Georg Iggers Η Ιστοριογραφία στον 20ο αιώνα

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Ti,utroq npolror6nou: Georg G. Iggers: Historiography in the Twentieth century

lr1 dx8oc1: A0rjva, 19I)

41 dx8oo1 (erra.ver'-tinool): A0dva 2006

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e-mail: [email protected] o www.nnet.gr

Georg G. Iggers

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TI I'TOPIO|PAAIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

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drich, Akira Hayashima, Wolfgang Hardtwig, Frank Klaar, Wolfgang Ki.ittler,

Jonathan Knudsen, Iris Pilling, Lutz Raphael, Anne-Katrin Richter, Hans

Schleier, Ulrich Schneckener, Fernando S6nchez Marcos, Christian Simon,

B. Streth, Rudolph von Thadden, Wiebke von Thadden, Edoardo Tortaro-

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l.rovrx{ 6oipew rou pou xgootgepe. To State University .ur1q Ndaq Y6p-xnq q'co Buffalo eile r1v xa).oo6vr1 va pu0prioer ro rp6ypap.V.d. ,Er.r.y ird.-paE6oetirv p.ou 6.uor, tbore va iato ro pr.e1a).6repo Euvar6 yp6vo yw 6peuvaxat ^ypa,Qqro. To K6vrpo Woodrow Wilson napei.ye .u1v unoo.u{ pftr1 yw6va eupdrepo o16Dlo, .cq:11ua .uou onoiou ipav av,c6 ro 6t6\i.o, evci.r ,uo

TIPOAOIO> KAI EIXAPI>TIE>

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L Georg G. Iggers, New Direclions in European Historiograplry, Middletown'

Conn. t975. 1984 [lxdopp 'ly*epc, Nleq xaceu\lvaaq qrn]v eupanaixfi wroProTpd'pia. A}iya l99ll.

t5t4 H I>TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

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2. B).. Leopold von Ranke, <<Preface to the First Edition of Histories of the Latinand Germanic Nations>>, oto Leopold von Ranke, TheTheory and practice of History,ent;r. Georg G. Iggers xar Konrad von Moltke, IvEravrizro),rq lg7}, o. 137.

3. B).. Hayden .v,thite, Metahistory:The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-century

Europe, Ba).cp6p1 1973' The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Histor-ical Representation, Ba),rry"6g4 1987.

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or npooeryioelg enlElrirxouv, p,e Elagopetlxo[g rp6xovg, va npooappr6oouv

EI>AfOIH

l716 H DTOPIOIPAOIA ETON EIKO>TO AIONA

,cTlv Lo'coltxri 6peuva oro xp6rvrco r(t)v guor,xtisv erclotrlg.c'v. Ev<il ri za-pa6oor,ax\ Loaogo^(pd,gfu r6u.\e ro p5).o 'utov ac6por\ x&L 'cd, orotAetanpo0erm6tl'cec.'cd. onoia 6ev enrE6lovtav avayll1\ oe aglplp6veq T€-vtxeloerg, ol v6eg Vopqtq xotvr',rvlx{€ w'topf.aq 66lvav tptgaorl o'trq xorvcD-vrx6g Eop.dq xdt 6arc,8nElxaoieq xorvt,.lvtxcbv atr).a1drv. flap' 6)ra avr&.,ouppep(ovtav E6o xpiol1.r.1c orp.aoiaq avtl).{rlerq r1c nafu6replq toro-ptoypagtaq. H p.ta ipav r1rezoiOr1o1 noX I lo'copta, iyet va xhver, p.' ivar,gayp,arm6 avrmeip.evo lT,pog 'Eo onob np€nel \d. d\alc1ol1o6v ol agrl-yiper.c,.rov ro'Eoptxtiv. Aurii rl T,pd.^f1.d:ctx6:urya 0ev p.nopei, 666aw, vaoutr).rig0ei &.1;,,eoa, atr).ri, 6nr'rq oe 6).eq rlq ertot{pleq, r,ptner, va Eupe-oo),a6e(.rar, urc6 ,cq 6vvoreg vLdJ arc. vor,rutg xaraoxevtg rorv rotopr,xrbv,ot onoi.e< 61tl.r,q anooxono6v n6,vrore o'crlv dvrrxerp.evtr{ ptirol. Or v6egxorvovrxo-eru,orqgtov,.xiq npooeyyioerq &ox4oav oe no).trti oqp,eia xpr.rt-x\ otnv na).l6tepr; ro.uoproypcrgla: en,.xevrpcov6tav vnep6o)rr.xa n&.va ora&,,cop,a, $whepa o'uouq <<p,eTri).ouq riv8pecs>>, xd; ora ye"yot6aa, 6d\ \d.

firav aw&, ro uvrme[p.evo rlq wroptaq, xu r,apd.Ve].o6oe ro eupitepon).aioro p.toa oro onoto av,c&. ).el.uoup1o6oav. M' autri t1v 6vvora, olrorvrovrxo-enrot11.rovrx6c rpooeyytoetq, etre 1tapEr.or,.xtq. etce napoovra-viq, eire t1c olol{c rav Annales, av.ut7lpoodtnevav 6vav exElpoxpail-op6 t1c to'coptaq,'u1v 6v.ua[1 EIIaE{ eupirepov .uprlpri.urrrv .uou n}.10u-op,o6 w. 6va &.vor.y1ta rlg ro.Eoprxnc or.rri1c, ar,6 r1v no).ltlxri o'u1vxorvrovia. Katlopoiod,v .urq, na).l6tepeq xpooeytoer.q 67t ytanl $1rav exr-orlprovrx6g, alJ,&. ywrt Eev !.uav apxera. Ap.gw6yro[oal lLLa an6 rr.q&aouiq napa}oTtc, dvri6 rrlc na).r6rep1c npood11o1c, E1).a5rj 6.ur 1roropia dogo'),etrar. Ve ao lv"fxexplpdvo xat 6yt p.e yevrxe6oetq, 6u 6yeto'c6Ao \d, <<xa.ca\of;oer>>, xar, 6|1r, va <<e(1^p{oeL>>, xdl Elare(vovtav norq,avtr06rorg, d).eg or, er.w:uilteq, oul.lnepl).ap.6avoprdv1c xet .cnq rorop(aq,ogel].ouv va nepr6louv anrwxtg e[r1y{oelq.

YnapTer. w 6va Ee0repo olpeio oupr.go"rv(ag p.eral6 t1g na).l6rep1cnap&6oor1c x&r .Era\ xor,vovrxo-Enwr'rypovtxtiv npooellioeov. Kar or 66o).er.uouplo0oav 6doer. p.rac ypap.prxrjc avtil.1{tlc

"o, 1p6vou, yu.dq avri-hQ1c roi€ I to,copia 6ya. owiAeta xan xaqe,30uvo1, nl.r,q vnapya, npay-W'il rl orop{a og dva npayp.a, w. 6yr. 1.r.ra, no}}.an}.dqra roroprcirv.Au{ 11 avrD.1{1 Trd .rr)v roropta natpver. Eragopetm! Vopqn otlv na}.d

Prt,ouFocr,rr,xrl roroproypagtd xd',L oalc, V',ca./eveotepeq xolv(l)vr,xo-e7cro.ulg,o-vw6,c, npooeyyi.oeq. O Pdvxe etae aroppt{er rrlv avrilrlt!1 r1c ar}ooo-giac t\s loropiag nou npoijrc60ere 6va oXnW xaOo).m{q oropi.aq, oor6oo0e16tav oq EeDopl6vo nol€ 1') to.copta El60e.ue Frrcr eo<,lreprxil ouvoyil xar.

EIXA|OTH

e\i)rr\r14, xar 6Ewe pra npovop.rax! 06o1or1v loropia qq 46o,$. OixorvcDvlxo-erro.rlprovrxol npooavaro].r,opr.o6 oropmot e[1av trlv r&.or1 vanr.ce'jouv 6,ct, tov)'&yr,o.uov rl wrogi,a r\c, o6^fg?ovr1q enoah6, axo).ouOeiy.w oag\ xa.ue60uvor;. Av xar ).i1or 0a oug,govodoav pe p.ta 6won tr1€npo68ou zrou anoE[Eer. o' avril rlv xare60uvol tivav eueplerm6 Aapaxriypd., oL T,eproo6repor. ).el'uouplo6odv 6doet praq av'uitr1hc nepi <<exouT1)o-vro;r.o6>> { npoo8euclxo6 <<e[op0otro1top,ori> nou 6iver ouvol{ q"IV roropr-xt'1 eEdfufu. H 'oroprd 'cov ot4ygovou Eurtxo6 x6o'p.ov xar67a. xal eE6npovopr.ro0lo 06o1. H nayx6op,r.a w'copia tav'ci\erat pe rov exEurmlop.6.

Auri4 or. xapa}o74tc, 6tA04xav an6 ra ,ctltq rov }txarou tvarouar.tbva. .u1v evterv6p.evl dpgro1ipyon r'nq grtrooogr.xilc ox6!ryc. Optocp6vo o.co te).euraio rtragro rov antiva Vd.g oL ap.gl6o).ieq nou xapilyayeavrfi q apg,.o6ip"qor1 ex'rlptaoav oo&aga ro ipyo rt,rv rqropr,xcirv. Au.u6qo erdydrcpooava.uo).opr,6c, r'qc wrogrx'i1c oxiQyc, avax).o6oe 0epe).lax6gaD.a16q orrlv xor,v<'rvta xan otlv xoutrro'3pa. Ln6 pta anorlrl, 6ray ,co

napabe,.yp.a enayye),p.arr,xfi1 w,cop,.oygacpiac nov er,oilyaye o P&vxe xa-0repdr0rlxe tDq Ere0v{c xat6vag .rcDv r,o,ropr,xtilv onouEdrv eile liver rjDrlavav'ciototao Fe .rrq xolvtovrx6q xal rco).rcx64 xpayparm6rq.ceg. O Priv-xe ilrav ydvvlp,a-Op€V.p.a ,c'r.,c, ero6hc, qc flalrv6p0o.rolc nou EcE6101-xe r\ fa).).lx{ Enavd.oracrl xd"t .uoug Nano}.e6vteloug flo}.6Fr.ouq. Havri).1tf{ 'cov ̂ (Ld ro xpdnoc, 6aor.\6rav otr;v rco}lttx\ ngayp'arm6rr:1rarlq rpo tou 1848 Tlg.i,oi.aq, E1).aE{ rrlc flpr.r,otaq rprv an6 .crp e.fxd.-gf8puol avrlTrpoooTreutlxrirv 0eopdlv xcu Trprv an6 rryv ex6rcprlyavw'qxarlLq xotvrovtx6g .u1€ ouv6nelec. EE ov xar 1€p.gdo"r1 orrlv r,gorepat6-r\rd, rnc, noltnmilg, prag no).lrr,x1c oyetxa aroxopp6vlq an6 rrg or-xovo1l,rx6g xar xorvovrxdq Euvrip,elc,, Nd.r 1 o1eE6v o;r,ox)\ew.clx\ orilpr,\1ora entorpta xpd.cm&. iyypa,ja. 'Orav ora ,c611 rou 66xdrou tvar,ouaxbva 'uo napa}eryp.a avr6 6yve ro p.ovr6).o r\c elra.y'etrpacx{c loro-gr.oypagi,ac oq laD.ia1, orrq Hvurp.6veq flo).rreieg6 xar a}}.o6, oL xot-v<'.rvm6q xat no),trtx6g ouvOrixeq nou zrpoijndlerc e/Aav w,67ra< ex 6d-0porv aD.&(er.

4. B).. Leopold von Ranke, <On the Character of Historical Science>>, o.co TheTheory and Practice of History, o.33-46.xar <<The Great Powers>>, oro i8ro, o. 100.

5. B),. William Keylor, Academy and Community: The Foundation of the FrenchHistorical Profession, Kailmpn\, Maoo. 1975.

6. Ff.. John Higham, History: Professional Scholarship in America, Ba),rq.r6p11983'Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The <<Objectivity Question>> and the AmericanH istorical P rofession, Kaiprzrpl.r( 1988.

IE H DTOPIOI'PAOIA )'I'ON EIKOXTO AIONA

Xto 16plo1.r.d rov arbva, oL toaopLxot o.cy fa).).iu, oro B6).11o, o.crqHvopdveg flo).rceieq,, o.ulq Xxav8wa6mtc, Xdrpeq, ax6pa xal or1 f ep-yravi,a, agy,.oav va aoxoty xgtrtxil oro pavxm6 nap&,6eryp.a xd"t vd, d\a-(r1to6v p;,a wropta nou 0a rircapve un6{.,rv a\c, aovc, xowavtxolg xator,xovo1.r.rxo6q napayovreg7. Mla ttrow r.oropta 0a 6npene anagar"ripoqva eyxara),eitf.,er qv enmtvrpaol oe y€Tov6ra xar, npoounx6rrlreq,^{Ld, \rd. Edroer to 6apog or,,q xolvt.lvx6g ouv0rjxeg p,ioa o:*g onoiec, evr&,o-oov,cdl avr&. O exErlpoxparwp6g xat 1 av&0uo1 W,ac, V.a\miiq xorvo-viac, ananro$oav enlorlc p,tct to'uoptoTpag'ta nov va naipvel un6{,,rv anc, aog6)to xar" crg ouvO{xeC eol:4c eupdtepo.tv rp.lptirt-rv rou n}.r1Ouoy.o[. 'Eror,

p€od an6 6,.agoge:*xtg onrtxi,g, ol N6ol Ioropmoi. orr,q Hvt'rpl6veg flo).1-teiec,, o xtx),oc, y6pto ax6 tov Henri Berr ot1 fa).).ia xat rov HenriPirrene8 o.uo Bdtr1o, xalo,c, ,rd.t ot pagEto#c yevm&. orlv lnelpu-r.umrjEupdrnl evooprd,roroa,v orrl Eou).eui l,ov Loaoplxot rr,q r8lal.uepeq avtl-Irj{,,eG rovg nept xorvovrxiq ex,.otlypqc. Evdr ol ov'p6anx(.q popgdc:ro).rtrx{c xal Elrc}.ol1.r.arrxi1c r"oropiaq xvpwpTolod,v o,Eov x).ri8o p.6plxar. a.pxera 7p6vr,a pera ro 1945, apyr.oe va Eivetal 6),o xa,r. p.e1a).'i-rep'r1 olp.dotd oryv xor,vrovtx{ ,.otog(.d, xal oL ovor\[Larlx6q xor.vavmtqenwniyteq vd na.t\ow 6vav 6),o xd.L lrto o'r1p.avrr.x6 p6).o oto dpyo 'ur,-rvwroputbv. Auc6v ao V.e,cao6\pr,a.urop.6 negr.|ypage .uo Tcpo etxooae,cl,ac,6,.6).lo y.ou.

Ofrtc 7 ator.o6o\la t,lq npoq t1 96o1 xu an.v nopeta.uou o6lxpovouxbp.ov ndvar otr;v onota 6dor,\6rav 11 xo.vra'vmil wropia x)rov'wr4xe an60epe).rax6g aD.ay6q nou en!).0av ot1 Eop.{ .rrlq xorvcovrxfc 6rapErlq otoviorepo 6rc1n1Aav,.x6 xb,g.o. Ol xowrovrxo-errorrlt ovlx{c xateri0uvarg 6.co-pmot eiyav pn, 7no Euvapr.r,x{ o6},I1Qr1 .uou oi"ylpovou x6opou an6 rr1parxtxil olo).ri. Oecopoioav .c1 ouvefi omovopux{ av&mvlrl xat ,crp eqd,p-poyrj qc enro.ErJp.ovr,x{c opgo},o"px6ryrac, or1 Ercu06rlol .r"!c xolvorvfaq<,.r9 0erm6q a\ieq nov xa0op(ouv t1 o611povr, 6napEy.

An6 ro Ee6repo ru6),ac, p.ro6 tou E6xarou tvdrov auitvd avttq otnaga}oy€q Tu ,rrlv tlopeia rr1c wroptaq ei.aav livel av.ulxeipevo plaqave).61r1< x?r,cr>ric, an6 rov lwxopn Mno6pxlaprg xat tov Op{vrpr1

7. Btr. n.24., ro .c1ti1vd <<Historical Science>>, o.co Congress of Arts and Sciences:Universal Exposition, St. Louis 1904, ,c6*or.2. Boorrivrr 1906.

8. B).. Bryce Lyon. Henri Pirenne: A Biographical and Intellectuat study. chenrr97 4.

9. B).. rou Burckhardt, Reflections on History,Iv8ravrino),rq lg7g, xat Briefe, lOr6pr.ol, Baor).eia 1949-86.

EDAIOfH

Ni.uoel0. Aut6q ol v6'ueg anawr.o}oliaq etcr,vep.gavio"cnxdv o'ulg gltrooogt-

xic, ov\qti16erc, xa;. olovq lao4aopo$q zr&vor oclv xan&o"cao7'u1c o61-

2povrlG xou),to6pag ot1 Edpxela rov npbrou p.l,oo6 aov eLxoo'col auind,

aM& Eev en'qptaoav oo6ap&. 'r\v rEPa,x'crx{ trov oroptxtx pr61pr t1 Ee-

xc;e,cla rou 1960. H Dexaetia tou 1960 un{pEe, an6 noD.6g ax6d1etg, ro

olpefo xaltniq oro oxoia exEl).dr01xe ivrova 11 ouveiDlorl r4c xpto\c,

11< oty^ygtovlc xolvttvid,q xa;t xou).ro6pag, xov an6 xalp6 ngoe'corp.a\6-

rav. M6vov r6re ytvovrar" a,.o?ry'ctq ot vdeg ouv0{xeq nov e(Ae 61ploup1z1-

oer, oB' flayx6op,nq fl6).epr.og, 6rlr,9 no 'u6).og ttov a;norxwwbv a,v'co.,r1d.-

coprrirv xdt ao 6q xat ot pI 0urrxot'),aoi eiya'v xat avao[ pw wroptall .

)to eoorreprx6 'uov Eutxtirv xotvtovtcirv q 06o1 'uov rcah6teporv awt).t'1-

Qeorv nepi e0vxo6 consensus, ot ono(.eq exava)rayr6avov, at xar 6e xeip.e-

\q. ,crq }exaeniac, 'uou 195012, n\?e pla pre^ya).6tep1 ouvetSltonoflorlcorv Eragoponor{oeo.rv p.€oa ora eDparog.dva 60v1-xp&q. H AAArl Ay.e-

ptxit\ tou MichaelHarrington (1961) 6Erve ;na e,.x6va rrlg ap.eptxavt-

xdc xorvt-'lviac no).0 Dr,agope'ulxf1 ax6 rr.g awr'66oEeq an6Qetq utopl,xtilv

oav .rov Daniel Boorstinl4 xd,t xoivovto).6yorv oa'v T ov Daniel Bel115.

Atr).ri or, p.aplw'cm6.c raEtxtc, avtt).{{,,etq ga[vov'uav avenagxeic, 1-t'6oa o'

iva nept6h\\ov Trou ev6r.agep6'vav 6Io xar nepw6'cepo 1la ril).eq xd.rnyo-p,.onor.iloetq 6notq,: 96).o, gu).{, e0voctx{ ravr6r[ra, xar' rp6noq (tic.

To nipao1-ra an6 14 \rnpl1yav"xfi xowavta oe VW xolvtovia t1e ntr1po-cpopiaq eiye ax6p"d 1.le1a).6'uepeg exrnrtinerq o'url ouveiElol. fta npcb'c1gop&. e(yay.e p.td 6d0w enilvcoorl rt,.lv dpvlrtx<irv ntreupdrv rrlg olxovof.r't-xi6 avaxrvE\q xo, ttov aneil.dtv nou ofp.arve Ttct, c1v nepl6atr).ovtlx!toopgotrta. Ol n).ipelq 6wor&.oetc, tou O).oxau'c6paroq Eev 61lvav xotvf

10. II.1. Friedrich Nietzsche, <<On the Us_es and Disavantages of History for Life>>,

oro Untimely Meditations, Kafprprt( 1983. [<Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historieftir das Leben>>, Unzeitgemdsse betrachtungen, 1874 - <<Qg6}ela xat petovexrilta'car11 lorogiuq 1a q (ori> oro Aven[xaqot oroyaopoi, Oeooatrovixl 1996J' B).. eri-

aqq, Allan Megill, Prophets of Extremity: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Derrida'Mr6px).eU 1985.

ll. Eric Wolf , Europe and the People Without History, Mr6px),eU 1982.12. John Higham, <<Beyond Consensus: The Historian as Moral Critic>>, American

Historical Review.57 (1961-62), o. 609-625.13. Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States,Ba\rr

p6p1 1962.14. B),. Daniel Boorstin, The Genius of American Politics,2tx&4o 1953.15. Daniel Bell, The End of ldeology: On the Exhaustion of Political ldeas in the

Fifties, Nta Y6px1 1960.

H DTOPIOIPAOIA 'TON

EIKOXTO AIONA

ouveiDlo1 d.V6oti,c, pe 'ro r6).oq rou B' fIa"yx6op.tov flo).6pou, aD.ri p6vopera. dn6 €va 6d.or41ta, 6rav n).6ov p.ta ve6tepl yeu.&. ei.ye ,xnoxripet p.mxgr lr.xil o,caon. Or, xaraorpentmi,q Euvat6trlteq, 11€ 6uExao(ac, rovno).r.uropo6 n6,gaoav oro xtv"cpo t1q ouvei6r1o1c.

Av,ctq ot peaa:lLopgrr,oa4 :u1c, ouveiDlolc etyav }wgopeq enr.xrtboeq^{Ld. to\ oropr.x6.lla notr}.o6g olpacoDoro[oav'uo t6].og .rlc <peT&].Iq

ag"i1y4olc>>16. H L6or1 gar.v6tav 6).o xat nepwo|repo t,lq an),,6c €vac,ax6p,a notrlrlopr6g, perall totr).tirv ritr).orv, xavei.g an6 rovg orcoioug Eevpnopo0oe va DlexEm{oet 'trlv npotoxa0e8pia. Op.olo-rq, xd.t \ veo.ceprx6-ryra iyaoe t1 povaEtx6r1rh fllc. O 'Oo6a\vr Xzr6v^p).ep ei,ye ax6oyenr.x&, vo.rpig x&ver ).61o 1la no).).o6q nofutrop.oJq ot onoiot 6p,li,g, xar'avr6v, axo).ou0o6oav €va xotv6 p.o'ct6o eE6),l(lc17. 0 Mapx Mnlol xalo Oepv&v Mnpovr6). eilav {E1 an6 rrc, Eexaetieg cou 1930 xd.t .cov

1940 eyxara).eftler 'rl)v dglTnparu\ r.oropid nov napaxo).ou0o6oe p.r.aEr.aEofi 1e1ov6'uorv, ̂fe \d. uloOer{oouv pta wropia xov eltsa\e rr.qouvO{xeg oe VLd. oulxexprpr.6vl lpovtxrj neploEol8. O Mno6pxlapr, ar,6pr.la no).6 kaEoperuil onrtx$1, eile !Er1 entyeqipet xa:* nap6p.otol9.AlJ.& ax6p.d. xd.t lLLd. oulxexplp6v1 enoyil Eev ouvroto6oe pr.la ouprnal!ev6r'r1,ca, 6niui,q r6vwe o Mnpo.rvr6), e\era\ovrag ro }ixaro 6xro anivaan6 rpetg Eragopeox6c lpovlx6q onrmtg20. O 1p6voq pe .u'rl veuttiveradwora, <oq p.rd av.urxerFevi,xil ow6r1'ra, i pr ,rrlv xdv.utd,vf 6wola, <oqpia, orxoupevuil xa,ryyopta rrr1c oxtrlrlc, Eev un{p1e n}.6ov. O wropm6q

1p6voq napaD.riooel, o6plgt.rva Fe rov Mnpolv.ud)., av&),oya p,e .ro 6r,v,rr-xety.evo c1c 6reldcrlq, xale gopa tyer. }cacpopermfi ra76r'r1ra xar pu0pld,

16. BI. Allan Megill, <<"Grand Narratives" and the Discipline of History>, Ztxayo1995 oro Frank Annerswit xat Hans Kellner (enqr.), A New Philosophy of History, 2t-x&1o 1995. o. l5 l -173.

17. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West,,c6'go,.2, N6a Y6px1, 1926 fDer{Jntergang des Abendlandes, Mr5valo 1923].

18. Marc Bloch, la Socidtd fiodale, :ropot 2, flapior 1939-4O.Zra ay),tx&.,Feudat Society,2lx&7o 1964 IH-geouSaArxfi'xotvovia, iOdva t987]' Femand Brau-de\, La Miditerranie et le monde m4diterranien d l' 1poque de Phillippe II, llapiot 1949 ,21 oupz),rTptoprivzi 6xEoo1, dp.ot, 2, flaptou 1966 ora a11'),rxd; The Mediterraneanand the MediterraneanWorld in the Age of philip II, r6ytot 2, N6a y6gxn 1972-74fH Meo6.yetoq xdr o p€ooT€rdx6q xftopoq t4v erc7fi mu Qil,ittnou B"r4q lonaviae,t6por 3, A0{1va l99l-19981

t9. IL1. The Civitization of the Renaissance in lraly, Nea Y6px1 t945 fDieKultur der Renaissance in ltalien, 1860. O toktoy,66 r4e Avayiw4o\q o,c4v ltaAia,A0{va 1997].

20. B),. F. Braudel, La Miditerrande et le monde miditerranden.

EI'ATOfH

av&\oya pe 'uo dv o wrogx6q 6yer. vd x&,vel pre p.e"y&).eq enlxa),6z.uouoeqEop.6q p6oa o:*g onotec, 7 gvor.xi1, 1 xolv<'rvlx{, I orxovop.txil xat ynoltrr,opttxil r,o,cop(a npoyopo6v V.e dpyic, a}}.a16g, i1 p,e ro TpiTopooqv^(V6'clq rcotrr'utxrp wropita1 AII& xat, evt6q ev6q Ee)op.6vou xotvo-\t.xoi) rc^awi,ou, p.nopo6v va ouvun&p1ouv { vd dvraTt,lvtlowar. Elagope-,cr.xic, dvrrlt{{.,elq rou XP6vou, 6norg og,,1 Elrixplol xov x&ver o Zdx lvelxog av&,p.eqd, oao 1p6vo 'uou lepolpr.dvou xo.t 6,co 1p6vo rou epn6pou ,uo

Meoa,iava2l, { orlv an6Q7 tou 'Ev'uouapvc fI. T6p.oov yw m1 o6-

^(xpovon Veffi.E$ xpo6,.o1.t7yavtxot xan 6rcp;r,Aavxo6 1p6vou xa.c&. .cr1v

enogi1 qc av&Euo1 q rcv 6,.op.r1yavmo6 xann a),o pt o622 . Or. 8rexEmrioerqcp,ItJ,&.uov rou n).r;0uop.o6 nou i1'cdv tol,c, r6re dnox)tewptva o;n6 rgwroprxiq aqnd)oerc,, xat xptuL''ctort,.lq rt'rv Tuvcrrxd)v Nd,L x ov e0voclxcbvperovorftorv, oE{.64oe or1 61p.roup1ia v6orv ro'uoprri;v, peprx6c Aop6g ev-oopdrtolr,6vt,rv oe pra p.e1a).6repq agilyqon, ouyv&, 67.lr,c, ave\&.?,c\.cd.dn6 avrfiv.

Aur6q o xdrcaxepparwp.6q .cov dvctxeLu6vou t1c wrogiaq Eev ouvr-qrotqe arc6 p.6voq rov arcepn6\w'r1llctopmtiv evdlagep6vrov. Azs6 no),-).6q an6qie4 ro e$poq 'c'rlq waopxnc, rcagrlr,1.le1i).ore eyrvrl.i,otax&. rar elrevr e,i,a .c pr.&vrd yp6vw. Ol ve6tepeq w r opbq apgwiyr o,3o av ng&.^1p"a-ri, rrlv ndpa}oowx{ lotopro^1paqtd.,'rt or,oi,a enmtvrpove rrlv rcpooopjrlq o'tq nofu'ulx6g xcrt xotvovr,xtc, e\h, xat ercrEirrrxd,v rrlv ,3vta(r1 tt.rvr1.r.11.r.rittov rou n).r10uopo6 nou etyav yrz no).$ xap6 ayvo1Oei. flpoo6-gepcv pJa <<wropia an6 rd x&,ru>>, 7 ox,oi,a 6p p6vov nepr,e),ap6a\e xa;L'cq "ywatxeq a).).ti ewilye xel ll';rd. gepwwtmtl oxrtxil. Ap.gw6rpo{oaven[orlq rtq xorvt,rvr,xo-erro'rT]pov,.x€q xpooeyyioetc, ot olloi.eq .uono0ero6-

ocl\ oro x6vrpo r7< w,copia€ p,e1&).eq atrp6olalnec, Eop.6q Eiloq va 06couv'co \fi'cq1td rtov 7rp4Tp.ar,.xtiv oAioaul eEovolaq nep,.oo6repo ax' 6oo ro60e'ue 1 na).r6tepr1 no).rtlx! waopid.. Av 11 xorvo-rvrxo-er,w,cpovrxo6 rcpo-oavato).rop,o6 corop(a efle 0e).rjoet vd. dv.ctxa,rdoriloer. cri pr,e).6q rricnotrrtmf€ pe rI pe).6r1 t1c xorvr,rviag, 7 vta wropta o.c?eg6ra\ a6?d.oq p.e).6t1 t1€ xoutrtolpaq, ano}(Eovtag lltgaoy o.urq ouvO"ixeq rlqxa$4p.eprvflc \aig xar. r',lq xd0lp.eprviq ep.repiac,. Ln6 rqv ano\ty dvluil

1 6g.gao1 .u'ou papElopo6 orov xev,cpm6 p6).o t1c no),ltx{c xar a\q

21. BL Jacques Le Goff, Time, Work and Culture in the Middte Ages,lrxdlol98O lPour une autre Moyen Age: temps, travail et culture en Occident: 18 essais,Ilapiot 1977f.

22. Edward P. Thompson, <<Time, Work-Discipline and Industrial Capitalism>,Past and Present 38 (1967). o. 56-97.

ql

H I>TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA EIIAIOIH

o;xo\)oqtd.q cDq ct,rv xo.aeEort',) ltirpo-rv lrr/c eEovotdc xd; 'c\q exp'et&D'eu-

qnc, eixe napap.eiver, xo,. auril-no).6 o'ce1av{ an6vavrt ord' T?t1'"(p'anxa

,ub,og3por"o. xa,, t^yvorcq rcov (orv.uavdrv avgptirnorv. Ol te).eurai"eg rper.

Eexaerieq 61t pr.6vo Eev 68elEav Tcro)orl aov ,raor/txo6 ev8lagdpovtog, aD.&

yvclrproav p.ia a).10rv{ 6xpr1qr1 wrogrxtiw .xery.6vov xa1.'c, Ekigopeq n}.I-

0rop,r6q op.&6eq enr.lepoloav va e8patdroouv flq lEla(repeg tavr6ttp6c,

,oig o, avtlgno'uotr! pr'e ta eup6repa, napaEoowx&. e1vr'xd o6vo)'a'

fho oo6ap\ 6p.otq unlpEe 7 a'p-9w6ip7or1yevwa x&0e Euvat6a^r1aq

aox1oyC crv.rtxerp.evrxil< r:topmtlg 6peuvaq. H anoyoiyceuorl an6 ro o6"1-

lprro 5r",16 no1'ulop6 E1p.ro6p11oe pua 6).o xat 6a0$repq avtiEpaol

intuor,,, orrl o1yypovrl erro'rrll-t ovrxi', orrm!. Av0polno]61o1 oav tov

K).ovt Ae6i-)'cpcoq Eev E6lovtav 6tr 1 o6^p1pov1 er[o'u'r]p.ovtx{ opoo}'o-

ym6r1ra ngootcpepe onor,oE{note n}.eov6xtr1pa oe oa€o1 pe r"tlv <<h^ypr"a>>

p.uOrxri oxt51o'tl)v dv'Etprerlilxwrl "1c

(or{c23. An6-t1v enolfi r:4<

ouo.urJp,aronoilolc ff1g xpnmilq .r(t)v nlrilv an6 rov Pavxe t1 Eexae-

,ta ,o,v 1820, p.61pl t1v npoor,ale,.a tou RobertFogel t1 }exaeri'a rov

I97O va xd,vel .u1v wropia p,w enr,orfip.4 rcou va Eou).e6er ve Troool,Lxo-

rorriorpr.a Ieupyrtxa p,.ovt6tra24, or roroptxo(, 0eopo6oav noq un&p1ouv

npayparml,, avrmetp.eva'c\q wao?tx{c 6peuvag nou eival ngooeyytoq'ra

p6oor prltd,q Etatuzrorpr6vov epeuvlttxtirv pe06Eov. Au'u{ 11 nenoiO1o1

av'crorotyoi.toe oe VW. x&'lery Dtalo.rplottxi fp"ppi avap.eod qe w'co?t-

x6 xa,, ).o1o'ue1vlx6 )r6yo, xar, oe VLd. oplo06'u1or1 avapteoa otov tp6no

nou Eoutre6et o,.oropm6g nou Oeotpet'cov eavr6 rov enwl;iyro\d, xd.t o'c\

p.60oEo rou ouyTpdrgta rrlc ex).aixeupt6v^r1q r.orogtaq nov vor"&'\etd'L r'e-

poo6repo ̂ (td.'c'rl ).o1o'uelvtx{ nor'6r7ra tou 6p1ou tou. O Nitoe. eile

{61 ota npdrtpa tpya rov, orrl liw4on 'Fnq rpaya\iaq U872) xar"

oro AgiAetd xd,t y.erovexrfip.d,'rd, 'cr)q loropiaq Tm 'cn fufi 0874),apvl0ei t1 Euva'r6t1ta a).).& xd; a\ 1p1orp.6t1td' anc, oaoPri1c, i'Pev-

\d.g xa: rlq erro'urlp.ovlx{c w'coPto"(pd.gtdc,. flioreve ncdq 611 p'6vov to

avrrxefpr.evo t1c 6peuvag xa0og,\6tav ax6 ta ouplg6povta xd.t l,tc' Tr1oxd'-

ta).{Qe4 'uou to'uopt)to6 a).}.ri w. 6rr' 11 niorrl, ndvo otlv onoi.a 6ao'"\6-

'rav 'r') Eurr,x{ oxt|T an6 rov xup6 rov Xotxp&'ur; xd; nou fl}&torva,

rorq un&p1et ptd, dv'Etxerpevtx! a).{0ela nov elvar avelaplu1rq an6 rry

uzroxetp.evrx6rryrd aov qaopa.6t{, Eev otlgt\6rav nou0evri. lla tov Ni-

23. Claude L6vi-Strauss, Savage Mintt,Zmayo 1968. [fa pens1e sauvage,Ilapiot1962 Aypn oxirl.,r1. A}iya 1917f .

24. D.. Robert Fogel xar Geoffrey Elton, Zwo Ways to the Past? T'uo Views of

Histom. New Haven 1983.

,coe, 6x.oq xd't Ttptv o;x' avr6v Tra 'tov MapE, I TV6ol etvar' 6ta p'ioo

oo*rp1c eEovoidc,2l. Atr).ri o Nitoe Eev oup'peptl6rav tl]v :renoi01o1

"o, if4opE 6lcr" y dnoxa'),u{,,1 'uttv tDeo}.oltxtirv rcapal6v'utov Tlou Tt6rpep-

1oiuouu o"1 ^yuio1 0a p.nopo6oe va oE1.y{oei oe FtcL avrrxer*evrxl Tv6.

of . Otrpoioe rrlv'to'ropi.d'.,ov gil.oooqrxo6 op0o6 )'61ou an6 rtp er'ofi1

rou Xoxp&a\ xat p-ertina"ra odv t.r.rct Popqi 'uou nap&')'o1ou' 6vav ano-

"J"oporr*6'rp6r,o yw ext6e6dio-ro1 t1c augev'uiaq xu a'rrq eEovo[ac,'

Aful,ar", 6tor t1v npo'cepa6r1.,o.'!3 )'o1m!c, 'c'rtc' qt!>r?d'tmip 7w

,rlp,iEr,11ro , tvavrt 'u1c npo-).o"yrx{c, EltraEri qc pluorxip i7 nol*n'xilc'

ox6 :4c.Err,r,i,r"oq an6 p.w 'cf.'row aqerqpta,6tro xal nepwo6repot totopl'xol

icpraoav 'urq retreuta ieq iexderi'eq o'to oupzt 6paop'a noX. Y) wroglta tyet'

1rf'yol6"tpa oyto1p.e'u1 ).o1ot eyvta.napa Pe. r'Ilv.erro"ipl H avti)'1-

[r'"r"t '"l"groAaritoe 'cK, napaSoa€', axp$tic, r&''' or* onotec' 6ao''-

i6rou y'o6^11por1 axa64t'txi7 ,6'sspia' H rE6a nor( 1') avttxerprevm6tl-

,o ,r,r' ,o"i{r"i1c 6prruoq Eev eival Duvatf enerE{ t1 .wropia Eev 61er

ou"l*rl1rruo L6pror. 6)ro xar" pela).6cep1 arciyprpq' )6pr'9orva pr.' au'ui1v

o wrop,m6q eiv'ar navra E6oplog tou x6oprou ,p.6,oa orov otoi,o ox'nteran,

xar, ot oxt'letq, rou xaL or avtil.{qelq tou xa0opl(ov'can dn6 a\q xd'aTffo-

ptec,'Enc/.drooag evr6q'c19 onoioq ).ertouplei' Kar&' qvvtn€.tdv' 'rl t16g-oa Etap.opgtirver rrlv npoyl"orrr6tlca aMli Eev avag6pemn o' av'cip26 ' H

r86a auc!'avarr6101xa'rEni.uepa ora n\a(ow r1g f.oooo).oYlxip xat

).o1o"e1vix{q Orrpioc ax6 rn'6exae,cia rou 1960 xan p,e'ctne*d'27, av

*ot 1 or"il.1Q1 Tto t1 fl.drooa o'c1v onoia oluqpr'\6'cav etye oxwypag1-

}ei. orc^ MiOi1fir" ytit fie yfutood'oyia6 tou Oepvtrv&v v'ue Xcoo6p

nou exE601xav to 191628,' 6nov 1 ^/.drooa 0etopeirar, ox 6va awo'ce)r6c

o6or1pa. b poL,iu Mnap'u 'cy Eexaed.d tou 196029 ' xd't o X6uvtev

Xor,ir" t1 Eexaetia tou'197030 t6vloav to )'o1o'ce1vm6 yapaxripa

'r(Dv to'roptxclrv xelp'6voll xdt 'ca plu0on).aottx&' oro''rei'd nou avan6cpev-

25. Allan Megill, Prophets of Extremity.

26. BI. Keg. 10.27. B).. Art Bemam, From the New criticism to Deconstruction: The Reception of

Structuralism and P ost -Structuralism, Urbana 1988.

28. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, AovEivo 1983 [Cours

de linguistique gin\ral, flapior 1916' Ma?fiy'ata yevufie yAatoooAoy{aq, A0{va 1979J'

29. BI. Roland Barthes, <The Discourse of History>>' prqp' Stephen Bann' oto

Comparative Criticism: A Yearbook, t. 3, 1981, 3-28'

30. B).. napax&.va, orlp. 3.

H IETOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

xaa nep#Xouv. Avazrt6ooovra€ xepo;.r6g.o.ulv av.ui).1.f1 .uou )oroip .yla

t1 1).drooa org 6va x).elor6 o6or"qpa olp.eiorv, Oeoprltlxoi ,rr1q }oyo(e-yvtag or7laD.[a xal qx,Lc, Hvorp6veq flo].r,reieg, 6nac, o Zax Nrcpr.vr&.xat o flar} v're Mav, unoorrjpr[av norG r] 1].drooa nepwo6repo xd.,cct-oxev&\a, 'cnv r.pe"fiLdnm6rr1ra ndpa avarp6pead,L o' auriy. X0prgorva p,ero 1yuo'c6 agoptop.6 tou Nteplvtd,, <<Eev vnapaet rtr,ora 6lu ax6 roxeipevo>>3l. To xeip.evo Eev e[var avayx1 vd 6yer. 1u,a ypandl il],exrui1

Vopqn. Or xou).co6pec ehar. w avriq xetp"eva, 6nra,q 0a 6EecXvav avOpo;-no).61or oclv rov Clifford Geertz32. Kt 611 pl6vov eival p.r, avaqoptxaxetp.eva, a'),)&, o6re 61ouv 6va provoo{pavro vd1pa. K&0e xelpevo pr,ropeiva 6w6aorei p.e avapi0p.rpovq rg6nouq. H np60eo1 ,uou ouTTpcr,g6a 6evt4er, nr.a oqp.aota, 6y p.6vo yr.ar[ etvar, notruenineEl xar, avrr,Earrxil,aD.& xar "yr.ari. ro xeip.evo vnapyet ave\aprtpuq rou ouTTpagta. Egap-pro(6prevo av,c6 otrp wropid, orlpaiver, 6rr, oe .ueltevra[a av&].uo1, x&0eroroprx6 i,pyo ei.vat 6va ).o1oce1vm6 €p.yo nou np6aer va xpive.ual p.exarryopteq nou npo6ployrat an6 .u1 ).o1ore1vxi1 xptrtxil.

Aut{ eivar p.ra 1pag.p.{ enr1eerlp.cr.ro}.o1lag Trou uTroo'ur]gtA}1xe o,ca.-1epd ax6 q 1a).).m{ xil a4epLxrvtx{ }.oloteXvrx{ 0earpia dn6 r6reTrou'rl Dr.arinooe o Mnapr rT}exaeria rou 1960. O Mnapr apv{01xet1 Elixprol avap.eoa oe oropta xal ).oyo,ue1vta, xdr VaLt p' avrsp xo;r.t1 Edxprol avap.eoa oe 1e1ov6q xal pu0on).aoia, 7 oxota ipav xolvtirgano8ex'u{ o'u1 Eurm{ ox6{ir1 ax6 .c6re rcou .rrl Erar6noroe o Aplo.uo.ud-tr1c o.cr1v Ilonyrufi.rou. Auci 11 xg.rm! ,cov Lc.,coptxo6 pec).ropo6 ouv-Ee6rav p.E Fre xgrn,.xi1 11< olyypovr;c xolvorvid.c, xdl xou).to6paq .'Eroro Mnapt vnoorilgtle rctoq <<o pea).r,op.6q aov Loaoplxo6 ).61ou ano.ue).e(rpipa ev6g levrxoJ no).rtroplxo6 p.ov.rd).ou... [to onoio] oE 1^1ei o' tvava).).orpttrtrx6 cpe,ctAr,op6 rou "npaT[;.artxo6", pr6oor tou oxotov ol &vOpo-TroL TrpooiT,&0oiv va apvrl0o6v t1v e).eu0epta rovg Nat ,Eo p6),o coug rrlgElp.roupytov vorjp.atog>>33. Xe av&).o1o nve0pra, o X6uvrev Xouu.r enroflp.ave <<tr1v anpo0upria va 0earpl0o6v ot wrogmtg agqyipetq avr6 r,ovepcpavtorara etvar \exrtx6g g.u0on),aoieg , r.ov ao r,eprcy6pev6 rovg tyetxep,.oo6repo enno41e[ xap&" avaxaAug1ei, xat ol 1r.opg6q touq 6Xouv rce-

EI>AfOTH

gwo6rega xowa yre ra ).o1o'ue1vr.x&, rouc, avrto.cotya napd 'p.e avr&, ,cuv

enrorlpcirv>>34. flpol<rrp avraq napant pa rqv xgrnrx\.u1g unotl06prevlgav1evrtag o'cy otyypovl xolvov[a, o Hans Kellner npoo{{.,e otlv <<"a},{-lew" xan o'cn\ "rcpa^(y.al*x6r1'ra" T\aq anore).o6v 'ca xvpr,6,cega e(ou-oraorrxh 6ntra o'u1v enoA$1pdq>>35. 'O)ra avr&. xara).{1ouv orqv ar,6p-prQl .uou 'up6nou pe €ov onoto ot to'copuo[ 6re({'yav rrlv ro.ropr,xri 6peuvad:r,6 r1v x)raom\ apyar.6ryaa, xat er.6tx6repd an6 rrlv enofi .cng erdl(-

1e).1.r,aronoqorlq rt,rv lo'uoptx6v ourouEdrv. Onoq enroll.laivel o RobertBerkhofer: <<EnelEf or. ovp6arxoi wroguoi enllepo6v va oupr.gl).l6oouv6mgoperr.x64 epplveieq avagep6pevot oe yeyov6ad,, xa,t 6At p.e entTerpil-pa.ca nav(, o1,tr1 g$or1 ttlv iElt'rv tov ag11{oeorv, efvar avayxdolt'tvot vanaipvouv <oq EeEoF6vo qclv rcpaEn nr.r,c, 'cd ye yov6ra ouoyert\ovrar. p,'6va ei6oq xd.,rd.\d.^(xd.or,.xip, r.payyrdrw6tpag>>. An6 .u1 o.ul1p{ nouapve(,rat. rrlv avagop& qta yeyov6rd, <1 o6ylpovl tro1ore1vxi1 }eia,pta,apg,.o67rel ra t}w ra 6u.0pa ryc, wylovodq orop.xfig trpax"x{€n36.

Oprs or, enmpnig ,cov Lo'copLxo6 pea).lopro6 nov en6,p,ervav orlv au-rovopia cov xelp6vrov onaviog npoytbpr,oav zr6pa an6 Oeo-rpryutc, 6w-x7p6la4, o'rlv av.nperbnw1 ouyxexplpr.6vov to'copr,xcirv \ryrqp.&.rav, 7!ouyr.' avro69 Eev g.nopo6v va eivar nagi 1).orootxtgxandoxeu6q. Ol exnp6-orolnol rov petp.a:uoc, irov a.vroanod.{0r1xe <<N6oq Ioroputop,6g>>37 doyo-).fO1xav xto &,p"eoa Fre rl ).o1ote1via xar .c\\ xou).to6pa p,i.oa o' €vato'copm6 nltaioo, lEtairepa avr6 r1c e)trqa6erwv{c Ad.iaq38, npooel-yKovr&.c m p.€oa an6 m1),o1o.ce1vrx{ .cov rca,pa"(uyi1, xaltr,c xal Ve ,cn

34. Hayden White, <<The Historical Text as Literary Artifact>, oro Tropics ofDiscourse, o.82.

35. Hans Kellner, <<The Politics of Interpretation>>, o.ro W.J.T. Mitchell, (errp.),The Politics of Interpretation,Zlxdyo 1982, o. 301.

36. Robert Berkhofer, <<The Challenge of Poetics to (Normal) Historical Practice>>,Poetics Today 9 (1988), o.435-452. Edr,r o Berkhofer x60e &tr),o napti evcekirsagvl'rrx6q eivan aniyavqr, orov to:'optx6 pea).lopr,6.

37. BL ,co rpcrgarc elarpe.cu6 &pgpo rou John H. Zammito, <Are We BeingTheoretical Yet? The New Historicism, The New Philosophy of History, and 'Practicing

Historians'>>, The Journal of Modern History 65 (1993), o. 783-814' xar Jan R.Veenstra, <<The New Historicism of Stephen Greenblatt: On Poetics of Culture and theInterpretation of Shakespeare>>, History and Theory 34 (1995), o. 174-198. B).. enFqq H.Aram Veeser' (enp) The New Historicisn, N6a Y6px1 1989.

38. m.. Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shake-speare,Zv'ayo l98O' Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energyin Elizabethan England, O€gdpE1 1988' (enrg..), The power of Forms in the EnglishRenaissance, Norman. Okla. 1982.

31. Jacques Denida, Of Grammatology, Bd),rup.6p1 lg76, o. l5g. fD, lo gro--mato-lo gie, Ilaptot 19 67 . IIep( ypaq).aroAoy[aq, Ag{va I 990]

32. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, N6a i6gx1 1g78.33. B).. Lionel Gossman, <<History and Literature: Reproduction or signification>>,

oto Robert H. Canary xat Henry Kozicki (enq*.), The Writing of History: LiteraryForm and Historical (Jnderstanding, Md,vtoov 1g78, o.32-3J.

H I'TOPIOIPAOIA ITON EIKO>TO AIONA

'u\eycrqn r(l)v Eup(l)raf<r-rv pe coug na).ro6c, xarotxovq rou N6ou K6-

opou3g. Ol E6o auc6g op&Eec oul.r.gtovo6oav n&.va oe \aorxtq 06oelg t1cpretaprovr6pvaq ).o1o'uelvlxric Oet,.lpfaq ^(d. 'cnv xevrpm6r4rd. xd,t 'c'rtva}wcpavew r1c 1trtiooaq, xalri,c, xat x&va oe av0pono).o1tx6q avtfi!-tle4 ym trg xou).to6pe€ t,rq ovg*6o),tx&, Eixrua vo{p.atoq. Oprq or N6otIotoptxwrtq Eev E6lovtai rlv aurovopr.fa cc,.lv xerp.dvo-tv, 6)rtnovraq raxe\teva o-rq p.6poq oiv0etorv oup6o).lxtirv Ennpalpa'uedoeov ot otrotegavax).oiv oaioetq eEovoiac, rr,g onoirg xaravoolv ev pl6per pe gouxot-xoi,g, xat ev p6pel y,e papElottxotq, 6govq. Ta xeip.evd. T,ov anote).o6vrr1 6aor1 .ut.rv ava).rjoecbv 'rouq eival Er,apopgropr.6va p.toa an6 .u1v iEl,ano).r.uroprrx{ Era}.extlx{ nou 8lap.opgrirvel levm& rrlv xotvr,rvia, evr6q'c1gonoiaq Dpouv, an6 rrp exoyil'rou rptixpov xar,nd.^Lopo0, ol Euv&p.ergryc, d,yopd.c,. fl' autoiq, 6xtL,q xdl "(a 'Eov xor,vovr,o).61o fllep Mnoup-vrr6, or Euvriprelq avrtq natpvouv rl popgi 6yr, ev6c, u).rxo6 atr).& ev6qnoltrtolux&. Enrcpalpate6orpr.ou oup6o).lxo6 xecpa),ai.ou. Y:ro'1papr.pi(o-vraq rlv no),).az).6.u1r4 .uov vorlpritc.lv x&0e ),oyote1vrxo6 xan r,o),nt-o1trxo6 xeql6vou, aoxoty oatg rpaxarxtg rqq <<ovtt6druilq wroptag>>,p.rd xpr,rm! avd).opi p' auc{v rt'-lv lrerag.ovrepvlorti.rv, oroyelovrag o'dvr6 nov o Stephen Greenblatt, o eroly4t{g tou N6ou lo.copr,xro1.lo6,ov o'p.a\er. << flo lr1.c lx{ t1 g Kou}..uo Jpo g > a o.

Or. pt\oonaorrx64 xgntxdg rorv xaOrcpop.6vorv p.e068orv toroptxip €pev-vd.< lT,ou xupt.pyrpav o.ulg 0eoplcrx6q ovlrlripetq "l;d. .crl\ wropta an6r7 6exaed"a.uou 1970 rhc, o\Vepa aoxyoav U.lcl orlpcrvrlx! p.ev, a).).&,nap' 6).a avr&,, neptogrop6vl, eniEpaol otov rp6no rnv yp&gerat, y to,copta.Av aona\6rav xdvei.q trq 06oerg avryc ryc xgnmilg, r6re ro 1pritl.,lp"or1c wropiaq 0a xd1tora,co d66varo.'Hray oaq€q nol€ 11 torogid taet).o'yotelvrx& Xd.pa:x.crpt6.ctxa.. O wroprx6q, 6roq 6Delle o F. A. Anker-smit4l, Xp1orpororei r,avrore peracpopi.< \w \rd. Er1p.r,oup1!oet, wropm€qem6veq. H Eugopri avapeoa o' avr6 rnv anoxa),ei povrdpva 6\oprolpd,-

39. B).. Stephen Greenblatt, Marvellous Possessions: T-he Wonder of the NewWorld,Zrx&yo 1991.

40. Stephen Greenblatt, <<Towards a Poetics of Culture>>, o.co 66),|o rov Learningto Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture, N6a y6px1 1990.

4t. F. A. Ankersmit, <Hisrory and Postmodemism>>, History and Theory 18 (lg8g),o. 137-153, avaEr;p.oor,eup.dvo oluo History and Tropology, Mrtipx),eij Lgg4. entoncAnkersmit, <<Historicism: An Attempt at Synthesis>>, History and Theory 34 (1995), o.143-161, G. Iggers, <<Comments>> oto i6to, o. 162-L67, xar, -r1 ar.&vlr1o1 tou Anker-smit, oto iEto. o. 168-173.

EI>]AIOIH

qta, etce gavxtxilc eite xolvt'lvtxo-enorpovrxtq xare60uvo1c,, xd.L o'rn

perapovr6pva 06o1 €yxenat o'r'vlv ep.Flovn ,nq te).euta[aq oao Ve'Ed.qo'plx6, VTt avaqopr.x6 yapaxripa x&0e wropmo0 xelp'6vou t<dt c'cn\) dvra-

nhrrl rqc r,p6r7c nia,q vnapyet lLLa wao1r.xil vx6o'cao1 E61orp1 ax6 r7

T?c,qr4 i "tl, norrpuil rou toroptxoJ. O Hans Kellner, o' '6va av&)royo

zrve6pa, 0eoryei 6).1 'u1v napriEool rrlc ol"yypovlc axa8lpr'aixig,.oroptac,

c'd\ Vtd. exrponil an6 ryv na).t6tep1 npoveoreprx{ avtil4f1 Yra rrlvr.orogtd toc p-opgi a'rtq PryEo?Lxhq42.

Atr).ri ,uo 6r\Vo nporpdvfiq Eev eivar 16oo dx')'6. lwr[ xat ot roro-

pmoi rryc rcpo'r'tlq eudy"(^lLd.ronoiqolc nept6Eou nov 66)'enav'touq sau-

ro(tq rovg oav pi1aopeq Trou rl Lor,o1(d, 'covc, T?6.i',et va nept6let fiepaEeiY-

[Ld.rd,, 1t"ag'i1p.a.rd ^fw '811 la\, awlavovrav rav'c6xPovcr' uTloxpec'rpt6vol va

Erlloivrar a).r10rv6q ,.oropi.eg. H "yevlx{ 'c&.o1 rruv xg6oga:'rv ou(1t{-

oeorv, 6xoq rqc avotTrilg ovtfirrp1c p.e 06pa <<Mu0on).aota, Agyyqp.a-rrx6r7ra, Avrrxetp.evm6'cyra>> nou 61lve ora n\atqw tou Ate0vo6c Xu-veEpiou lorop,.xthv Ezlou11,,.tirv oro M6vcpea). to 199543, etvan va natp-ver p.ra evDrrig.eol 06o1, avalva,pi\ovrag, o6pr.gova pe t1 Ela'uiroor; 'uouPo(6 Xaprrt, nia,c, <<4 rorop[a, nap6't,. etva,. xr, uvril pua popgi a,Eh1p-6\q d\A4eoa oe noD.6q, 61el evto6'corq Fla lDlartep6tlca, xaldtg Etatl-pei. gn et}m\ oAiol g,€ r7')v a).{Oera. fllo ouyxexgqrEva, ot a,g\T\pdrt-x€g xd'caoxev(.q r1c o'uo1e6ouv orr;v av&rtraoy ev6q nape).06vtoq nounpayy.a'u. vxipEe. Autri 1 ava.gop& 6e VW npa.yp.arr.x6trita zrou npoi.i-n&,pyet, rou r,oropr,xo6 xerpr6vou xal .Eoxo0eretra,. ext6q dv'cot3,_xd; lnconoiiq ro xeiprevo ogeil.ei va o'droer pra ouvex'Etxil acpiylol [...] eiuatavr6 nov ouvwr&. rnv wropla xdt a\ Eugoponorei ax6 rc 0p6).o { qvn).aotolpagid>>44 .

H Edxprol ltera\(t a).i0eraq xar {.,e6Eoug napaptva.0eprefu681< 1aro i.pyo .Eou r,o.uopr,xo6. H 6wora qc a).{Oetaq €yet xdraqret anetpa,qouv0er6.uep1 ,p.6oa an6 ryv nogeia r1q xpr.rmilq oxd,flc torv 'ue).eutait'rv

1p6vorv. Eivar, oiloupo Trt'rq ro ali,ralp"a.r1g <<an6tru:cnc, d.\'cLxew.evm6tr;-

42. BI. t1v aElg.ooieurl ax6pa avaxoivtool ,cou Kellner ot1 ouveEpia <Fiction-ality, Narrativity, Objectivity>> o'to Are0v6q )uv6Epro Iotoprxciv Enrorll-r6v o'co M6-vtpea,tr, 27 Avlo'lorou - 3 Xentep.6piou 1995' 6).. eriolc Kellner, Language andHistorical Representation: Getting the Story Crooked, Md,vtroov 1989' Kellner xat F.A. Ankersmit (etup.), A New Philosophy of History,2tx61o 1995.

43. BI. T t, Actes/Proceedings tou l8ou Ale0vo6g )JuveEpiou Iotoprxdrv Etroclptirv,M6vrpea). 1995, o. 159-182.

44. Roger Chart ier, 6.x., o. L74.

H I>TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO'TO AIONA

,co,c, x6.t enro'trlp,ovtx 6rrlrdq 'c1c, to'coptx{c yvdlolc Eev 1lvetal nw. a'\e-

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I:,;all l:-' au'u{v xat 'co xaliyov 'cov Loro1rxot vd anoqel"Ft xat \a arco-

xd)r6nre,. t1v nlaoro'rcAg\on, x,iOe ril).o napa. iTow eyxaraler.g0ef. O

wroprx6q, i.i,c, xaqd,P'Etopr,6voq ezlalle).pati,aq, eEaxo)\ou0ei va eg76.\erar.

xprntx&. Fe cq rryftc 7!ou 'rou Elvouv 'rr1 Euva'u6'ur1ra vd t'paerar, oe er'd,-

qi Ve c1v rcapel0o6oa xpaypartx6rnra. H Er&xplo1 op0o).o1tx6'u1caq

xat avop0otroyu6rqrac, o'urlv toroptx\ ava\ip1o1 Eev omlpt\erat n&va

oe vtd agr1p1p.6v1 6vvota qc a).{0elac rl qc d,vrtxetp.evrx6rqrac, d}\'}'&'

no,vto <<otr,v lEda 'c1c wrogtaq t,.lq ePg.lvaunmiq xow6rrpaq, t,.lq ptaq

egapprool.rdvlq entotipl)c, nov epy&.lead.L lLe enayye).p.at ma xgw$1pw>>a6 .

H grfrt an6 r7 npayparm6'crl1d, :uov napel06vtoq oryv np6ocpar1

grtro).onx{, /.t.looo}.o1xi1xa;r. wrogxfi ox6tf,,1 dvax}'a ,pn 6a0& Euoap6-

oxeLd. "(a rtg aMotplorrx€q 6|etq tou o611povou nolltlol.r'o6. )to 6a0,p.6

nou n erclq,cilptrl xaretye dvav xevrpu6 p6).o p.6oa o' avr6v cov no)ltlop6,or, €7rto.Erll.f.ovtxic, npooeyltoetq, oup.nepilap.6avog.6vr1c xet rnq o611povr1caxd}r4,pa,ixfig wropmig nap&Doo1c, 61vav ot6Aot enr06oeov. H xplttxfdvril ei.ye, 6t6a,.a, xdt xo)*rrxtc, owenayol6q. Aur6 nov lexil4oe ro66xato tvaro aubva xd.L 'Eo npiui'co 1.r.to6 rou erxoo'co6, p,e 'tov Mno6px-

Xd.p,c, .co\ Ni.uoe, xu apl6repd [.r.e rov Xaw'ce11ep, toq an6pplq/I T q

av0ptrnlo.crx1c napd}oolq 'tou Alago.ttlol;.o[ an6 pla e].lriottx1, dv'Et-Elp.oxparrxil oxoxw, 6piye rn ow€pem rov p.er&. ro 1945 oe Eravorl-,c6,c, oav.uo Zav-flo). Xaptp xa:L,c\ )1oI{ r1c @pavxgotpr1c -Teo-v.u6p Av,u6p\o xall Ma( X6pxloqrep - ot onoiot yevrx&, tauri(ovcav pr.e'rrlv aprorep&,, d))l&, Eev Oeopo0cav r,td trlv niorl rou Atagt'rtlop.o6o'uov op06 )r6yo xar, otrlv enwrilpl r,.rs 6va yr6oo ane).eu06pu-lorlq rt'lvav0p6norv a).tr&, avcOirug, aq 6va p.too e).611ou xar. yapayfTryo\qrovq47. Av o Alagtlrrop6g enlEioxe va ane).eu0egtioer, touq av0pc6nougar6 p.60oug xat avranaaec,, oL ex,.xpntg tou enlEiorxav va arce).eu0epdr-oouv rouq avOpdrnoug an6 tr1v 6),el{1 1Olxod vofpatoq nou, xar&" rr1

fr6pl rouq, ouvezral6rav 11 ).oylx{ -TlT opOo}.ollotlxilxar' avrotq-r1ootyywrl'clc (r,.r{q xdt 'cnq ngayy"arm6r\.cac,. O enlo.u1p.ovr,x6g op-06q ).6'foq p.erap.opgti0lxe [agvtxa oe r€paq. O Qouxtir xar o Ntepprvt&

ovpgavryoav zrt,.lq 1 Du'urx'/; gil.ooogrxil napriEool an6 r1v. enoA\ rov

l,roxp&.r1, ltnovrdq o'co entxeu-rpo 'rov ag1p1p6vo op06 ).61o, vop.tl.ro-

noroio, elovoraor,.xa. p.ovr€)rda8, evdl 1 T\6dv Xxo'c (Joan Scott), lpri-

eo\).Ed.q ax6 p*a geptwto'utxi1 onrtxSl,'uexprlp(ooe rrlv Tlctpouoia 1'1C na-,cpwpgrxnc, eEovotaq p.€oa orov fDro 'uov xa01pr.eprv6 ).61o49t'

irrl rl percrpovripva xp,,r.xil negr.etAe o^Ill,,ctvrlx&. xar' 6&.o'.1t'a oror'-

1eia. 'EEetlve Tct,.lq 1 av'ui).r1{.,1 ^fa Vrd. evwta wtopia Eev pr.nopei va

o.c$gtalei1 noG I rcrop'.a yapaxrqpi\etat 61'i(', p'6vov an6 ouv6lera al).ri

xu.' an6 ptEetc. 0l petapovrepvrr6q oUi,ora enlorlpaivouv tlq tDeo).o11,-

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xilC ,.oroptaq. Op06q extory< a1tgw6:1.ro6v cg unep6o).mt'q r\q dEuhoer4

va pr).ri pE 'clv au0evtia 'uov elElxdlv. 'E1ouv 6pr,arg t1v r&,on va ner&,-

Eouv ro p.ap6 y.alt 1te ra. veg& 6tav apvo0vtat xale Euva'u6t1'ua op0otro-

ylxob ,.o.cogtxo6 ).61ou, xan 6rdv ap.g.r.67ro6v t1v 6wota r4c totopr'xi1c

atr{0eraq, xar, pdlt p.' aur{v, xdt a\\ 6vvou 'Eov Lo'co1lxoi rlleiEouq.

'Er;q xardolo6v 61t p.6vov to, opr'o).o1ou1-l6vog peuot6, 6pr.o y.e'cal6 rov

,.o,uogtxo,3 tr61ou, o onoioq x&.vrore ep.negr/ya, pu0on).aoclx&' o'cotyeia,

xaL a\q puoozr).aoiac,7 onoia reu'xa exr.Tepet xar. du'ci1 va epprlve6oel

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ro O).oxa6'uopcr <rlq wrogm6 1e1ov6q50. Or, dvrr4aoeq rlq Ed).uor1c

'cryc to'cogldc pioa oe ILW xdlagi' p.u0ontraotx{ }.o1ote1via Ttvowar.ep'gavelq o'u1v anoDort ,, U.6pouq tou Xduvtev Xoudlt 6rr. 6oo w. av

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6er10ei av.ulxerp.evrx&, 6rt. avr6 ow66751.H np6x).r1orl 'rou p.e'tag.ovrepvrop.o6 ei'Ae p.r.a orypawm\ etiEpaol

o'rlv i,oropi,xfi oxtl1 xar ypag\ Ei1o4, aor6oo, va ErappfEet trq, ouv6-

EI'ATOTH

48. B)- Megill, Prophets of Extremity.49. BI. Joan Scott, Gender and rhe Politics of History, N6a Y6px1 1988 ['Eva

xega)ra$ 'cou ll:e.co,gpo,lp.ivo o.ca, etrtr1vlxd p.e tit).o <<To g0tro: pra 1p{orpt1 xarnyopiat1q rotoprxfc avriluol<>> r,ept€yerat oto: E. A6Ee).,i - A. Yapp& (enq,t6tr.), Enmlpdqtcropieq. luvaixeq, xat gJAo cr4v tocoprxfi dqiT06q, A0{va 1997, o.285-327 l

50. BI. Saul Friedlaender (errp.), Probing the Limits of Representations: Nazismand the Final Solution, Kaiprptt( Maoo. 1992.

51. Hayden White, <<Historical Emplotment and the Problem of Truth>, oto i6to,o.37-53.

45. )to iEro.46. Zammito, <<Are We Being Theoretical Yet?>>, o. 804.47. BI. Max Horkheimer xar Theodor Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment. N6a

Y6px1 1975. lDiotrtti* der AuJklarung, 1972.H \m)exnxfi ti, A,ogrno1"oJ, A}i;va 1986 xar 1996. j

30 H DTOPIOTPAOIA 'TON

EIKOI,TO AIONA

Xereq Fre aLq rd,\16'cepec 6rv.Er).i{./eLc, xaL T?dxamtq. O pr,e'uaplovcepvrop.6gdvax),a pr.n xotvrr.lvid. xal plra xou)..cotpa vn6 p.€raoxlp.arlopl6v orrlvonoia €yow x).ovr,ote[ ol zra].uiq 6e6a6.cr1req ̂(d. 'c\ 6np"Tydvtxi1 av&"-nrvl1, ot avldv6peveq orxovop.tx6g npoo8oxteg, xan ot napaEooldxot xa-v6veg 'ut,.rv peoaiorv r&"Eeuv. H xaraqrao1 auril avaxlo,tat xoll oar\waoprc^fpd.gfu r4c ee).eu'uafaq erxooaeri"aq. To avtxeipevo .urlg to.copiac,p.eraron(or1xe an6 rtq xotvovtxdq Eop,dq xal 8ta8lxaoieq otrlv xou).ro6-pa, un6 r1v eupefa dvvota r1c xa0lpreprvrjc (or{c. H wropfu an{xr4oexat n&}* av0pdrzctvo xp6oano xa0drq agyroe va Eiverar xat xa)'t ngoooTilora &.ro1ta, avr! 11 cpopa 6'p.oc, 6At ora Euiolg,a xac wyvpa, a),),ao.covc, xot\o6q OvlroJq. Ml'a o1o).{ wropmt|v xpoona}rpe vd, dvrtxd"ra-o.cipet .u1 pe).6q rorv p.axpoibropmav )/(.ar Va;xpoxolvr,;vr,xciv EnElxa-oldrv pl,' avr6 nov ov6p,aoav ,p.txgoltocopta, entxevrpotp.r.ev4 zrivo oe pr-xgig xowuvlxriq p,ovriEec r,ou d,rEole).o6vral an6 ovyxexprpldva &,rop.a. Hvid tp.qaorl orr';v xou).ro6pa rqc xa0rlpeprv{c \lihc, dgepe t1v toropiaoe orevil enagil Fr€ rlv av0parno).oyta qov Clifford Geertz. <<Xupgo-rv6-vrd,c, pe rov Ma€ Bdprnep, 6tl o dv0pronoq eivdt 6va \uo nov 6yer, nra-ore[ oe r.orobg voilltaroq rovg onoi.ovq o iDloq tyet vEd.ver,>>, o Geertz0eropei zro4 <<xou).m[pa etvar, avroi axptii'i,g or" wroi,, xar enopl6vorg 1av&),uo{ rlq Eev etvat p.,d ng.paltarm\ enwrip.rlnou {.,ri1vel vd 6per.v6pouq, aD.& pua epprlveutrx! trov avd\yra rc v6y1.ra>. O pe).etry{1ct1c xou).rou.paq enrErdrxer rrlv <<epp.r)veia [...J ry p,eragpdol xorvorvmdrvexEpaoeav [ol ozcoieq elvar,l entcpaveraxa. awnypatxtq,>. 'E.uor, 11 vta no-).r.uro1.r.m{ oroph, 6nli,g xd," yl (<epprlveu.ux{>> (hermeneutics) tou x},aol-xob wrogtxr.opr.o0, Eev aoyo),eirat pe .rr)v e({y4o1 (explanation) aM& pr.erlv <<epp.rlveia> (explication), ple ryv an6nepa avax),ao+g .uou vo{parog'!t,.lv xor,vt,lvrxti'v exgpdoeov or onoteg rlq 1pylorp.e6ouv org xetp,oru5z.

Oprc 'n epp.lveu.rrx\ rr1c vtag wroptag El,ag6per an6 xeivyv rlq oxo-tr{c rou P&vxe. H 6e6.cep1 6p p.6vov eile Eragopertx6 av.crxeipevo, .uq

EI'ATOfH

ry1eux(.c, npoountx6t1req p6oa ora n'),atota pe^y&).c,-lv no).rrr,xciv 0e-opriv, aD.ri enlor1c dnarpve orq DeEopr.6vo Trt,lg ra, xeip.eva nepl6louv dvaErauleg v6rp.a ro onoto pnopo6oe va dyan),&.oet, p"6.od an6 r-q gr).o).o1-xd av&).uo1. O Privxe xar. 11 oyokfi rov ntqrevav dx6p.a 6t 7 wrogtaeivar,1e.cr,xi1 er;'orilt1, dv xal Ddgepe o.co avrtxetuevo xdr, otr,g g.e066ougryq dn6'c,.q e(7y'r1rm6q (explanatory) enlo.u{preg. lla rTvta no}.rrr,ogr.r,-x'i1 ,,oroptn-, ot xevrptxoi. 0eopof rov xp&"rovq, ,c\q Exx),4otaq xo* ,c\q

nayx6oy.wq ayop&r, 61ouv 0puy.ytalore(, xd; ,co v61p.a .u<ov xelpdv<rrvEev eivar na 6fi.qavo, a).).tt 6t&.ormro an6 av:'tgaoerc, )r.dr pi1Eetc.

'Olrd avr&, evbavav rlq enr06oerq rou pecdp,ovrepvropod ev&vrra orq6worcq E'qq av\Lnetp.evcx6r4tag xd] .rn< errc.cpovtx{q pe068ou, enr0d-6eK, rrou xar')tryav oarlv xarapy'lor1 r\1 8dxpolC avap.eoa qe tc.ro-gtxil xdt pu0or).aorax! agiy4orl. 'Op,oq, p.m e\traorl ,c\q w,copto1rld,-qiac, ,cllv elxoor, relevtai:oi,v 71t6vav, oa.v awilv nou entTeptl o' avr6 ro6,.6)tio, gac Eeilvel 6rz av xar, or, lo,copr.xot 6yvav nro enrgv),axrtxot an€vdv.rrorqv auOevria .c4C enw:*1pqe , e[axo).o601oav n&vrloq va Dou].e6ouv pr.er1v zrezroiOlon :r'uc,61ouv va x&vouv p.' tva npayp.drtx6 xar. 67r. 1t' tvagavrdortx6 nape).06v, xd.r lr,aq avr6 ro xpdytp.a,cm6 nape).06v, nap6rr.eivar, npooeyytory,o g.6vo p6oo .uou puatrori .Eovc,, o,i'o,tcei aor6oo pe06-Eoug. xar npooeyytoetq Trou vd, orqpt\owat oe VLd. epeuvrlrlx! ).o1lxrj. Tondp&6olo elvan, 6,cr evdr 1 perapovt6pva ox6Qr1 apgwlrytotoe 6).o xarnegwo6,cego.ulv au0ev.uid.,cov erEa,(ye),'paria enrocf;pr.ova, ocrlv npaEnnEou),eki_tou .otop.xo6 vgtordro rq xr"€oerq p.oq ev,uelv6plevr,l( enayle).-p.atonoqolg. flap6tr o.cd 16:)9 rov dttiwa paq 6.1lvav exxV1oetq','an6ro xtvnlta rou History workshopS3 , Tpoc rovq exr6q .uov TrcrvETlr,orrl-p[orv no].iteg nou evEragtpowar, va ava\qci1oouv .urq pt\eq rovq,.ce].mrixar. 1v6a no).ltlo1.r.m{ oropia un{pEe pta un60eor1 o1eE6v dnox}rerortx&.7!a,vetro'Erlp.r.axi1. H ap.goiiprpl 'rlc error1povrx 6rrlraq anc, Lc'copl-xi1c, i.pewaq npoepy6rav an6 ritr).ouq x).riEouq

-'- arc6 berprl",xodq xa,

xpt"cuo6c, t1c ).oloteAvtaq xou {0e}.av va Eu}.6oouu "1,

,o"opta ptoa

1-u1 1.ru0on).aorui1).o1o.ue1via. To evrunoowx6 6p"aq ettan 6n xat ^r1totd 1 AoloteAvuil

.xprnrx1, nov x&nore il.cav 6vdc, Xtilpoq avefo;ga.q.la.votd^voouFevov nou 6lpagav oe Eglpepfdeq xar nepndrxi,, eyx)rtilitarr4eoavqtald. 1-r.6.oa ora axa}-rlpatxd n\atotd. flap' 6).ouq roug 0eple).laxoi)qgr),ooogao J q eno,.to:lrpooavaco).rog. o{q, ! axatrpaix il xou}tro6pa, n .a.ra anavco\p.eva npoo6v"cd, TW rrp xar&xrnon Vm< Itot1c xar, TW, $La

31

52. clifford Geertz, <Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of culture>>,o'co 6t6)'io rov The Interpretation of cultures: selectetl Essays, Nda y6px1 lg7s, o. b'6).. enior;c .rov oprop6 t1< xou).to6pag oro <<Religion as a Cultural System> oro i6ro,o. 89:.<<H avcil1{.,1 nou uro0etc6 Tra.rrv xou},to0pa Eev 61et o6re nol}.an},tq uvdgo-e,ic, 96Le, ar,' 6oo g.nopd va 6or, xap.rd, aouvri0rorl altgtolpta: E1).ovel tva coaopix&.petaErE6prevo o0volo volpdt.Dv zlou evoapxtLve.tan oe obp6o),a,6va o6vo).o x),r7povopr.1-p6vtov avtil.{{,,eo)v Trou exgga\e,cat oe oup6o}.rx6q, p,opg6q p,6otl rorv onoit.rv or riv0ponoleruxol,vtovodv, Dralorv(ouv xat avanrlooouv ,u1 yvtirol .colc, ̂ (Ld. ,r1 (olf1 xaL xat .ctc,o.c6,oe,.q toug ar6vavti t1q>>. 53. Ita co xivlpa ,cou History Workshop,6),. xagaxd.cu, a. 12I-126

H I'TOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

Te.ruxr)p.6w1 xd.pr€Pa,6Eel[e p.l,a altoo4petlo'cq ora0ep6rnra an6 t1v eno11

ryc, iaglipti,olq {Ig enape}.par,.xi1c wroptoypa,gi.ac o'td TePp.a'vtxa r,q.-

venrocilpra ort'g apyiq 'uou E6xatou 6va"cov a;r"tiva p.61pr o{pepd".'Erot,

nap' 6).eq rlq exx).{oerc, "fw qrlox{pu(1 tolv efiro'rrJl-r.ovtxdrv 10drv, aut&

orqv xpal1 anoEeil0lx dv avlexttx&..

