ ..... . = _ / .... / . = _ / .. . = ( ) _/ ..... . = _/ ... / . ( ; = .. = ) _ / / .. (/ ,,; = ,.... = ) _/ / / ...... / .. (/ ,,; = ,.... = )

10. " + " (, , , ...) :

) = , ..: _ . (/ ; = = ) _ . (/ ; = = ) ) : _ / . ( ; = = : 1) , , : (. " "). . (. " ") 2) ( ) ( ) : ( ): . = . ( = ). / / ,... . [ ]. [ ]. [ ]. : / [ ]. [ / / ...].

, .

33

: , , ,...: / / ..... / / . / ..... / ... . : / .... [/ ]. / ....[ 10% ]. , o , -: 10.000 / . / .. . ( ): / ...... / / -

...

]. []. [ ]. : [ ]. [ ]. . : . , , . " ", .

( ): / / . H : [ ]. : [ = . [

3) - : ) . : " + " = & "/ " = : _/ / .... .

) , " + ": / [ ]. [ ) , : / .. / .. = / .. / .. = / ... ' / / .. = /.... / .. = / ... [ = ]. [ = ]. [ = ]. [ = ]. ) : [ ]. -

_/ ( , ) ].

. . .) : : . . : " + " = _ (= ). : (= ,) _ . . " + " = : _ ( ...) _ = ( ) . " + . _ . _ . _ . " + " = . _ , : _ , : , .

11.

, .

34

" + " :

) : _ . ( ; = ... = ) _ ... ( ; = .. = ) ) , ..: _ . ( ; = = ) _ .( ; = = ). _/ / .. / ... = / .... / .. , , ( ,,: _ ( = ) _/ .. ( = ) _ ( = ) _/ .. ) _ ( = ) _ / . ( = ) _ ( = ) _ ( = ) : / / ... . / / / .. / . . : '/ / .... / . ( ): / / .. . / / ..: / . . 30 . 30 . : , . = () , () . : M = A , . (, , , ..): / / .. . / / . 20 / . / / / ... . / . . / .. . : 100 o o : / 100 , /

, .

35

: . : 10 % / / .. : 1) : ) + : [/ ..... ] . . . [ ]. / [ ]. ) : / / / . ) " .. ", : () . () ... () . . ) , : / / ...... ( ) . = . ) = ...(,,/,,)... .., : () , / . , ! . , .. 2) , .. ", , " ",," : () , ...... . () , .. . = (, 2, 100, 229, 1000, 5000000.. .) .

12. : ) , , ... " / / "..: ,

_ "", (= ). _ (= ), .... _ / (), .. _ (= ) . _" , ' " ( . ). = " ", . , " ' ". = . : " ' "". = . : " , ' ...... (. .) ) , ..: _ , , = , . _, , . = , . _, / / .. . = , / .. _ / / ... / . = / , / ... ,, + , ..:

, .

36

_( ) . _( ) , . ( ? = = ) _ ;= / / / () ; _ / ; : ) "": / / ...... . = . . . ) "/ ": / , ) "": / . / ... / ..... / ... . _ ! . _, , . = . _, , . = . _ , , . _ , ' , . _, , . _, , .

4 1. T &

, .

37

() , . , , : ) (). . ) () . . ) . . ) . , , .

( . & " ", . .)2. . O (. , ......) , . () () , ..:

_ [] + [] + [ ] + [ ]. = [ ] + [] + [ ] + []....... _ [ . ] + [] + [ ]. = [ ] + [ . ] [ .. = [] + [ . ] + []. () , (), , . . , () , : ) (.. 1,3,5.. 2.4.6 , ), ) (= 1/2 ) (= 1/4 1/2 ), . , ..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 --'- -, - - -- - -, - . : : 1, 3, 5.. : 7-8, 14-15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 - , -- -, - - - , -- --, - ---. , , : 1,3,5.. ( . " " . . )

, .

38

(, ...): 1. , ..: _ . , , . : . , . _ , , . : , . _" ", . , " ' ". : . : " ' ". " ' ". (. ) _ , , . : , / . _, , . = , .. : , , . , , . . , , . , ' , . 2. , ..: , , . : . : , . , . , , . , , . 3. , ..: , , . : , . 4. , ..: , , , : , . , , , . . ) () . (, , , ) , , () . , , , . 1) - ' - : / : , , ... . ,, + & / : _[ = ] [ = ]

, .

39

_ (= ) . = (= ) . 2) , , .... . " = ;": _ ( = ) _ ( = ) , : . ' , : . . , : : . . . : To . : . . ' . . : H (1940). . (): . () . . : . O . : . (, ... ): . ,................. : * = [() = ]. * [() ]. * . = ( ) . * . = () (). * . = [( ) ()]. * . = [ () > ()]. 3) (= , , , , , ). " , , , , , , ;.. _ [ = ] [ = .] _ [ , = ]. _ [ = ]. _ [ ]. & : [ ( = .)]. ( ) 4) , . _ , . _, .

, .

