Glass transition of metaphosphate glass in the viscosity ...

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Glass transition of metaphosphate glass in the viscositytemperature relation Hiroshi Kobayayashi National Metrology Institute of Japan AIST (Retired)

Transcript of Glass transition of metaphosphate glass in the viscosity ...

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Glass transition of metaphosphate glass in the viscosity‐temperature relation

Hiroshi Kobayayashi

National Metrology Institute of Japan

AIST (Retired)

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Viscosity of several glasses

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Viscosity of glass

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h

S

∆l

G

h

S

∆l

G

Strain ε = ∆l / h

Stress σ = G / S

Definitions of shear stress and shear strain

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a

ac

b

b

loading

ε (t)

ε’(t’)

t = 0 t = t0t’ = 0

Stra

in ε

(t)

Time (t)

unloading

dt

a

ac

b

b

loading

ε (t)

ε’(t’)

t = 0 t = t0t’ = 0

Stra

in ε

(t)

Time (t)

unloading

dt

ε(t) = a + b[1− exp(−t / τ)] + dt

ε’ (t’) = c + b exp(-t / τ)

Time‐dependence of strain under step‐type stress

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stressσ,  strainε(t)σ=ηdε(t)/dt

viscosityηη=σ/d                

experimental conditions ε(t) ≤ 10‐3,t≤ 5 min.

Definition of shear viscosity

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probes mobile plate

specimen fixed plate

furnace

weight

detector pulley

Schematic diagram of apparatus

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Viscosity of metaphosphate glass

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Viscosity of polystyrene

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Viscosity of metallic glasses

By Prof. H. Numakura 

of  Kyoto Univ.

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Viscosity of polymer glasses

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Viscosity of aromatic hydrocarbon

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Glass transition

・Rearrangements of  groups with many molecules.                  

・Metals with complex molecules or with different

size compositions tend to be glasses.

Big aging effects

Effects of different compositions, and

thermal and mechanical treatments on viscosity

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1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.248

9

10

11

12

13

14

Tg/T

Log

η (

Pa・

s)

(AgI)0.5(AgPO3)0.5

AgPO3

Viscosity of metaphosphate glass with different compositions

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1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.20 1.248

9

10

11

12

13

14

as received

Polystyrene

annealed

loaded

Tg/T

Log

η (

Pa・

s)

Viscosity of polystyrene

with different treatments

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Temperature‐rate dependence of Tg

Two transition temperatures were discovered. 

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In glass

Disorders          Properties different from crystals             

Intermediate Range Orders 

Particular properties of glasses

including the glass transition

Intermediate Range Order (IRO)

Cooperative Rearranging Region (CRR)

Spatial Heterogeneity (SH)

Cluster

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Short range orders in liquidsSize of them is about 2 A.This situation is the same as that in glasses and crystals.

Medium range structures in supercooled liquids

Icosahedron in metallic glassesSize of them is about 5 A.

They are precursors of IROs. 

Intermediate range orders Intermediate range orders in glassesin glassesCrystalline nanoclusters or compound nanoclusters  Size of them is about 2 nm.They yield their small interfacial energy to form glasses. 

Long range  orders in glassesNo

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Theories for glass transition

• Free volume theory: phenomenal theory• Adam‐Gibbs theory : phenomenal theory• Mode coupling theory: basic theory• Molecular dynamic theory: simulation• Energy landscape theory: simulation• Renormalization group theory: basic theory

No theory can  explain the glass transition phenomena. 

IROs, which increase in size and number decreasingto Tg, suppress the crystallization of the super liquidsand generate the glass states below Tg. 

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Activation process with double well potential

Potential barrier height U Activation energy E

Constant E in Arrhenius state Freezing of IROs in glasses 

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Adam‐Gibbs theory (1965) showsτ = τ0exp(C/TSc)τ: relaxation timeτ0, C: constantsT: temperatureSc: configurational entropy

When Sc is proportional to (T‐T0)/T0,η =η0exp(DT0/(T‐T0)   (VTF equation)

η: viscosityη0, D. T0: constants

When Sc is constant,η =η0exp(E/RT)    (Arrhenius equation)

E: activation energyR: gas constant  

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Conclusions• Viscosities do not diverge at any temperature.• Process is a phase transition from the VTF state to the Arrhenius state at Tg with no latent heat.

• Viscosity is more sensitive to the composition, thermal and mechanical treatments in the glass state than in the supercooled liquids.

• New (viscous) transition temperature was discovered at lower than Tg by the DSC.

• Idea of IROs for the glass transition is proposed to explain our data.

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The glass transition is due toa self‐organization of the IROsof nanometer orders in size

in the glass state.