Avr6 etAe pe1il.r1 orlya.ota, Tla'tlv iEla t1v 6naPE\ olpravtxo6 toto-

prxo6 6p1ou. H,.oropia e[axo].o601oe va eivat p.ra ErEaox6pevl t61v1. 0r

r.oroptxoi rtdv Eexae.rrdrv cou 1970 xat tou 1980 6pr.a0av an6 rovc, av-

0ponotr61ouc rrt onqota nov iyet 7 xou).to6pa Ttct 'rrlv xdrav6norl r'qc

no)lrx{c xdr xotvovrx{c ouprreplgopag''Eror' or pe}.d'ueq tr1c laMm{c

Enav&.oraoyc, yw nap&8erypa, nipav 1a.a vtd xa'ceriOuvo1. T1 06o1 tou.uovropoi rcrv ta(mciv xar oixovoFttwiv napdy|vrov Trou Tapaxdpr.\e ora

pioa rov erxooro,3 ambva rtc, g'aglr.orrxtc ava).6oerq rov ZapL lteE€6p5o

xd; 'cov A).p.n6p )opno6).55 a,')J,a xu. 'trlv d,vrqraPl,.or,.xil av&).uo1 tou

Alfred Cobban56, nipe p.,.a pela).6tep1 6.,p.gacl4 otlv xou).to[ga, ory

f.cirooa, o'ca o{tp.6o)'a xdl oatc, te}.e'uouplie q nou hp|oxo4e o'cd' xelpteva

rov (Dpavoou& Qup657,Auv Xavr58, William Sewell59 xar SimonSchama60 'cG }exaerteq tou 1980 xalr eov 1990. Te).rxri 666aw xd; orv6or rocopr,xot r1c xou).co6pag ipav avdlxaop"|vot, 6xia,g xar" ol napaEo-owxot rovq npox&:Eo1ot, va lupioouv ora, dpyeta. flap6tt {tav no}.6avorypot antvavl* otlg napaDol6g'uorv npollo6pr.evov xotvovtxo-ert-o'u11.r.ovrxcirv npooeylioeolv, Xpr)or.p.o7roiyoav, ovyva pe 'uy) 6oi10eux rnco611povr1c telvo).o1iag corv uno).o1wrtbt, ey.xa4u&. eup{pr.ata ̂ (d. \d.

54. Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolution, 2 r6pot, Nea Y6px1 1970 [taRivolution franEaise, Ilapior 1951]' enionc, tou i6lou The Coming of the FrenchRevolution, Ilpivorov 1989.

55. Albert Soboul, The French Revolut ion 1787-1799, AovEivo 1989' [ faR|volution frangaise,Ilapiol 1982]' enlo1< rou iErou, The Parisian Sans Culottes andthe French Revolution, Westport 1979 lLes Sans-culottes parisiens en I'an II: mou-ve ment populaire e t gouv e rnemenr r6vo lirionaire (17 93 - l7 I 4), flaptor 1958. 1968)].

56. Alfred Cobban, The Social Interpretation of of the French Revolution, Kal-pxprr( 1968.

57. FranEois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, KuigtcgrcE 1981' exio'r1c,F. Furet xar Mona Ozouf (errp.), The Transfurmation of Political Culture,3 t6y,or,oEq6p8l 1989.

58. Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution, Mr6px).eil1986.

59. William Sewell, Work and Revolution in France, The Language oJ Labor fromthe Old Regime to 1848, Kaipr.rprt( 1980.

60. Simon Schama, Citizens, N6a Y6px1 1990.

EI>AfOTH

rexltrlgoo ouv'rrlv epplveutm{ av&,n}o,on .c\c,,c orELxig xou}.to6pag .Ev6 ra tpya ruiv Eexaertd)v tou 1970 xqt aou 1980 .u6vr(d,v rr)

orlltaota cr1€ xoutr'uoitpdg er.q 6&.poc, r"\c notrlrlx{c xdrci.i'\ eupitepo-rvxorvovrxcbv EtaElxao-tdrv, ra, yeyov6ra p.era to 1989 6xavav odgiq ni.i,c,aur6g Eev pnopo6v va alvoo0vtan.'Ooo xt dv etvat n).dov E6oxo).o, 6ore-pa an6 6)ra ra Eo1epd xou ow€6r1odv o'Eov auiva lLd.c,, \d. anoEiEerxaveig, axo).ouOdrvrd,q'cr4 0eolpia'cov exovT4povr,op,o6, onolouoE{note,.Ewtrepoug ri'u).oug oto Eutlx6 no).tttop6, { va Oeolpet rqv rcropid c.o.\)prd evwi.a }wEmaoia, eivat, nap' 6)ra av'ca, oagtq zrtrrq or navi.oavpec.8uvripeq .cr.c, ono[eg nepr6lparl,,e dvr! 7 Oeopia ].er.toup1o0v ng&yparl.o,co o}lypovo x6op,o. Bt6am, r1 0eorpfa 'cov e>6u"(Xpovropo6 unrjp(e 1e-v,.x&. unepdtor6Eo[1 6]r€xowaq to o611povo x6op.o t,.lq ro <<16].og, r1gw.coptaq>>61, qv an6llEl plaq av6).rhq. Enrn),6ov, 7 xar&,ppevo'rJ rrlqoo6r,e.u.xi1c d,u'coxpdrcopiaq 68elEe rrp avenapxew, i\q dnox\ewruilco,cilpfrg, oe no)ltx6c,, otxo\ol:";tx6g { no}.lrr.op'xiq ava}.6oerg, evti 11av0ex.l,x6,c1.ra ccDv na).l6repo;v e1vtxtortxdtv li Oploxeutrxdrv voo.rpo-nr,tbv xan I U.erdp.opgoro{ roug p.6oa o,cr.g o611poveq ouv0fxeq, 6ror6nt-rq ex6r1).601xav or4 e9vmtq ovyxpoi.toelq )1al q,.lc, tcr.piEetq rt',lv0ploxeurmti-rv gov"rap,evta).op,rilv tov re),eutaicov 1p6volv, xa.u68el[avax6pa odcptorepa w.6pLa 'ur1c 0etlpiag .cov exc.v'.Xpovropo6. Aut6 nou

76ter,ale,car. vd prer oq 06o1 ,c\c, ei\d.L 1u.a n\dr6, rc,coptxil npoo6lylorlTrou va na[gva, un6{,,1v a\c, xal tq no}.rrl,op,r,xtg xar, .cr"q leop.m€q n}.eu-p6c. H p.etap.ovt6pvd xpntxil rlq rdpa8olLo;xiq enwrip"lq xqt anqnapd}oowxfc o.uoplolp agrz,c, o}iy"t)o e o e opa\ ilxtc, avaOerop{oerq rr;qro'Eocrrxiq oxi,!4C xdl rlpa:x.ctxtc. Aev xartorperle 11 Edopreuol rt',lvrotopr,xri.rv oq o0D,4!I rlq npa^ftLd,aa6.r\,ca,c, o6te .ur1v nbt1 .couc,, oepl.la epeuvr)'rrxi ).o1lx{, xar66etle 6plu,c, r7 ouv0et6.u1.ua xal ro.rv E6o.Mnopo6pr.e i.oti,q va Eo6p.e qv wropia ,crlcr to.coprc"fpagiac, oav ivan e\e-).roo6pevo Eui).o1o, o orcotoq, d\) xat nor6 Eev cg,c&.ver, oe xaxoto te).1x6ovp.n6,gaop.a, oup6,i).).er o.q Ere6puvoyl,ulq orr,Etxic,.

H w'cogia, lnqEew.va pE rIV enaye),panonot1orl rtov r,o.roprxrbv onou-

61. m,. E. G. Fukuyama, <<The End of History?>, The National Interest 9 (Ka-).oxaipr 1989), o. 3-18' eziolc tou lErou The End of History and the Last Man, N6.aY6pxr1 1992 ffo riAoq r4e oropiaq xac o ceAeuraioq,,ivIparoq,, e0{va 1993].

H DTOPIO|PAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

Edrv to 66xam 6var,o atava. H to,uopr,olpdgia etvar.666dw r,o),6 agyarJ-cep1. Ol riv0po-rzol aolo).{O1xav Fle ro nape}.06v xouc, oe 6}.eg trq xou},-ao6pec,, a).).ri pte no).6 Dlagoperxo6c, rp6novg.'BroL, o'u1 A6o1, oup.Tre-pr).ap6avopivov xat rou u).ap,lxot x6op.ov, xd,t o.crl,l avaro).lx{ Aora 11ypucr\ wropta tnar,Le iva oqpavrr.x6 p6).o, a).).ri ro iEro ori6r.avcx6qSlrav xa;t ot V., .rcdT:ctq V,oggtc, wrogtag, pr.vlpeia, o6p.6o).a xat )dtxtqndpa66oa4. An6 r1v enoyil.uou).&,po.uov rou HpoE6rov xal tou Oouxu-EfEl otrl A5or1xar" rou Ssu'maChi'en orlv Avaro).ri 61lve pra ouvelErl-ri1 npoond..leld. vd. Elaloplorei 'r1 wropla an6 ro p{tlo xar. va n}.4o1&oeloe Vrd nr.oril neprypag! rtrl leyov6rrov .uou nape).06vtoq. flap' 6).aautri, 8ev un{pEe an6xe,.pa va Elex8lxloer I roropia ro status p.raqenwriprlc avor7p6r4,caq ava),oyqc U.e rt,rv guorxrilv enlotlp.civ. H xa).-fu6p1ec r1c wropiaq oq 6va ).o1oreXvrx6 eiEog zrou enrErc;xer va ou).).ri-6et ro rape).06v nrord. xo;t 6vtlpa atr).ti xar, p' 6vav aw}Trtxd.. xop,Q6rp6no Eraqp{Or1xe an6 rqv apTat6r\xd, r\< x},aomi1q A6or1c xa; x\cavaro)'mi1c Aoiac, Vi,Xfil oae,cm&, np6orpara. M6vo 'uo }ixaro 6varc aro-va preranpatlxe I oropta o' 6vav enalye).p.atoxor11.l6vo yvl.r,o,cm6 x),&.-do nou 0earyo6oe rov eavr6 rou cdq p.r,a <<ew,ori1g,l>> Tcou unqgeretrar.an 6 en ayy e\p.atx&, xar apr w lt tvouq, lo r op rxo6q .

Or.a11).6golvor Eev alo0&vovtar ave,ca Fe 'Eov 6po <<lotoplxi1 enwr\-V'rl>> (Geschichtswissenschaft), nou 1pr1orp.oxotetran eup6t.lg o,rrlv lzrer-gtotrxfi Eupcirnl alJra xu. otrg 1).tiooeq ,E\q avaro),txi1< Lolas yw vaEuxpiver mp wropta t,rq enb.urlp.ovlx6 x).&6o an6 ryv wropta cog ).o1o-reyvmi, evao16).1o1. O ripoq autdq Eev ouv10i(erar ora ayy^),tx&.,6novpe rov 6po <<enwri11.r1>> ouvri0t'.rq evvooivrat etre ot,c:vc.lcpd..crxiq Euor,-xtq enodp,eq ehe p.rd epeuvl'rrxilxo;r. epplveurlxri ).o1lx{ nou axo}.ou-0e[ ro r,p6rvxo corv guor,xd-rv ez*o.c11.r.drv, 6nog ovp.iairtet Fe ,url ouorl-p.a'uu6rqra xdt rn\ aEape.cm6r\xd, nov iptoxovgte orrg ,r*orrrrr*i4exrotrjp.eq>>. xtrq 1).rirooeg cqq lrep.,ltrx{q Eupdrnylq or }.6Eerc wissen-schaft \ora yepp"avm&.), science (ota yatr).tx a), scienza (ora r"ra),rxa),ciencia (ora ronavrxa), n nauk (ora puo,.xa) rpooElopi(ou v VW, ovc'cn-pa'c mfi x p oo €y.y loy oe on o la8{n o.c€ Tvcoo,r r,x fi o g atp a, oupn ep r}.ap6 avo -p.dvorv.rov av0ponorrx6v onouEdlv , y onora Edneral

""6 pr06aorq Sprruoq

nov etvat ano5exrof an6 vta xorv6rrna elErxov.2' avr6 ro 6$),io 0a lplolponolo6p.e ,uov 6po TLd. \d. avagep6p.aore

oro o|yapovo lvoorlx6 x).riEo rqc r.orop[aq. H epg&vrorJ .ry]q'ro.rorlLxic,enrorlplc p.' aw\ r1v 6wora ov1rntnret pe qv xa0rdporol ryc wrogtagcog ena17e).p.avxo6 x).riEou nou 8lE&oxeaat xo;t welter&,rat c.aq, rcqvercL-

EI'AfOfH

o,ci11-ua. Au'u6q o yvootlx6g x).riDoq Eev anexrrloe r.o'ce'u1 evvolo).o1lxf;

avo,c4p6rqra 'tt'rv guolxtiv enlotlp,tirv ! 'uorv ava).utrxri;v xorvovrxtirv

entorrlltrbv eEd,.'ctac, na.v oror.Teitrrv 'ul( 6o6\o1c, crlc rp60eo1 q xd;'Eou

voiynroq nou evun&pxouv o'rrlv avOptirr,vl ouprceptgopri, xat ra oxotd

ayilor€xov,cd,t orov u{r1l6 6a0p.6 agatpeolc, nou 8uxpivet trg ox}.1p6.ue-

peq e;ncripLeq. Anarcel, rlap 6)ta alv'ca, cr1 oupp6pgool oe g.la epeuvl-rwfi)roy,.xi1 xorvtilg ano}ex'cfi an6 'covq elElxo6g, an6 rovc, onoiovc, ranopiopa,cd r\q L6'co?rxic 6peuvaq pr.:ropo6v va e).e110o6v Tra 'clv eTXU-p6,c'q.c&, .couc ro iDlo 6na4 xd; c'Etq &)).eg ezclocrig.eq. Analrci, enioq<ax6 rov entorilltova va n&.et n6pa an6 ra dxa,ctpyaora Ee8op6va nounpoog6pouv or. nyyic, aov, ̂ (Ld. va gr&.ler. F.tcr, ouvex.Etx\ txleo17 onoiangtxet, 6nt.l,q xale eir,L6'cpovtx6c, ),6yoq, va ep.neprJye;. xat 'cn\ e|ryn-oI. H g6oy lr1c e[{y4o1c or1v ro'ropr,oygagla trpogavr.oq El,agdper an6aurt'1v rorv ox).1pcbv enloclpciv yrcrt np6ner va ).ap.6&ver ur6tlrv .u1c

61r g,6vov rr,9 npoldoelc. xd"L 'ur1v lEcltep6ryra'rt'rv a,v.rrxe4l6vcov tr1<pe).6.ur1c 'r1s dtr).& a;x6p'a xd;'co p6).o 'u1< unoxerp.evrx6tlrdc, rou Epeu-v1cf . O T6V.ac, Kouv uzroorfpr[e nt'rq ax6p.a xil 6,c\ cpvoufi or 6vvoregan6 .u,c, onoteg owto'cdran.Eo erro,r1povm6 6.pyo Eev eival axox\ercrtx6dnori)reopd eooreplxciv oao\ erLo,c\povlx5 x).&Eo e€e).fl(eorv xar, ovlq-,u{oeorv, aD.ri ouvE6ovran orevd., pe eup6repa Dlavolcm& pe6p.a,ca rrycxou),ro6pag p€oa orlv or,ota dvr6 ouvte).e[tar62. Av avr6 ].or.n6v o16eryw enorilp.Eq oa.,t rq gvo,.xi1, 11 or,ota endlcixer ep.Ea,cm&. va anox),etqet'cd, vnoxeLqev.xa orotTeia an6 r'rlv enro,rrlprovmtlxpioy, ax6yta negoo6re-po ro16er Tra crlv ,.oropi.a y onoia avaTvop(er ro p6).o rrlq uroxerp.eu,x6-rnte.< oq dva ororyeto avan6geuxro orlv errorlplovrxi1 tpewd.

Ta napanavor Eev olpr,aivouv 6rr, no tpyo rov extorip.ova i1 tou r,o,co-pmo6 p.nopei va epp.lveulei npotriorcdq pe xolvrrrvlo).o1txotg 6govq, i1 6rt:rc1otTer, 11 rdeo).o1lxi1 rov ).erroup1ia. X4pa[vouv 6p;.i,c, 6rr, rrlv enwrfi-!rrl, xar lEraitepa rlv <<r,o.ropr,x\ enwdyt'rl>, 11 orota 16oo q.ceva ouvE6e -'rd,t p.e 'urg av0ptirnrveq dEteq xat. ngoltoetq, xgtnet va r7 G)rtnoupre g.6oaq'to xotvt'lvrxono).1'uro1l,tx6 xan noN,rtx6 trlc ntraioro. Mra roropb rqcto'roptoTpag[a,c, nov eEeral';er, pl6vov .uouq, eoorreplxo6g otov x].&Eo t1c,.orogtaq ndga"yoweq, Eev eival Euvat{. Mnopodpe va 6e10o0p.e norq 6vaofvo).o roropl,xdrv orollei<,rv p.nopei va elerao:uei 6a.oet, oplop6vt.rv xavd-vtrv xprtrx{C y6pol a.lr' rovc, oxoiovg vn&,pya" p,ta ouvaive or1 p€oa oro

62_. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 21 6xEoo1, Zrx&.yolgTO IH Eoprj ruv ,o,o"qp.or,ra, ettaraordqeav, Oeooalovixl l9b1].

'f\@oanr.6 x).ri8o, 6prc tl [Ela ouvaiveol eival E6oxo].o va enlteul60ei avro iDro o6vo).o evtal0ei o' tva eupdrepo n).aioro yelov6torv xw. eEe\l-[e<ov. Ont-lq dvtgepa, 1 erclorf;p1, xr eE6 ouprrepl].ap.6dverat xd.t \wropr.xil er,l'oriyty, Eev p.nopei no.c€ va avaTlet o' €va o6vo).o &u).<-'.rv,aglprlpr.6vorv ElaEmaold;v ox€,Q1c, eoorteplxriv o.rov eTrro.urlpovm6 x).&-Eo, atr).ri €aer" va xdver. r&vro.ue pe (orvravo6g av0prirrouq or onoiol ep-yd\ovrat, p,toa oe axa}yltatxo6c, i7 en.o,cr11.r.ovr,xo6q 0eopo6g, xan ot or,otottaow xarcota xwreitoo oyerua Fe crl g,ior1 ,cryc xpa:yp.arx6.c\r,d,c,, ad.onota por.g&\ovrat pr.e no).).o6g riD.ouq oullp6vouq toug. H enror{p.1npoUno06tet n&,vrore pw xow6mlca et8lxdrv Trou vd ou1.r.gr,.rvei n&va oexarorcq epeuvlttxdg rpaxr'xtg xar, gtogg6.c, ezcrxotvoviag. Enop6vorg Eeveivar Euvar6v va Elalorporei 'r1 'orogia { 1 loroproypagta an6 mvq 0e-opo6g xat.uo xorvorvrx6 xal 6nvor;rtx6 nep$alJ'ov y.€oa qro onoto aqxei,rat.

Ta rp[a p.6p1 auro6 qov 6,.6)rtov aolo].o6v.uar Fe rlv xa0l6poor; t1cwropiaq tog, yvoo'Etxo6 x).&Eou, p.e 'rlv ay.,go6ip7o\ r\c, Tra,pd.Eoolax{<ento'rrjplC an6 rq xotvr,.rvrx6q enwri6reg, xan, r€),oq, pe .rlv xgrnmil.uov xorvtovr xo- er,w rpovlxtirv npoo e"y^yto eliv an6 rr1 plera6lovt6p va qxt -rlrlxar" pe.ro ror,d, eriEpaol etTe au.cilrlxpntxilndvto ot1 Eou).eui tour.oropmol.

IH IIPOIMH OAXH:

H AT\AAEIEH TH> DTOPIA>>E EIIA|IEAMATIKO KAAAO

KE@AAAIO T

O x).aorx 6q r.oroprxtop6gtoq roropi,oypagm6 ;.tow6).o

tTIt APXE) rou E6xatou tvarov ar/tva ov1t6atvet oe 6).o to Dutlx6

x6op.o pttd pr.\,.xi1aD.ay{ tou tp6nou tgewag, 'rceg\c xar. DrEaoxa}.iaq

rq< r.oroptag, xalc,g du'cS1 p.erd'cp6nerar. oe ena11elp,aru6 yvaorm6x)d8o. 'Ac, r6re un{p1av E6o xupiapleg xapa66oac, ypaqnc rnc, Lo'co-

?taq: n 'p.i,a iyav 6aoud paOrlotax{ xaL d.Qpd,to'(v<rro'ulx{, xat 1 ri}.}.1

ovordor'tx&. ).oyotelvlxf . flepwraor,ax&, p.6vov, 6nra,q oro 6pyo tt'lv pe-

lriltov Bpetavdrv utoplxdrv tou E6xatou tvarov avbva, orov li66ava,rov Xroup xd; qo\ P6pneproov, evcitvov'ual dvrig or, E6o napa86oelg. Ov6oq lvoro'ulx6q x).&Eoq rqc r.oropiaq rou ep.gav|or1xe o'cd. yepp.dvr'x&.naveno.u{prw r6u,\e tr1 ElEaxtlxt'l r}.eup& rnc toroptdc,, ravr6yStova 6p.aqane).eu06pc-roe rr1 ElEaoxa\[d an6 r7 o'cev\ d.pi7.d.Lo"p.r,oi.a xar' ot, xa]r6-repot exnp6oarnoi tou 6ra'uf p1o&v pu. ato 0qo1 ).o1ote1vrxi1 q xo6rnrdg.Eivar olpavrrx6 vq. €yov,p.e xar&. vow 6rt ro vio en&.yye)rlLd. qov Lo'co-ptxo6 unlpe,uo$oe ouyxexpry6veg Erlp.6oleq avayxeq xat no),trtxi.q oxo-nr,p.6rr1req, yr,' aur6 xa,, eiAe p.e1&).r1 oqltaota 1 xolvonoqorl 'rt,.lv ano-te).eop.&carv r\c, 6?ev,taq o' iva xorv6, rov onotov rryv toropr,xil ouvei8rl-or1 enrEi<oxe va 8rap.opgtiroer, xat 'co onoio orpeq6tav otoug locoplxo6gava\qrtiwaq rlv ro.uoptxil rov ravr6,clta. Ep.qav(\erat i'cor. eE a;p6isp.ta 6vtao1 avhpeoa, q,covc, ercrol41.r.ovlxo6g xav6vec, rou enayl6l1d,'coq,an6 rr1 Vte^, oL onotor, anano(toav p"w E6op.euo1 avenlgtaor4 an6 tpo-xata).{rlerq xar. alto}toyutq xptoetq, Nd.t o'cn\ ro}.1'ulx{ trel'uoupyia touena116).patoc,, atr6 r1v &D.1, "rl onota lrcaqve c'rq Ee6op.6vr1 VW ov\xe-xprp6vl xorvcovrx{ ralrl npay'p.&.qav.

Aut{ 1 €vrao1 ava.x}r&.'tat o'r\\ exr.o;tEeuttxil anooto}.f rou TtPoo-

H DTOPIOIPAOIA 'TON

EIKO>TO AIONA

El6poe ̂ ,fid. ao\ eavr6 rov 'co rcdyercto.tlp(o ,uou E6xarou ivanov ar.tbva.flp6runo ,Eov ra\e7r,tot11;"iou au'cob un{pEe ro flavercrot{pr.lo cou Bepo-

).ivou, nou lEp601xe ro 1810 p.'6,oa ora n).alow. rrlq avaEloplivoorlc.6Iq 6eu'uepo6&.01;dc, xa,. avti'cep1€ exnaiEeuorlq rtou av6),a6e o Bi).e).p'

gov Xo6pr.ro).vr otlv flpr,loia xara 'c7 petappuO6uotrx{ nepioEo rou

axo).o601oe 'c\\ xdrEd.orgenrmil ipta ryc flpooiaq an6 rov Naro).6o-

v.ca xar&. ta 1806 xar' 1807. Or p'e'uappu0ploerg avrt'q, nou pteprx6q

qop6c, yagaxrlpi.\ovrat r,rq ptd <<erd.\&,o'ca,oy ar,6 td. n&vti,>>, 60eoav ttg

6aoetc, \w. a\ Elp,touplia oJ"plpovttv orxovopuxcbv, vo1-r,txdtv xar xotvcdvr-

xtirv ouv0lxcLrv, av&).o1orv p.e exeiveq nou Elpr'ro6pTqoe'!) faD.mrj Ena-

v&.oraoy, aD.& pr.6oa q' €va no).1'ulx6 n).afoto nou 6tatlpo6oe oe g'e1i).o

6a0,p.6 ,cLc, V.o\rd,p4txtg, ypacgetoxparr'x6,g, crpd'1oxc,d"cmtg xar, aploqoxpd,-

flxtq 6o1"ic, rou. Ol Er1p.6or,ot un&D.1).ot, Trou t,rq enl ro n).eiotov o'EPa-

ro).o1o6v'uav dx6 pta zravenror1pldxip exnaiEeuolc ,p.eoaia'calr1, €nar.-

\av xev.cpr,x6 p6).o q' iva no).t'urx6 xaleorli,g 6nou ot avrrTtpoot'lztevrtxot0eop.oi Eev ).elroupyoUoav napd p.6vo oto enirce8o t1c xotv6t1rac,. OXo6p.rotrvt enyei"g4oe va g.etappu0ptioet ra lup.v&,om xa;t ao xavexwr$;y.r,o pe or6Ao va napaoyel pua ouvo).lx! nveupr.a'uui1xar" u'o01'rmi1 nat-Ee[a, o:rup{vag rrlq onoiag 61lve yvorot6c, r.;,c, BildungqS, xan p.6oo r1conoiac, lngene va 'ue0o6v or, &aoetq "(d, Vrd, xotvorvia p.opgt'lp.6vo-rv xdt, vo-p.ocalcirv nofut6v. Or perappu0ptioer.q xar' ou8dva tp6no Eev eilav Er1p.o-xgal;;xo[q or67ovg. H av0polnorr.xilnarJeta, pe'uI 6ap6r7la nou 6Etveocouq Aarivovc, xd.t xuplo4 o.uouq 'E]tr1veq x].aorxo[q, 6yr. p.6vo 6&0awe.co y&op.a avap.eoa orov popgoyttvo Btirgertum xal o'co ),or.n6 ntr10uopr.6aD.& xar Elprouplo6oe pta r&.ly avdrteporv Elp.ooir,rv unaM{}.rov r1vonoia o Fritz Ringer napop.otaoe pe 'rouq Krv6(ous MavEapivoug64.

63. O 6poqB,ldung 6ev p.enagp&,\erar, e6xo).a xat nptnet va tov Eo6g.e p.€oa oronlaioro t1c xou).co0pd,c ,r\q lepg,avrxfc Erav61o1c. Kap.t&. an6 rrc, ano66oer,c, 6natc,<<xou).to6pa>> ri <<exzraiEeuol>> Eev ehat enapxi1q. O Fritz Ringer enrlergei. rov eli6oprop.6: <<To 6papa qq p&0lo1c orq zrpootonrzlq autoo),ox),rjpoo1c p6oo plaq eppl-veutxr]c oy€oyc pe oe\aopw xelpreva>. <<To epp.lveutx6 orlv ouoia prov,r6tro ttcBildungev6nveuoe qv xupiapll epp.lveutx{ rd,o1 rnq .yepplavlx{g gl),o}.o.yrx{c xat arop,xfiCeruot{p1c, xa06q xat q lepp.avlxrj avri}.1,f1 rlrl Geisteswissenschaften (enrotlp,drv

tou nverip.atoq) [....1 )c61oq r1c, Bildung {cav 1 xal}.r6p1ec rpoooxlxic xd,. a\to},o-

1txi1c xoop.oavritr1,!1c (Weltanschauung), xat 611 1 Elalelplo,ctxil ent'p.6ao7 o:uq 96o11xar oatc, xoltovlx6q Ela8r,xaoieq.>> F. Ringer, Fields of Knowledge: French AcademicCulture in Comparative Perspective, 1890-1920, Kaiprprt( 1992, o. 2.

64. Fitz Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German AcademicCommunity, 1890-1933, Kaipnprr(, Maoo. 1969.

To v6o navenwriltl,o evod,pxt-rve rrl ouTxtilveuorl 'u1c Wissenschaft

xil ,E\q Bildung. )e av.uioeo1 lLe ,rd, ndventotiprd. 'Eov natrlo6 xa0e-

o"rb"o,q,6aotxil).er,roup"pia tov ono[cov ltav 1 p'ri01o1, ro Ilavenr'ori1-

trlo .rou Bepo].ivou foe].e va livel 6va x€vrpo oro oxol.o 11 ElEaoxa].la va

bl,opopgti,ut'cat p.6oa an6 'cqv 6peuva. M' autrj 'cr1v np60eo1, x}'!01xe to

lgbb' oro flaveno.u"flpro ,rou Bepotrivou o A6onotrvc aov Privxe. O P,ivxe

it o, 6roc \)ed.p6c, xa01y4t{c o.uo lug.vrioio 'Eou Frankfurt/oder, o onoiog

elae np6ocpata exE6oei'dxd 6,.6)rto 6nov entletpo0oe va, avaxapaoripet,

lrioo'oni 'cn',) vc1rlrx\ npoo€yyi,orl 'ut,rv rclTt,iv, 6va p'e^y&)'o p'e-

.cd.(.:Xt1{d.'c(opo orrlv euptonaix{ rcofutm{: qv avdEuol 'uov o611povt'rv

xoaitiav ouotlpd.uo.rv toq, rEptord p7r.xo6 nap&"iov'cog otrl Etegv'fi nolttt-

,+1, *o, rrlv tooPpo7tia p-eidal6 r(t)v peT&I(l)v Euv&pr'et''rv nou E1p'toupTlo .'')-xe yter&.

"o "6ioq rorv lra).lxritv ro).dpcov ora c6).1 rou E6xatou nti-

u7rrou xd.r 6,crq d,pxec,.cou E6xa.uou tx,cov aubva65. )|' 6va p,e0o8o).o1tx6

!rri1rr"po66 "o'

6'ti)'io' av'Eoiu, antpp''nre xale a'u6nePc. vc. r1aqei'rl

,or)opio oe ri1tr1 6&.oy dn6 autilv .r.uv Trpo.roTevrirv n1*iv, xarnyopa-

vraq, Ft&}}.ou ,i5,xo, 6).eg tlg nalt6repeg aqrf('\oerc, 'corv ltaltx6v flo-

I61,,.t1v, oupnePil.ap'6avop.6vov 'u(l)v xtraotxtirv 6p1o'rv tou Guicciardini'

6", Eru €xavav'xa1t,"d ax;o),it.1'(i,q xflfilxil eltsao[,ci|i'v orotyeitov. Xt61oq

rou Ptivxe {.uav va x&vet 1tv wroptd p.ict auoclp{ eno.u"l1pr..1 Tcou d,oxel-.cdr an6 ena11e).pr.arm&, xaragrlopr6vouq wrop,.xo$q.'Hoe).e, oav'cov

OouxuEiDrl, o'onoioq iqav xat 'uo 06p.a r1)< 6',arpt6i1q, 'tou, va 1p&{/et p'u

r.o.copia Trou vcr ouvDu&(er t1v nlot{ avrin}.ao1 cou nape}.06v'6oq p.e ptd

).o1ote1vrxd xop:!6t7ra. A ,,oropta €npexe va Tpaqetat an6 et6r'xo6q,

"ff.a a1l, p6vo, f 6T. xvgilir, ym er.6moi.tg, lLa 1.l.d, 6va r)va.r^6'cepo poPgo-

p.6uo *oiu6. H ,o"opio tnpene va eivar enr6.rrll-r.ovr,x6c x).&Eoq aMd tau-

r,676tova xdt VLa n11{ nveupar,.xryc xaDr6plerag.-H

ar"il.1,{rl rou'Pavxe Trd 'Erlv wropia aq dvo'c4pi1 en'o'ci11t"'r1 1.a-gax'c7pt\era,,"' an6 .7v artric1aoq avap.eoa oq p1t-{ e:r.l'rdy '\ ^YLd' d'\'ct-

xerg.evixil 6peuva, 11 onoid axoppintet x&.1e.ca xd1e aEr.o)roytx\ xpio' xdr.

1r."*groi*j oro7aop6, xal oarc, apprfcec, notrlclx6q xar" rpt]toooqut'q

,,apa5o16q o, onoirq o'ul1v rpaTpdrtx6r'qra xa06pr"\av aurf 'u1v 6peuva'

llo "or"P,ivxe

rl €7rto'r1p.ovix{1 6peuva ouvEe6to.v orev&' p'e x*'rm\ pt'-

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p.e066ouq 'rrlq gil'o)'o1m{c xpr"cr'xi1<

O K A>IKO> IXTOPIKI'MO> 4l40

65. Geschichten der romantischen und germanischen Volker von 1494 bis 1514,

Iteulla L824. ord afl.txa.. History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations, AovEivo 1887'

66. Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber, 6tp.oorcv1.r.6vo ltoptot& tov iEr,o 1p6vo'

4342 H DTOPIOTPAOIA XTON EIKOXTO AIONA

0eorpo0v'uav dnapatrttl npoijn60eo1. o privxe xa}#po,oe oep.wagr.a oraonota ot, pr,dMovceq toropmot xarapil\ovrcrv orrjv xptttxil 1.r.e).6.u1 .ur,-rv

lteoatavtxrbv el"yprigov. To oeprv&pn qvr6 xa}' eavr6 Eev {1rav x&nt,coevretrdrg xdr.vo6p yr.o. O Johann Christoph Gatterer etAe ewaydyer. x&:ct-avri).o1o oro flaventorip.to tou Gcittingentl Eexaedq. rov 1770, dlJ,ap6vov o P&,vxe ro ixaye avarc6onaoro xo1_r.p"&nr, ,cqc, xarap.urolq .uouwropr.xo6. To 1848 rc e[yav ulo0et{oel 6}ta ra leppav6golvd, rcd\ert-orip.r.a. O rp6noq 7!ou o Pavxe ewoo6oe rlv auo.urlpil enwrqltovtxil}paorqpr,6tlra npovx,60ete r).{p1 aroyil an6 xale alro}.oytxi1 xp[or1.'OTra 0{},orve orlv nepiglpl eroayt,rTrxil napo.ypd4o .cov npcirrou tou6r.6)'tov "fa .Eovq lra),rxo6q flo).dp.oug, yag1 oro onoio x).{0\xe oroBepo).ivo, o toropr.x6q €npene va axoge}yer va <<xpivel ro nape),66v>>, xo,t|npene vd nepr.op(\eadt \d. <<Eeilvel ro ntbg dllvav npdlp.arr. ra ye.yov6-.ca>>67.. Taur6lpova 61.ia,c, antpptr.ne xd; x&0e eiDoq Oecxr,opo6' nou0eopo6oe r9q rl 6aomi1 Eou).eui rov wrorrtxot iycav rl an6Ee{l torv1e1ov6.ctrv. Evdr 1,a .uov Ma( B6pnep, o,co ylpo.pa rov Etxooao| anbva,r, auorngfi rc.copr.xi1 npootyywrl 0a anoxa)rwr.ue rlv a*ovqta r10lxo6vofp.acoq an6 .cr1v 6napEr1, ̂fid. ro\ P&vxe avax).o6qe dvav x6opro vo1-prirov xat alr'tttv.'Eypdcpe: <<Evcb o gl).6oogoq, nov avrtxpf..el rr]v ro.uo-pi,a an6 rrlv npovolrro6lo 06o1 rou, ava\.r1rei,co anepo p6vo orlv np6o-Eo., orrlv e(6)u[r; r.rat q.c\\ o]r6r7r,a, 7 wropi"a Er,a6].6net x&,rr, ro ,,rcetpop6oa o.cqv xh1e 6napEr,: oe xa}e xar&"orao.r1, oe x&ge ov, vn&.p$er. x&.rraubwo, nov ngoi.gyerat dn6 tov @e6>>68. 'E.uor 7 to.copia avrtxa0roro6-qe ,c'rt gi),ooocpia (,)q rl errorripr,l zrou ltag anoxa)r'nrejco v61p.a .uouav0pdlnlvou x6opou.