40

) () , , . , , ( ). ' , _- , -. ' , _- , -. ' , . _- , -. ) , . : ) E, : : , , , , , , . : , ,, , .. , ... * . (" " = , " " = ) ) , , ( ): : , , , .. () , . : -,,, -,,... * . (= 2 3 ) * 1/6 (= ) (, , ...): . . , ", , " ",," : () = & () . = (= , ). . = . (= ). (= , 1000 .). . (= ). ) & & , .. ( ). , .. ( ): _ (), (.) (.) _ (), (.) (.) (= ) ().

, .

41

, .. , : [ ]. [ ]. + [ ] [ ]. , .. , ... ( ) : [ ] . [ ]. [ ]. , . , : _[, ], .... _[ , ],... _ , . : 1. ( ) , , . _ = / = _ = / = . = , = = , = = , = . = , / = .... 2. : [ ] : ) ' ( " ,, " ), : / > . () > . ) ( " ; = , ,"): > . > . > . > . ) ( " = ,,) _ > = . _ > = . _/ > . _ () . = . _T > ' . _ > . _ ()/' . = .

, .

42

: "/, //" : ()/ (), /////. , ..: _/ / / ... . = / / / ... . ( = , " = ;" , = , , ",, , ;). _/ / ... . = / / ... . : _ . = . _ . = . _ / ... = / .. . _ , , = , .. () = . _ , , = , .. () = . _ , = , _ , = / _ . = ( ) () _ . = ( ) . _ = () _ = (). _ . = () () _ . = () () _ . = (). _ . = () ... _ . = () .. _ . = () ... _ . = ( ) () (). _ . = () (). ,.............. , ( //,, ) . 'E : _/.. /.. . = //.. = //.. . = //..(.) (.). : . = (= ) (= ). _( ) //.. . = //,, . = /.. . : / .. = (= ) .. (= .) _ / / .. = /... . _// / /.. = ... () ()..

, .

43

_ / / .. = //... . _ = ()() . _ . = ( ) . _ . = ( ) . _ . = ( ) . _........... . & , , ..: _ . (.) (= .), ( ). , , . , , ..: _ (.) . ( ), . , . . ( ) ( ) ( ), , : _ . = . (= ). (, ), ( ), , : _ (= = ) (= = ). = (= = ) ( = ) . & , , . "", : = _ _() . = . A, , , . _ = . ( - ): _ ( ). = . _ . = ( ) .

, .

44

,....... . , . , , , : : , , .. : , , , , ... : , , ... , , , ... , . : _ [ ///.... = ] _ [ = ] O : ) "-, - " . ) ( ) . ) . / , ,, . . . . . . . . . ,, . . . / ,, . / . > (,,) // . ,, . . / , ,, ,,.. ,, ,,.. ,, / ,, ,,.. / ,. / ,. / . /. // . . . , .. / . .

, .

45

. . . . . . / ... , ,,.. ,.. ,,..

' . , .. . . .

. , , . . . .

.

, , . -,, . , , . . / / ... , ,, ,.. .. ,..

. & (= , ) . ' ( ",,") : ) , : , , , , , , , , , .. ( , ) _/ / / / /.. . ( / ..;. = = = / ...;) : () . (To ) . ) = () , ...., : , , ,... , , , ... _ (.) / / .... . ( ,,; = = = ) _/ . = / () ( ? = ) : , , : / .. . : . . = ( ) ( ). : 1) : / .... ( ): / / ... .

, .

46

2) ' ( = ' ). _ / / .. . ( ,,; = / / ) _ / ... ( / ; = / ) : _ / / ... _ . . ... _ / / ... _ . _ . _ / / / / .. . : _ / . _ . . _ / / ... _/ .. . _/ / .. . _ . 3) , .: ) M , , , : / / / ... / / / / / ... > / > ...... / // / ... = / / / .... / / / / / .. = / / / / / .. = / / / ... / / / / / ... = / / / ...= / ... / / / /.. = / / / .. = / / / .. / / .. = / / .. : _ / .. . _ / / .. . _//.. . _/ .. / . : _ / .. . _ / / .. . _ > . _ / .. .

, .

47

) , , , ( ) : : _ . _ () . _ . _ > . _ / ... () . : _ . _ () ..... _ / _ > . _ / .. () . 4) : : _ / / . _ / / / ...... / . : _ / . _ / / / ..... . 5) , . , ... = " , , / ..", ..: ( ): _ , , . _ / , , . _ , , . _ , , . _ , , . ( ): _ , , . _ / , , . _ , , . _ , , . _ , , . . , , , , , ... ...: / .. (. ). , (. ). (. ..). : / / / .. . =

, .

48

. , , - ... + , ..: _, / / / ... . _ / / / ... . _ , / .. , . _A / () . _/ / .. . _ / . / . = () / .. = () : _ , () / , . _ , () / . _ , () ' / , . _ , () / , . : _ . _ . _ '.

5 1. ( ), . , , , ....., , ..:

_ (). _ ( ). _ ( ). , : , , , ...., ..: [ _ . (). _ ().2. &

, .