O <aprep6\7rroq>> (unpartheyisch)69 rp6noq va 6)rtneq ra np&.yp.a-'Ea

'ro.v np€oieue o P&vxe, oyt p.6vo 6ev anoEeixvue

'rl oyetm6rqtq., xd.L

enop,6vtoq x,,t ,co p&naro, xale altaq, a),\a anoxa),rrr".' rov 70,x6 ya-paxdlpa T ,v xorvovlxrirv Oeoprirv tror. 6ruq avro[ ,tyo, auion"rl-0eitoropu&.. O P&vxe, nap6,ct avrrxar€o,cyoe rrl gr,)roooEtxil npooiyy,,orlrou X6yxe). ar6 pm ro.copr.xi1, oupgrovo6oe gr.oit'rou rc.:r< rd, un&,pgorroxo)rtrua xgat4, oro 6a0p.6 zrou a;rote). ololav ,ra nprji6vna Fraq lo,Eopr,-

O KAA'IKO> I>TOPIKI'MO'

xilq q.vt)ll'rrg, ouvl,oto6oav <<10lx6q ev6plecq >>70, <<oxttl etc,'uou Oeo6>>7 1'

O P&vxe icpraoe tror oe p.la 06o1 rapep.gepri pr'e aut{v tou 'Evtp,ouv'u

Mnepx, rolupr(6pevoc, 6'ur' x&.0e ap",po6iplol rt,lv xarcorqp.|vov xotvo-

vlxcbv 0eoptirv, etre pe elTd) do'ca'cm&. p.tod, ei're pe unep6ollx6q Ve'Ed.P-ov}r,;hetq, ovvroril. xapa1taol tou nve6pta'coq rnq ,,orogiaq7z. H <<ap.e-

pafrp"t1" npooiylwn'uou napel06vto.q, rou ercrErdrxet an).tirg va Ee(et'<<,co'

ntbg 61lvav nga"yp.ao, ta 7e7ov6'cd>>, VdQ dxoxa\}nret re),txa,

olpgtova U.e 'tov P&vxe,'q o6pr.gr,.rvr1 p.e to 06).1p.a sou Oeo6 wllouoa

o&,1r1 npayp.dt<ov. fla cov P&vxe, 6rug oe p'e1,i).o 6a8'p,6 xd; ^(Ld. lo'u

X6yxetr, 7 wropia 'uov oityytovou x6oprou azroEeixvue rr1 o'ca0ep6rrpa

rov notrl'crxtbv xar xotvt.lvlxtitv 0eopltiv 'u1c flpooid'c, 'ing fla).lv6p0to-

oryc, 6xou 4 aro,4.txi1e).euOepia xal 1 lEroxtryoid vxilgTd'\ xd'L eu1p.epo6-

odl vn6'u1v ar1i6a p.taq lolup{c povdpAtac, xat ev6g gu'cr.optvov xga-

rwo$ p.qyavopr.o6. EE ov xar. 7 xevrp,.x6rnaa aov xga'rovg o'u1v av'uitr1-

rf.,r1 rou Pdvxe yta.rlv wropta. Aev pnopei xavei.gvaxara\a6er.rtlvta

en|o'ci11q rr1< ,.oroptaq 6n.'q'u1v avrt).ag.6av6rav o Privxe av 6ev 'u1 Eel

p,6od oro notrt'clx6 xal 0ploxeu'utx6 xtraioto nou 1ew!01xe' Au'u6 nou

ex npbr+c 6{.,et'->q ga;tverar. ag avr[cpao1, E1traE{ an6 11 VLd. n ercd.\-

1e).patonoqol rlq entot{p1c ,rd.t io airr6ra 7,.a avo'cqpil ct'v'urxelg.evr-

x6ry'ca, xat, ar,6 crlv ri).).r;, o no),tttx6q xdr no)'rrtottx6q p6).oq cou

roroptxo$, anoEerxv6etar,'ce')'ma 6tl Eev eival Er,6).ou xaga,}olo.O P&vxe 0a "yivet re'),tx&. 'co np6runo t19 enarye).p.aronolr1pr.6v1c

ro'uoprx{c eznot{pr1c rov 66xarou 6varou ar/na. flplv an6 ro 1848,too'c6oo, x&0e &D.o xaga rvntx6 Eeilp.a rlq yeppdvtxilc oropr,oypagiac,i1'cdv, xdr dx6p,a ).116'uepo t1c Ete0voriq. H nap&Eool 'u'tlq nolt'cto'r.xi1<lo'coptag 'uou Ango'ulopo6 {'uav ax6pa no}.6 (ov'uavi1 ora €,pya rovHeeren, tou Schlosser, .!ou Gervinus xal &,}}.a.lv, ot oxoiot aon&(ovravao).6 nlo awryl,a noLl,uxo6q, or6Aovq xat eipa.v p.ev ouvei61o1 t1c av&-

Txlq 'tov pe06Eorv 'u1c ar).o).o1rxi1g xpn,.xric, apvo6v'uav 6p.org \d. 'crqgertaonodpouv. To 6vrovo evElag6pov Tra rrlv wropta o'u1v Eupdlrleile oq anortlxeop.a r1v elxalviaorlp.axp6nvoo-rv oleEiolv 1la'u1v 6xEo-oI 'rov nrlltirv t1g eOvxlc wropiaq.'HE1 ro }txdro 6varo ar.rbva oMuratori eyxanvtaoe €ya ,u€'cor.o np6ypayrp'a orrlv Ita).ia, ro Rerum ita-licorum scriptores. Xt1 lepp.avia ra Monumenta Germaniae Historica

70. <<The Great Powers>>, oro iElo, o. 100.71. <<A Dialogue on Poli t ics>>, oto iEto, o. l l9.72. D.. Ranke, <Uber die Verwandtschaft und den Unterschied der Historie und

der Politik>, Sdmtliche Werke, .c6qoc,24, o. 280-293.

67 B).. erlolq <<Preface to the First Edition of Histories of the Latin and Ger-manic Nations>>, oto Leopold von Ranke, TheTheory and practice of History, enqt,.Georg G. Iggers xar Konrad von Moltke, IvErav&,notrlq lg7}, o. 137.

68. <<On the Character of Historical Science>>, oco iEro, o. 3g.69. Xto t&o. o. 41.

H D,TOPIOIPAOIA X'TUN EIIIUZIU AII.I1\A

lextvryoav rrl}exaerta tou 1820 t,.lq Fra rep&,o,cw ou).).o1{1 nlltirv'u1g

S*eoar.av,.xi1c lepp.avlx{ c, r.oroptal. H Cotlection de documents inddits sur

l' histoire de France xdt ra Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain

and lreland During the Middle Ages av€)o:6qv va x&,vouv x&'"cr" av&)'oyo.(d. an faD,ia xaL ad. Bperdvma Nr1or,i. To 1821 rEp001xe oro flaptot

r1 Ecole de Chartes TW. \d, xanaprl,\a, 'covc, Loao?txolq xar, 'Eovq d'P1.erc-

v6prouq oanv xplalx{ totv nlytiv. Avra 6p'ac, aqopoloav o' tva oyerm&'

o.uev6 x6x),o ).o1iorv, evdr t1v i.6w ol11tfi 7 xtpr.a 'c&'or1 wrogtxnq ̂ rcd-g'qc ory fatrtria, ot1 Me1&).r1Bgera.vta xa:L oilq Hvotl.r.tiveq flolrteieg,

6zrorq Eeilvow ra ov6p'a'ua 'rt,-lv Zu). Mre).6, Thomas Babington Macau-

lay xat George Bancroft, aneu0uv6tav o' dva eupUtepo xolv6.Av zpivoupe an6'co p6).o nou tnar.\dv ot wroptxo[ oq Erlp6oroLri,

11 r.o,copl"a 6yape o'q la).).ia i.o.i,q ax6,p.a pela).6tep1q exrtpqoryq an'

6oo o.cq fepg.avia. 0 Qpavoou& lxt(6, o Zv)' Mroe).6, o Aoui Mn).av, oAap.aprivoq, o A).6EK vte Tox6i)., o Inno).6t Tarv xat o AE6).goq Or6p-ooq, xani)ra6av 6).ol tou( 06oerq ot1 1a).trrx{ no}.tclx{ oxn\i, evb x&"1,a,trtonor.yo Eev un{p€e ot1 f epp.avta.'Ioaq avr6 vd ogei),erar, oro 6t otwaopmic, orouE6g oq fal),ia frav ).t'y6tepo enayye),pr.aroxorltiveq xanenoprdvt-rq ).t16'uepo [exopr.p.6veq dtr' ro eup6tepo p.opgorp6vo xow6, oeoTiorl pe rr1 leppanta, 6nov ot wroptxoi 6)ro xar. nepwo6repo evr&,ooo-\.cd\t o'Ed" navenotflpu,d oupp.opgo0p.evol otr,c, e$t;xic, axa61p.dtxtc, o.rta.l-ripetq. H Eragopri no).rtrxf;c xou).'uo6paq p.erdl6 lepp.aviag xar fa).-).iaq pnopei ev p6per va e[11{1oet ro &votylta li}.}.orv totop,.xtiv, 6nra,qtou fxl(6, cou Trcp6, rou Mntrav xd;,Eou Tox6i)., oe xorvt,lvrxaUlriy

lLd.aa, oe avriOeol pre ro no).6 pela).6repo 6apoc, nov dElvav or f eppavoiorlv no).l.ur,xi1 xar. Eln).orpacrx\ w,copta.

Mera rc 1848 oq fepp.avia, xat p.era to 1870 oaLc, T,eplc.q6repeqevponr,atxig Xd,peq, orrq Hvopl6veq flo).l.ueteq xar. otlv Ianovla (xar.xerncoc, apy6repa oq Me1&).1 Bgeravid xd.r o,rn\ OD.avEia) oi ro'uopr-x6q onouE6q ena11e).p.aronorrj01xav. fevrxri axo).ou0{0r1xe ro Tepp.dvr-x6 p.ov'u6).o: otq Hvorpdveq flo).rreieq pe rrlv eroalory{ rou npolprip.-

Vd,'Eoc, exn6v1o1c ElDaxroplx{1c, 6wrrpL6ic, oro flavezrrodp.to Johns Hop-kins.uo 1872, oq la).).ia {181 an6.uo 1868 g.e rlv iEpuol t1s EcolePratique des Hautes Etudes oro flapior. nou 6Dore ip.cpaoq otlv 6peuva.To oepuvripro apytle va unoxaolora,ilrov)'au1oro\ va oup.n).1pr6ver, ,'11v

napri8ool. I6p601xav neproErx& nou EdErEav .urg v6eg p.e068ouq er,Loa\-g.ovrx{lc Epaoqpl6q,caq.'Euot ro Historische Zeitschrift (1859) axo-).o60r1oe 11 Revue Historique (1876), 11 Rivistastoricaltaliana (1884),

m English Historical Review (1886), ro American Historical Review

(1895), xat dtr).c avri).o1c oe &Meg XdrPec. Eivar evEerxrtx6 6'n ro

npbro rcityoc, rov English Historical Review avotye f^ 6y &popo tou

A6pDou Ax"ov ^(Ld. 'crc, <<lepp.avrx6q 21o).6q lo'coplag>>73. H Apr'eprxavt-

xilIorop,.xilEraqei,a, nou tEp601xe to 1884, en6)teEe 7w nph1lo er't-

",lro p6ioc rrlq rov P&.vxe, <<rov nar€po,,nq w'EoPLx/'c, enw.'i1tqc"74'

Ilevrxri q y.etar6ntol 7lpoq .Eo Teplrdvtxo pov.u6tro olpalve pu.a anop.a-

xpuvol dn6 'crp eup6tepl xo)r'.rwrrxi1 totopta npoq 69e)'oq ev6q otev6-

.,epou ec.,ctaritrou o,rlv no).lrm{. H a,vr.icpaoq nou enolgrivape orov Pavxe

avapeoa oro di'utp'a ̂ (d. d.rcoqv"(! a\rc)royr'xtirv xpioeorv ex p6'povq ryq

ouo:"qpryc enror{p1c, xdl o'crr\ np6oEeorl, ornv npa\1, 'c'rg, waoc,Q^rPd'-

o|oe i" no),rtm6q xat xotvt,rvrx€c, aEiec, ndpdrngettd't xal or7 v€a er.a,f-

y e)tyartxil to'c opia. TIpaY p.atmd', 1 evruzro o'.axi1 auanru[r1 qq axa}rl'

lt"akrp to'coptaq xo.r&' 'co 6€xaro €va'co ar.dtva eiae a1t'eo[ el.apTqon a'n6.clq notrtrtx6q, xdt xolovtx6q Dopr6q' Ol totoptxdq onouE6q, 61t pr'6vo o'r1

lepp,avia dlJra xar, o'ry fa).).[a, ev'cdu}rpa\t oi';d, xPd.'ctxa. xaven'otfi'p'r'a

,oi ,p.ru1"txa $gitp,ara. Kat, nap' 6\ 'ur1v axa6lpaix{ etreugepta nov

dxo)r&.p.6dve co xa01y4tx6 otitp.a, or EtaEmaoieg o'upa'uol6yrloic tou,

o,c4 onoi,eq €xu.le p6)ro *o, 'co xp&,rog, elaog&.)t'\av 6vav u{"1}'6 6a0p'6

ou1.lp6pgoo1c75.' To

'xugiap?(o consensus o'rl feg;,r'avia Er6gepe 6i6aw an' ro avrt-

o'c ot$o yalllx 6, xa} tbc, avax).o6oe p.la 6la9 op e r mi1 no\r"r mri xoutrto 6pa,

xdl 'Ec- E6o 6p.oq etydv 6a064 pt\ec, or'r- aEteq 'cr.r'\ Nd"ceo'E41.r6vcov pe-

oatav ra\eav, rlq Bl)rgertumxil Tnq pnoup(oua(iaq' Kat ocrq 60o Xdrpes

I roroproTp4 cpta aona16rav ouverElcri gil.e).e60epeg 06oeq or onoieq, Dr6-

gepav an6 ro ouv'r1p1nlop/ 'cov Pavxe. Xt1 laD.ia avt6g o gil.etreu-

0epop.6q rau'ctooqxe, et6x&, pe'ca m 187 7, Fre ttq Elpoxpatmi'q napa-

l t K/ \MrAv, , - r" , -

73. Lord Acton, <<German Schools of History>>, English Historical Review I (1986),

o.7-42.74. O Herbert B. Adams lglorpozoqoe aut{ c1v ixqpaan oto <<N6eq p60o6ol

pr,e).6rr1e orr.y to,copio>> oto Johns Hopkins University, Studies in History and Political

Science II (1884), o. 65' 61. enioqq Adams, <<Leopold von Ranke>>, American Histo-

rical Association Papers, III (1888), q. 104-105.75. fra t1 otparo).6y46r) rt,lv r,ocoptx<ilv cr1 feppavia,6l. Wotfgang Weber,

Priester der KIio: Historisch-sozialwissenschaftliche Studien zur HerkunfT und Karriere

deutscher Historiker und zur Geschichte der Geschichtswissenschaft 1800-1970,Frank-furt am Main 1984' ouytptrtx&., Christian Simon, Slaal und Gesellschaft in Frankreich

und Deutschland 1871-1914: Situation und Werk von Geschichtsprofessoren an den

Universitriten Berlin, Miinchen, Paris, r6p.or,2, B6pv1 1988.

H IXTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

E6oerq .' Hr av exxoo luxery6vog, av r tx)rrlpwako.c m6c,, av.ctler og o r ovKa0o)lxrop6 xat orovg 6aoil.6gpoves76. )rI fepp.avia, p,er&. 'cr1v lwaaq< Exavao'cu.onq rou 1848, eneEiorxe rrlv egcrpp.ol{ 'uolv gl).e).e60e-ptov xorvt,lvlxdx xat omovoplxcbv or6Aav p.€oa o"ca n\ator,a r'!q lp,rdu-.capytxilc gtovapytac, torv Xoevt(6).epv. 'Erot orrc, wropteg tou Moe).6 {rov 1va6tc, o.ur1 la).).ia, ! o' exeiveq tou Sybel xd.L 'cov Treitschke ot1f eppavia, Elarundrvov'ual no).6 Elagopetlxof p60ol ̂ (w ro e0vm6 nape),-06v. Exeivo xov x&.vet n&v:l.r,q evc0nororl etvat ntr4 1 ena11e).p.arcnotr1-of >rdl 1 eg.n6Eoo1 rt'rv erro'rrlll.ovlxcirv 10riv xal npaxrutbv oErj.64oavna,ytoi oe g.ld evtov6tepl lEeo).olxonoqor1 t1c waopLxilc ypag!<. Orwroprxot nilyarlav ora apTeta 'fw. \d. 6pow o'cotyeta p.e ra ono[a vao.urlpfiouv td. e0vlxto'c,.x&" fi ra raErx&, lEeo).o1{1pat&, rovq, "fw. vd, ,covc,

npooE6oouv ro eporooltga\)o'c'\c e7rro'Erllrovtxfic eyxvp6ryrac,.fevx&, 7 vta w:uoprxil onrr.xi1, nov apy6repa 0a avaqtperat ovAva

pe rov 6po oroptxto46q (Historicismus)71, yaqertorrpe t,lq p.ra Eveu-p.aruil np6o8oc. O rotoptxro1.6c, i9av x&,rr. nepwo6repo an6 pr.ra Oeo4iayrc ,Erlv to,cogia. Xuvo.sodoe g.ra ouvo).xi gil.ooogia t1c (ofq, 6vavrErairepo ouvEuaopt6 pllaq av'u[].r1hs T,o r1v errot{pr\, xdr e,,}r.x&. ywrrc, enr.oriyt"ec, .Eov avOptilnou xdt aov zco).lrlopo6, xol VLd.c, avril1{1c

Tid, 'rlv no),r'ulx{ xar xorvovrxfi r&ly npalp.arav. flioreue 6rr., 6nl.r,qto ).6er o Ocr"€yxa v lxaott, <<o d,v0ponoq. pe pr6r ).6(1, Eev (.yer. cp$oq'avr6 nov 6yer. eivar. [...] otopia>78. A)J.& enloqc nioreve oralep&. 6rr.

7 oropi.a i,yer. v6qp.a w. 6,ct avr6.uo v6r1p.a gavepdrve.uar p6vo gtioa orqvto'uogia. ErEopl6vl 11 wropi.a p' 6vav .c6rotov rp6no, xaltorarar. o p.ova,-Em6q tp6noc petr6t1c torv av0pdrzrrvov TrpaTp&rt'lv. 0l w,copmot xal ot

76. BL William Keylor, Academy and Community: The Foundarion of the FrenchH istorical P rofe ss ion, Kaip,:rplr( Maoo. 197 5.

77. BI. Georg G. Iggers, <<Historicism: The History and the Meaning of the Term>,Journal of the History of ldeas 56 (1995), o. 129-l5l . Anogerilt'r ouver8rF& rcv 6po<<totoptxrop6q>> ya4 €yer, ovTv&. arnga.cwLq oqp,aoieq. Oa rpotlpoioa ,cov 6po <<toro-ptop6q> (Historismus), o onoioq aapaxrqpi.\et et6tx6repa .ry)v xooli.oav.ri),1{i1 xar qvenrorlll,ovurj npax'ctx'i:] rov I'epp.av6v oroprxdrv ,rou E5xatou tvarov xan tou rptirouptroo6 tou euooro{ aubvd r,ov eleraodpe o' avr6 ro xeo&}rdto. Al}li o 6ooc ,rro,coot-op,6g>> ouoraorxa elega,iornxe ax,6 ra all),tzd 6.cdrt ,cd xeilteva

"o, fi6"o, 6luou

lvooo'c&. Ve ,cc Veragp&oetq rovq 14 iexaerieq rou lg20 xar 1930. O Kp6roe x&ver,).61o 1ta storicismo, oe avriOeol p.e tov:ra).l6rer,o istorismo, o oroiog avranoxpw6rannepoo6.repo o.tlc, .F?lLa.ltxt c, Xpiloerc,.

78. ortega y Gasset, History as a svstem and other Essavs Toward o philosophyof History, N6a Yripxl 1941, o.217.

O K A>IKO> I'TOPIKDMO>

xorvorvrxoi 9l).6oo9ol oav 'Eov Ernst Troeltsch xal tov Freidrich Mein-

ecke 1p1orp.orcol\qd:,) axo).o60olq rov 6po oroptxtop.6q, "(a \a. opioouv

r"t1,t xollLodvcD.lQl zrou {'uav xvptdpTi o'ro TePpav|;X6 axa}np.dix6

tioo ,ou 66xarou |varov axina a).).& eniolc. ,tu-r o'Eo\t x6op"o t1c

i.on"orr,p6rlc Btirgertum. O Friedrich Meinecke :', dpa:xrf1ptoe '!o 1936,coy tg..coptxtoll:6 iu,c, <<'co d.'t6aa'co olpeio xarav61o'rp tcov avOpdlnlvolv

nodywarav>>19 ''

Cirrp1",rd, av'ci1r1 npoo6lyrol oE11o6oe c'co dvor.yl-ta dtrorv to-rv

c,qd.Lpbru't'tlq dv0p6rrvlq EPaorrlpr.6rtlraq or1v to'toptx{ pe}.6t1. lqv

npj/Er,6pt1;q 6re6puve atr).& xa'. xegt6p'.oe 1uavr61Stova 'EIv i'oroPtxil onrt

xi1. Etvar. orpavrm6 vd 61oup.e xar&, vovv Trt,rq rl lepptavlx{ axa6rp'ai-

xij wropl:^ nfige r7 o611povr1 popgli 'cnq .o'ca. npbra E6o 'cpita tou

Etxaqov dva'rou d.L6\a, ErlIaEd T,po rnc, ex6rcp.77dvLorF, xa;l cou exEl-

lLoxPd/clotLo6 rrlC 1epp,d\txic, xo\)i!i.vl(,.c,, xd't r4(|,c' tqepe na;v{(D rlq rr)

ogpd.Tt6d, c,;u'cnq anc, elrortc,. Or. 6aorxi,q trq, Trd'c,d.Eo16q nap6perv6r'v ev

noltroiq ay.eralJraxrec, pe'ca to 1870 TW 'c1erc,, nt0avcirq, ).61oug: to

reg&.o.cto xripoq, nou eiae anox'riloet n).6ov 1 lepp.avlx{ wrogwil entotil-

prl, rtq rElalrepeq no):trmig ouvO{xeg ot1 lepp.avi.a pel'a- rr]v dno'Eux1-p6v7 enavao,cd.o'\ 'uou 1848-1849, xdt tr1v ax6).ou01 nopeia evonofl-

o1q un6 c1v l1eoia tou Mniop,apx Trou art'rpetle rrp enrxpa'clorl r<,lvE1;roxpa.uxrirv 10drv o'q l€ppavia. A).).ri, nap' 6)rd avr&,, 7 yegp.avmilexDo2g{ 'cnq r.:.'coptxrlc enw'ci1p4c 61lve, 6na4 efEapr,e, ro p.ovrt},o 'ut.tvena11e).patrxtbv wroptxLiv onou8cirv oe 6).eq rq y<bpeq, E1).aEl1 oe rco-lrrrx6q xdr Trveupd,'ulx6q ouv0{xeq Etdgopertxlc a;r' avriq r1c leppta-viaq.'Erot, or, ex.c6q leppaviaq ,,orog,.xoi ulo06cloav orotyetd rylc Tep-pdvxiq erb.rlp.ovrxilc, xpaxrmllC Eiloq \cL Nd.ad\oodv, { va Od}.ouv vaxa,tavofloouv, ra &aotxa noltrxa xat gr,),ooogtx&, rwte[a nou ouvE6o-vtav ripplx.ua p,' dvr&.. Zvyv&,, yld nap&6e,.y1-ra,, yi,veral 'uo tr&Ooq vaOetopeirar o P&,vxe aq ivaq ler'xw,cfic <<d.Tloga,oolL€voc, vd peivel auotrl-pa ora yeyov6ra, va plv xava. xilpv yFd, va p1v 1Orxo).o1ei, va p1Eraxoopei .uqv acpily'r,,or1, a).).& va ).6er an).drc c1v roroptx{ a}.{0era>>80.

X6pgorva U.e .ulv toloplxo.clx{ 0eropia 'cov P&.vxe, <<xale eno1t'; r}.1-

79. Friedrich Meinecke, Die Entstehung des Historismus,Werke IlI,M6vayo 1965,o. 4' ora ayy),rxri: Historism: The Rise of a New Historical Outlook, Nec Y6px1r972.

80. Herbert B. Adams, <Leopold von Ranke>>, o. 104-105. B).. eriolc Georg G.Iggers, <<The Image of Ranke in American and German Historical Thought>>, Historyand Theory 2 (1962), o. 17-40'enioqs Novick, That Noble Dream.

4t

H IITOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

ow\et rov Oe6>>81. X'ur1v rpa^pp,antx6rnra 666aw o$re o Pavxe, o onoLoq

etye ax61td pw n)tarr.a eupt'lnaix{ on'ctxi1,0eopo6oe ztolq 6}.eq or ETro-

ytq eviwrgtpouv e[ioou rov rol'oprx6. O Privxe fOetre va T1a,qe! nayx6-

oyu,a wropia, a\)'&, 11 xayx6op"w to'copta ipav ^yt' auc6v ouvtilvupl U'errp wropia 'tarv Teppct'vtxdtv xat ).atlvl,xcbv tradrv, 'c'r$ xe\a1rxhq xa;t

Eurrx{c Euprirqc. <<H lvEia xat rl Ktva>>, lp&ga, <<61ouv €va p'axp6

nape).06v>, 6ev 61ouv 6Frg, oulv xa).6'uep1 nepintcoo\, lra,1d. ptd' <<9u-

o,,xS1 wropta>>8z, xal 6|7.r' xavovtx\ wropla p,e 'ulv 6vvota rcou aut6q t1v

ewoo6oe. Xdpgova pe 'uov Pavxe 1 Eou).ed rt,rv to'toptxdrv replopl(6'uav

ax6p.a nepr.oo6repo o'ua 60v1 xal oan\ ro).ltmri ,.oropi.a tov e0v6v. 0r

ro,coplxot ao0d,vov'uav unolpeo-l1.l6vor, va n1ya[vouv oT d apyeta,6nou Eev

unfplav pr.6vov eniolp.a xpanxd l1y'pacpa alJra xar' no).).6q n).rlpogopieq

6ntxqrtxi19, otxovoplx{c xat xotvovrxryc ,p6oeuc, ttc, onoieg 6pr'tlg o-rg eni.uo zc).eio.uov ayrtoolodv. Kal evtir npr'v o;x6 to 6€xdro €vano drdxa uriP-

yav x&.nor.e9 "ywdtxeg rorogrxoi, rbpa ipdv o1eD6v zravtetrcbq anoloeg

an6 6va enrirye).p.a 6nou Eev vnipye 06o11 1' avr6c,.)to 16plop.a 61.ia,c, rov a;uiva o ErnstTroeltsch 6xave ).61o ̂ (td. VW

<<xpio1 rou to'coptxtopro6>>83. Eltggale p.ta pdrp.1, rtov dlroxaotoe 6tro

xar p.e1a).6repr1 aniyxjorJ, Trt,.lq or. wropm€c, onou8dq eiyav xara}efter"r7 o7er,.x6,cyl.u6r .Etov aE.thv xa,. qv 6).).er{1 vo{patog 'q< 6napEr1c. H<<xp[o1 ,rou toroptxtopr.o6>>84, rcou dltve no].6 Elg.ogl].6q 06Fa oufitrlorlco.u1 leppavtd p.era rov A' flalx6oplr,o fl6).ep.o, 0eo.rpo6vtav r6re oavdnor6)reop.a nveup.arlxrJlv xupit-rq eEe).fieolv. H <<xpio1>> 61lve nto 6v'uo-va ao01c! oc1 fepp.avid'ywr(. exei. vnipAe g.e1a).6tepr1 avavrwtotataavap"eoa ortg gil.ooorg,.xtg xexor.0foelq torv ap16v xd,L 'c(Ui\ p6oo.rv couE6xa.uou 'ivarov anbva, xd; 6'c\\ npdyp.ar,.x6rn'cd. aov elxooto6. Aevanet).o6v.uav p6vov o wropx,,op.6q, toq xooFtoavri).1{.,1 nou pi(ove p.6oaorov rEea).rop6 rryc x)rao,.x$61epg.avlx{c xoutrro6pag, atr},& o).6x}.r1p1 11xou)..uo6pa rrlq Teppdvr.xilc Btirgertumxat.uo rEeciEeq rlg, rl Bildung.

81. Leopold von Ranke, <<On Progress in History>, oro TheTheory and Practiceof History, o. 53.

82. Leopold von Ranke, <On the Character of Historical Science>>, oro t6,.o, o. 46.83 . Emst Troeltsch, <<Die Krisis des Historismu s>> , Die Neue Rundschau 33 (1922),

I, o. 572-590' Der Historismus und seine Probleme, Gesammelte Schriften, Aalen1961. .c6uor. 4.

84. B),. Karl Heussi, Die Krisis des Historismas, Tiibingen 1932, xar. Karl Mann-heim, <<Historismus>>, oto Kurt H. Wolf (et ry.), Wissenssoziologie: Auswahl aus demWerl<, Neuwied 1970.

2,cair.ax&,, 7 axa64p'atxi1 w r op(a, xov r 6o o xevtpx{ 06'ot1 xar eile o rt1

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en'gi rlq pe q E1pt6or,a (rt. H oeoponoqol 'tYlq ErEaoxa)'ias xat

,r,q'ijpeurac, xo, "rt ouvax6).ou0r1 nieorl 1a e(elEixevo' xart'otpe{av

6a0g,aia c1 otev{ o7t'o4 p.eln,l$ Wissenschaft xu. Bildung, 'r1 onota

Aarpcrxrilp(:e q p.eTitr1 no),ttm{ wnoflolpagi.d rov }€xdtou dva"rou auiva'

O K A>IKO> I>TOPIKI>MOX

KEOAAAIO 2

H xpiorl rou xtraotxol wrootxl,opo6

>TA TEAH .uou E6xatou 6vatou ardrva entxparoi.ne o'cc wao1txLiq onou-

E6q 6va 6a06 ai,o}qp,a avrlouAi,aq. )1e66v ravr6ypova oe 6).1 t1v Eu-

parcrl xa;. ocq Hvorp6veq flo).rteteq lexwa pta xpr.rr.xil er,dvel|raorl.uorv napaEoldrv n&vo-r o'u9 onoieq 6aor.\6rav \ xa:rcoapdvl navenl-or4ttaxfi w'coptolr,a.qta. Lev ep.gavtorrpe ,p.ta vta ewai.a avri)'lt|.,1 Traro ncog npinet va livovral or. torogmtg onouD6q, a}}.ri Ela8601xe rl re-noi01or1 rooq inpene va avo[et ro dv'ctxeip.evo pr.e).6tr1c rrlc wrop[aq xu.va Eo0ei neproo6repoq ld.rpoq oto p6tro rylg xotvoviag, rrle or,xovopiaqxil 'cnq xou).todpaq. Eniorlc ap.,g,.o6r1ri10nxe \ nporilprpy qe VLd' d.ert-yqparw'i1, xdra xitpto tr61o nohrlxSl, ,.oropi.a, enrxev'upop.6v1 oe 1e1o-v6,ca xu oe U.e1&).eq npooar,tx6rrlceq. Xe xavivd olpreio, aor6oo, avril

1 xpt.ctx! avriEpaol otov rp6no nou'ylv6tav 1 6peuva xal 1 ErDaoxa).iarlc r.oroptaq 6rd. rcdvelrwrilp.w 6trou .uou x6op.ov Eev apglo6l'uo6oe 66o6damtc, napa8ol6q r1c netrr6.ceplq ro'roproypag(ac,, E1).aE{: 1) noq 1torogi.d ogei).er va etvat ivac, ena.yye\p.a.l.x6g y.vti,orm6g x).&Eoq, xat 2)nax I r.oropta ngtnet va voei rov eaurd .6119 t'rg ento.u!y.1. Avrl06'uogp.&)tora, vni1pEe xteo1 va yiver. ax6p.a xepwo6repo enayye),ytaomil xatezrro.Elp.ovr,xil 11 aoxnory rnq r.orogiag.

Audl 11 ovlipqoq o[6v01xe ot1 feppavia p.e .ry]v avrr.na.paleorlytptl ax6 ro 66\to.uou Kap). L&.1tnpeyr Deutsche Geschichte (lepy.a-wxfi loroph), o npfroq r6p.oq rou onoiou xux).og6pr1oe .uo 189185. 0A&p.npe1r ap.g,,o67ro6oe E6o 6aor.xiq apytc, ,cr1 ovpr6ar,.xilc to.togtxilc

85. Karl Lamprecht, Deutsche Geschichte, 12 rQto,. Bepo).ivo 189 1-1909. H xa-).6tep1 xprru\ napovoiaol lu1c, Ewpa1\c "(a .co\ ltaltxpeTr xaltbq xat 1w rov L&.-

F7lpe1r toq &v0prozlo, ezrr,ot{pova xar no}.rtlx{ pr.opq{ eivar tou Roger Chickering, Kcrlktmprecht: A German Academic Ltfe (1865-19 15), Atlantic Highlands, N. J., 1993.

eT,tociqnc,: luov xe\.cpLx6 p6).o nou and8lEe oro xg&1cog xg,l..cnv entxe-

u,"oroi .c-nq oe np6oona xw, yeyov6ra.2rr.g cpvoxtg ex,.or$1teq,6).e1e,

etye ndp6lr0er rpo noMo6 11 er,o6il zrou rl e^to'Erlpovtx{ Fr.60oEoq n'Pro-

pii6ror'orqv repr^ypagri pep.ovtop6vo.tv gar.vop.6vt'rv. To iElo ).orn6v xar 1

io"opr"+1 enw,ciynl, |npexe \a d\atxo.Eo,orSpet, xar. av.ci1.r'rlv fieprTpcrgr-

x{ p60oEo ve U;Ld. yeverr.xil. H Deutsche Geschichte,ld,prl orrlv eup6trl-

@, inq orc,ur.nq r\q, r;ov xh)rvxre xoutrcoipa, xotvtovia xan -nofurtxi1,

al1s'xat orov .up6no nou ltav .ypapp.6v1, 61lve nol6 flenxa. Eexril an6

iva n)rar6 xolv6. Xuvriv.rrloE 6pt q .q ogoEpll av.ulEpao1 .uo.rv ena11e].-

udrubv roroptxdrv. H xplrrxil rovg nu:uo{toe oe E6o 6aoeq: npdrtov, 6'rt',co

6,.6)'to nep,.etye noD.ri ).&01 xar dvaxpiler.eq nou dErvav'u1v evt6zrcoor;

nog eiae \ptaeelfiwo:ctxo- xd,. dxp6oexta, Eev analiciva.v 6'paq anapai-

"r*n ,iq 6olor"6', tou 06oe*. Ae6'uepov, 6rr, .ot*ot,tonoto1qe-pra ro)'6

ag1p1p.6v1 avcil4lr1 t1c ouD.oyx{c rl.rulo}.oytaq 7'.a va ano8e(er ntog

t1'yip1r.outri1 loropta axo).ou0o6oe an6 r1v apya'.6r4ra ngoxd0oprop6-

voug'v6pr,ouq wroptxip avax'cvlnc,. H 6wola tou v6pr.ou ipav enionc

xev,cpr.xil xdl oto r,tic, xdrdvooloe o lt'a.pxpeyl, rqv exr'ori1pr1' X'ua

TrpoTpat{J,ct'Etx&, rov xeipr,eva txave 66;xptotl avalteoa orrc, <<na\ttc xa'

"ir{i6uot,q o'urlv to'uoptx\ en,,ori'''l>> ('u1v npoon&,lew va texp.r;pror0o6v

ra 1eyov6'ca p.ioa an6 p.ra auorlpll 6peuva tov nr;1<irv, Eiloq 6poq g'ra

*rrrio"rllroux{> p.60o5o Ttd 'trlv eL!y4o1 'c'r1< to'coPnrryc ov4nepr.cpop&'c,)

xat 6'ng <<v6eg>> (tr1 ouvel8l'c\ ngooty^yl,o1 ev6q epeuvrl'rlxo6 avrmerp'i'

vou p6oa ar6 Oeotpltma egariyt"d.'Ed" xa;t pe0oEo).o'llxt'g dpyt'q, 6notc

yivemt oe 6).eg tq &}}.eq enrotrjp'eq)86. X6pr'gova pe rov ltap'npeyt t1

na)d avti).r1Ql T,o t1v axaErlprdtx\ i1 enror1povtx{ 6peuva 6aot\6ldv

n&la or7 p.e'udgvotxil napa}oAfi 6rr. ntolo dn6 ra gar.v6p-eva ruov rcd.Pd''

tlpei o ,rropr*6r,6pouv p.e"y&).eg wropu€q Euv&p-erg,, i1 <<rE6eq>>, ot onoiec,

xar Eivouv ou;v lotopict, rrl ouvo1h ,nc.H <v6a wropmtl enoriltrp>

eiae o167o va euoulpappioel t1v r.o'cogia p.e 'vtq, ouo'Erlp.c'ttx6g xotvtovt-x€q enorillteq' 6p.oq 1 6vvora-xler,Ei cou [taprngeyr o'uty DeutscheGe-schichte, rlVolksseele, 6va egvm6 ile6pa' nou Etatp6ler, 6).ouq 'uoug atci-veq, rpoep1 6rdv an6'url popdv'rtx! yepp.avmil qhooocpia, xat 6ar. an6 r'r1

oo6ap\ xolvtovrxd eno'ufp.1. Ilprilp.c xov 6xave 'Yov MaE B6pnep, o

onotog ifcav oagrhc, vn€p rryc egd,PlLo"'nc rt'rv TlpooeTlioeolv 'ut,lv xolvcd-vl,xdrv ezrtorlpr,drv orq 1orog6yo€g ozrouE6q,, va 0eolp{oet, 'crp Deutsche

H KPI'g TOT KAA>IKOT I>TOPIKDMOT

86. B),. Karl Lamprecht, AIte und neue Richtungen in der Geschichtswissenschaft,Bepo).ivo 1896.

5l

52 H DTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKOXTO AIONA

Geschichte oa.\ lLLd, avolola Oeoplrmo).o 1ia xar. ,td" xd:cn,rpf;oel tov

/tap.npeyr 6'ct etye <<uzrovop.e6oel 1a 6exaerieg>> 6vav <<xatr6 oxon6, E1-

).aEf .u1v r,poonalew va oE1110ei r1 Dou).et& Eov Lo'coPrxol ngoc, Tttap,e1a).6.uep1 lvorpaluorcoqol tt'-tv evvotrilv rrlqt>87.

H no).eplx{ evavriov 'uou A&pnpeyr ei,7e va x&,vet xdt Ve no}.tttxd'

xtvqrpa. |la 'uoug 6dovo6c, exnpoodtnouq rou x).&Eou, ot wropmt'g

onouE6g, 6nia,q etydv avantul0ei o'cd' ̂FPVa\rtx&' navenwrip;"a to E6-

xaro 6vdro axbva xat 7 avr[]'lh tla rrp r.orog(a xd.L a'rl\ enlorrip,.l

n&vor orrlv or,oia 6dot\ovrdv, \rav &"pgrp'ua ouvEeDepl6veg p.e 10 7ro-

).r'urx6 xaleorbc, nov eiye npox6,f el p.eaa rrp evonoilol 'u'4c leppa-

vtaq an' cov Mnioptapx88. Apxel,a Ag6v,.a ngr.v leonaoet 7 avrr.xag&'-

0eo1 1ra .uov A&pzrpeyr eiye unapEa. pr'la 6vcov1 Erag'&11 av&.p.eoa

ocov Dietrich Schiifer89, exng6oano to-tv xupiaplolv an6{.,e(ov, xar

ocov Eberhard Gothein90 nou unoo'udpl(e 6tl 11 lo'uopta |npene va

dvor,yret 6ror, yr,a vd ouprep[]'a6er. or*ovo1tmiq, xotvorvlx6g xat rco].l-,cr.o,crx6.q 6qec,. lla 'uov Schiifer ro xparog xarelae xevtplxrj 06o1

oq1v roropia' xp6'cvno 'tou o611povou xgarcvg \rav yr.' avq6v royepp.avrx6 xphroq 6nac, ro E1g.lodp11oe o Mnfop.apx. Xopiq ro xparoc,oro xtvrpo rrov 1e1ov6tov Eev f'uav Euvat\ xa'p.r.a, owext'xi1 to'uoPt-xi16x0eo7. EnetE{ 6p.toq d6}.ene ro xp&noq toq p.rd an}.{ ouoocbpeuorleEovo(.ac,, xan enop€vu,g 0eopo6oe r1v e[o;'ueptx{ no}.ltlxi1 ag ro xa-0opwrrx6 oror.yeto tr1€ notrtctx{c, o Schiiferaxtppmre x&.Oe an6ner,paav&).uo1c c1€ notrlclxhe on6 ry oxoxt&,'tt,rv eocD'ceptxrjrv xotvorvlxtilvEuvrip.eov xdr oupgep6vtorv. O A&p.zrpe1r, 6€6a,"a, x&Oe ril).o nap&enavaor&n4c ipav. 06ce ot1 ltovapyia ipav avrt9eroc,, o6re o'uouq

levrx6repouq or6aovg rou Tepl,rdvmot Reich. Onoq xal no].].oi ou1-

lpovoi rov, avr6 nou !0e).e ritav pr.ritr).ov 1 evioluo\ >rd.L o €xouT1po-vrop6q 'ur1c lepp.avtac, .r,c, nayx6op.r"ag E6vaplc p.6ool 'ur;c evoo.rpriro.r-6n< oao 60vog ttov ano(evt.lpdvo.lv ep1a.u6v. flop' 6)ta avra, ol notr6-pr.toi rou vnoodlptlav 6.ul 1 Deutsche Geschichte neprctye oror,yeia ovy-yevrxd pe rov u).lop6 xat, an6 xanor,eg an6,!er.q, ax6p.a xa,. p.agE.ot

87. Ilapa'ui0e ru an6 to Susan D. Schultz, <<History as a Moral Force AgainstIndividualism: Karl Lamprecht and the Methodological Controversies in the GermanHuman Sciences>>, 8lEa:troplxf 6r.argt6\, flavenlo.rdpuo rcv 2tx&1o 1984, o. 282.

88. Iu ro :ro),lrlx6 n).aioro, 6),. Chickering, Karl Lamprecht.89. Dietrich Schiifer, <<Das eigentliche Arbeitsgebiet der Geschichte>>, oto Aufsdtze,

Vortrdge und Reden, ,c6p.oc, loq, Idva 1913, o. 264-290.90. Eberhard Gothein, Die Aufgabe der Kulturgeschichte, Aertlia 1889.

H KPDH TOI KAA>IKOI I'TOPIKI>MOT

xjc, avr^h:Ierqgl nou ap.gw6qro6odv 'tov xev'cpr.x6 p6).o tou xparovq

xar. enoltivooc, xd; 'cov notrltmo6 xar xotvovlxo[ xa0eor6roq oro yep-

uavtx6 Reich.'

H o1eE6v xa0o).tx{ an6ppu!1 tou AripnpeX'8, xd.t yevm&, 'ur;€ no}.r'ur-

o4lxhc xdr rorvovr,xil< wropi.ag, oga)r6rav oryoupa oe p.e1d).o 6a0p.6

o.rlv oporoT€vew rov x).riEou 'tt'rv to'roptxtirv o'ur1 feppavia. Ol p11avl-

opot orpdro),674or1c o' av'c6v, nou nepl).rip.6avat p.,,a p.axpa xd.t xov6,a-

o',ctxi'1 6e6'ceg7 6wrp6! (Habilitation) 7 onoi,a p"nogoioe va anopprg0ei

oe pfu xar povaErxil Ttvorlxil rlrygogopi.a ar.r\ ad.xatxcirv xa0rlyq'u6v,

orrp ovola anay6peve orouq pI oupr.p.opgo6pevouq nollttx&. xat l8eo),o-

ylx&, va xdralviow rdvenrorr1pr.dxtq 06.qetc,. To anot6).eop.a ipav 6yr.

p6vo va peivet o ltdp.npeyt anopovtopt6voq toq wroptx6q, alJr&. xat vd

napepnoEro,coitv yw no\it xap6 or, dn6netpec, ewe^g.i'Tic,'rr1€ xolvt'lvmri€wrogiaqg2. M6vo oe leltovr,xo6q erto'rl)g.ovtxo0q x).&Eouq, 6n<r.lg otlvorxovogti.a xa4 a,py6repd, a! }exa,erld rov 1920, o'crlv xoivovlololia,61rve or1pavr,.x6 ipyo xolvrovrxrj€ r.o'coptdg. H eniEpaol tou A&prnpeltvnipEe paxponp60eop.a pr.eya).6repl o'trJv roxr.xil xat r'eptgeper,axil ,,oro-

pia (l,andesgeschichte), 7 onoia {'uav }.r16'uepo ap.eoa eEap'c11ttvr1 dn6t1v e0vlx{ no}.lrlx{, xat enopl6vorq xepwo6tepo avor,y'ci1 orrlv evaoy6-trr1o1 p.e xolvorvm6g xal zso),l.ulop.lx6q 6{elq.

2cr1 faD.id. xat qa'rt\t Apeplx! or, totogtxoi iyuav rcr.o avoll'uo[ o'u1vnpoo6ry1r,o1 pe .uiq xolvrovm6q enr,o:uip,eq. 2' avr6 otyovga 6or10o6oav)1clt ot no).0 Engopermtg zrotrl.urx6q Eop.6q aut6v .rt,rv y'lprirv. Evdr o.rr1Ieppavia 1 xolvt.rvm{ wnopta avayxaotpe va nepil.oer o.Erlv &,p,wd,ot1 a).).ia 1 xorvarvro).oyia iycav avr$1 nov xa0oE{y4oe c1v eni0eorlevavtiov r1c napa8oowxie wrop,,xilc dpeuvag 6n.r,q aoxo6\aa\ old. rcd.-venotdpra. O Ep.iI Nrupx6p. ro 1988 ora <<Cours de science sociale>>93apv{01xe \d, ovlxd.,cd.}.6(er tr1v r,o.cogta or:- er,wri1p"ec,, ywr( o,u67eue

91. Ila cov unocr,06p,evo u).ropr.6 rov ltap,npeAr 6).. Felix Rachfahl, <<DeutscheGeschichte vom wirtschaftlichen Srandpunkt>>, PreuJlische Jahrbilcher 83 (1895), o.48-96' en(o1q Georg von Below, <<Die neue historische Methode>>, Historische Zeit-schrift 8l (1896), 265. 7,.a ro av ipav papEw,cilc, 6),,. o.co iEro, o. 265-266.

92. Ila to evEr,agdpov Tl,a rlv xorvtovmrj orogia or4 naga,p.ov6q ,cq 6wy"&yqq y.atov Lamprecht, 64. Gerhard Oestreich, <<Die Fachhistorie und die Anfiinge dersozialgeschichtlichen Forschung in Deurschland>>, Historische Zeitschrirt 208 (1969),o.320-363.

93. Emile Durkheim, <<Cours de science sociale, legon d'ouverture>>, Revue in-ternationale de I'enseignement 15 (1888), o.23-48' 6),,. exiolc, rou iErou The Rulesof Sociologicat Method, N6a Y6pxrr 1938.

6ao ovyxexplpr6vo xat 6Xt or1 Enr6rcarorl yevmrirv npor&.oetov gnrEext-xtlrv eptrepxi5, e1rd,^\0euo1c, r,payp.d TEou ouvroro6oe r1v ovoia rrycertorrlpovrxrlC npaErl< xat ox6,J11q. Xtlv xa).6repr1 negtnraorl, I r,oro-pta p.xopoitoe ya eivat p.w 6or10r1rtxfi enwrip.rlxov nap6,Aer n).lpogopfeqo'r'r1v xolvovlo).oyfa, q onoia, av"ctleoa pe .rr]v torop[a, iycav mavil va

1(ver. avowlp\ enoripl. Xip.gtova p.e rov orxovopo),6yo iDpavoouri Xr-puriv (Frangois Simiand)94, nou eiAe enrlgeaocei no).rj ax6 roy Neupx6p,rl otxovog,ixil ,.oropia, enel6{ Eo6}.eue p.e nooonx&, ororyeta xal povc6},a,

\aav ovp.6ati pe rrq xolvt,-rvixtq enwrip.eg, oe avrtleol pe ,cr.q ovp.6a-.cmt c'g,opcp6.c, a\c, d.g\"('rp.arr.xi1< to.copf.aq.

Ev<ir otlv exo.cpareta evavriov tou Arip.npeyx, or,\ fepp.avia o g66oc,'uou exErlproxparr"ogtoi tnatEe oqptawr;x6 p6).o, otrq Hvorg.dveq flo).rteiegol <<N6ol loropr,xot>>, rcov &vrodlT,oxa).o6v.uav xal <<flpooEevrrxot loropr-xoi>>95, rawt\6p.evor U,e .rouq or6Tovg ,u1€ <<npooEeu,rziq enoyilq>> lr1qAp.epmfc rov apyirv rou erxoo.Eo$ aubva, 6ri).01xav va 1p&rliouv prar,orogia ̂fLd,ll.td. o611povr1 8rlp.oxpacrxilxo,.vuvta.Zryv rcayx6op.ra 6x0e-on ,Eov )alv.u Alodrq ro 1904, o' tva el8lx6 tp{pla n&vot o'urlv <<r,o.uo-pm! exr.oriyr.T)>), toroptxo[ an6 qv Euporn\ xil qv"(xexpqttva ol Kap).Itapnpear xar J. H. Bury, ouvavril?Txav pe rouq FredericJacksonTur-ner, James Harvey Robinson xal Woodrow Wilson xar ouprgtilvrloctv o.rlvav&yxr1 pwc, Veadpp60plo1c ,rt'lv r,o.uopr,xrjrv onou8civ rcpoq rr1v xare6-Ouvor1 c1c Erexlot11l.ovtx6u1taq96.

fIap6,r,6p.oq yevv{l01xe 6va v6o evEcg6pov "fia,rrlv xor,vt,.lvr,xi1 toro-gta xar, tr,g xor,vovrxtc, enwripeg, Eev ey,gaviorlxe 6va vio nap&6elyp.a.H o,cpocpil o.urlv xorvovrxil toropta n\pe, xaltbq 0a Eo6p,e, }d.cpopeq xa-reu06voerq, napa).).&oovraq av&}oyd, Ve ,crc, e}vrxtq ouv0{xeg xat d\td.-x).tirvta€ Eragope,clx6q onnxtq. Ka., nap' 6).eq tlg 6wgoptq, or v6ol npo-6).1patro1l.oi ou1.r.p.epi(ovrav li.eprxtc, 6d.otx6c napaioTtc, rtov na].16-

94. Frangois Simiand, <<Mdthode historique et sciences sociales>>, Revue de synth1seHistorique 6 (1903), o. l-22.

95. B).. Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, parring-ton, Nta Y6px1 1968' xar Emsr Breisach, American progressive History: An Experi-ment in Modernization, )xrip 1993.

96. B).. ro rpi11t'a <<Historical Science>> oro otroto rapouotd\ovran or avaxorvdroelgtov woodrow wilson, Frederick Jackson Turner, william Milligan sloane, James HarveyRobinson, J. B. Bury xar Karl Lamprecht, o.to Congress of Arts and sciences: IJniversalExposition, St. Louis, 1904, r6ytor.2, Boo,c6vr1 tg06. Or Ma( B6prnep, Emst Troeltschxat Adolf Harnack i1,cav nap6vreq oro )arvr l\,.o64, xut €xayav avaxowtisoetq oe &,)J,ar[-r.rlpd.ra.

H KPIXH TOI' KAA)IKOr I)rUPlKlI l \4.Or

{eprov rlpooa\aao'}'lopcbv. OnaX \E1 avag6pap.e, 6va otlp.avrtx'l xotvo,covc, l'cotxeto ipav 6tl 0eolpo60av 'covc, eavrolq 'couc, er,,d|ffe),p.artec,

t6coglxolg. Ot N6ol lotopmot ipav xt avroi evrayp.tvot pt'oa oe axa6r;

vaixo6c,Oeop.o6q, oe 'c'p.iypara $, worr,roi.tra wropiaq. Kt avta ta lEp6-'W,cd

Tlept4evav a'rc' autotc va Era06touv r,ap6pow rvntx&' xpoo6vra xat

va zctrlpo6v nap6p.orcc, axa}Tltatx6q npoEnlpagtq, V"e 'Eovc, Ttto napaEo-

6;td.xo1q, dp4d.fi'cePovq ouvdE6).gouq rouq. Kw, avelaprrJ'ta pe ro n6oo

Ecrgopelllx&. flv'ti).cFr.6&vov'tctv 'to 6p1o tou Lo'"o1;>ro6, oupgtovoioav TEoq

4 to"opiia i;cav €va enro'rrlpovtr 6 eyyetp'qp'a ro oxoio axo).ou0o6oe au-

o rrp64 pe0oEo).o1lx6q xateu0uv'ci1pr'ec, dPptc.

Or N6ol lorogxo[ e[axo]ou0oriod\t \d. e(vat ao [6r,o nroro[ p.e rouq

natrr6repouq or7 6aovi7 avti).4f1 6rr, 7 enwrr11:.ovm! T1agn 'c\c, Loao-

ptag dxar.,co6oe t1v auotlp{ xgrxil'uov nrlTd)v. Ot otoptxoi e\axo-

trou0o6oav \a exrd.L}elovran n&la oe epeuvrlttxig reyvr,xtq no).6 rud.P6-poreq p' dvr€c nou nap€\a6av an6 rovg na).rd'uepouq. H av'ut).r1{il rovq

Itd. Eo E7li6rrlp.ovtx6 {Ooq nap6preve an6 noD.6q an6Qe4 ap.erh}Jax'cr1,evtil ouprgolvoiqav xat oe ro}}.6g 06oetq ̂[d. ao ntirq eEe],iooeral I ro'ro-pia.'Onaq xar. 11nal."&" o1o).{, ilrav nexewpl6vol 1la rrlv dvo'tep6rrya.cov otyapovou Aurlxori flo).ltlopr.o6. E6),enav ax6p.a rrp mopta oavpta evwid 6w6md.o(a, 11 oxoia (eire av"c6.uo Elar6novav prpdrq oe 0eor-gieq xegi" npo60ou etre 6y.) oElyoioe npog x6r, p.npoo'c&.. Kat, nap'6}eq .uq op.o).o1ieq nto.cqc otrg Elp.oxpdrr.xtg aEieq, N6or Ioropuot oavtov Frederick Jackson Turner, oe ayaoril o6p.xvow p,e 'co xvplap1o rp(re-pw)*o'cm6 nve6pra, oul.r.pepi(ov.ud.\ ,u< lE6eg 1la 'rrlv crvorep6rrlra nov).euxo6 rivEpa anox).eiovraq rouq Ma6povc, ,zn6 a\\ d.Vec,Lxavlxri Elpo-xpa'cta i,rot 6xra,g rrlv evvooJoav.

Ita en6peva ri.ooepd xecp&\d,.a 0a aolo).10o6pr,e pte d,ooepr.c, Engo-pe'cm64 xareu06voetq nou nipe n xorvovrxo-ento.urlplovlx! w'copta orovetxoo'c6 ar,tbva: p€ .ry) "yepp.avm\ naph}oorl ,rlq orxovoptxfic xar. r1cxotvovfxiq wropia<, xdr., apy6repd., a\g toropw$,c xorovto).o1iac,' VePopg6q xorvt,rvrx{q roroptaq, xupiarq otlq Hvtol,tdveg flofuteieg' pe c1

1ai0.rx{ o1o).{ rtrv Annales' xa;t, r€}roc,, Fe rIV avaoloraoq rlq xorvo-vtxilg wrophg oq leppavid p.e,ca ro B' flay,t6oplo fl6).ep.o. H avaqopacut{ eivat 666aw exil.extx!, xar Eev avttTrpootozre:6er, nagh tva p.,.xp6qrigd tlq roroproypagiac, .cnc, eirortc,. Avra 6pl.r,g ra petp.ara etvata'rlravrr;r.,ir. ui,c,}erypdra,cnc wrcoptxnc ox6 r,q rov etxoo,to| ar"cltva.

b5

KEOAAAIO 3

TT ' ' '

N 'n olxovolL';/"n xdL xo[v(l)vi,xTl to.co?Ld. or7) I eppcrvr,cr

, r1,xd,t oL d.Tq.?xeq anq L6,coP[xIq xotv(l)vto^oyrc[q

MIA IIPOIMH AIIOIIEIPA va a,v.rr,peroTtro.ro6v an6 wrogtx\ anorlrl.ua npo6).{pr.d.,cd. irou eile Elp.roupliloer 11 ex6ro1tr1gLivlo1 rcpo{}.Oe an611 tre16prev1 <<Ne6repr1 loropufi XloI{ .ulq E0vrx{g Orxovol.rfag>>orrl lepp.avia, or,p.avrm6repoc, exnp6oanoq ,cnq onotdg {rcv o Gu-stav von Schmoller. Au.crj 11 o1o).{ axo}.ou0o6oe nw,c&. r1v napriEoolrov xltdotxo| wroptxtopo6, 8laxrlpitooovraq 7!oq rl orxovop.td 6ev xa-logi\e.cat an6 avorngoitg, otxovpevrxiq wy6og, p.a0qp.a,r.xd 6r,a.cu-nc'.rpr6vouq v6plouq, 6nlr4 vnoorilptldv 11 ayy).lx! xat \ oxoroi(txr1no).rrrx{ otxovop.ld xa0dlq xar o Blevvd(oq 0eop1,cm6g r1c olrovo-p.iaq Menger, a).).& 6rr. p.nope[ va xa,cavonOed p.6vov toroptxd,, p.toaqra n\ai"ota ,rt'-lv alr.6v xat rolv 0eop.ci-lv ev6q ).ao0 { 60voug (Vott).H o1o).{ rou Schmoller oup.p.epr,\6rdv 66o 6aor.x6,g napaEoltq rouxlraor*o| leppr,avlxo6 roropr,xr,op,o6: t1v tp.ga,orlo.uov xevrplx6 p6).orov xg&.rovc, xd; .c'ry,t eppr.ov{ oro 6qr 1 onouE{ t1c, ,.oroptaq nptxer"va napap.etvet xovr&. oflc d,pplld,xt4 n\yiq. Taurtorrpe pe rri Euva-oteia rrr.y Xoevr(6).ep\ xat ao no).rrlx6 xo:}eori.i,c, nou Erlplloip,yqo, oMntop.apx, a).),& unoorilpr.(e 6u {tav 6uvat6.9 xat avayxr,;i,er, Fer6p-pu0p.ioerq, xar. r.6wtnegd, rl evo6;pr,ar1.1,oq r11'v egya.c1;,v o,ro yegp.avrx660voq-xpa'coq. An6 q o1o).{ auc! rpo{}.0av or npircc, F.e1ri).eq 6peu-veq .Tta

.urq ouv0{xec, lt'^iq rov 6loplrllavmdn epyattirv xaltitg xar.p.e).6req Tra .urlv xor,vorvlx! l€oq xar. tr;v xou)..uo6pa rarv .uelvrrcbv touMeoatava. T1 Eexaec[a tou 1880 o ltap,npeyr, avel&.prqra-an6 dvrilt1 o1o).{, oup.p.epl(6p.evoq 6p.orq r4 idotxtg qc pe06Eou c, xat }ioetc,,6^ypa{,,e p.* orxovoprxil ,oropta.urlc xortrdEaq .uou Mo(6}.a otov torepo

AIIAPXE' TH' IXTOPIKH> KOINONIOAOTIA>

Meoaiavd,gT otrp oxota entyepei t1 ouvo).tx{ a,vanag&,oraorl rt,.lv

Eoptirv xd.L 'ciu\ vootpontdrv g.raq neptofig. Eivat ev6axolx6 6n o 1v&.-

VrEpeX,c, orov vn6r,rr).o tou 6t6)'lov, yapax'c4pt\et ro tpyo rou org ple).6-,cn ,c\c, <<u).lx!c xou).'uo6paq>>. To €pyo dvr6,

^nov 6aor.\6'cav n&la oe

vw evTEePL''rArOpevlJ peAe'EI XOlv(l)Vtx&)V, Tlo^l',tlx(t)v XAI O[XOvOg.l,X(l)v

nlTcbv, e(1e pr.e1a).6regn xat Erapx6otepl a;n'lyx;,o1 otlv orxovoll.rx!

xaL xoL\@vlx\ wropta, ar'' 6o11 4 Deutsche Geschichte, t1 onota ptnope[

va xtvrpe t1v enofi exeivl no).6 nepro6tepo t1v npoooai1tr61o-t tou

nolepr.xo6 'cnq Xapa;xluipa xar tou p.eli).ov g&.op.aroq t<'.rv avagopcirv

tr1c, i1'cav 6p.oq no).6 ).ly6tepo o#.per1 ex,r'ornltovtxd.An6 c1v ep.nepm{ Eou}.ed rrlc o1o}."11c 'uou Schmoller ti}.erne 6pt.rg

x&.0e 6a06repq e\irao1 rov 0eoplttx<bv xaz pre0oEo).ollxdrv npoijno06-

oecov n&vo orq onotec, 6ao,.(e r4 tpewtq qc. Aut6c o VTt d.\a,6'cogd.-oru6q og6noc, Eou).eriq, nou otlpt(6'Eav o'criv uz60eo1 6'ct 7 [6w n 'o'Eo-pry{ txleorl epr.repr6ler qv e[{y4oi ,!g, aqyve avtxavonol1toug 6}.oxat negwo6.repouq xolvorvmo6g wropuolq. X'ua 'u6).r1 tou atcbva pleptxoicqltavrmoi veoxav'navol g}t6c.ogot, pe np6rouq avay.eoa 'Eovg, 'covc, BiltlpNril.criu (Wittretm Dilthey), Wilhelm Windelband xar Heinrich Rickert,etAav enr.aep{oer va exelepldoro6v pra oacpiorep1 p.e0oEo}-o1ia Tt' a,u-ric, :r,ov anoxa)ro$oav eno.u{preg tou avOpdlnou { qc xov'},ro6pdq (Gei-

steswissenschaften, Kulturwissenschaften), rq onoi,eq av.ulnap66a),).av p,errc, gvox€g enor{p,.eq98. Kar or pev xd,t or Ee lped(ov'uav pre0o6o}.oyiegp.e oa,egeiq 6vvoleg, av {Oe}.av va Erex8m{oouv ro enro'rrlpovtx5 status.Evd dpo-rq o or6yoq carv 6e6repo.rv rjtav va g,c&,oow oe <<vopro0etlx6q>>"f levmeu.clx6g Era,uundroerq oi, onoleq va <<e(1yo6v>> pe agrlplFr.6vouqopouq rd 6wopa, exavalap.&av6peva p.ori.6a VLd.c,,i{rXttc cp6o11c,, ot npdruegeg&.pp.o\av <<rErolpagm €s>> (eEd,coluxeup.6veq) pe06Eouq "fw \d. ouD.ri-6ow xat \d, <<xd,,ca\ofoouv>> to v61p.a .utov av0pdrnlvorv npri(et-rv piodo'Eq ouTxexpll.r.6va noltrwpm&,, xorvavtx&, xd.t tcqoplxa 'covq nltaiow.flap6peve co epcbtlp.c .uou ncbq p.nopoioav ol enlot{pr.eg tou avOpdrnou

{ r1g xou}.no6gdg, o6rv 'rrlv roropta,, va nepvo6v ax6 ra p,ovaEr,xri gaw6-p.evd, orrq eup6tepeq xolvorvm6g xat wroptxtq EoF.6q. ).uo olpr.eio av'c6 otxateu0uv.u{pleq .fpapp.6g nou 6Ervav or Ntil.c&,u, Windelband xar Rickert

97. Karl Lamprecht, Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter: (Jntersuchungen

ilber die Entwicklung der materiellen Kultur des platten Landes auf Grund der Quellenzuntichst des Mosellandes,3 r6,p.or,, Aeuf,,ia 1885-86.

98. Ila tov Ntil.t&u, 6),.. .co z'p6ogaro tpyo rou Jacob owensby, Dilthey and theNarrative of History,Ithaca 1994.

H I)TOPIOTPA@IA >TON EIKOITO AIONA ATIAPXE' TH> DTOPIKH> KOINONIOAOTIA,

8el3rlYarvav 76pa*a,r6 'q

ouvray6 g nov etyav Ddroer {61 o p&vxe xato Ntp6u(ev: dr1)'a,rj, rrrv <<xatriSuor> .rou epeuvlr{ oro av.c'xetgtevoqc pr.e).dcr1€ .cou, g.ta EraErxaoto no, o p&vie ov6p_a\e-onir7;nUng,Gpndlew) ,o, o Ntllt ou yopo*ri1pr{. ,, <<Erlebnis>> (epnerpfa).

Autri 1 6.ar,o0r1trxrj xpoodlyrol), no, onorelo6qe tov nuprTva rrlctqaoptxt'.clrcfic, exw.c7*o).oylx{e avtitr1{1c, o1r,prr,6r,ril0rlxe an6 no),_),oriq, no).6 'wEoperrxo,s

peraE', ,ouq, o,oyoorZq nor'vnoorfip,,\av 6"tor ezror{pr,eq tou avop .,nov etyav av&yx| rcto d,uo.t\prrrv pe068orv. OIt&l.*npeyr,6noq eiEap., no nirr, vnoodlpt(; i;;;::;;.,i" nptnet vaXprlorponoret dvorqptq ava),utm6q ,orr1yo,pt'q, ElXrq, ,J"ioo, o t6r,oqva xaraEtper vcr ro

,xaver,,r,pal\ oxo Eu6'"or'epf".-Hal to lgg4, oB.ewd(oq orxovopol6yoq cait Menger oto zo).e6.ux 6 ,ou ipyo Die lrrt-ilmer des Historismus in der deutsihen Nafionarcikono*iu'i;r, iabrt ou Lo r optxropo6 otqv yepg,avlx{ eOvrxr] ouovoprta>) - *.o',r4yogo6o 4 o,Schmollerxd,t ,Eny loroprxil llriri flo),ltrx{c Ouovoptaq 6rc, pe ro va6ao(lowat oe VW, nrpr.ypogrril" napouotooq rrov eup4p& raov tovc,, an6_gevTav va &,arundt o?

1,a, onog*irrlrrq TW ptd, er,6.cpo\t>til npoo€y_ywr'1' oagetg dvvoreq. o ottoHinze, r'ov o:coiou o-r p.e).d"el f* "1u r-pr-otxil p.e.calovpy|a

:o, ".!, npo,o,,il0,o1,.r; ail;;;

,"11 yp*1r1rr1r4q oyo)\ilq rou Schmoller, xd,t o MaE Bdg.nep,'o ;;";;;6"11111o,

"1uxag,ipa rou .,lq voltm6q rat otnovov.oi;1o, nprv o.rpdged otlv xor,v.,l_vro).o7ia, erugetgqo av va,ew ay&yoru o"1u-r1rrrap,r1 pJi;lf qu rruo,oro_'(rxi avo'c4p6r4ra nou d).erne an6 r'oirn.,o t1c o1o).r1q rou Schmorer.>' .t::

o4p.aurtx6 a,p,po rov "&r.u

;;;;1 &p.npe',c o.co Historische zeit_schrift, co 1897, o Otto Hintze r,i1pe p.w.ev6dpeo1 0to7 o,t1 oyermildrag'ri26r1ee' Evrir or e,,mp",lq ,nr'E"ir,ilrhe Geschichte aov [t.'pnpeTrT!:l?6"r"v

ouXva r7 6,.dxp,.or,'no, 6*o* o Windelban dav&,p*eoa o.rqeld"corltxev'clx6q dvvoreq r.,v en,o.ur'.drv rou av0pc6rcou xd.L o.rlqrevrx€u-rr'x€g iworcq r.uv euorxriv rtrro"r1i.Jr, o Hintze r6vt(e 6rt'r1 wroplaa,oTolretrar, 16oo ,pe ,_",,:r:.f*::: rlrJ'*or'vr,ra ou),),oT,x &. gaw6gteva, xat:.rrr.::

tetreurala, ̂ fw \)d.7fvouv xd..cavolra, anantolv rn Xgion ag\p\-p,evov ava).utl,xciv evvorrjv. O MaE B6pn_ep oe V.w. o1ltavrrxi1 p,e).dcr1rov rc 79041M aoxo(toe xpr.ruil oroli Knies, i.oscherxar Schmolrer,99' ono Hintze, '<<uber individuaristische und Kollektivistische Geschichts-auffassung>>, rr istorische Ze itschrifi ZS 1lb]l ii,^ r. 60_67.100' Max weber' <<Roscher und rni"s unJ oi-" logischen hobreme der historischen

).ti:lXf*-mie>, oro Gesammette o"iril, i', w,ssenschafrsteh;re, Tiibingen t96g,

,couq ekrc?oqdrnouq rryc,Ioroptxtc X1otr{q qc E0vrx{q Owovogi,aq, o,6va nveig.ta ava),oyo 1t' avr.6

"rls xjirr*i1, ,o, M".rg"r,

"ora >td,un\p_

po6oe 61).aE{ 6c npoaapoloav oe Tsepryp aq6q 6|Xa{ va 6yow €va'q,3_vo).o oagtirg oplopdvc'rv ewolc;v rou va xa0o6rlyei

"1, ,j.rr& ,iur,. eor6oo,

or, Hintzexat Btp,xeg o.upgc,rvo6oav g,e rov x\aotxo'wropmwp.6 oro 6rrx&,Oe xowavia dratlpei,,rn owoyil trlc pr.6oo eu6q ouvdio, orlrrr.p,go-pthv xat aEr.dn rc onoteg va ogeil.ouy.e xdra\a6ouF' T16r, va xa.cavoi;ooupe 'uo 1.r.ovaEm6 lapaxripa av,u-qc r.rlg xor,vovLq.'ll' aur6 xat oB.dpnep .tq'co6oe rna <<verstende Soziorogi'e>>, para xolvorvlo),o1 [a nov 0deiTe o167o va <<xd.Ed,voein

"rJu xorv6via xd; .E^rp xou).,uo6pa nou p.e).e_

oo6oe' A).).& 1,o 'uov B6p.nep avril 11 xara,t6$oy dev {tav dvr6 novipav yw'couq Pci'vxe, N'up6u(ev xal N').r&u,

'6r1).aEri ltta nput.tioro,g

Eraro0lcrx{ npdEn <<epnalewq>> ri &p.eo1c ,,;tnrrpi"aq, a}.ii pla evre}.drqop0o),o1rx{ 6w6maotd. H

:<xarav67o7r, (Verstehen) x&Oe &}J,o napi

anix\ete wp atrwxil liEifn"l"

(frttarung) { avri}.uo1.

-Ira tov B6g.nep, a)).ri xal ^{td" ro\) Hintze, r1'|l,.agop&. p.eral6 xorvo_

vro).o1(aq xat_toropta.g 6ev {.uav 16oo p,ey&},r1 6oo i1rd, Tr,d, .Eov x},aom6,,oroptx,.op"6. H xolvorvro).oyi.a, o,co lextv1p&. a\c, 6,E\ fa),).ia xq.L o,c\\)Apeprxd, ),er.rouplo6oe ovTv&. p.e atonopti6q

"uno),oyi.rq, ,rii 11 wropta

ngo.cl1t"o6oe pra dglTf.lp.artxil 1to3g{ tr61ou nov nept6p,,(e oro e},&.yt)ronq dEatp6oe6. ol Hintze xat B€g*nep 68)renav rrrv' xor,vu,vr,o),oyfa'no),6nto r,oropu&. dn' 6oo o Ncupxdpl, al}r&. ravr6ypova t6)renav xq,L ,E\\)to'copfo- no),6 zro xolvorvlo),o1r,x&.'an'6oo q rrlelov6r1ra rorv otopr,xciv.

J1a peyrila Eoxfg.ra nov typa,Qe al Bexaeria ,Eov lg20 n&va oro cpeov-

od'Atoq,o xd; 6rov xanr,ra)*op.6 uc, r,oroprxtq xa.uqyopt qrol , o Hintr"entTei,pqoe va Eurundroer dglplpdueq 6uro,rq , rrc,'on'oteq 0eropo6oe oqnpoanarsotv.e\d.

,Ttd, rlv errorlpovrxil ox€l!4, ,or o*o^i60oq' npoon&,-

ulqe vd trg leprioel xd; V.e ouyxexptp6vo r,oroptx6 neprcy6p.evo. O Hin_tze, no^[.zcro a66oprcu'coc 6e oyiln p€ rr) yeppavrx{ ioroprril olorrjo't?v ono[a aviyav 6y, ltovaya o pavxe o).].,i ,o, to.toptxo't xolvarvlo].6-Tor oav rov Schmoller, anapvil?lx€ rlv zpoogr),{ au"ilzi.lrri rnq TEpVa_

,, ^10t. otto Hintze, <<wesen und verbreitung des Feudalismus>> o,co staat undv3lassuns, Gcittingen 1g62, q.84-ilg' ..De. niod"-e Kapitalismus als hrstorischesIndividuum>, oto soziorogie und Geschichle, Gdttingen rg64, o. J74-426. Mr.a nrz-

::}iI tou 8oxrpiou zsd'v<,r.otov xar,.'ra)rtop"6 xar rou 6oxl1.r.iou nd', o.cr,g aaorr.xtort-x-eq >rd,r oul),o1mdq npooeytoetq

.o"r1, ,o"opi,o, xat Va rd, or,oid oultlterer4e orq 6u,1to._

Tl T,".":, Aci,g.nper, zepr).ag.6d,vovtar o.rlv ar:.D,ixil ouD,oyr] ,r,p6urr^"or, I.he Hi_storical Essays of Ono Hintze, OEg6p6l tglro."

H I'TOPIOIPAOIA ITON EIKOXTO AIONA

v,.xip na.p&,Eoo1c nto< ro xp&:coq owroroloe pr,la <<r10lxf1>> { <<rveup.a-,utxi1>> ovr6v1ra. Avti0e'ua, 66).ene ro xpa.roq g.e epreprxotg 6povg oavtvav ax6p.a 0eop'6 (Anstalt) av&.V.eoq. oe no).tro6g &}}.ouq, 6tyaq x&.nowr8rairepl e'ppevt'1 a,Eid,. O Ma{ Bdpnep an6pprnre xan avr6q r1v 6r,T!0-06o111 rov xp&.rovg xan r6vwe trlv avayxn pwg <<alr,o)'oyua ouE6te-pnle> exr.orSplc. H xolvorvm{ enwrip.T pnopodoe va ava}.6oel €7rr,orl-

ltovr,xa rr,q aEi,eq xar rcc,a:x'ctxtq p.r.aq xowav[aq, Dev pnopo0oe 6poq vaano}eftet lr1v eyxvp6rrlr&. rcvg.