49

( ) (, ) , ..: (), (), () (, .....) , ..: ( ) (: ). ( ) / (: )

: + + + + ( / ..) + , ..: O . . . . , ' . , . : + - + + + ...., ..: . : O . . : . . , . : . . _ . : . , : ) , ..: _ . . = . . . _ / / .. . = / / . _ / / / .. . = / / / .. _/ .. = / .. _/ / .. = / / .. _/ .. . = / .. ) , ..: _ / / .. = / / .. _/ .. = / .. ) , ..: _ / / .. = / / ..

, .

50

3. 1. ( ) _ . = _ . = _ . = _ . = _ = _ . = ). _ = . _ = . ( . )2. & 1. , ..: ( ), - ' - (, , ...), , ..:

_ . , , . : . . _ . , , : . _ . , / / .. , . _ ', . _ . , , . _ . , ' , .. " , , ....", ..: _ . , ( ) , . ( " >""): _ , , . = , ( ) , .. = , . ( " > = "): _ , , . = , ( ) , .. _ , , . = , ( ) . _ , , . = , .. = . _ , , . _ , , ... ( " > "):

, .

51

_ , , , .... ( " / " _ , , .2. , ..: ( ), . , (. ), , ..:

_ , . , . : . . _ ' , . , ... _ , . , . _ / / .. , . , ' . _ / .. , '. _ , . . , ..: _ , () . , . : 1) , , .... ' , , ..: , 1 - 1 - '95, . , , ... , , , , , : _ , . . _ , . . _ , 2/5/1990. _ , . _ , . _ , ._ , . _ , 5-12-1991. _ : ; _: , . ( " " = , "".) : , . , . , . , . 2) : ) , , , (. , + + + ), ..: _ , , . = . _ , . = . _ , . = . _ . , , . = . , . _ . , / / / .. . = / / / .. . .

, .

52

) ( , ) , . , : _ [ , ]. = [ , ]. _ [ , ]. = [ , ]. _[ , ], . = [ , ], . _ . , , . = , . , . ) ( .. ), . : _ () = , = () . _ . = ( _ , . = _ , , . : . _ ( ). = . ( / ) ) : _ , , . = () () ... _ , , . = () () .. _ , , . = () () ... 3) , , , ..: _, (. = ) . , .. = = _ , (.) . _, , .. = _, ( ) , ' . = 4) , , ..: _ , . , . _ , , . = ( / . o) , . : . _ , , . = ( ) , . : . 5) , , , , , , ..: _ . , . = . . _ , , . = . 6) , , ..: _ () . _ () . : _ , , . = , , . _ , , . = , , . : . . 7) , ..: : [ ]. = [ ], [ ]. = = [ ], [() ]. =

, .

53

8) , () ' ( ). , , , . " ,," = "", (= , , ..... ). , : _ , ( ) , .. = ( ) . = = . = . ( ) = . : _ , ( ) , . = .. _ , ( ) , .. = () () ... _ , , . _ , , . _ . , , ... = . ... = : . , , .. = . .. =

3. . , ..:

_ , . _ , . _ , . _ ! . _ ! . _ , ... _ , .4.

_ , , . _, , . _ , (/ ..) . _ , (/ / ...) 5. & ( ) , ..:

: () . : H : .

, .

54

, " ,, > " , ..: : , . : O . , " ,, > " ( ) , ..: .: 1) O , ..: () = (). : _ , , .. = ... _ (). = . _ , , . _ , . _ . : . , : , . . = (... ..) . 2) , , ' . , ( ) ( ), . _ . = () . = . _ = () .. = .. ( ) : _ , , = ( ) . _ , , . = () () . ( ) 3) , ..: / . = = .. / . : = .. 4) ( ) , ( ), . : "" , : ) (= ), ..: : ; : .

, .

55

) () = "/ ,, > ...." = , , ..: .= () . = . "" , : ) , ..: , , . = . ) , . : * : , , = _, .= , / . _, . = , / . _ , / . * : , _ , ( /) _ () , () . _ , / .. * : // _ , (= /) . _ , (= /) .

6 & 1. ( ) & , (: ;, ;, ;, ;..) , , ' . , , , ' ' , :

_: , , ; _:

, .

56

) , . = , , . ; ; ) . = , ' , ";" _ : ; _: . = , , ? () : ) , . ) , . ) . ) . _ () (). _ , . : 1) , ... : _ . { , , ... = , . } _ . . 2) ( ) , ( ): . = () () ( ). 2. & , . , . _: ; _: . . . _ . , . . . . ... { , , : , , , , ; } 3. () ,

, .

57

. : ; ,,; ;, ,,; ; ; ; ; .... , .. : _ . , . = . = ; = = ; = . ) = ; = ( ) = ; = ( ) = ; = = ; = = 4. , .. : . . . . : , , , . , , .. : . = () ( ). _: , ; _: . = ( ). _: , , ; _: (.: ). , : _[ . ] [] []. : [ ] []. 5. & , ' () ( ) ( ). , ..: : _ . ( : "/ "). _ () . _ () . _ 162 () . _ 6 () . : , ( - , -) , ( -, -) (. ) , , ( ), . _ . (. " ").

, .

58

_ (. " ".). _ . = () (). , . , , () . , : _ (. = . ) _ ( ); _ . = ( ) . , : ' . (: . . : . _ , ; = _ , . = (. .) , : (). . = () (), = (), (). = ( ). (). = . (). = . () . = . : () > : 1) , : . = () . . = ( ) . 2) , , , : ) , . _ . = ( ). _ . = () () . _ . = () () . _// = ( ) , , , .. ) , . _ . = () () . _ /////. = ()/ ()/ ().... _ //. = () ()/ ()/... _(, ) .() > . _ ; = (); ) : _ // . = N ()/ ()/ (). _// . = () // (). _ // . = () ()/ ()/.. _ . = (,,) (). _ . = ( ) (). = () // () _// .

, .

59

_ . = () () _ . = () () 3) , ( ) , , (. ) : ) , . _ ,. = , (/ ..). _ ,; = , (/ ..) ; _ ,. = , (/ ..) ; _ ,; = , (/ ..) ; ) , . _ . = (/ ..) . _ . = (/ ..) / (). ) , . _// , = // (..) . _// , = // (..) . _// , = // (..) . _ / / ,,. ,............. : , , : . = , , .. . = , , ....

7 1. . . . , ..:

_ ( ) . _ , / ( ) . _ / ( ) . _ , ( ) . , : ) ( ) , , ..: _ ( ) .

, .

60

_ . ) ( ...) ( ). ) : . = ( ). + . ) ( , ..), , : ; ;, ;, ;, ;, ....., ..: _ . ( = 2 ) _ ( ) _ ( ) _, . ( ) _ . ( ) _ , . ( ) _ () () . ( , , , .) . , ,.... , , , , ' ' , : _ . = ' + ( ) . = ' = . = _ . = ' + ( ) . = ' + ( ) . = ' = . = : 1) , , ..: + () + () . = . : + . = . ( ) . (= 2 .), : . (= 2 2 .) _ , .

, .

61

: , (), . (= 2 ,................... 2) , , ..: _ ( ) . = . _ . ( ) + . . = . . . 3) : , , .. : _ ( ), . _ (), . _ (), , . , : ) : _ . ) : _ , _ , . ) , , ( , ): _ , = _ , = , : , . = _ . = . : ... = .2. . () , , , , ..:

: . ( ) . ( ) . = . : , , . : () (), () () . : , , , , ()

, .

62

( : , , , ,...) , ..: ) ( , , ... , ), ..: _ , , . _ , , . : , , - , , ) , ..: _ , . _ , . : , - , , & ", , ", , - , , , . . , -. _ () . = , . _ () . = , . _ () . = , . _ () ; = , ; _ () () ; = , , ; _ () () . = , , . _ () = , _ () . = , . _ () .. = , .. _ () . = , ... _ ( ) ( ) .. = , , ... _ () () .. = , , ... _ () () () .= , , , .. _ ( ) () , () . = , , . (, , ,..) -, : : _ " . = , (/ ) . _ " () .

, .

63

_ " ( / ) . _ , " . = , , () . _ , " . = , , () . _ , " . = , . : _ " () . _ " () . _' " = ' (, ) . ( ): _ " () . _' " . = ' (/ , = ) . : 1) " = ": 1,20 = 1 20 (= .) 10, 5 = . 2) . .. : : , . (= .) & : , . ( = .) : . . & : , . , ( . " " . .) . ( ) (= ", , "), , . , , .., . : 1) "" , : ) : _, () . : , . _ .: _, () () . ( _) . _ () . _ () . ) :

, .

64

_ , () . ) : _ . = () () . ) : , () . , () . = , , . ) , ..... : () () . = () () . _ () () . = () . _ () . _ () () . 2) ", " , : ' ; : ; '() = . : . ' . : .. . : . , . , . . _ . = . 3) "/ .... / ", " ... ". _ . : . _ . : . _ , . : . _ () , ( ) . _ () . = . 4) " = ": ) "": _, () . _ , () . ) "": _ , () . : . _ (,) . _ , . _ . = , () . = , .

, .

65

* : _ , () . : . * .... : _ , () . : . _ , . : . 5) " ..", " ().." " .., .." "" . , () . : . , . : . , / . : . , . : . , . : 6) : , , , , , . : . . , . : , , , ... , : , , , .... ( : , , , , , ) . . , , . "" , : . : , .3. . ( ) . : (), , , , .. :

+ + .. : _ . _ . _ ( ) . + + ... : _ .

, .

66

_ ( ) . + _ (= ) _ . _ (, ..) + _ (= ) . _ . _ . _ ( ) ; ( / ) "", ..: () . . ( ) . , () . . ( ) . ( / ) = ../ / ..../ / ...: _/ / . = . _ ( ) . = ( ). _ . = . _ ( ) . = . _ ( ) . = . _ ( ) = . = . (= ): _ , ( ) , ( ) . = , , . : ) , ( , ), , ..: _ ... = (/ .. ) .. _ . = ( , .. = , ) . _ . = ( ,... , ) . _ . _ . ) , , .... , / .. , ..

, .