O Bdp.nep na.pa66aerat 6rt rd egioriyp,ara nou 06rel o xolvtovlx6qextor$p.ovag avaxtroUv 'cc aEtec, ol*q onoieq nwreler ti,or6co, otrlv 6peuvd.cov xdl ora nogi,oltata rov nptner, va rca).e6et '(a dvclxltlLevu6rqraxar a;r.epo).1{ia. H enoriytrl 6po4 Eev Aget&\erat pr6vov aprepo).1Qfaa).)d xar arcwxil eEnfnon. Aviyowaq 6tt \eoxevtav\ xapaEoorl, oB6p.nep apveirar, noq I anrwx6vl'ca eEga\erat. o'Erlv d,v.rrxelpevm{ T?d'(-p.aux6rr1'ca, xd; 'c\\ avdtqrei, cflc, xd,rry'(opteq lr1c error1povr,xic ox€-t|l1c. To rrlrogaoLo,cel.6 onotAeto rlq ercrorlpovlxiq avalipryo1c 6pioxe-.cat enop.'ivac. oflq Fle06Eouq 'ryq. Av xat xale enwrip.rl Elaplopgdrvecalp6oa oe Vtd, ov.(xexprp.6vr1 xou).to6pa, ot p.60oEoi t1c Eu06touv 6va 6a0p,6eyxvp6r1rac, xal dv.ctxetpevx6rrlrd.c, Trou vneg&atver,.uouq fiEploplopo6gr\q ov^(xexolprdvlc xorvtrrviag xat xov)yro6pac,. flo,parqpei ).oln6v: <<'Hrd,vxat elaxo)rou0ei va eivar, atr!0ela rlr.i,q p.la p.e0oEo).oy,xri op0{ an6Ee{1oro ytitpo.rov xoi,vovtxtiv entorrlpcbv, av 06).el va nervyatver, ro ot6ao'cnc, irp'tiret va g.nopei vd, dvaTvt,lpt\enat rui,c, op0i1 ax6p,a xat an6 6vavKrv6(o, o onotoq ;,r.nopei xan&. ra ritr),a va apvetrar..url 6lx{ paq avtil,r1-

{,,r1 nepi 10m6v enrcaydn>>102. O B6g.nep, nap6n dnopptnrer. r'rp ano-rf.,r1 cou X61xe). i tou MapE 1a rrlv wropia t,rq p.ra Era8rxaoia nouo811ei oe VW, opOo).onx{ xolvorvia, eEaxo}.ou0ei va nroreber no-rq tou}.ri-Xtq.cov r, toropta,uou Aurmo6 x6oy.ou an6 roy xatg6 ryc efipaix"ilq xatrlq el).r1vr,xqc apyarJr1,cac, xd,L ltertner.ra aapaxnqgt\erat, an6 prcr prlavaotp6rfq.r,l xopeta <<6lavorlrr,xonoilorlc> xar <<op0o).o1xonofucr1q>>. Ano-Eerxvierar tror. nu,g rf p{h p.E 'u'rJv roropLxtl,Etx{ nenoiO1o1 xru,q vnd',p-

102. Max Weber, <<Die "Objektivitiit" sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpoliti-scher Erkenntnis>>, oto Gesammelte Aufsdtze zur wissenschaftslehre, o. lbb. Mera-gpaop.dvo un6 rov rit).o <<"objectivity" in social science and Social policy>> o,co Maxweber on the Methodology of the social sciences, ser&.qoaon xan en.u€),eca EdwardShils xar Henry A. Finch, Glencoe, Ill., 1949,

". fS [..H "ou'.x'peulx6a\.cd,",c\q

yvoro4 o.ilq xolv<rrvlx6q er,o,ci1,.eq xa,L o.cn\ xolvrr-rvlx{ ,ro}.r","rir, oro Max Weber, Hpe0o6d,o.yia ruv xowavcxcilv ettot4lttiv, A0{va 199 l, o. 74.1

AIAPXE> TH> I'TOPIKH' KOINONIOAOIIA> 61

Xet VLd, ow€aa,a xat owoyil orrlv lo'uopid x&Oe ri).).o zrap&, gnEtl dxore-

i"i,' to* xt d"\ d'rcoxrp1ooerat 1 aul6Eo[1 '''tor'

rov Kov'uopo6, tou

X61xe). x&r 'Eov MapE xorc 'r1 wropta oD11ei o'u'qv ex?rtriPoorl, { 'uou

P&.vxe xcrt aov Ntp6u(ev, 6t 67et Elprtoupl{1oet pta wfu npayp"&'rav

pi,oa oorp onoid o avlpt,lroq p"optl]l _(!oer

)'oyx&"'Eror, rap' 6lov

.rov fieootp,i,op,o rou xd; ao oxerl'cLxlo4o .uou, o B6p'rep Etarrlpei 6aouic'

av.uil.{q,,elq 'uou E6xatou €vdlLou andtva, oyel';;x&' ft :l] ouvofi l!'ou Xo'-

gorrrlp{t , rrpt r.oropi.a $1' €orl0.' c1 Eutm{ woopta. fIap6u 11 enwdp.T

xd,r n xo|vCI)vml enrotiprl Dev prropoJv va ori'uouv gr')'oooqrx& \ nqrx&'

epariytara, unagyet r; Euvat6'u1 'cd, lJ;Ld,q <<6tv'ulxerp'evtxi6>> exwrng'ovi-

iilC ouotfi"Io1q lrou axo).ouOei y.ta ).o1x{ nou 0ra06'uet Erazrotrrtrop,rx{

eyxvg6t1ra.

KEOAAAIO 4

AMEPIzuNIKE> IIAPAAO>EII KOINONIKHE I>TOPIA>

,cd.\ rcld. o'cLc, ercLo'cTtp.ovtx6q xd,t, xotvovtx'.g anat'ci16eLg vta;c, o6'y1pov1<,

6r,poxpa'cr.x7c, 6n,pyyavlxfc xotvt'.lviag. 'Etot. autoi nou €nar,pvav ytt-

ooq o avliq rr,c, ov)r1ri7oer,c, xat6\1av oro oup,n6pd,qyd. irloc, ot to'ro-

os66 ozou8iq, or, onoicc, xa,L qrx altepmavu&. naventoril'pw 1t'eri', to'187 0 eiAav entxevtpo0e t extoqc otlv zo).ltl x\, txpene va avoraro$v oe

pla eup6rep1wropta t1€ xorvovfaq. >rI lepg'avia etye avan'tvyle[ dn6

ra 1t6oa rou D6xatou 6va'uou utbva pe rov Wilhelm Riehl p.la.e0vo1pa-

qtxic, xd.ae60uvo1c Kult urge s c hic hte (w ropia 116 xou).'uo6paq ), xupioq

exr6q tr; enayye)r,p,armip ,.orogtac,, oe 'colrLx{.q wtopu6.q eranpeteg, t1

oxoi.a et}wrpep6rav ytcr 'trlv xa0lpeplv{1 \a\ xat ra 60qt a torv xotvci.tv

av0p<irzcolv. flap' 6).e6 6plrog clq entgdvewxtq opol6'r1teq, 1 apepr.xavtxlil

<<N6a locopi.a>> eiye 0ep.efuaxdq Elagopdq an6 avr\ rI poPgi no).1'uropr.r-

xil< to,copbq, TIou exrpoorul:i.oioe o Riehl. Evdr o Riehl xoita(e voora).-

yrxd.. npoq 'ca. ntoa, oe p.ta e(t6avlxeup'6vrl Ttpovet'.r'teplxn aygorr.xfi xot-

vtrvia orr;v onoia Eev un{p1av or,ltavr,u€q xolvt'tvmdq oulxpoUoetq, avro[anoE62govtav 'url veorep,.x6'cn'ca xat p.a\i pr.' autlv xt €va Erlp.oxpa'um6

xaleortilq. H na).r6tep'rt epeplxa.\rxd <<Enlotlp.ovtxil )Xolit, 1t'6oa. oto0dv1tao1t6 'c\c, "(rd rl TEpl.tdvtx\ axa6rp.dtx{ enro'u{1p.1, ava\qrofioe 14pkec 'Er1c, ag\ooalovrx{c Ap.eprxic, o' €va dpyaix6 yepp'avr.x6 rape}06v,evdr, av.yi0e.cd., ot Ndot Ioroplxo[ r6vt\av trt pt€ri U,e ro TEpoverorepr.x6euponaix6 zrape).06v. fr' au'uo6q v1 Ap.eptx{ ipav pl.a a6pa p.erava'orclrv, ot onoior Enpr,6pgova\ ao Xd4oxtipa 16oo 'cov d.^(po'crxorj <<ouv6-pou>> o.crl 46o1 6oo xcrt'ut,-lv pr.e1a),oun6).eov 'r'nq Avato).f1c. MLa otevdno).rru{ wropia Eev apxotoe iila. Ol enrtfpr.eq rou evEt6gepav 'uougN6ouq loroptxoitc, ipav avr(.q nou e[1av va x&,vouv pe 'Er) o611pov1xorvc.rvicr, xvptatq 11 omovop,ia xo,t \ vrot\lavlo),oyla, dlJ,&. xar, 1 {.,u1o}.o-yta. H ntotrl o' 6va ap.epmavrx6 consensus, TEou rooo p.eya)t1 o4pao'tdeile orlv nak6tepl ro.ropioypegla, avrrxaraora}rpe r6ga an6 p.ta viaolr'crx$t, nou e[1e p.e^pa].6'uep1 enilvr'ro1 rorv 8lagoptirv nou ltipl(av tovapeprxavm6 n).10uop.6 Eiy,rq va apvetrar ra otoryeia nou ouv66a).lav oep.ra a[o01o1 e0vrxlc xo:6rryag.

Eivar E6oxo).o va avay&,youg.e 'rI N6a Ioropia o' 6vav xow6 ndpavo-

Watn. O Charles Beard 0et'rpo6oe tlq orxovop,,.xtc, xar' xol.vtovx6q ou-yxpoioer,q toq .uouq d.r.ogacrcaLxotq napdyovreq orrlv apuepr.xavmil r,o'co-pia. Or James H. Robinson, Vemon Parrington, xar CarlBecker 6Elvav ro6&.goc, o'co p6).o ttlv tEedrv, evrir o Perry Miller oto p6).o rqc lpryoxetaq.r rH oteyvil egnTrp\ Eev apxoioe nu. O Tumer, ocrlv opil.[a 'uou 6'crlvAp.epmavlx{ loropxilErdtpeta ro 1893 pr.e 06pa <<H orlpr.aola 'rou ou-

Aprepmav m€g napaE6oelq, ,

xotv(r)vlxlc. L6,coPWq

O MAPE KAI O BEMIIEP, a\ xal ap"Ew6iyc7od.\ ,clc,lEea).ocx6g npoij-nolioa4 ,cov x),aotxo6 leppavlxot roroprxro,po$ xar, .ctg owenayaytqrou< o.clc, wrogxig onouEdq, Elar{p1oav x\,) tlroprxwrmil nenoiO1o17!oq or xorvcrvrx6g enwrip.eq npdnet va ).eltoup1o6v o,copm&,, xqt rEti,q \toropta, nap' 6).eq tg pilletq, ovvwr&. ,p.w oweyfi nopeta g.e uQ1).6 6a0p,6ouvolric. H e[e].rxcxtortxil av,ui].1{1 rqc loropiaq xvpwpaqoe oe pe-yalto 6a0p.6 xil o,t\ ox6{.,r1 tou a^1/.6govou x6op.ou. A)J.ri exel, ot roro-px6q onouEi,c, avr),o6oav an6 6wgopenx6q, rlveup.cr,,urxtq napd66oetq otonoieq avdx)rolody pla Er,agopetlx{ xorvorvuil xaraordorl dn6 exeivlvr<'-rv 1<,.rpdrv rlq lTreiporlx{C Eupdrn1<. flap&. rlv Trpo1trrplp6vl ex6to-pr11&vro1 qc Ary).iaq xdt i@\ Hvcopdvorv flo).rrerciv, n Tpd.cplto>rpd.xt-xoxotqoil roug, rou).d,XLo.co\ oro 61p.dor,o roy.ia, eiye npoyap{oel no}.,jhl6tepo a;n' 6oo orrlv 'rlnerpt,.ltlxd Eupdrnl. H <<xor,vtovia torv no).r-tcbv>>, o6pgt.rva pe .rlv opo).o1ia ro;v Xxoro6(ov lOmtirv gil.oo6gorv103,{.uav o.u1v a1/.rx! yLaL a4lsprxavtxfi oxt|T no}.6 nro avelaprryrrl an6ro xp&.roc, a;x' 6oo orlq avtil{tfielq tou Xdyxe}. x&t aov Pdvxe ̂ (d. aoxowavm6 otitpa. Aur6 avax).oitv.cav xdl 6,c\\t ro).0 pr.e1a),6tep1 anpoOu-plia 'cov Ary)..,v xar, Ap,egtxavcirv r,oroprx tbv xar xolvr.lvrxdrv- e',w,'p"6-vov, oe oA6orl pe .uouq ouvaEd).gouq rouq o.u1 falJ.la xat o.c.rt legpa-vta,.^va ava(1.uo6v p.eyritrrlc x),\taxdq e[Ty{oerq .uolv 1e1ov6ro.rv.

Ono-rq ei8ap.e, oclv Ap.eprx\, or7 faD.ia, xa06q xal (ot1v nepi-n'tt,loy) c16 un60eo1c Aripnpelr) orrl leppavia, 1 ouftt1o1 nou yrv6-trai'e oro y6pr'op.a tou ardla oyerrx&. pe tlq ple068ouq npovnigere 6n -r1napa}oowxil wropmfi en,.oriptl rt,.lv rsaversrorrlg.ir,lv Eev avtano xpw6-

103. BI. Adam Ferguson, Essay on the History of Civil Sociery,E6ry6o[9yo 1767.

H I'TOPIO|PAOIA >TON EIKOETO AIONA

v6pou orlv ap.epmavmil wrop[a>>|o4, xar o Beard , oro 6t6]tto 'cov Otxo-volttxfi Egp4veb rou Ap.epmavmoJ Zuvrdyp.aros (1913), Elar6novavouverEr;r& 6va wropr,x6 ng66)ypa nou zrpoijzr6Oere 6va 0eop1'urx6 r).ai-on. An6 qv &).).1 6p.q, ol Ndol loroprxot, nap6rz Eave(ov'uav enr).e-x,c,.xa an6 Elrigopeq xotvovtx6q entorS,p.eq, Eev {;0e).av va xd,vouv trlvwnogta pra ouorrlp.armil xor.vlavr.xil en"ori11.r1 6ntoq ol Ntupx6pt xarXrpr.riv or1 fail.ia, xaL oL MapE, ltap.npeyr, xar. MaE B6pnep ot1Ieppavia. H o4tor1'rouq Fe 'tiq xoivt,lvrx€g enw'ctp.ee lrav ya)tapfi xar.ercrhexrmil, avri).oy4 p' aur{v tou Avp6 Mzrep ot1 f atr}.ia { tou Avp6flpdvl05 oto 86).1o. 0t N6ot Io'copmot i6),enav, yep.arot dr"or"o6olia,rr;v xor,vr,rvia va o8eiel ngog tva Slpoxpaclx6 or6yo, a)')r&,, 6nt,i,q xar. otMnep xdt flr.p6v, Eev d{a1vav va 6pouv rouq v6pouq pmq dx&lexm1cnpo6Eou.

Or no),rrtx6q aD.& xat oL e1rL6'c4povlx6g napaEol6q rc.rv <<flpooEeutr-xdrv Ioroptxrilv>>, 6nox a,v.coar,oxa)\o6vtav ol N6ol Iorogtxot, r601xavvx6 ap.Ew6\r\r\ xa.r& rr.g E6o npti'ueg }exaerteg y.era ro B' fIayx6-op.ro fl6).epo. M6oa otov Yu1p6 ll6),ep.o or Ap.eprxavoi toropmot avd-xri).u{,,av 6va v6o e0vlx6 consensusl06. fl' dvro'3q,1 Apeprxri, oe dvri-0eor1 p.e .u1v Euptirnl, ipav pla a).10lvri ,p7 ralmil xorvav'ta, anatr).a1-p.tvr1 dn6 r8eo).olx6g.Erap6oeq xdt, 1t' elaipeo1 rov Epgri).ro n6),epro,a:r'6 oo6apic, ouyxgoioerq. A).).& xat o Ep.q6).roq, 6),e1av, 0a g.nopo6oeva eiye anotganel d,v or, uTroo.rlplxr6g ryc xar&.py'r1o1q {Iq Eou}.eiaqxcit ot opxrop6vol rovq avrina).ol Eev eiyav er.oaydyet 6vdv lEeo).oyx6nvger6. fliotevav nor( I enex'uerv6p,evr; xanlta).wl,xi1 otxovopi,a rrycayogac, eiye ela'),ei:Qet xa. aq..ue).euraia oro.yeh ralwiq n,itr1c. 0 DanielBell av{'y1eil.e .uo 1960 to <<t6}.og r1c rDeo}.o1i.ag>>107. 2' avra ranp,.o'ca yp6vw.uou Yu1po6 flo).6pou rl dp.eprxdvrxil r.o,cop[a xd"L n alLe-prxavr.xtl xor,vrlvia npo6&tr).ovtav 6).o xar nepwo6.repo tl.lq ro plovr6).o tou<<e).e60epou x6oplou>>. Zra p&,rw ,covc., lLrd, xorvrovfa nov eiye enrr6ya,

104. Frederick Jackson Tumer, <<The Significance of the Frontier in AmericanHistory>>, avaElg,ooleug.dyo o.co The Frontier in American History, N6a y6px1 1920,o. l -38.

105. Bryce Lyon, Henri Pirenne. A Biographical and Intellectual Study, Ghent197 4.

106. John Higham, <<Beyond Consensus: The Historian as Moral Critic>>, Ameri-can Historical Review 57 (1961-62), o. 609-625.

107. Daniel Bell, The End of ldeology: on the E.rhaustion of poriticar ldeas in theFifties, Nta Y6px1 1960.

AMEPIKANIKE> TIAPAAO>EI> KOINONIKH> I'TOPIA>

fitoprlAavuil ano}orm6rnra xt eiye Elpr'rouplioet prcl pa\lxi1 xa,'Ea\a-

lor.um{ crTopd., eiAe avayxy xan an6 ptct xotvovr,x! enoniltl avri}.o11

Ve ,ctc, npdyp.a'cm6r7req ev6g o611povou x6op.ov. 'E'rqt o,. unotrollot6q'ixavav'ur1v eprqrivro{1 rcvq t1v xa'u&tr}.1}.1 otr1p.{' Or noqo'ctx€C p60o-

Eor &pltoav va elo6ri),).ouv or1v to'copr.xil6peuva 6y. p.ovaaa otlv Apr'e-

plx{, aD.& xdt oa\\ Ayy}Ju, oq laDJa, ortg 2xav6wa6r.xt'c Xdrpeq,'ax6pa

xd.L oalq ooola)lotrxtc, y,ugec,. H nooortxonoqol ouvllopo6oe

6rrlv aEtt,iiorJ 'tt,-lv xolvrovlxcbv enlotlptilv va ouplnepl).190o6v c,covg xa-

lap&. en.o'cr11.tovtxo0g x)d8ouq.An6 p.6v1 rlc rl egapp.o"y{ nooorrxdx p.e06Dorv ora xotvt'.tv'za gar"-

v6p.eva Eev olpaiveL, ia,ot6oo, xd.L ao r,6gaop-a oE p.tcr, ovorqp.arui1,

ava).urx{ xolvovlx{ enlotfp.l. Xulv& \ Toqo'crxor,oqol Eev e[var, ndp&'

pla uno6o107rui1 o rilpt(1 t1c erttxeplpa'uo).o1iaq l;';e qad"'clo'clxa o tot-

aeta. Me rqv avhr,rvEl trlc telvo).o1iac tov unotrollo'utilv 'u1 }exaeri.a

cou'50 otnooortx'6.q p.e).6teg apyr.oav va notr).an).aor'&'\ovrat o'utq Hvo.r-

pr.6veq flofu'uei.ec,, a),)r&. xar atr).o6, oe notr),o6g topeig'ur1c 6peuvag. X'uo

yti,go .cyc no).ttlxlc wropiac, apA,.oav va ovoAerftovrar ot ex).o1lx6q

oupneprgop6q pe xorvovmtq p.era6).1t6q. H rctoptxil Elpro^lpaqla xa-

Orcpdr01xe o.rq 6vaq nooortx6q x)liEog, t&.ahepa o'cr1 fatr).ia xu o'E\\A1/.i4. )'u4 Hvorp6veg flo).treleq p.e].erfOlxe I xotvt'-lv txil wltlrl'x6'c7-,cd. Ve 'cr1 ioilew 'cici,\t d.rco"(Pd,gtirv zrou Tr1oL'(lLd.'corcolo6vtav xa:1e 6|xa'

75t6vw an6 ro 1790 xw. p,er€ner.ra. Ot. xooor,.x€c p.60oEor 6on0o6oav,t6troq, otlv avd).uo"vl 'ct,rv olxovol.r.lxcbv ElaEmaottirv, atrI& ptnopo6oaveniorlc ve Xprlotporotl0oiv o'ur1 Elepe0vlorl 0ep'rirolv xoutrro6pac,, d.\'Et-).{Qerov, voocpozrrci.rv xar p.ovt6trov oupreprgopac. Ta }.1€up1m&. ap-yeid, $wtrepd o'rrl latr).ia xdr orrlv A'p/.ia, ava).60r1xav p.e r7 6oi10er.auno).o"pto.criv Ttd, vcr 8droouv n).lpogopiec ",(Ld. 'rn Eop.t'1 qc or.xoytvewg,

'(tcr'crg 1ew{oerg, 'uouq 1&p,ouq, 'rouq 0av&'uouq xdr xn\ neplouoia, pld0o-Eot nou tywav 11 6ao'r1Tra rlv av&nrvl1 'r\c to'Eor,Lx\c 64qoypagi'ar,.Xtotleia an6 ,ca Erlpr.oto).6^yu yrd 'rrlv 1)rrxia yapou xa; ^(Ld. aa v60aaarErri g6,cr.lav c1 oe(oua).rx{ oupr.nepr.gopd, Eivovtag n}.lpogopieq 1atK l0rx6q av.ul).!rf.,erq .uorv avgpdrnorv. Xt1 faD.ia, 1 p.e).6'q 1il.ui6ovEc$4xdrv gt!r'r.e rlq p,,era6atrl6pleveq oraqetq dntvav'v,. oto 0&varo xanot1 Oprloxe(d, xan enopr,6vcoq xdl arc. 6wor&.oetq t1c Dla8xaoiac, exxo-o1.r.ixeuo1c.

Aev elvar nepieplo Trou ot xooortxic, ptetrdteg eEpatrir0lxav nepwo6re-

Po o'ro yirpo t1c orxovoprxrjc wrop!,.ag. T6oo o MagE 6oo xar o B6pnepotlpi(ovcav oe lua avri).1,!1 'fd. a'rlv xotv<rrvtxi enrot{pr.1 7 onota, an6

H I>TOPIO|PAOIA ETON EIKO'TO AIONA

,c'rt WW. en6p,eve orl XPlioI od.gtilc, xa0oplop6volv ewotciv, xan, an6 r1v

&M1, 0eorpo6oe noq avr€,g or 6woreq o'utq xotvcovmtg ent'orip,eq' ev

avrr.06oer. Trpog 'Etc, rpuotx'6q, nptr,et, va )vp.6avouv un6{,,1v rouq 'uTJ pova-

6,,x6rl4ra .uov xotvovltirv atr).& xil 'cr1 Duva'u6r1ca oi.tyxpwng p.eral6,covc,, xd; va xapiyow tp6nouq Elepe6vrlol< 'uou zrtr61pa'uog volpdtov

xar, aluitv nou Eivel o' avt€q tlg xol'vtovieg 'u1 ouvopi touq. Enln).6ov

d.\eptoptlgav rt,rq ax6pd xal ot gvom€4 erlot{p.eg eival npoi6vad' 'Enq

av0p6nrvlc xoutrto0pag xal pr.nopo6v va xaravo10o6v p.6vov 6p.p.eoa, pr.6ot';

xorvtovrx&, xa0oplopr,6votv xd'trlTopttirv. Ol xotvt-tvlx6q enwripreq dr4o-

).o6war oe te)'ev'cdta avri).uo1 p.e rlg av0pdrrtveq oy6oer,q, ot oxoteg np6nel

vd, xd.a&\oo6vran norolum&,, no;g6),o rcov xd't l.,d' rcooo'Elxh orot1;;ela etvat

ll, 6tilor,ltc- o'uov npoo8loplopr6 rt,lv nePrTpdpr.pr.&to-rv au'rcirv tolv o16oeov.

Qor6oo, y nooorr,xil dpeuva nov €na,.le orlpr,avclx6 p6).o otlg to'uopl-

x6q ozrouE6g ryDexae'cta rou 1970, er,6r.xa o'u1v Ap.eprx{ xat ot1 fa}.-

)rta, or1pr,\6rav ovyva. oe VLd. avtD.1{.,1 nept enwrilfrl€ trlv onota ot

to'uog1x6q pe).6'ueg plnopo$oav \d. t461\o1rot{oouv 1,,.6vov eg6oov Elat6no-

\a.v ,cd. xoptop.ara, rouq oe [ud. T,ooolLxonolriolpr'1 /.dlooa. O Ep.avu6].

Ae Pou& Aavrupi 6).e1e 'uo 1973 nt,lq <<wrogta nou Eev e[vdt nooortxo-

nor{org,1 Eev pnopei va Ela'ueive'cd"L irl.r,c, eivar enwrrlp.ovtx{>>108. Aut{

11 rino{,,1 evlo160r1xe xar&" u.q 6exae'ci.eq tou 1960 xa;L 'cov 1970, pteqv e[6].t[1 t1c relvo].o1iaq to-rv unotroltotti\ xd; rtc, ouvax6trouOeqaD.a16q orrlv orxovopia. 0 Geoffrey Barraclough, orrlv en'ox6n7o7 r.ivnp6ogariav 'c&.oeia.v'ut'lv r,o'toptxdrv onouEdrv nou 61pa{.,e to 1979 yr.a.u1v UNESCO, ndpar4po6oe norq 1 <<ava({qo1 'ryq noo6r'r1rac, eivar,avap"gt6o)ta 1 lolup6tep1 dr.6'urq vdeq r&.oec otrlv o'uopia, o naghylrvxov neproo6repo an6 xri0e &tr).ov Euxplvel rq oroptxtg npdxrmiq r1,9}exaertaq.uou 1970 an6 exelvec, rlg }exderiag rov 1939n109. Onc'rgetnd,, oro olp.eio avr6 ngtxel va Euxpivovp,e, an6 'c\ lLLd,, [.r,td, TrepiTr'uo-or,ax\ Xphon ,ci.r.\ Trooo.cLxrirv pr.e06Et'-rv Trou crTro.re).ei ouv10top6v1 rpa-xttxil or1v xor,vcdv,.xi1 xat t}winepa o.rr')v or,xovol-t,.x\ wropi,a e8dr xalno).).6c }exaerteg, xdt, an6 t1v tiD.1, pla av.uil.1{.,r1 Trou 6}.6nel 'u1vwropta od,v VLd. ox).1p{ entorillty nou Eou}.e0er p.e pra0rlprarm&, p.ow6}ra.)to evEr&pr.eoo'rcdv E6o autrjlv n6).ov eltgavtorqxe (ot1v Apreptx{, a}.}lixc,t o.c'rt |a).).ia w1l o,cLq )xav8lva6lxdc X6peq) 6va pelpra rcov d.vrod,-

108. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The Territory of the Historian,I,lxdyo 1979, o.15 fTerritoire de t' historiin, IIupbr, 1973-1978].

AMEPIKANIKEX TIAPAAOXED KOINONIKH> DTOPIA>

roxtr{O1xe <<xolvovrxt'l entorrlt ovtxil ,.oropi"a>>. 'Eva nag&'Eel1p.a 1}.e-

xrpovtxilc er,elep:v:aolaG p-e1&).ou 67xov Ee6opr6vov fird.v ro ytYav'cw[o

.,Ilp61po1r1.,a Kolvttvlx!g Io'copiaq'ur1c Qt).a66).getac'>>, 'co onoto xd.ad.-

n6.oa1)xe pe rI pr.e).6t1 tou ntr10uop.o6 'cr1c Qil.aD6).9eug .oco o6vo)'6

,rov, X?'rpqLonouivrag noD.an).6q dnoypaq''q tou E6xatou ivd.Lov an6-

va, ino,, rbore vd 6yd)rer' oulxexplp'6va nogtop.a.rd, "(td' 'cnv xol'vtovtx{

xwryctx6aqra. Mla apxer&, r..dpevqepic, npoo€yywn rrlq xolovrxilc wro-

gtac ipav xat 1 1atr).mi1 histoire sdrielle, 7 onoid 'p.tod an6 'r4 p'a\txi1

26p1or1,ronoqo7 orotletav oe p.axptc lpovm6,q neprdEoug p.e).eto6oe trg

JuriAr,'r, xd.L .c.c, atr).4'y6q 6y, p'6vo o'crc. otxo\ogtm€g xat, xotvt-lvtx6g

oAioerq, a)')ro,, ax6p.a, 6niu,q 0a Eo6p,e' xd.L c.cLg vootponleq.'Iotog ot rELo lpd.v:*xot vnt'pg*agot ptaq ro'loproygaqiac, oro np6'cvno

rtrv Oertx<irv enlo'u11.r.tirv va {'uav ta p.6\ 'ryq apeprxa.\miq <<Ndaq

Orxovopr.rx{c Ioroptaq>>. Eexlvdrv'caq an6 ndpa}op€c 1\< x}.aolxf1c ol-

xovolt.xilc er,wdpqc, ol N6ol Oxovopr.xoi Ioropmo[ enelepyao'c1xav

pr.ovr 6).a omovop.mf c av anrvlJlg, lexop.p.6v a an 6 t o)rtr uil xat xor'v uvia.

'F'."or, ir.X., oL Robert Fogel xal Douglas North oclv nepig11l'1 unoOetl-

xip avd\vo1c (contrafactual) pe).6tl rouq, Ot o64p66po4ot xd,t n ouo-

voptxfi avdrc'cu(4'cn q A pep txiql lo, lplolpr.ozroldr vr ac, anox\eo tx&. xan

p.duou o,rorol^xd orotaeia, 06touv 'co ep<it'c*1ta 'cov xan&. n6oo 0a 616-

gepe I otxovol.ti.a'uo-rv Hvc.lp6vov flo).1'cettiv otlv nepintorol nou Eev

etyav dvanrul0ei ol orDlp68poptot. H Nda Otxovol.r'rx{ loropta 6aor,l6rdv

oe ,c6ooeptc,1dotxtq napaEol6g: 1) Ott unriplouv 'Ye\';xnq lo16o9 v6pol

nou xa0op(ouv 'urlv olxovol.r,lx{ oup,neplgopri xd.L ot onotot ovorao'ctx&'

dv&1ov'cat o' dvroitc, nou Erat6norod.\ ot Av'uap Xp,t0 xat Nt6l6lvt Pl-

xapv'co. Ot v6p.ot auto[ Eev ].el'uoup1o6v nort ang6oxorc'cd., ercel8! 'uougep.noD(ouv no)l'um6q, r8eotro1x6g, Oploxeuttx6g xar &}}.eq Euv&g'erq. flap'

6)ra avoa, ano.ue).o6v 6va 0eolp1'ux6 p.ov'c6).o TLd. 'Eo n6q 0a |npene va).ettouplei 7 otxovolti,a xorlo dn6lEavrx6q ouv0{xeq e},e60ep1c ayopac,.2) O.ur Txdxna)rr.onxil or.xovo,p.td yapaxrlpt\erar' dn6 yu.d owert alva-ntu[1, q onotd, 6no,q vroorlpi(el o Walt Rostow oro 6,.6]vio rov Taord$m 'illq onovolttxfi€ avdnru(4e : 'Eva pn-xopltouvrortx| p-avr96oror11,naipver nap6p.orcq popgdc oe 6).eq rrc, o(tyypovec, xd; exoullpovr(6preveq

I10. Robert Fogel xar Douglass North, Railroads and American Economic Growth,Ba),.u4r6p1 1964.

111. Walt Rostow, Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Maniftsto,Kaipnprc( 1960.109. Geoffrey Barraclough, Main Trends in History, N6a Y6px1 1979, o. 89.

ttu H I>TOPTUT'.PA{PIA ITUI\ T'IIIU?-IU AIT,|I\A

xorvovieq. 'E'uot 1 Elac6nool tou Map€, 6m <<r1 ,r,to d.\elT,av (p.6vr1 ldlpaEeilvet o'urlv Trto xa0uotep1p.6v1 'u1v etx6vd 'uou Exo6 'u1c pr.6D.ov'uoq>>r12

oa6et xat Tla.'cov Rostow. (Ev,ivtta o'u1v napaEoa\ avr\ o Alexander

Geischenkronll3 ufioor{pl[e rt,.rc ot x.r,r,e< nov &.pyr.oav va ex6npr17a-

vi\ovrar. pr.et& t1v A'yf.ia xat x6.ra an6 Eragoger,w€g noh'urx6q xat

*o,rrr,"3q ouvOfxeg, Eev {;'uav n}.{pt,lq ovyxgtoqteg p" aut{v.) 3) Otr

11 h.a}txaoid 'Eou otxovop.r.xo6 exovyypovlopo6 oErllei anapa[rr1ta x&t oe

noltrtx6 exouyxpovr,op.6, 6r1).aE{ 6e PW xotvt;via e}.e60epr1c ayopaq xatqe VLd. gil.e).e00ep1 xorvo6ou).euttx{ Elproxparla,6ncoq 66erEav per&' ro

B' flayx6olpto fl6).epo ra 6v:;lxa.6,.o1t'1aavm& 60v1. 4) 'Ott 1 xooottxil

p60o5oq p.nopet vd egappoo re[ 6y. pr6vo otlg otxovopuxdg atrtrri xar otrq

xorvtovrx6q 8la8lxao[eq.To 197 4 E1p.oore00r1xe y iaowgtivl oe uxo).oyr.ol'iq p.e).6t1 ttov Fogel

xar StanleyEngerman "fw.'E\ Eou).eia o'tov dpePmavlx6 N6tol14. 'Or,iui,q

avag6pouv orov zrp6).o1o ot ouTTpa<pei.c,,06):rpav 611 p.6vo va E6oouv 1-l.laopwrlxil anolrqo1 oro exip.aAo epdlqpla o7er,x&. pe ro x6oo enrxep-

E{c {tav 1 Eoutreia, atr}.ri e:tiorlq vd' 7T,poog6pouv, 6dor'l6pevor. oe r'ooo-

rrxonoliptyt"eq nqy6q, a6t&.oew'ca o^cotyeta "YW. r\v not6'c7ra qq u).rxiq(roic tov ox)'a6l.i'v alJr&. xat Tla rrlv otxo"(e\etaxil rcvq \rai1 xar. ttp

epyo,or.dxi1 rouq 10rx{. To 616}.[o aur6 agytxa Tdtpertornxe ax6 rov

dy.epmdvm6 T6no oq ILLzL rceLqatx{ enlot4pr,o'ttx\ epyaoi'a, all& no}.6

Tpiyopct ty,.ve or67oq ptct€ ave).61o1C xg,.rmi6 an6 ovp.6dnxo6q xorvt'-r-

vlxo6g ,.oropmotg xat an6 orxovol.lrxo0 q w'copmotc,, or oxotor eilav ouvei-Er1o1 tou x6oo 66oxo).o elval va petarpiner.c, norcqtx&' Ee8op6va oe r'o-

oorutg naparqpipelgl15. Aut6 6ptlg Eev ep.n6Dtoe cov Fogel \d. xd.ad.-)tafier. ptr.d enl1op11odp.ev1 6Dpa oro flavez*orip.to rov Xapiapvc xd'L vd

x&.per. 'co Bpaleio Nopn6). p"a\i p.e tov Douglass North to 1994. H

wropr.xil enlordprl nov axtpgmte o Fogel ilrav oro pua).6 rov x&,rt6,.acpoperm6 an6 rq un6).olneg xotvorvrx6g enwtilteq enelErj dxpt6ac,ywri elaxo).ou0o6oe va orqpt\erd,L qe VLa popgi L61ou, azratr),a1pt6vouoe p.e1&).o 6a0p.6 an6 reyvm\ opo).o1ia, xar enopivia,q xaravo'r1rot o'

l12. Kapl MapE, <<Eroa1o1f1> oro KegdAato, r67.oc, I.ll3. Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective,

Kaip.nprt(, Maoo. 1962.114. Robert Fogel xal Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross,2 r6p,or,, N6a Y6pxr1

t97 4.115. B).. Herbert Gutman, Slavery and the Numbers Game: A Crilique of Time on

The Cross, Urbana 1975.

6va popgtop.6vo avalvo-rorrx6 xotv' fte .cov Fogelau.c6 ipdu aoup.6t6a-

ono'lr, t1v a).10tv! enlo'u{pr.1' ot toroprxot hrpene va eivan,6ntoq 6}ot ot

err,o',ti11toveg, 'ceyvtx&, xa.rap'ctop.€vot elElxoi xd; \td. erclxotvtovo6v Fre rouq

lffrri'ento"i1l.oveq oe pta cunonotlp,tivl errocY)Fr.ovr.xi1.p'dnoal16' AN\&

xat o Fogel, nap&. r1v enlpov{ .rou o.rov av.ilxerp.evrx6, alr"o}toym&. ov-

E6"rpo Tapax'uipa 'c'\c, rl'co1rxlc en'ori''gryq Eexrvo[oe (6noq xat o Pav-

xe. Trou xr d.v,coc, covr(e t1v ap,epo).11Qta rov xdl an\ d,vrrxetpevrx61',y.lrf.,

rov aq wrop,.xov) dn6 napa}oy€c, x&oe &),),o napa altax&, ou66.uepeq.