67

_ / . _ () . _ . : _ . . . (= , " = ) ) "" : * = , " = ' ": ( ' ) . : / , . _ ( ' ) . : , . * = (, , ..), , " = " / ...): _ . : , . * = , " = " /": _ . : , . _ . : , . ) "" "", . _ . = . _ . = () . = () . ) - : / , = , , , : _ () . _ () . _ . _ .

. , , (= ). , , ..: _ ( ) . = = , . _ . = , = . _ = , _O ; (= ) _ ' ' , . = , = = ...... (= ): _ () () . = , .

, .

68

, (, , , , , ...) , ..: _ = = _ . (= , ) _ ( ) . ( ) _ , ( ) . ( ) _ .( ) . , , , . ... . : , , , ", ", ..: _ (= ), ( = ). : () . _ (= ), (= ) : . : + : _ . = , . = , . _ . = , . _ . = , / . _ / . + : _ . = , () . _ . = , . _ . = , . _ / . , + : _ = , / / ... = . _ = , = _ () , () _ , .

, .

69

_ . , + : _ = , = _ () , () : ) , , . () . , : _ (= ), (= ) ) , ..: _ , . . : , , . _ , (= ), (= ). ( ). , , .... , : 1) ..( ) ( ): _ / = , , / / ... = , . : , . , / ... , , . / , . , . , .. , , , ..: _ / = , , / /... = , _ , . = : , , = , . _ (), () _ (), () () _ ( ), ( ). _ ( ), ( ). _ , / ... _ , . 2) , ... , ... ( ): _ / , = , / =

, .

70

_ / , = , / = : , . , . , . ( ), / . , . , . , . , . , () . 3) , .. . _ / .. = , , .. = O: , . , . , . = , / . , . = , / . 4) : _ / , . _ , . _ , / . _ , . 5) : _ , . _ , . = . 6) ( ): _/ .., . 7) : _ , / . = , . _ , / ' . 8) . _ , (/ ) . _ , (/ ) . _ (/ ) . : _ " (/ ) . . ( & ) () . : , , ( ), , , ,...... " ()" , ..: : _ ( ), () , ( ). : , () .

, .

71

, . , , .. , . . : = = = , > .... /, , () _/ ( ) (= , , , ). : / . _/ ( ), = , , , ). : / . _ (= ), (= ). _ (= ), ( = ). : , . , . , ' . , . , . , . , . , () . ' . , . , / . , / . , / . , / . , / . , . , . , . , . , . & , ( ) ..., ( ...) (, , ...). , ... , ..: _ (= , ,), () (= = , , .) _ (= ), ( ). _ . = _ ( ) . = . = = = = . _ , , . = , , . _ , . ( )

, .

72

& .( ) To ( , ...): _/ ( ), (). _/ ( ), ( ) (). , ( ) ... ..., (, ...) (, , ...). , ..: _ (= , ), () (= , , ). _ / (= , ), () (= , , ) _ , . ( , ..): _ / (= ), (= ). _ (= ), (= ). : 1.H : ) , , , , ...., : _ , . ) = = , : _ , ( ) & ' , ' ( ) = ( ' ) ( ) ' = ' ' ' = ( ) : . & , ( ) . & . & = . ) "(/ ) / = " : _ , ( ) ' . : , = : , ( ) . , ( ) . , . ' = . = ' . 2. : ) , , ..: _ , , . = = . _ = 6 . _ , = = = . _ , = . _ = = . _ = _ ( ). _ ( , ...). ) , ..: _ , =

, .

73

_ , = _ , = _ , = _ , = = . ) (" " = / "): _ , = . _ , = . ) ..., ..: _ , , . = , () . _ , , .

8 1. , , , .. :

_ , . _ , . , . : ) , .. ) : , () = = , _() , (= , ), . (=

, .

74

. (= ) . (= ) : ) , ..: _ . . : () , . _ . ; : ( ) , ; _ . , , . = , () . ) , ( ), ..: _() ' , ( = ). = , / ' . _() , . = , . _() , . = , . _ , . = , / . _ , . = , .

1. ( = ): ) : () . = ' ( ) . = ' . = ) (" "): (/ ) , ( / ) , . 2. (= , , : () . ( ) . . ( , , ) _() . ( ) . . ( , : () () 3. & : , ... ()..: _() (= ), () (= , ) , ... (/) ... , ...: _() (= ), () . = ()

, .

75

: _() , () . _() , () " . : _() , (/ ) . _() , (/ ) " . (. .)2. () (= ) ' ( = ) ' (= ) . . , " / " :

) : "... / ", _ , / (= ""). _ () , / (= ""). _ () , () . ) , ../ ... _ . = () , . _ () / . : ( ) / . , . , / . = , / . = . . : ) ( = ) (= ) , ..: . . : () . ) : () , . = / . ) = = , : , / . = ( ) . ) , : , / . = , . , / . = , .

, .

76

3. () ( ) (), . , , , ... , , , ..:

_ (= ), 100 . (= , ) _ , . (= , ) , () , - ..., ()... () "() = " " = " = , , ... (= ) = . . "", , . _ (= , ), ( = , ). _ (= ), / 100 . (= , ). : 1) : 1. ( , ) ( , ) , ..: _ , = , . = 2 = 1 . _ / . = , / . _ / , / . = , / . _ , . = , . 2. : , . = , . 3. N : (), () = (), () = 4. N : _ , , . = , . _ , , . = , . _ , , . = , . 2) - : 1. "() = ", (= ), , (. ), : _ , _ , . _ , ( ) . .