Irlv nepinr(,)ol 'Eou Fogel, 'r1 'cu6r'.oi1 tou pe VLd' qv^(xexplpr'6v1 olxo-

,o1rio, npooavato).lopr.6v1 ornv av&.n:uu[1 xar or]lv xa.iav&].rrlo1, Dev 'uov

a.qrpe va Eel toug xlv5ivouq rou evur{p1av o' dvr\ t1v otxovopria'

AMEPIKANIKD q4I449IEIt KoINoNIKHt I>roPIA>

tt6. BI. Robert Fogel xar Geoffrey Elton,Which Road to The Past? Two Views

of History, N6a Y6px1 1983.

Georg G. IggersNEOEAH / DTOPIA

Ixdoplx 'Iyxepc: H oroptoypagia ocov etxott6 aubva

TneJ0uvog oepriq: Avrdrvlq Ar&xoqEzupdtreca oepaa: 'Epq la\i1

Tit),og npoto.r6zrou: Georg G. Iggers: Historiography in the Twentieth cenlury

11 dx8oo1: A0'{va 1999

4-4 dxloo"4 (etrav ex;{tir<,to4) : A 0"{va 2006

@ I'Lcr r1v ei)qvLx{ 1ir'rooa,'lixS6cerq NI|Qli,\11'AoxirpcloD 6, 'A0{va 106 80,

:1i. : 210 36O77M - fax: 210 :t623O93

e-mail: [email protected] . www.nnet.gl'

Env €Trto.cTlltovmnd,v,cmeqrcvm6'rrrra,

HTO

Ar6

N EIKO>TO AIANAI>TOPIOTPAOIA

orqv ry6x7r7or1 rou perdpov.cepvwpo'

METAOPAXH: IIAPA)KEIAI MATAAAT

rir(aolErIJ{r€E:\ Hi\G) tlNr\ 2006

IIH ME)H OA)H: H

TON KOINOI\IKO]\TIPOKAH>HEIII>THMON

KEOAAAIO 5

faD.ia: Ta Annales

H IAAAIKH IXTOPIKH XXOAH cov Annales, Trou ouTxpoc{01xey6pa an6 ro neploDlx6 Annales, xar|Tet pla plova8m{ 06o1 o.ulv ro.ro-ptoygagid rov erxoctoi arcva. Or, ovy lpacpetc, nov av{xouv o' aur$1v,an6 rq p.ta ouppepi(ovrar rrlv niorl torv ri).).o-rv xor,vovr,xo-eTrro.rlpovr-nip xdre60uvolq o.roplxdrv orq ?rpoq rrl 6uvar6r1.ua eEro.urlp.ovrxdrv npo-oelyioeov o'crlv r.oropia, an6 rnv &).).1 dpoq, iaow ertyrn'ror1 ro.lv opir,rv'u6rotrov npooeryioeorv. M6oa orlv n).6ov corv o.1E6v,ua ercirv rcopeia rouq,rd Annales riDa€av 6a0fi, rr,q avtl),itfelq TLd. ao n eiyat wropta xd.L .co

notoq, eivar aut6g nou t1 qrwyvet. flgool,gepav p.ra avcilr1{iri rou loro-prxo6 2qr6vou no).6 Eragopecrxt'; a;n' avriy nou etyav ot xepwo6repor"to,cog,.xoi rov Eixarov ivarov xa,t ,Eov etxoorot ar,tiva. X.qv npaypac-x5n1ra,6).or or to.coptxot, an6 rov Pavxe prdpl rov MapE xar. rov 86-uruep, xa,t p61pl .uouq Ap.epmavo0q, xor,vcDvr,xoig ro.uoptxo6q, ri6).enav t1vtoroph oa.v ll;td, xtvqo"r1p.toa o' 6va plovo8rril.cd,Eo yt6vo, an6 ro nape).-06v npoq to p.6).).ov. Or loroplxoi .cl..i'v Annalesrpononoiloav g.lmd avrilt1v avtil.1tf1, rovi(ovraq art ogeflyt6:;r.lra xat rd. noD.an).& orgd4taratou Xp6vou.

Ol tocoprxoi .uou x6x).ou .ucov Annales en6pelvav rcc,rq 6ev ouvroro6v<q(oli>>, av No;t notr).6q gop6q roug yapaxriptodv tror, aD.ri 6va nve6-1ta avorAr| oe v6eg p,e066ouq xd.L T,po6eT.\(ioerq roroprx{c dpeuvaql17. 2ep.e1ri).o 6a0'p.6 61ouv Eixr,o. Ta Elpoore6,pdr&, rovc, avaxtro0v no).6 dlago-p.e'cx&. evEug6povca x& irpocl e1.(foerq. Aev Elat6nooav xa1t r.&. pryil 0eorpfa11 gilooogia rzlc oropiag ot.4v ngayparx6.cryEd, \ 6peuva xpoe|ae n&.yrore

. ll7. fra t1v toropla ,lov Annales,6)'. Peter Burke, The French Historical Revo-tution,The Annales School 1929-89, Stanfbrd 1990'eniolqTroian Stoianovich, FrenchHistorical Method: The Annales Paradism,Ithaca 1976.

.4[,"

74 H DTOPIOTPAOIA 'TON

EIKO'TO AIONA

rlq 0eoplrr,xil< oxttltrlc. flap' 6),a a;vr&., pioa ora wrogxa tovc, xet-preva Eugaivov.ual 0errrprl nxtc, ngoino06oelq.

llap6lr apvo6vrcr nt'rg anore).o6v o1o).{, .caAnnales, ax6 ro #},oqrou B' flayxoolti.ou flo).6p.ou xar" p.era Er60etav 1tw oralegfi 0eopux{6&.o7. Kar,, nap' 6).eq rr,q pt\rx6,g p.e.ca6o\tq or1 Or&pxerd, ,cou 1p6vou,untiplouv x&,x,orcc, ouv6leteq ot1 y).drood. rcov Xpr1orporcoroiv xar otrq6vvoreg nou ulo0ero0v or onoieg Eexrvo0v {81 an6 ra npdtra 6r.6\ia. rl.i.vr,Epurrilv ,rouq,, rou Auol6v Qe6p xdc tou Mapx Mnlo1l18. Or p.e0oEo-),o1rx6q ov(rlripetg nou 6le[{10yoav y.era to 1900 p,6oa an' 'uo re-pro8rx6 .uou Avp0 Mrcep, ro Revue de synthdse historique, xd; -'rcq. aGono'teq pil.{oape xdpaxavo, anore}.o6v V,tgoc, r1c xpo'tooropi,aq 'ut,lvAnnales. To 6t6)tto rou Auol6v Qe6p yw t1 France-Comt6, nou enbrlqavacptp}1xe, orlp,a.uoEoret ro rctgaopa o' tva v6o eiEoq wrog.xilg ent-or{p1c. Or ovr6rrlreq nov p.6.ypt ra,ga txar.lav 6ya olp.avnm6 p6}.o -,co xg&.rog, a\}r&, xar. rl omovop.ta, 1 Op1oxela, r; vo1.lo0eo(a, 11).o1ote-yvia xar, ot rtyveq - 1&vouv ,rrlv au.rovop.ia rovq \w, \a evta10o6v oepr.ta xou).to6pd, nou ra ayxaN.a\et 6\a. H xou).toipa Eev voeiral n).dovroq o rpovo'p.wx6q nveup,artx6q xal aloOr1 rx6c, y6poq VLd,c, e).it, atr).&ug o rp6noq pe rov onoio to o6vo).o tou n}l0uoplo0 (el xa;r, 6rl.i'ver, 14\afi rou.

O Auodv Qe6p, xar. rDtairepa o Mapx Mr),o1, nou ono6Eaqqv o,crtAerrf.,fa xd"L o,co Bepo).ivo avap.eoa ord €r71908 xar 1909, napaxo)ro6-01oav an6 xoyr&. q Eou).er& zrou ylv6tav o.ulv xor,vovtxilxat, otxovo,ptxilr,o'copta oq lepp.avia. Av&g.eod, olo 66)tto rou Qe6p .fw ,E\ France-Comt6 xa:to.cnv npolevdorepl or,xovop.rx{ wrop,a e€ xoilli8aq rou Mo(d}.aro Meoaitova 'rou |tapnpeT.u igioxovlte dva)royiec,, d\ xd; nlOavdlq va1.r,1v unriplet &.p.eor1enfEpao1. Evdr 1 otxovolttxil xaL xoLva\txi1 wroptaoq leppavia dElve ro 6&,poc, oe Erorxltlx€q xar.0eoptx6.q rcleup6g, t6ooo ltap"npeAr 6oo xan o Qe6p evElagdpovr dt .(td. roug ocevo6q Eeopoiqavapeoa o.rrq orxovop,m€q xat no)*rrxtg 6op6q xal ora povrd).a oxtQrl<xd,r olr,rpxeprgopaq oe pta ouyxexplp6vrl 1eotlpagmf1, no).lrlopm{ ?repro-X\. .Ta evEr.agripovtd. .cou QeGp anlyodv pua narEeia &agoperixil an'au'ci1v rcou etyav ot neprco6reoor fepg.avot wroprxo(. Xtl feppav(a', ax6rcvq l4l xar6aovg zraverio.rrlpr.wxtLv e8p6v lo.uop[ag orrp nepioEo avri-

ll8. Iu rov Mn),oX, 6),.. rn itoygag(a rou dr6.cov Carol Fink, Marc Bloch,Kaipnprr( 1989' xal 'rlv Trro np6ogarn, Ulrich Raulff, Ein Historiker im 20. lahr-hundert: Marc Bloch, Frankfurt am Main 1995.

TMAIA: TA ANN, IES

oe6cr o'cd. 6t1 1850 xar 1900, or 87 eilav onou8d,oer gr).o).o1ia orq

br6"rp1 eritx6r*a, xo; a;r,6 avrotg or,72 etAav er6rxeurei oclv x1aolx{

ortrotrolia' or' 23 eilav onouE&oer 0eolo1[a i1 ?'Aoooqi'a' 10 p'6vov orxo-

vovtx&., xar. 12 yec1pagta. Xt1 laD.la , an'ctlera, 11 leorlpagia 6.ruoae-

tro$oe avan 6onaoro p.6poq .EIq agrdgation, 'can ele'u&.oeov nou {'uav

arnapatrryreq \Ld. \d, x&.ver. xavetg axaElpaixil x'apr'i,pa1r9' Entn)'6ov, 1yeaypagid, €ror. 6nra,q ep.gavioluyxe or1 fatr).ia cDq 7!averi'or7g.ax6q

,I&Eoc o.ua 16).1 rou E6xarou 6varou andtva urc6 trlv xa0o6!y4or1 .uou

paul Vidal de la Blache, o onolog ipav 6a0&, enrlpeaopr6voc, an6 .uov Carl

Ritter xar r'tl TePp.avtx{ 1eallpagrxil nap&6oo7, etye xa'. ivav wropr;6

xar zrotrrrropr.rx6 npooavdro).opr.6. H g4ographie humaine cou vidal de la

Blache, 11 onoia dntcpevye 'co Tei.i' rcdqx6 vrerepp,tvtol.l6 cou o611povo6

rou o.El f epp.avia Friedrich Ratzel, enlp6aoe 6a0t& 6\ t1v nap&Eoo1

Annales, dn6 'cov QeBp xat xt'ga. Exn6c' afi' 'Ert yca.ypdgi.a vnilpTe xat

4 xorvovro).oytx\ npoo6'yyto7 'uou Ntupx6p, 6n<o€ t1v e[1e eppr'r1ve6oet

"fw rouq .r'coptxovc, rti.v Annales 6vaq paO1tric rou, o otxovopro).61oq

Qgavoov&. )rpr,iv. O Ntupx6pr, ax6 rr1 prr,a, {0e}.e vd Wrar3ttleru1vxorvrr.rvrololia oe letxi1 enlotipr.l, T?d"ffa

'tov "{td. tov Xtp.uiv o{p'atve

qgpry1patqtanlxo'v Eutundtoeovl2o. A116 qv riM1, p'rov Ncupx6p,

1 ouveiElol, vooUprevl og outrtro1lx{ ouvei8lol, anote}.o6oe ro xevrPt-

x6 av'ctxetp,evo 'ulq entoc{p1c t1€ xolvtoviaq, xal or, xav6veq oupreprgo-

p&,q, rd €lqta xar,7 lpryoxeta anore\oloav olg.avtmdc' owwrthoeq a\q.

H uroOdt1o1 aucdrv calv EpooeY"yioeotv avax),&. toug otevo6g Eeop.o0g

nou eilav ouvag0ei orrl 1a).1m\ wrog'oygagia p.e'cal6 Teaypaqiac, ot-

xovoptag xal av0pono).o'yiaq, oe avt(0eo1 p.e 'ulv tpgaotl nou 6Elve 1

leppavrx'fi xdpd6oo7, ouprepr).apr6avop.6vou xa,t lov Ma[ B6p'neP, oro

xp&roq, ot1 Eloixlo'rl xd.t o'ur1 Elxaroo0vl. fiverat trot xaravorl'uf r1p.e1ritr1 oq1taota nou anoEi8ouv o Oe6p xat o Mn).oX orLc, avcilvupegEop6q, xaOrirq xo:L o'ctc, ou"fxlvrpwxi.c, xar" 6r.ialp.dlu,.xt'q n).eup6q nov 6pi.-oxovrd,t ptoa ortq ou).).o1txdq voorponteg ot onoteg xd,t ouvtoroUv rocvttxeipevo .c\q wroptxrlc av0pono).oy[aq.

Or nveupatrxi4 6,&oetc, r,uv Annaleseilav 'celei. at'6 tovq Qe6p xa''

119. BI. Lutz Raphael, <<Historikerkontroversen im Spannungsfeld zwischenBerufshabitus, FZicherkonkurrenz und sozialen Deutungsmustern, Lamprecht-Sffeit undfranzlisischer Methodenstreit der Jahrhundertwende in verleichender Perspective>>, Histo-rische zeitschrift 251 (1990), o. 352.

120. Frangois Simiand, <<M6thode historique et sciences sociales>>, Revue desynth^se Historique 6 (1903), o. l-22.

s'

TI I'TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

Mr).o1 notr6 nprv tdpioouv to neproErx6. Td 6$)'td rov Qe6p, (Dt\mnoq,

B' xat rlFrance-Compt| (l9ll), xq.,. tou Mapx Mnlo1, Ot 1auptaroup-yo( 6aol,rd6es Q924)r21, rnu avagtpe.car. or4 p.ayrxil gepaneia qc

lopriEt.rorlc ax6 'covc,l&).).ouq xar Ayy).ouq 6aol).1&Eeq rou Meoaiorva,xux).og6p1ocrv Trprv an6 r'r1v i8puol tou neprodrx o6 ro 1929 , ro i6to xanro 66)rto nov Qe6p,'Eva nenpap.lvo: Maprivoq Ao604poqr22. Lwrypa-qo\r.cd.c, ev p.6pel tov cirtro rouVierteljahrshrffifilrSozial-undWirtschafts-geschichte, rov apyar,6repov xa,t no)'[ oe6doro6 ax6p,a oro ytbgo avr6neproErxo6, ro v6o :replo6tx6 ovop,aornxe apytx&. Annales d' histoiredconomique et sociale' eE aprtc, 6p.aq avronpooEropiorlxe no).6 Er,ago-ge.cma dx6 .co Vierteljahrschriftlzt. Mer&. ro 1946 o .uir).og &D.a(e oeAnnales.Economies.soci4tds.Civilizationr, Trcr va Eo0ei p.e1a).6tep1 6p.-qd.q'rt q,co 8tenlotlg,ovtx6 rou yagaxripa,. f ta roug toroptxo'3q 'crui.v Anna-les, rl wropia xa'cetye xevrpr.x6 p6).o p.eta(6 'tcdv erro'urlp.drv nou &o:l,(o-).o6v'car Fe .uov &vgporno, aD.ri p.e Elagoperlx6 rp6no ax' 63r" o x)raor.x6gwroptxtop6q. Evdr o wropr.xtop.6q etye avayayet ro xpa.coq o' 6va Oepr.e-).cx6 0eop.6 ocov onoio vxayorrat 6).eq ol &D.eq n),eupic, rnc xolvorviaqxarc\q xoutr'uo6pag, oL Loaoptnoi,cuiv Annales, xara.ppodv ,rouq Eulcl-propo6q p"e'cal6 rtov napaEoowxtitv en6.rlp.ovi,xrirv x).riEov, ̂ (td, ,rd. ,touc,

evr&[ouv o,ctq <<ercw,cr]p.eq tou avOpcbnou>> (sciences de l' homme). Ontrr10uvrlx6q Xplorp.oTrol{O1xe ox6x,.yta .fLd. \d. unolpapp.ioerrov n}.ou-pa).top6 rtov enro,rrlpr.dlv. Ta Annales, oe av.ui0eorl 16oo p,e ilc, &rcooila-oltd'cm€c, Er,axr1p0[erq ,cov P&vxe 6oo xar p.e rrq ovo.upd.,Etx6q Elaxr]p6-(erq rou Nrp6u(eyt2a, Eev Erarini.r,oav xap"l& Oetlpfa Tra rrlv lorop[a i1'urlv to'ropr,oTpagia, o6te ax6pa xal o.co 66),i.o AnoAoyia ym .nyv loro-

l2l. Marc Bloch, Les Rois thaurnaturges,Ildp'wr, 1924.ord d1y'),txd: The RoyalTouch, ltov}tyo 1973.

122. Lucien Feb_vre, Martin Luther: A Destiny, AovEivo l%O. lun destin: M.Luther, Ilapiot 19281.

t 23 . )' 6vd 1g&4y,a rou orov O),).avE6 wroptx6 Johan Huizing a or4 2 Oxntiligtoutou 1933, o Auor6v @e6p e(ry;,o$oe 6.* .ca Annales n{pav t1 0dor; tou Vierteljahr-schrift, r,ov e[7e yivet 6va o1e66v ar,ox)re,.ortxa. legg,avrx6 neproEr,x6 p.e ptra no].6 Ela-gopetrx{ ngoot1pulwy r1c xorvtovrx{q wropiaq ar.6 avri rl.i'v Annales. B}.. Johan Hu-izinga, Briefwisseling, .c6p.oq 2os, Ourp61.u1 1990, o. 484.

124. To nto npfuqaro 66'),io yw,rov Nrp6u(ev ora all\rx&, eivar tou RobertSouthard, Droysen and the Prussian School of History,Lexington, Kentucky 19g5, toozrolo, 6p"t'rq, aoyo),etrat xuplog pr.e r4v rro),rtrxi 6worao'r1 t1q ox6{1c rou Ntp6u(ev.H rotoprxri tou 0etopia avanq6ooe,ca;, xd),i.nepa oto Jrirn P.id.sen, Begrffine Geschichte:Genesis und Begrilndung der Geschichtstheorie J. G. Droysens, Paderborn 1969.

rMAIA: TA ANNAIES

phr2u, rcov rEec,Leuet. rzq onp.euboec EoD Mzlol a;rc? 'Eg ptraxo to 1939.

2,c6aoc, rtov Annales {tav, 6niu,c, el"qyo6oav ot Qe6g xa;,. Mn}.o1 ota

ewayiu.lm&.'rou npd)'uou reixouq tou neproDlxo6, va Elptlouplfoouv 6va

q6pou,p. 1la 6l,igope q xanev06voeLc, xd; vdeg npooeyyioer"ql2i.'

O0ce c.;x6p"d p"zropet va 6pe0et ora Annales x&.notoq xon6c, zo).ltl-

x6c, xdpavopaorlc. flap6cl oL ov\ep p"ceq rou neploEtxo6 fltav o'u1v

n)raov6r7r&. roug Elpox pareq xat f rilJ.ot nal"gub'ceg, {'uav no).6 ).116-

repo rEeotr61or, ax6 mlv rctrerov6r't)rct,'tt,lv feppr.avdlv waoPtx(tv, ot oxotot

0etrpo6oav uc, 6doui1).eltouplfa 'cnc e';lorn p'ovtx{q couq Epaocripld-,c't1ra,g .ur1v uneptioTri,o1 rt,rv e0vlxtiv ot61ov xal 'rt,-tv zrotrlttxcbv xat

xorvrovlxti.tv 0eopdlv 'c"\q d.v'tox1drtoPlxi)c, lepp.avlaq. Eival toot6oo o1-

pdvrm6 \d. xa'Ed)\a6oup.e rlv no).ltlx{ epr'n}.ox{ torv lEputtirv 'cui\ An-

nales, xd; vd Oup.10o6g.e 6rr. o Mapx Mzr).o1 ipav e6gaixrlc xarayu-

Thc,, xar, 6u, uc, d\aload.6Ld.x6c, iaoavtqrT;xe xd; Eo).ogov!0r1xe an6

rouq Eppavo6g 'uo 1944.'Ooo yw co p6).o 'cav Annalesoq 1a).).rxriaxaEqp.atxil oxiyrl, ot Qe6p xar Mn).oX, rPrv xtr10o6v oro flagi"ot ro1933 xar ro 1936, av'ctororyat27, 6ptoxov'caL\ oao flavezrtot{p.to rouZrpaoiotpyov xd.t dn6 xet Ere[{1av aTl arcrrcdp&fieo\ 'uouq p.e rovSeignobos xd;'tovg napaloor.axo0q xa0111rtg nofusmip wropldq rrlcXop66vr1c. Apy6'uepa na npayp.ara ri).).aEav. Av ot1 }exaeria tou 1930o Qe6p xol .cd Annales eiydv 1tr.a xdnc,q nepr,0oplax{ 06o4, p.er&, 'covn6).ep.o 61rvav o.t1v ovol.a xareo'c7p.tvo, napritr).r1).4 p.e 'u1v avrintulltou ev8rag6pov.Eoq Tta .urlv rco).rclo1;.lx{ xcrt xotvovtxil rsropld xdt rn\)xprtrx{ enavexdp.To1 .Etrrv qr&,oetil arc, orcotec, xar1yopoloe o Mrc}.o1o'c1v Ilap&(ev4'H.c.cat28 6.il eiyav orp<hoer ro Ep6po oarp xarcdoapo-g{ cou 1940.

To 1946 rd. Annales antxr1oav p.la toxupi 0eoprmf 6aon oro veo-Elp.roupy4p€vo 'Exro Tpip" r1c Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. HEcoleeile rDpu0ei, 6ntog eiEag.e, ro 1868 t'-rq epeuvrl.urx6 xtvrpo o6p.gt'-r-vd' p.e ro Tepp.d,vrx6 p.ovc6).o. Aev eile .ca xa\o\rx&. p.a0{para, a}.}.ri

125. Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft, Nta Y6pxr1 1953. O 1altrrx6q rittroqeivat Apologie pour I'histoire: Le mdtier de I' historien, Ilapior, 1949, xar, xux),og6pr1-oe p'etri 0d,va,rov rov ovyygagta lrAroAoyia Tw cnv loropia- To ettd:d.p,a aou toto'ptxo6, A}iyd 1994].

126. <'A nos lecteurs>>. Annales d'histoire 1conomique et sociale I (1929), o. l-2.127 . O Oe6p oto Coll6ge de France xar o Mzr).o1 orn 2og66vq toq 0rd,EoXoq tou

Henri Hauser ot1 6Epa t1c xorv<,.rvlxiq xar orxovoFtx1c r:topfug.128. L' Etrange Ddfaite, flapi.or. 1957.

t$*

78 H I'TOPIOIPAOIA 'TON

EIKO>TO AIONA

ilrav dnox)rer,ortxh aglepolp.6vl o.u1v 6peuva xat o,c\\ xar&.ptwn egev-v1.utirv. )ro T6'uapto Tp,i11.la, 'r<ov r,oropr,x<iv onouEdrv, livov'rav oep.wd-pLd. o.co np6runo rov P&vxe. To'Exro Tpipo, rcou avaEtoplavci0rlxe to

1972 a,c, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), ago-

olcir0lxe o'urlv evoopa'caon rt'rv to'toptxtiv xan xolvt'.tvl:<tiv enlotlpr.dlv

p.€oa oe pra ouvo).mfi <<exw:np'4 'rou av0pdrnou>> (science de l'homme).

11 onoid Eev 0a nept).&pr6ave p6vo ttg napa6oor.ax6g xol,vorvtxtq enwdl-

Feq,, Trou 16oo orpdvrxtq vnipEav xar&, triv npocl zuepioEo rr.iv Anna-

/es (orxovopr.ia, xolvt-,-rvlo\oyia xar. av0pono).o1ia), alJra. xd; En flt.rooo-).o1[a, cr1 olp.ero].oyid, 'c4 e:rtot{6req 't"nq }oTo'reyvlag xat qc c61vr1cxa06c, xd.L rqt {.,u1avritruo1. X&pl c'c\ XPry-a'uo86'u1o1 nou dnapvean6 to E0vrx6 'IDpupr,a Epeuv6v t1c fa}}.fas (CNRS) xan an6 d.Vep'rxd.-vrxri r,Ep0para, xari.cpepe va aoxiloet repaona enppo{ orlv 6peuva orrllaD.ia.

Aur{ 1 0eop.onoi1o1 elye avrl',garxh anore}rtoqtd,. Evioluoe 11 Erc-notr;povx{ tpeuva }rd,t ,cd. vta avor.yp.a,ca, x&t en6tpe{e t1v opa8lx{Eou).erri 1.tiod an6 ?o ouv.uovtop6 El,ag6pov ngoypap.phrorv 6nou Xplorpo-noro6vrav 6).o xar r,epwo6rego ot v6eq telvo).o1ieg enelepyaotaq 6eEop6-vrrrv. 'Ero! ,u,q }exaerieq rou '60 xdt aov '70, ep,gavftovrat an6 a\ plaor prel&).eg ouv06oelq tov Oepv&v Mnpovr6)., Pierre Goubert, Zax /\efxog, Zop( Nrupn6, Ep.avu6), Ae Poud Aavrupi xar Robert Mandrou,evdr unriplow, an6 r1v riD.1, no).6 e[erErxeupr.6va ap0ga,1papr.p.6va apxe-ta an' avr&. oe pla f.tirooa axarav6ynrl o.Eouq pI Fr.u1p6vouq.

Ilapd. rn, p.eli).1 no .xr.\i.a pre0oEo),o1x tbv xalr, evvoro).oylxtirv Epo-oellioeorv ora o166vra xat r)ydov 1p6vla rcou 61ouv negaoer. an6 rqv6xEoo1 tou 6r6).iou'uou (De6p ̂fLd,,c\r Franche-Compt6.uo l9ll,.catpya rlov oropr,xdrv ruy Annales 61ouv xo}}.ri xowa p,eral6 rouq. flava 'co Eefio, 0a pfiol pu oriv.uo1.r.1 p,arw oe p,eglxa oqp.avrma €pya r,ovxux).og6pr1oav dv&y"eoa oro 79ll xar, orrl}exaer|a rou 1980: Qe6p, O(D(\mroq B' xat 4 France-Comptd (1911)' Mn).o1, H geou\aAmfixonavia (1939-1940)12e' Oe6p, 0 Pap.neAa( i ro ng66A4pa r4eil)en!4e ilp4oxeurmfiq nion1€ co 16o aubva0942)130' (Depv&v Mnpor-vt6)., 11 Meo6yetoq xdl o p€ooTemxhq x6oy.oq rnv enoTi rou QtAin-

nou B'(1949)t3r' Epcwu6). Ae Pou& Aavtupt, Ot Tapmol rouLanguedoc'(1966)r32 xat Montaillou (1975)133' xa;, 16).o9, @epv&v Mnporvt6).,YAu6s roAtrop.6g, otxovoy.{a xat xarcrraAoy'6q: XVe-X.VllIe arcitvaq,(1979-1987)ttt *o, 11 Taur6r4,cd, aqq latrA{as 11936)t:lr.

K&ver evt6nc'ro'yl Trt,rq oe xdy€ya an' aurd" ra tpya Eev uzctiplet xri-Ttoroc, xe\r'cilx6q 0eop6q nou va lprlolpe6el ag a.Eovaq \La VJa a,qrynorlotry onoi.a or, npa,letq rarv npooclxrov vd na[\ow 6vav anoqaowrtx6p6).o. Aut6 Eev n&er va rEe! 'r,aq ayvoetrar o p6).oq 1116 notrlrlx{c. Xtlveli.caorl an6 rov Mn).o1 r1c aeouEa).rx{c xor,vcoviaq 1 no}.r,utx\ natler.€vav ouqworrxd p61,o, a).).& p.e 6wgope.cm6 rp6xo a.n' 6,rt o,urq Tepp.a-vm6g p.e).6teq. Ev6 av."6.g eou&(ouv t1v ngoooAil ,covc, oalg :Lvntxtq6rl,,elq rou geouEa).1o1.to6, orouq ro).ttr,xo6g, exx)\oworlxo6g xar vo1.r.r-ro6q 0eop.o6g, o Mn).oy ngooeyyi.\el ro geouEa).up.6 av0porno),oyu&.,oav tva o6pn).e1pa azrp6ooxtov 0eop.tirv. Xplotponouir rov 6po <<o6-pn).e^ppa> ox6nqLd,,^(rd.vd. anogl1"l vcr 7rt,r <<o6or1pa>>, ).6(1 nou onavw

Xplorp.oTcorEinu. ar6 aovc, tl,coplxotg rta,v Annales. Av,c6 6t6atd. rcov.uov(ouv etvat ot Eop.6q. Ta |rop,a, zrou o'rlv $T opLo"rcq.qia rov E6xa'uoutvanov il(ivd eilav dvav xevrptx6 p6)ro, otcavta, i1 xaz noc6, Eev avaqt-po\r,d.L, o' avra ra ip ya. 2'c11 Qeou&afuxfi xonavb rou Mzr).o1, 1anap&Eer1pr.a, ot 6ao0*aEeg ozrrivn x&,vouv .rlv epgd,vtoil rovg, xat p.6vooro neprOdrpro. X'uo 66\to rou Mnporvr6l 1a cr; Meo6lero,ldxoori\-vov.rat o.uo [elorplo'c6 xo,g.p.au nov acpopa otr;v no].r'utxi1 wropi"a "cycneg,.oA$1c, xd,L .co onoio no).6 p.txp{ opyavu\ oy€oy €yer. p.e'ua 66o rpol-

Toipeva p.dpr1 nou aolo).oiwar pe ro o1eE6v aXgovm6yei.i'ypagm6 ntraioro

131. Fernard Braudel, La Mdditerrande et le monde mdditerranden d I' ipoque dePhillippe II, fIapior,, 1949, 2r1 oupnllporpr6vl 6xEoo1, 2 dp.ot, Ilapior 1966 otaarya),ma: The Mediterranean and the MeditercaneanWorld in the Age of Philip II.2t6p,ot, N6a Y6pxq 1972-74 fH Meo6yeroq xd,t o p.eooye-tax6E x6oy.oq t7v enolfi 'rouQtTlnnou B' c4e lonavta6, 3 c6p.or, A0rjva 199 l-t998.j

132. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Peasants of Laiguedoc, Urbana 1974. lfesPaysans du Languedoc, tlapior 1966.]

133. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou, Nda Y6px1 1978 fUontaillou, villageoccitane, flapior 1975.]

134. Femard Braudel, Civilisation matdrielle, 4conomie, capitalisme: XVe-XVIIIesiicle, S llrlto. flagiot 1979-87' ora all),rx&; Civilisation and Capitalism, 3 r6p.or,Nda Y6pxri 1992 LYfux6s noAnop.6q, otxovop.(a xat xatuca)o1.t6q:XVe-XVIIIe arcivaq,A0dva 1995.1

135. Fernard Braudel, The ldentity of France,2 t6p.or,, N6a Y6px1 1988-90. [l, '

idenrit i de la France.I lapior 1986.1

I'AAAIA: r'A A.ryAAL.&S

129. Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, AovEivo_1961 . lLa Socidtd f6odale, flagiot1939-40 H geou\afuxfi xowavia, A0riva 1g87.]

130. Lucien Febvre, The Problem of tJnbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Re-Iigion of Rabelais.Kaigmpn(.-Maoo. 1983. [naneUis et le probldme de I'incroyanceau XVIe siicle, Ildgiot 1942.1

H IXTOPIO|PA@IA ITON EIKO>TO AIONA

rns Tlepn6hq r1q Meoo\Fiov xeL p.e 'rrq ap16q atr).a16g rolv otxovol.r.txtilvxdr xotv(ovr,x|U|,v ff1C Eopdlv. Ta &,aop.a xd,vouv xat n&.)r'ur1v epgivrodaovc, 6ao aqerm6 1arpl6 tolv apldrv tou 66xa.rou r6'caprou atd:va, 'coMontaillou, nov yiveratT eoria p'r,aq ert0pop.{c otlv wropxtl av0pono-

)royi.d, 6nov tva o6vo).o aqrlipeti'v qrrJ.yver rd noprptra avEptilv xar

luvarxrbv 6u0topr.6vorv,p.io a o e p.ta nav&.pAar"a' \aixi1 xou).to0pa.

Onorg etna, ot wrogr.xoi r.r'v Annales 6gepav pw ''tta av'uil.r1t1,,1 touwrop,.xo61p6vou. Me}6rec 6nac, O Qffu,nroe o B' xat 4 France-Comptd

xat To np66A4pa r4e lAAer!4q 1p1oxeurtxfiq nior4e xar& rov 16oarcitva: H ilp4oxeb cou Pap.rceAai rov Qe6p, H geoutaAmll xotvov[arou Mrlo1, ro 6t6)i.o cou Mnpovt6). 1ta 'u1 Meo61er,o xat 'Eo Montail-lou rov Ep,avu6). Ae Pou& Aavtupi, aoToltoiw'car, neptoo6repo p.e rylve\€raorl pr.lag xoutr'uolpoq i p"aq enoyilc anooxaop.tvryc an6 ro pou .rlq

'gropi.ag, napa p.e rryt rld.Pexo).o601o1 pr.lag ElaElxao(ag a).).a1drv av&rovg aubvec,. Ol oroplxoi, nov avaE6pap.e eyxa'ci-);rltav oe pe1&).o 6a0-p6 t1v onrrrc'i1 'cnc, ̂rcaryLxi1c, tolo1tqr, nou xaaev0,ive'cd,L rc?o< iva o161;;o,11 onoia yapdxrilgt\e .uo pela).6tepo g.6poq ,cTtc, Lo'coprxilc, oxd.q\c, a;r,6trlv nepioEo rrp ono(.a o Reinhart Koselleck aapax,cypi\er t'lq 'rl pera-6aor1 (grcdEt 1750 xal 1850, neptnov) an6 rrp Trpoveo'reprx\ eno6i1o.ul veto.ceplx{130. O Mro6}. Qoux<,r Oeo4ei r1v l86a rnc, VLd,c, r.oropiaqtoq enrv61pd. 'cnq veorrepxil€ er,o$19, 11 onoid {E1 61er .ue}.er6oer. 0rnepwo6regor. wrogxoi .c.rv Annales 0a oupgr'-rvo(toav p.a\i. rou. Xt1 0do1rou ev6g povadmod wrogtxo[ 1p6vou, 6].6nouv rq owtnapEl rotrtran).cbv

1p6vorv, 611 p.6vo ocouq Euigopoug no).lrlopoig, atr).& xat p.6oa oro,tx&0e €vdv no).rtop6. H rE6a avrll avanrlooerat oaEioaepa oq Dop.rirou 6t6)rtov cou Mzcpc.rvrt). yw q Meo6yelo, 6xou Dlaxpivovrat x?eLqEugopettxoi ap6vor., xa06vac, an6 rouq onoloug 6yet ry Erx! cou raA6-'crycd; o o1eE6v or&or.1tog 1p6voc c1c Meooleiou orq, ̂,eru'\rcd.g:xo6 ldrpou(longue durde), o dpy6q 1p6voq nou aD,ri(ouv or xor.vt,rvtx€c, xat orxovo-

Fft6q Eog.6q (conjonctures), xar o fipaytc yp6voc, rt,-tv no).rtxrirv leyo-v6rorv (6vdnements). fl&u,o o' av,ci1 .cr1 6&on o Zax Ae fxog 6ypa, et1v x).aolx{ .uou p.e},6rr1 <0 1p6voq .uou epr6pov xal o 26p6voq t1cExx).r1oiaq ooo Nleoatava>)137

IMAIA: TA ANNAI,ES

Ma(i pe ryv eyxara),el{.,1 rou .ypd1.t1uxo[ yt6vov, €onaoe xil 1 IVrcL-oroo|vrl oalv rp6oEo, )1a1, Val'.i V' avrip, xar, 11 xtor1 o'u1v avorrep6-nTFd. t\c, Euclx{g xou}.rodpag. Aev uzr&p1eL r,Ld. Tl avri}.1tf1 p.wg ewdiaqro,coprxic, eE6fuEIc n&,vo.r otlv oxoia p.nope[ va laowret ya.a p.e.1&).1a.g\(\o\ rrlc r.oroptaq tou av0p6nov. Kan p,toa o' avrtc, nq v6eq ouv-0rjxeq I toropr;'ft a,giT\6n rptner, va 6per. vteq ti;opqtc, txgpaoq<. On<oqxd.L o.Eo 1.ru0o'u6pr1pa, 6rot xa;t or\\ toropta, elagav{erat 1 6r{11o11 p.ep.ta xev.rprx{ n}.ox! p.toa orrp or,oia ra a.no'p"a naipvouv t1 06o11 .uouq

orq e).e60epol Eprirvteq napayowec,. Kar. ,to dOvog, nov nape|ye .cqv at-o01o1 ryq ravr6rr1a,c, 6E nlo:*a rp,ipara.uou r).10uop.o6 xana ro6€xdro 6va,co ar"6va atr).ri xar not etxoor6, anovot&,\er ev no).).o[g an6av,c&, rd tpya. H Loaoplo'(pd.gia ri.i.y Annales eivar, p.e ).i1eg e[arp6oelq,el,ce ronmil efre unepe0vcxfi. Ot rceplg6pereg anoxroitv ovyva 1t"ta ogwptt-v1 ev6r1.ua, 6p p.6vo oro 6r6)tto tou Oe6p ̂ (d. a\ Franche-Compt6 aD.&xdt o' 6va n).{10oq p.e}.e.u'tiv rlq 8exae.rtag rov 1960 nou otlpi(ovtarn&.va oe Ezlpr,olpagrxri EeEoprdval38. To 66),to rou Mnpr,.rv.v€), yw t1Meo6lero aoao),ehar, p.e ro peooTewx6 x6opo oto orjvo].6 lcou, X?Lc'cw"-vtx6 xdt 1.r.ouoou).pr.avu6. 0t 6oy.iq cnq xa14p.epwtje furjq (1g67) roui8@u13e doyo\olwar pe u).m6q 6rf,,erq t1c (o{c -.rlv avd,6uo1 rovxdtu,cd),*ortxdv 0eog.rirv na,0@q xdt ll,e }cagogec, u).rx6g Vopgtc.rlq qoiqan6 rry vyeta ptygt. .u1 6l,a.upog{ xdl i\ p.6Ea - r1v nepioEo ,pera(t1500 xar 1800, eo,ct&lovrdg.rrlv Trpooo1{ tou otlv Eupdrnl, a}.}.rip6oa o' dva eup6repo ouyxrrtcLx6 n\ator.o nov ayxa),t&Ler. 6),o rov x6o1to.To reLeu.uato ipyo.uou Mnp<,-rv'l),, H ,caur6.c4ca r4e faA)fug (1987),enorp6,ger. otlv e0vr,xi1 toropia, atr).ri Eev op(et .u1 la).).ia an6 ro xd-prorv6 t1c xtvtpo, a),).& orq pla noD,an),6rr1ta neplgepeldrv or. onoiegErat{prloav p.6oa orovq ardrveq c.1v r8rairep{ couq

"av"6,rqra,. H tp.cpa-

orl xd,t nri).1 6ev Eiveral orr,g a).1a.16q aMA ory longuedur6e, ot1 0la-'c\Pnsrl,Wld.c, d^(po,ctx{c xou}.'uo6pac, xa,. vootponi.ag prtygr" xar. rov erxo-o10 d,tuvd.