, .

77

_ , / 100 . . 2. , , ..: + : ' , ( ' ) ' . , ( ) + : , ( ) . ( ) . 3. " = " , : _() , . _() , , . _() , , . 4. , ..: _ , . = . _ , . = / . _ , 100 . . = 100 . . 5. " / ...", ..: _ , . ( : ...) _ , . 5. " (' )" , ..: / ... , .= / .., , . 6. " = = " . _ (/) , . _ (, ) , . 7. ",,, ,", ( , ..): _ ( ) , . _ ( ) , . _ = .., . _ (//) , . _', / , . _, , . 8. , ..: _ 100 . . = , 100 . . _, / / . 9. " ..", ..: _ 100 . . : , 100 . . _ , : ) 30 . ) . : , 30 , .... 10. ... "" "", , ..: _ , () 100 . _ , () , . 11. (...).... ... = : _ , . = , . = _' , ( ' ) ' . = . _ ( ), . = . _ ( ), . = .

( " .... "): _, , . , . = () , , ( ) , .

, .

78

_ , . = () ( ) , . _ ' . = () ( ) ' . : _ ; = , . _ ; = , . _(A) ; = , .: 1. "" (= , , , ): : ; : / . (. " ".) 2. " = / ....." : , . , . (. .) 3. : ) : , , , , .., ..: _ , . = _ , . = _ , . = _ , . = _ , = ,............ _ , , , . ) , ( ). _ , . _ , . _ / , . . ) , , : _ , . = _ , . = _ , = & _ , , = _ , , =

: 1) , , , (= , , ), ..: _ , . : . _ , . : , . , . _ , . : , . _ ' , ' . ' .

, .

79

_ , . : , . _ , ; : . 2) , , , ..: : , . = . , " . = : , , .., 3) ( ): _ , . : , . _ 1000 . . : 1000 , _ , 100 . . : 100 . , . _ 300 . = , 300 . _ , / . 4) - - , ..: _ , . : , / / . _() , = , = , . = = , . = _ , . : () , . _ , . = , = , . _ , . = , () . _ () , . = () , . = . _ , . = / , . _ , . : . , . 5) : _ , . : , . _ , . : , . _ , . : , . _ , . 1. . , : _ , .

, .

80

_ , . _ , . _ , . _ , . _ , . _ , . 2. . : _ , . _ , . _ , ; _ , . _ , . 3. . : _ , . _ , . 4. . : _ , . _ ( ) , . _ , . = _ - , 4. ( & ) . " = ":

_[ = ] . _ (= ) / / [ = ] _ (= .) / / / .... (= .). : ) , , ..: _/ / ..... . _/ / ... . _ / .. . ) , : _ / / .. . _ / / / .. . _ / / ... . : ) , , , .. : _/ / / .. . = . _(/ / / ... ) . = .

, .

81

_(/ / ... ) . _(/ /.. ) . _/ / .. . _ () . ) , : _( / / .. ) . : . _( / .. ) . : . _( / ... ) . _ / ... . _ // .. . * . : 1) " = " ",," ( = ) - , , ",,". _ / .. , , . _ , , . _ / / ... = . = / .. = . _ / / .. , , . 2) "", "," " , / ..": , (, = , ), : . = ( = ): " ".

. , , ... , .. : . . . . . : , , ... , ..: ( / ...) , , , .. = , , ,..... : _ // .. / / .. = ( / ) . _ . _ , ... = ( / ) . _ . = ( ) . _ . = ( ) . . ( ) ( ) , , ..: _ : " ".

, .

82

_" , ", , ... _ : ", ".... , : 1) (: - , , , , , , , , , ....) : / .../ .. ) ( ): _>, . . _" " / . ) ( ): _ . : >. _ / : " ". ) ( ): _, . , _" ", / , " ". ) ( ): _ . : > 2) , , . _() / : " " = = . = _/ . = _ : " " = _ : " " = . ' : / " ". . ' : / " ". . ' : / " ". " ". ( ) (, , ).

, .

83

, : : " ...". , ( ): : " ..." , : : " ..." : ) , ", " "". : . . ) , " = ": _ : " , ." _ : , . " = " : ) : : //.. ; ; : /,.. /// . ; , "". : ; ; : . ) : : ! : -,, () . ) , , . "" + : : . : () . ) ( " "): : . : / : " ". ) , "": : , . : . ( ) ' , ..: : , , . : : , , . : _ : " " (= , ) _ : " "

, .

84

(= , ) ) & . , , , . : 1. , ..: _( ) . : / / ... . 2. , ..: _ : " / "... : / / .. _E . : E . _ ( ); : ; _ , . : , . _ ... (: .) _ ? : ( ) 3. , ..: _ : . _ : : " ". _ / : ". , . -" _/ : " !". _ : " ". = . 4. (= , ), (= , , ..., ), ..: _ , . : . ' . _ . : , . _/ .. . : , ( ) ; _ . : ; 5. ( ) ( ) , ( ), ..: _O . : _ . : / , ,.... . _ . : , , .... .

, .

85

, , , , , ..: 1. , : _/ \ ... . : . 2. , , , ..: _ . . : . _ ... : . 3. , ..: _ ( ) . : E . _ . () . _: . . 4. : _ . : . 5. , , , ..: : , , , . : ) ( ): (): ", , , ". ) ( ): . 6. , ..: _ , . : , . _ , ; : . _ . ' . : B . _ ; : . _ ; : . 7. , ..: _ . : . 5. 1. () ( ) . . _ > ( -) _ () ()

, .

86

( ) _ . ( ) _ . ( ) , . _ . _ . _ . , : _ . _ ._ . _ ( ..). , : _ . _ . : _ . _' . _' . _' . : _ , . _ . _ , . :_ . 2. ( ), "' ,, > //" ", ..: _[ = ' () = ' _[ = ' () > = ' _ = ' = . = ' ' : _[ (. ' ). _[ (. ' ). _ ( ). _ (' ). ) ( ) () .

, .

87

, , . , . (' .) () ( = ' .). (' .) (' ). (' .) () ( ' .) (, ' .) (' .) . . . _ ( ).( = ' , = ' ). _ . = . ( = ' , = ' ). _ 300 . = (= ' = .) ( = ' = .) 300 . & , , , ' ' . , ' , ' "' () = ". _ ( = ' - ) () ( = ' - ). _ () ' / ( , ) . _ ( = ' ) ' ( = ' ) . - ( ) , ' ' , . ' ( ) ' : ) " ,, //" = "":. _H _ . _ . ) , " / //" _H > _ > /' . _ > ' . _ (= ). _ (= ).

, .

88

) : _ (= , ) / (= ). _ (= ' , ) / (= ' , ) ) (): 1) "" - , " ,, = ,,...", ( ...) , ..: _ > . _ > . 2) , " , = ". * ( ) . ( ) * = . ( ) * () . ( ) * . ( ) * () = . ( .) * () . ( ) : ) (, , ) . _ () / ' . _ () . _ ' . _ ' . _ / ' . ) () , , : * ( ) > . * ( ) . * ( ) . * ( ) . * . = () .

, .

89

) : , , , .... ... : (= ), , , , , , , ,.. . _ / / / ... _ = , . _ = . _ / . _ / / ... / . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ . , : .. _ _ , : ... _ _ , : ... _ / _ / ) & ( ) , . ( ) . _ = . _ / = , _ = ( ). _ = , _ = _ = , - _ / = , , . 6. , . . " = = " , ..: _ .= = . = ].

, .

90

: , [ = , ]. _ = . = = =\ _ ( >) = / . = . _ . = . _, ( ); _ . = ... _ . _ . _ .

9 . 1) : " " , (, ) , .

"" = , "" = , "" = : , , = , , : _ / = : / = , : ) : , , , , ... ) , : = = 2) () , . , , , , , , , , , , , ... , .. :

: , ... : , , , ...

, .

91

: , , , , , , , , ... : , , ,... , , , ... : , , .. : , , , .. : , , , , ... , ............3) ' , , . ( , , , , ..) , .. : ()> ,,, ()> ,,,.. = & = ,

: , , ... : , , , .. : , , , , .. : , , , , . ,.................... . : _ (. ). _ (. ) . , . : , . : , () . : , , , 4) ' , , , ' , ..: - > ,,, ,,, ,, ...

= & () = : 1) , , , , - ' = , : ,,, = , ,,, = ( ): _ ( = . ) (. ) ( ): _ ( = . ) ( = . ) 2) -,,:

, .

92

1. : > ,,, . 2. ' , , : . . 3. : = ..,. 4. , ..: , , , ... 5. : ,, = ,, . 3) -(),,: ) ( ): > , > () ) -,,: , 4) -,, > - (-): 1. ( ): (= ), = 2. : ,, = ,, 3. , ( -,,) ( -/, , , : _ (= , .) . _ ( ,.. = ) _ ( = ). _ ( = ) _ ( = )5) (' ) , .. : = , = , ,, = ,,, ,,, ,,, ....

. , . ", , ,,...".., : (= ' ) . .. , , ..: , , .6. & : , , , , , .

X , . : , , ...

, .

93

: , , , .... "" = : / / ... "" = (, ... ): / / .. "" = : , , " " = : , ( . " . ", . ) & . / ,, / ,,, : ) , , : , , , ... . ) , : , , , ... . , , . ' : , , , , .. /. , , ........ /. ' : , , , , .. /. , , ........... /. : ) , , , , .. : ' : , , , , , ... ' : , , , , , ... _ / . _/ . ) , , , .. : , ,.. / . ' . : 1) , : ) : ( ), . ( /.. ) . : . . . & . ) ( ): / / / ... . / .... . // ... .

, .

94

: / / / ... ( ). . . . : * . & * . & . * . & . 2) : > , > , > ... _ , . _/ .. . _/ .. . & , ..: _/ / / /.... _/ = / . , .. (.. , , ,...) : , , , , , : _/ / .. . _ / / .. . _ > . : _ . = . _ . = . _ . _ = (). _ = (). : _ . _ ' . _ . = () _ . = (/ ..) . & . / ,,, ). / / ,, = . _ . ( / ; = = ; = = )

, .

95

_ . ( ; = = / /; = = ) : 1) (= ), , ..: _ . = / . _ . = / . 2) , , . _ . = ( ) . _ = .

. 1. ( ' = + ) , . (= ) . & ( = ) : ) : (), , , , , (), , . ) : , , , , , , ('), , , , . : , , , , = = , = = . / / . / . . . . () . . : , , , , , , , , , , , , , : -, ()-, -, ()-, -, -, ()-, ()-, -, ()-, ()-, -,... - , -, -, -(), -, -, (/),...

: 1) : _ = , . _ [ = , ].

, .

96

_ [ = , ]. _ (" " = ) 2) , : ) = : _ ( ) = (). _ > . ) (' ) _ > . ) : , , * / ..... / (. ) . : / / . * / ..... . * . = . = . ) - : . : ( >) . . : ( ) . 3) , , () (), : = / , = , = = . : = , = / , = , = () , = ,.... = , = / , = / ,.... = , = . / / .. = / / . : , , , , , ..: . ( ) . . , , , , ... : = () ,, ,,/// = ,,/// = ,,/// = ,,/// = (..) ,,/// = (-) () = () = ///... = . .. ( ) = . ( ) >

, .

97

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

, .

98

= = = / ... = / 1821... = . = : = = () = . 6) . H /// , , , ... : () . () . () . () . . * (. ). * . = . 7) . ///.. , , , , ... : . = () . E . = () . 1821. = () 1821. . 8) . /... ///.., , .... : / ..... / / / ... . "" , : , , , ...: > , > , > ,.. E ( ). . ( )> . 9) . , , : (= , ) . (= ) . (= ) . . : = = , , .. . = = = = "": _ / 100 . = _ / = _ . & . = , . = . : = . : / / / .. . / / /, ... : 300 . / . [ ] .

, .

99

: . , . (= ). / / ... . : / 100 / 100 ... & : / ... / / .. : / / ... ( ). ( ). : / .... . . () (, , ....) , , , , , ,..., ..: _ . : . _ [ .]. _ .

2. O ) & - ' : 1) , . .. , . . , . , , , . ... , , , ..:

( ). = ' + , . = ' = , . = (. " & ".) 2) ( ) (. ) ( ), . . () . .. , ..., ..: _ , [ . = , ] _ , [ . = ] _ , [ . = ()] (, ,....), , :

, .

100

) , "". . . ) , "". . . ) , "". , . , . ) , "". , . , . ) , "". , . ,..................... 1. ( ): : (), , o, : , -: , , , : , , , , , , 2. ( ""): : , , , , , , : , () , () : , , / 3. ( ;) : () ... /, : ...,,... : , , , , , 4. ( "";): (), 5. ( ""): , , , , / / , , , . 6. ( ""): , (/ ..) 7. : 8. : (), , = 9. : = 10. : = = 11. (): () = = , ) , . , . . (, , , ...) ( ) (, ...). , ..:

:

, .

101

_ ( , ) , ( ) = _ (= ) , (= / ). : _ , (..) . _ , . _ , . T ( , ...) , ...., ..: o = = , ..: = = = ........ (: ) ( , , .... ): = . ....... = .... , ( , , , , ), () : , , , , , , ...... , ( ) ( ), ..:. = , 1 = , = , 2 = "". ( ), = : , , , , ........ _ = ), (: = ) _ , (= ). , "" : , ... _ (= ), = = ] ( , , ....) 3. TO ) &

, .

102

, , , ( ) , .. : , , , , , , , .. , , ,..... : ( );, ( ); ( ); ( ); ( ;), - , ( , ...), , :

_ ; ; = = = . , / . _ . ; = = = ' , / '. _, . ; = = = . , / . , ... . ( "." ) : ) , ... , ..: _ . : / .. _ . : , , ,...... ) , ..: _ ; _ . : . ) (, , ) , ..: _ (= , ). _ (= ). _ (= , ) . _ (= ). : 1) : , , , ... , , , , , .. : > . > . . , , ..: ( ) = . : > , , , , , , , , ... 2) : ; , . = , (= "") 3) , ..: , , , , ... 4) ( , ...) ( , ....),

, .

103

) () . * []. : [ ]. = * []. : [ ]. = * []. : [ ]. = * = = * : ) & : ) , , , ..: . . . . . . ... . . / / / ... . / / / .. . / .. . ) , , , , ( : , , , . -,, , , , , ..: ,, ,, > , , ,, ,, > , ,, ,, > , _ , .. = _ / / .. = _ / / .. = _ / , , .. = _ /, /,.. = - _ . _ . - ( -,,). ' : - > ,, -,, > -, > , > , > .... ' : > ,, -,, > -, > , > , > . _/ .. / . .= / ... / .. =

, .

104

_ / .. = / ,.... = _ / .. . = / .. = _ , .. = = (. "H " . )

10 : 1.

Greek Syntax

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