Au'udq ol enlolgrlivoelg Eev nptxet va Elpr.roupl{oouv tr;v evr0ruorolnorg enf olE6vta :16t6lrla 7 onru\ rli.y Annales nag€p.ewe o.cd}epi1, rap6rt

.^^138 fL1. Pierre Coubert, Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de I6G0 d 1730, flagior,1960'Rend Baehrel, (Jne croissance: La Basse-provence rurale fin XVIe siicre-lTBg,Ilapior 1961' Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, peasants oJ Languedoc.

139. Fernard Braudel, Structures of Everyday Life, lrovtivo lg8l' napatr),d1i1 tovnPdr'rou t6p.ou tou civilisation matdrielle, 1conomie, capitalisme: xve-XVIIIe siicte,I lapior 1979.

EI

136. BI. Reinhard Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time,Kaip.nprt(, Maoo. 1985.

137. AvaElpoorcleran o,ro Jacques Le Goff, Time, Work, and Culture in the MiddteAges,);rxayo 1980 [Pour un autre Moyen Age: temps, travail et culture en Occident:18 essais. f lapior 19771.

H IXTOPIOTPAOIA ITON EIKO>TO AIONA

vlr,&.pgel 6i6ar"d pua ouv6leta av&p'eoa ooa nprb'ca tpya rov Qe6p xar'

tou Ma).o1 xd.t o aur&. rolv 6otep<'.lv Annales. Ta Annales an77o6v 14

orp.attrm6repeq p.ercrpopgtiroetg tr1c, toroptxilc, oxtQ"r$ xdra 'cn }wpxew

rov etxo6ao6 axiva, 6p.ag npootEcooav o' dvrtq to Em6 lr,vq lagaxril-pa. Aoxryoa.v olpav'ulxil eni8paol ory ypdgil luryc, wroplaq oe 6),ov tov

x6op.o, xr irot ouv66atrav, pe rI oetg&. tovq, ottg atr).u'1dq 'urlq roroPt-

xip onrtxilq. Mnopel xavetl iotoq va Etaxpiver riooepr4 dragope'utx6q

cpaoetq .clq, to'toptoypagiac 1,'i(i,v Annales, 7!ou avtwrotuotv,oe t6ooeplg

yev#,g roroplxti-rv an6 c4v enoTil tou npdupou 6p1ou tou Qe6p xar, p.era,

alJrll. np€nel va 61oupr.e xdt&' vow Trt'rq ot wroprxoi r^r1q x&'9e yevwq

atr).ri(ouv rr1v oxrr.xil toug, av&').o^p Ve rlq aD.a^16q tou nveupatlxo0

nepr6riD.ov.uoc, Vtc.d. oro onoio epya\ovrav. 'Etol troln6v to npdrtp'o 6p1o

rou iDe6p napovow\er. o1l.ot6'u1teg Fre 'Erq, ^ya).).lx6g xar TePFrcrvtx6g ax6-

:r,elpec, va ypagei. p.ra ev,a(a xotvtovtxfl xd.L olxo\oqtx'fi wrog[a plaq ou-

lxexprpr6vlc ^yelr1pa.rgwilq, orcg,.xi1c, neproyilq, nou Eev 0a dyvoei xatrG no)rrnmtq 6qierq. H yeotypagi.a €ye,. Fttd olp.av'trxfi 06,o11or1v toro-ptoypac1la rav Annales, atrtr& np6xer"rat n6l'core TLq, VW. <<av0ptonoleol-

ygcrgic>> nou 61el eniyvurol rlc atrtrItreniEpaolc xoulto6paq xdt qvo,-xot Acogov. H Aypormfi oropia r4e faAAiaq (193l)r40, yw ndpa}ery-p.cl, o,rlv oxoia o Mn).o1 enyeqei va avan).&oet cllq popgdc T&io\c.\cTrl€ ro Meoaiorva :xaL 'clq ennrrdnetc, rouq 6r,uc, naparqpo[vrat p.toa

'u'tlq aepogoco"ypriglolc, g6pvel oro xivrgo tou ev8tagdPovroq roug ull-xo0q napd.'fov.req. A[roorlpleioro a;x6 roD.6q an6'J,ter.q etvan xan ro p.ey&.-)to 6dpoc, nou Eivecat oe noD.ri 6p1a ro-rv Annales ora lpyoxevtmagdtv6p"eva, etEolp6va xar, ndfu, xarh 6aoy av0porno).o1tx&,, ora n)ratorcprtag oul).oytx!1c, vooapontaq. To evErag6pov Tta 'uoug 0prloxeur,txolqoroAaor€,g o.u1v au1{ t1c o6ylpoqq eno1ic eivar rEl,airepa 6v'uovo otlvevaold).qori rou @e6p g,e rlv ntor4 rov Ao60z1pou xar rlv unot0dprevl6)r).er{r1 ni.orrl< rou Pap.ne}.ai. H 1atr}.rx\ napa}ool no}.tcopr.rxiy dv-Oporno).o1ia q ax6 'uov Marcel Mauss xa;L ao\ Liivy-Bruhl ric, rov l\e6t-Xtptoq ndt\et dvav 6).o xdt c.pa\a;o6repo p6).o ot1 oxtQy nov Qe6p,napritr).r1),a U.e .ulq v6eq f.o.rooo).o1m6g xar olperotro1.xig npooeyy[oetq.To np6O.r1g.a t1q 6).).er{1c 0ploxeutrx{c ntoryc co 6€xaro €xro auivaEev 61er va x&ver nporiotr,lg, oipr.gcova Fe rov Qe6p, p.e .ulq rE6eq touPap.re).ai { ri)J,orv oulxexplpr.6vorv rpoodxorv, atr}ri Ve rd. <<vorlrm&'

|AAAIA: TA ANN,4I,ES

epyalteb>> p.e ra onota aurol ].erroup1o0v, xan an6 rd onoi,a'uo xupl6te-po etvar. 1 "y).tirooa. 'E'uor r; g.e).dtr1 .uou @e6p natpver. av0po-rno).o1tx6q

itaoraoetq. H /.6ooa Eev eivar eE6 16oo pla ouverErlt{ Elg.rouplid 'rtovavOpcinarv Trou rl 1.1rtr&ve, a).).& 6va o,3otr,1td volp&'ut.lv prtoa oro onoi,o

yewttrat xale yeu.&. xa;r ro onolo Elapr.opgrirver, 'uov tp6no nou ox€nrerat.M' au.u{ .u1v 6vvola, 1 1}.6ooa dnoqe}ret xt avril pdpog .uou u}.rxo6

x6o1tov. Atr).& o u).lop6q torv Qe6p xat Mn),o1 €aet anop.axpuv0ei no).6

dx6 exelvov 'uou MapE. H gr).ooogid, r\q wrogiaq tou Map€ nepr6ler

ax6pa rrq, 0et-rplolaxic, 6qerc, T.ou Xo,pd.xlcilpf'lav to p.e1a).6repo Frdpoq'rlq grtrooogi.aq rnq r.orogi.ag tou E6xacou ivarov ar.tbva. 'Otav o Mn).o1aoTo)reirar. pe r',Jv telvo).oyia, etre np6xar,et ^fw to vep6p.u).o ehe ^ywro a)rtrp{ar, 6)ttner. ta epya)'ei.a Fe ra onoi.a epy&.\ov'cat ot dv0polnoloe *w ouyxexplp6vl xorvrr.lvia ra,c. 'cd, x).elEui ̂ fd, T ovc, rp6xovg nou ox6-gaov,ca,t xan low. flo),6 nlo onp"av'ctxi1 an6 t1v otxovop.ta. yr"a rnv ava-).uo1 praq xolvorviag ! Wroc xou).ro6pag elval 11 olpelo].o1ia, enelE{,dnax 6Eet€e o Mr).o1 orovq @aup.aroupyoiq 6achk*6es Og24) xo; ot\QeoutaAmfi xorvavfa, xat o Qe6p oro 6t6'tto aou ̂ {td. tov Pap.ne}.ai,xtiOe xoutrto6pa anotetrei. 6va oior1pa vor;pri.utov nov exgpa(e'car, piol.i,'uqc fltirooac, xal.clu.v oup66).olv. To 6p'yo tou i8tou .uou Qe6p anrlAei. rrc,aD.a16q nou en{}.Oav o.ro zrveupau,x6 x'},\ta xar&. 'cr1Etpxela qc,Lahc,cou. To 6,.6)rto .cou ̂ (td. rov Pag.ne).a[, p.e rov dvrovo olpr.elo].oTx6 counpooava'uo).opr.6, Eev 0a pr.ropoJoe va €aer, ypagei, ,cger,g }exderieq vorpi-tepa-, 'to l9ll nov xuxtrog6ploe ro i,pyo rov ^(td, r1v France-Compt6,iva 66)tio nov ayaxlt&. rov no).6 nlo Er&gavo x6op.o rlq xoivt,rvtxig xatotxovop,txiq r"o.copidc, o.co y6pwp,a rou ancll'va.

Xe o6lxplol pe .ro dplo tarv Mn).o1 xar. Qe6p, ,co tpyo rou Mnpo-vt6). gavr&(el no).6 ).ry6cepo extren'uuop6vo. H rE6a noq o elu.cepu6gxiropoc,, vooriprevog coq x).fpa, 6rn)royta, xal ,ue1vo}oyb, lirer" oagfi 6pwo' duo&. nou p.nopoiv va x&vouv or rivOpornor eival zro).6 nlo 5r&1uc1 oroEu6 tou ipyo an' 6oo qrov Mn).o1 xo,: olov !De6p. H iaotxil oqpaolat1q longue durde etvat 6.ct exetveq ol 6rl,,elq lqc, \lihs Trou rov evErag6-pouv ).i1eq a).).ay6q vgiorav.ca;, orl 8dpxeia rarv alcirvov. O Mnpotvt6),666ud Eev apveitar t1v eniEpaol ,rtov 1o6orarv, rr,;v t0edrv xo;l ,cu,,)oul.meprgopdrv. E( ou xa:L ao evElag6pov ,cov "fa rr1v xa.co,.xtd., ao povpl-op.6 xar, q 8rcrpogrj, aq orotgetuv 6yr, p,6vov tric u).rx{c enr6i,ao'r1<

141. <<The Advent and the Triumph of the Watermill>, o,voMarc Bloch, Land andWork in medieval Europe: Selected Papers, Mzt6px).eij 1967, o. 136-168.

83

140. Marc Bloch, French Rural History, Mr6pxtreii 1966 [fes coractdres origi-naw de I' histoire rurale franEaise, flaplor 193 l.l

Sr,-.

H DTOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

142. Ernest Labrusse, Histoire iconomique et sociale de la France,4 r6pot, II'z-

pior 1970-80.143. D\. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The Tbrritory of the Historian,}r.xap 1979

fTbrritoire de I' historien, flaptor. 1973-1978]' eriol< Francois Furet, <<Quantitative

History>>, o'ro Felix Gilbert, Historical Studies Today, N€aY6gx1 1972' Pierre Chau-

nu, Histoire quantitative, histoire sirielle, flcpior 1978.144. Laduie, The Territory of the Historian,285.

,co xlripd an6 ro 6tos 1000 xan p.ertnendr41, \ or,otd, avan).&0etal evpipet, pe 6aoy ra ofit1p&. u).rxri texpr.fpw .crye EevEpopr.etpiaq.

flapa86[oq 6prq, or. Xaprxoi rouLanguedocolpatoDo.uo6v 'u1v elxa-.cri).er{r1 't'nq <<to'ropid.c, X@ptc, av0ptirnouq>> (7 €xqgaorl avilxet o,uov AePouri Aavtugi), yr"d 1tr.a vta w'copi.d. tt,lv ouvet|Tioe<rrv. H @.coptd ,cnq

duveiE1olq xdnei.Xe n&vra o11ua:.vam\ 0€or1 ora xe!Le\d. ria.v Annales.Ka,, 7 Qeou\aAmfi xovovia, an6 no).).6g drc6,Qetc,, ipav p.w t6roc,td. ,E\c,

ouveiArlolq, 6xov ro xotvovtx6 o6orl1ta ava).u6rav p"e 6ao4 toug tp6-7!ouq fiou excppa(6rav orrq voo'rpotrtec, xat otrg avtil.{t|telq. O PhilippeAri6s, o'c"q\ I6'ropla r4e nadufie ?fuxbq 11969)ta0 xdt oao O dv1pa-rro€ evd)7rtov rou 1avd,tou (tSSt)147, Elepeuvri rqv wrogta.rt,rv voorpo-rrd)v o.rrlv ?Tp6rg.l ve6teprl Eupdrnl, o.qpr(6prevoq cr11),oyoreTvtd xar.6,ctq etxd.o'cr,xig r€,yveq.'8tr6t, or. wroptxol a\c, ,Ep?nc, yevr.aq rl/! An-nales, xe;t xupiroq ol Robert Mandrou, Zdx lye lxog xar. Zcop( Ntupln6,or, onotor, pe).6tr1oav ,ctc, )\d,txtc, oupneplgop6g p€oa oe xorvt'rvr,r&. xatotxovopul&, n),atow, xaflr,tptlloav pr,a wropta .Eov voorporcldrv. O Man-drouaolo).f1O1xe ple r7 ,p.ayetd xet Ve co ngtixp.o xanrra\wrrx6 rvebp"arnc o';l.oT€veraq 'Et,rv Fuggerl48, o Ae lxogr4g xe. o Ntupn6150 p.eevcleiq ,co1etS .qq 0ploxev,cmiq, epnoprxtq xa;l oapd.rra,l.xi9 \tihc, aouMeoaiorva. T61v1 xdr ).oTo.cexvb tywav enioyc oryl,avrm€g rcyytc, yta

145. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Histoire du climat ddpuis I' an mille, 2 r6p.ot,Ilapior 1967' o.cd a.yfrlxa Times of Feast, Times of Famine. N6a_Y6px1 1971.

146. Philippe Ari6s, Centuries of Childhood, N6a Y6px1 1965 [Z' enfant et la viefamiliale sous I' Ancien Rigime - Arcveq na$txfie rlAuiaq. A0{v_a 19901.

147. Philippe Ai6s,Th" Hour of Our Death, Aov8ivo 1981 [l'homme devant lamort,flaptor, 1977'O dv\ponoq evdtmov rou \avd,cou. H etroyfi aav xoty.aplvuv I,eOava tOgZ].

148. Robert Mandrou, Magistrats et sorciers en France du WII siicle, flaptot1968' Les Fuggers, propri1taire fonciers en Souabes 1500-1618: Etude de compor-tements socio-4comnomique d la jin du XVI siicle, flapiot 1968.

, 149. Jacques Le Goff, Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages, Ztxayo 1980lPour-un autre Moyen Age: temps, travail et culture en Occid.ent: 18 essais, flapi,otre77).

150. II.1., Georges Duby, The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest: The Making ofModern Marriage in Medieval France,}txdyo 19% [fe Chevalier, la Femme et lePr€tre, Ilapiwr 1981 o.tnr6rr1e, 4 yuvaha xat o ,rpZoq,' o .ytiy.oq on1 geou\apTtxiaupdt2. Hpd,x).ero 19961'l.ne Three Orders of Feudal Society Imagined,Zm&yo 1982lLes tois ordres, ou I' imaginaire du f1odalisme, flagior. 1978]' yta ay y.dyr,1 rovMzrcu6iv xar to p6).o rlq or1 1a70.rxri w-coptxil pu{pt1,6L. The'Legend of Bouvines,ndaprrpr,rq 1990 [Le dimanche de Bouvines: 27 juillet 1214.]

ltu\-{IA: TA ANIIAI,ES

alJr&, xat'rlq ulr.xiq xoutrto6pag tror 6n.i,g d.v'Eil exg1l-\e'cat ornv a,ppr"-

rex,co\LxSt, o'ulv eoco'Eepm{ Enxoop"nol, or'tl p68d xd'r o'cTl p,a'1er,pr,x!. O

Mnporv.u6). d;roiye: to Ep6p.o o,Erlv Trooorlxil wropta rtlrv Eexae'ulcirv tou

lg60 xar aov 1970, Eilt,lq 6poq o iDrog va 1(verar Tpipr\9 d,7!ox).etorr,-

x&. xooormdtv p.e06Eov. Xrlv ol,xovoyuxil r.orogta qc Iratr),idq nov ilga-

Qe p.a\i. pe'uov to'roPx6 r1c ol,xovop.iag EmestLabroussel4z, ev8ng6petal.,(rd.'rovc, Fr,eTi).ouq erdL\^alL6dLv{r,evoug x6x}.oug lT,ov xd]golt.ouv 'Elv ot-

xo\)optxi 6paoqpt6'u1ra Eexaeruitv xdt' Gl6vtt.lv. H omovop,ra ytvetar. trot

pua ox\pi1 ei\wail4,7rou ouYTeve6el nlo xotr6 Fr.s 'tlv xlvom\ no)'l'cm!

orxovopia rcd.Qd. Ve rI TePli.av%{ o1o}.{, aD.ri Eiloq 'rlv tcio'r'n rlq ?rP6-

rrlq o€ Wa o'cajls,pil xa;t evx'ra;tc- a.v&nrvlt1.'T1

Eexaeci"a rov 1960 r1 Yevtxeup.6vl or1oqil orrq rotvovxtq ext-

odp.ec, xd.t o'cn\) rrooo'crxonrol1o1 xuplapuel xat o'Ed' Annales' Ol toto-

ptx.;['cu.\ Annales g6],ouv 6].o xal nto rotr6 \d ei.vd't e?rto'ui'l*oveq' )Julvri

ovop.&qouv l,d, t'to'cl'coi)'cd. 'couc5 <<epyaod1fl,a> xat p.il.o6v Yrd, 'crlv Lc.coc,td.

oq efito'tip.I, ptcr xorvovm! ezclor{pr1 666aw, "rt olT,oia r,Ptr,et.6pr'alq va

Eou).e0er gte nooor,,.x€c pe06Eouq av 0d).el va eivat €7lto'rrlpovtx"il43' 'Evct

pe^yri).o xo1t4t&.u rlq TaD.rx$p, ,.oroptac, 'urlq Eexae'cidc rov 1960 o'u1-

p,.l6,cav nd,vo o'u1v roooatxou,oirlol,6noq. 7wnapa6er.Tp.ct, ot E1p'o1pa-

gm6q g.e).6ceq rou dvacptpa'pe nro 7r&vr,l, ot" onotec, olury 6aon pa(rxdrv

E1p.o'1pagx<irv Ee6op'.6vo.rv enllerpodoav va Edroouv rYiv <oltx{ loropta>>(histoire totale) VLd3, 7.epnrtg. Eextvcbvtaq an6 ola'cw'ctx& EeEopr.6va

trou 6rrore),o$qav eneEepyaoie< ).r1€laplmdr\ xa"cd'\?d.9tiv t1c d\d.T,apd.-

T@TLxiC ovy.xeptrpopdc,, avrdq or petr6teq npoo6ryr(av evp'lrepa hrn-

[Ld,ad, 'ct-o't oeEoua].lxtirv ouprePtgoptilv. 'Ioc'rg I Ttto 9t).68olt1 nooottxil

pr.e).6'u1 'rlq Eexdertaq rov 1960 va eivar ot Xapmo/ rou Languedoc,,uou Ae Pou& Aavrupi (1966). flg6xer'ar. yw 6vd 66)ri.o xov anore)'e[ oe

g.e1ri).o 6a8p"6 pta <<r:.rogia lcopiq av0p6iT,ovc,>>144, Vtd. oad.awa,.x\ av&.-

).uo1 1a .u1v atr).1),ettfEpaol p.erd\v'rc,.lv l.r.ctxp6v x6xtrorv n).1Ouop.x{ce€6fuElq >rd.L ai.r'\'rqr6v tov erEtirv Eutpog{c, nou 6aoi.\eral oe patr0ou-

owvtg avtt).{{.,erq. Kux},og6p1oe t1v [6ta 1povr,& Fre rlv r.o'copia lov "(Ld'

rS.

H IXTOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKOTTO AIONA

anr a,rlrc)\q,ol voo,rpoTrr,riv tou nape).06vrog , 6nla,< fi:,dv xar, orov Mn).o1.H yorlte[a tov uno].oylord.rv p.etap.6pgooe tr1 pe].6t1 cr,.lv vootponuilv.fIpalpam, T <<wropta rc'rv voo.rpozrrciv> ritol 6zr<og .u1v xd,vouv ol PierreChaunul5t xal Michel Vovellel52, Eexw&. dn6 rqv zceno(0r1o1 zrrX ?)avrin).ao1 'rt,.tv voo'rponl6v eival 6uvat'l 1-tovaAa navco or7 6ao7 rr1c,av&).uo1c 1ta\xdn Ee6opr.6vorv, 7r.X. 'rr,lv 6la01x<irv ot onoteg p.aq n).1po-gopo6v "{w" atc, avcil.{{,,erq ̂ fLd. ao 0&,varo xil q\ }prpxei.a. X' aur{ qo,cpogil zrpoq rrlv ruoco,cLxolroqol, ol rsaopmot rtiv Annales Eev &vol(avvteq xa,cev0{voetq, etyav 6p.uq q Erx{ touq 06o1 p.toa oe pua eup6tep4r &o7 .c1c to,c o?'xiq xolvorvlx{€ er,w trp.ryc. H noooc r,xon oir1o1 Eev unrjp[enarEi rtrv Annales, alJr&.6piye np6ogogo dDagoq ortq napa66qerq 'EarvAnnales, nou r6vl(av tlq u).rxdq 6&oetq .ur;c xoutrroipaq. Or i6leq 6p.oqxapa66oetq, otrlv avOpono).o1xri .uouq exEofi, oE11o6oav xalt lrpoc, pww,copta ro.rv ouvelE{qeav, avotxcil or4 6mp.a,c,.xiq n}.eupdq r1q (t,.riq.Or, Xapmo[ .cou Languedoc etvu ro anoxogdglir4z. lLLd.c, nooorrxilg roro-glaq rcov Xp1orporo€i fla.r,p1.cm& g.ovt6).a. Taur6ypova 6p.orq nepr,61erxdl lLLa }pap.artxil a,g\Tr)lLa.rrxij avrin).ao1 ,c\c, ogd:(ic, .urov Ka0o).r-xcov dn6 .uoug flpoteor&v.ceq oro Kdgva6ri).1 t1c Romans to 1580, 1onol,a elrryehat ev ptper, 6&.oer, Erlpr,oypaglx dn xar. olxovoprxdrv evr&.oeli'vav6.p.eoa or1v nporeoravrtxil ro,ly rliv n6).eorv xdl o,covq e[a0].ro-rp.6-vovc, ayg6.cec. xel gepox.a1.anwpr|ec,, evr&.oerg 69,o.rg nou exggdorqxavpe oup.6o).x€c, np&letq axparng 6hc, Ve oeEoua).m6q ano7 6tdr.eq, ot onoteqg.nopo6oav va epp.rlveuOoiv p6vov {,,u1ava}.u.ulxa. H }yltoypargto- xar. r1otxov olt i,a av'c t xalto r avro, { rou).&llorov oup.n).lprilvovrav, c bp a an 6cr1 olpero).o^y[a xar..u1v rf,,u1o].oyia rov 6&0ovc,. H avayxrl "fw. lLtd. ro,Eo-gid rrov ircp"d.ri.,l'v oulxexplp6vov av0pcbno-r\, x&t n ouvax6).ou0rt xQtrl-x\ r1c xolvr,.rvx{6 wropiac, Trou rcepropr\6rav o:*g Eop6g xal otlg Ela-6maoteq, exggao:uryxe p.ioa ax6 t1v avaxct).ut!1 ,ur1c r.o,coptdg rrlq xq.-O1p.eprv{c (oriq. Evvui p6vo 1p6vra gtera. mvq Xoptxolq rouLanguedoctou Ae Pouri Aavcupi, i.youp.e rc MontaillouTgTb).uou iErou, tva 6r,-6).io nou, otlpl(6plevo o:ur.c, xara}doerq, tc,rv lorpmdrv ev6q 1o-rprori t1cv6rr.ag la).).iaq nov avaxp[O1xav ax6 rrp Iep&, Eltraol ,,rc txonrotd[peoqc, errlerpei vd yrerarp€perurg 7u,o p.61leq xdl lrpooulrmtg oxi:Qer'rrr.lv xol,vtiv avoocbnorv.

151. B),. Pierre Chaunu x.&.., La Mort d paris, flapiot lg7}. en;.o.qc rou i8rou,Histoire quantitative, histoire sirielle.

152. Michel Vovelle, Pi6ti baroque et dichristianisation,flaptor, lg73' 6),. extoncIdeologies and Mentalities, Kaig.nprt( 1990.

H rp[*1 yevr& tolv .rotopr,xcirv aav Annares n].r1ol&(el oilp.ega orrlouv,caEto66r'qoi7 rqc 4 tyet {611 anooup}ei,, agol nilpe pigoc o"o' "yrur*iev0ovor.aop.6 ul'a, ,cT g"Ittpi nooorr.xil xolvr,_rvlx{ eni,ci71p,r1, *, oqoi oro-).o60oq orp&.g1xe, dno.rg o.u1v neptnraorl rou Ae Pou,i Aavru pt, xpoq

ol Jacques Revel, Andr6 Burguidre, xal Bemard Lepetit, avtrnpooorre6ercz7 6dtruo1 ev6q t}zatrepov Annales npooavaeoN,op.ot evr6q VW4 @.roprc-ypagiac, nov nepr,tyel p.la nolxil.ta xarevl,3voeov. Ev8elrrrril.urov atr}a-ytov oro ltirpo tr'lv Annales ebat y c).trapj .uou tit).ou tou nepro6lxo6 ro1994, 7 avrluxa.c&6rd.6\ rou na).rod un6.ult).ou, Economies, Societls,civilisation, &n6 rov Histoire, sciences sociares. o nporl.yo6p.evoq un6-nr\oc. r6vt\e tr1v eup0.ur;ta ,rt,rv evElagep6vr(rv r&)v Annales,'avax),o6oe6p.aq xar. prd, r\,poxd..c,ill{rt evavtiov t1c no}.lcrxi1c toroptaq.

{r"it ,tnpoxa.r&)'ry!q orig.alve xil ptd, npot[p1o1 .fw ,cLc, an].o6o.uepeq, npovecr.l-,cepr.x6.q xolvorvieq orr.q oxoteg ol eovo).oT,xdc pd0oEol ilrav nto egapp.6orVeq d.lr' 6oo orq 6rcp.7yavu€g xar. yreraircplyavmig.

Kar, np&ypd,cl, ,Ed. Annales ovyv&, xarqyopi]}rlxav 6* i3av avtxavavd xdrdlT,Ldo'uo6v g.e .q o6.y1povr1 enoyil. Avap.gt6o\d eori;talav.uo ev-&agdpov .covc, olo Meoatavd xo,r o.co Ancien R6gime, 6p,q no.u6 6evnapap.6)'7oav evre).drg xdt'cn o6"y1pov1 nepioEo. Tr, iexaeda.uou 1g30ag#.ptooav no).6 ldrpo ora, npo6illi1ll;d..Ed. .c\c, o6.y1pov1c 6rc,p.r1yavmi6xorvtrvfa€ o.cr,q pey&.]reg n6\er,q, 16oo o,tov auerrrulpduo x6op.o 6oo xato'cou o6re ax6p,a anorxwx6r53. Yn{p1av &,glga yro ,o gaowp.6, rovpno1roe6m-p.6, ro New Deal, alJr&, napa86€r,rs, oN \td, co'Na(iop.d. IJ

!e(€evr) rjrr1 rcv Mn).o1 anore\oloe pro *prrriil'avrqr.erdsnto\ r\q

IJ L.1.gloxpa.ctaq. floD.6q olltavrm6rateq p.e).6rec, ^fw co 1atr).rx6 E6-xaro ivdto auiva xvxltog6p?oav or4 iexaetteq rcv lgb} xa,r, rou 1960,q.l{y q}ov .rlq Adeline Daunard La Bourgeoisie parisienne de ISlb-1848154, rou Jean Bouvier Crddit Lyonais de ISGJ ' Ig9ltbb,.cou

charles Morazd Les Bourgeois conquhrantslST, xa*cov Louis chevalierclasses labourieuses et classes dang1reuses d paris pendant la premilre

IAT\AIA: TA ANNALES

- 153. B).. Lutz Raphael, <<The present as a challenge to the Historian: The con-

temporary world in the Annales d' histoire 1conomique et sociale>>, storia dellaStoriografia 21 (fgg2), o. 2b_44.

154. Adeline Daumard, La hurgeoisie parisienne de IgIi-Ig4g, fraptot 1g63.M Jean Bouvier, Cr1dit Lyonnais de 1863 d IBg2, Ilapior 1g63.

- 156. charles Morazd,, Les Bourgeois conqu1rants, rrapioi lgbT' o.ca a1y),rx&.:

The Triumph of the Middle Classes, Garden Ciiv lg6g.

i*"

H IXTOPIO|PAOIA ITON EIKOXTO AIONA

moiliA duXiXe sibclelST, 1 re).eutaia exr6g ,uov xUxtrou ,c,i'v Annales.H rpoaepat6rrlra nou anoEi8eadt o.ctc, otxovogttxtq xdr xorvovr,o).o1lx6qxarrlopicg o' avr&, 'ca tpya, &\atxa.Eaoaa0nxe ar,6 roug lvrovd av0par-rcotroy.xo6q npooavano)rtopoUq .uou Maurice AghulonlSS xal 'u1g MonaOzouf159, or onoi.ot eEena\ow trg Elpoxparmig naga66oetq t1g fa).-).iaq tou E6xa.rou 'tvarov ar/tva ptoa ax6 ra o6,p6ilra c1c. O MarcFerro agoor,dr0zlxe ezi nol),6q }exaerteq o.Eo\ elxo6't6 arova U,e rrq pe-).6.ueq, rou .(rd.,co,t A'fIalx6op.lo fl6).ep.or60 v6s r"rlPaoia.uorv Mno),-oe6ixtovr6t. O Frangois Furet orpagrpe 6e VW. r.orogi.a qq la).).rx{qEnayd.o,cdq1( nou axoppinret a4 p.aglr,ormtq ra\xi.q xa'crlopiec xatEivel to 6dpoc, otrp nofutlx{, otlg lE6eg xd.t 6'cn\ xou}.to6pal62.

Exeivo nov elaxo)rou0ei va Etaxpivel xat ad. xeipeva rtil Annales yrato o611povo x6op.o eivar. 6n eorwlow trlv npooofi rouq orlv xou).t06-pd. xc;L ora otp.6o),a ",(d. \d. x&,vouv xaravo1rtg tlg o611poveg no).rrlx6gndpa,66oer,q, 6nli,q y[verat, yr.d xap&6etTpd., o:,ovg r6p.ouq .rou ou].].oyl-xo6 €,pyov Les Lieux de mdmoire (1984-1992)163, nou aolo).eirat ,ge.cd oiry"6o),a, ra p.vr1p.eid. xa. aov: repo6g ldrpouq qq yal).lxig eOvrx{couveiErTolc. flap6rr, ra Annales napdp.ervav iva xtvrlpa 6a0w pt\<'tp.tvoo.utg 1al}.rxi.q enor1g*ovlx6q napaE6oetc,, toia,g xavtva riD,o pe0p,a .uou

etxooro| dulna Eev &ox1oe av&).oy4 Ere0vf enppo{, org 6va p.ovt6).o nouavolyer, vdouq 6p6pouq oryJv torogtxil6peuva t1c xouL.uolgaq xat. r'r1cxowroviaq. H enppo{ coug ar}.dlO4xe ax6gz xal oac, ooora}rwrrxtg yliipec,,6nov ot wropmoi. ouvelElcozrotryoav 6a0ytata 6.n ra Annales ptnopoioavva otp6{.,ouv 'urlv Trpoooxrj no}.6 xovrlrepa oclv u}.lx{ xov}rro$ga xatoolv xa0lpeprv{ (o{ .utov xorvriv av0pdrnov an' 6rr. o Eolpatrx6 q Wa,?-A,op"6c,.'EcoL, ro 1971 xuxtrog6ploe otrlZoiletrx{ 'Evoo1 ro ouvge-

157. Louis Chevalier, Classes labourieuses et classes dangereuses d Paris pentlanlla premi4re moiti4 du XIXe siicle,Ilapiot 1958.

158. Maurice Agulhon, La Ripublique au village,Ilapior 1970. fta rov noh,tx6oug.6o).opr.6, 6),. eniolc rou iErou Marianne au Combat, Ilapior 1979' ora ayy).rx&.:Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and symbolism in France 1789-1880,Kaip.rprt( 1981.

159. Mona Ozotf, La FAtu rdvolutionnaire, 1789-1799,IIapiot 1976. ora ay-1)ttxo-: Festivals and the French Revolution, Kdipnpn\, Maoo. 1988.

160. Marc Feno, La Grande guerre,Iapior 1969.161. Marc Feno, La Rdvolution russe, flagiwt 1967.162. I7.A., Frangois Fvet, Interpreting the French Revolution, Kaip,.nprr( 1981.163. Piene Nora (erru..), Les lie*r de mdmoire,3 t6p.or, Ilapiot 1g84, 1986,

1992.

IAMIA: TA 4NNAI4q

cN6 ip1lo rou Aaron Gurevich, Categories of Medieval Culturel64, ro

orcoto d.noqe6yet t4 f.tirooa xd'L 'td' oyilltara rou p.aPEtopot 7w va

6nt1?Lg0et n&vor otlv napriEoorl cou Mapx Mx).o1. Kr o Gurevich Eev

i1,cav o p6voq' 14 }exaerftx tou 1980 app'.oe va oyqlt'arileran o1;1 2o-

drertxil'Evtrorl 6vdc, lltxp6c, aD.& o1g.avlx6c, x6x).oq Annales roro-

owtbv. Xtrlv flo).orvla, 6nov 6do,.xa tpya rr.r.v Mn).o1, Qe6g xa,' Mnpo;-,t,c€). etaav Vel,d.g1o,ocli iprl an6 r4 }exae'cta tou 1970, 1 etiDpaorl,c1o\ Annales unt'lpEe ax6p.a p.e1a).6'uep1l65. Tcr t6,.a ra Annales EIpo-

oievoav c';n6 rqv n).eupri 'covq d.Pl1d. 'rtov orlpavrtx6rePt'.tv flo).alv6v

w,coplxtiv'Erlq, otxovoptag xat t1€ xoutrtoripaq. Avap.gt6o)ta o'clv entp-

po^{ rov io.roplxd)v rav Annales ouv66a).e an6 r7 p.td 'uo yeyo$q 6rt

$pdv agootau.6vol o' dvq6 xov 6pr,(av t'rq enror1povtxrn npootYYrol 'uouLorop.xot3 rapetrO6vtog , xa;l, ar.6'qv &D.1, ro 6t ol avtil.{{,,el; a(a aT\

w,coptd. xd.t 'c"rt\ xolvtovla p.e rrq olrolec,6o6].euav {tav no}.6 nto n}.atl6g

xat avorxrig an6 exeiveq riMorv exEoldrv xou .i\Lxilc, r.oroptag oq 46o1

S1 rcv eni.o4tr.ou p.aPErop'o6 oclv Avato),i;-H ouv0e.u6rnra xd.L o n).oupatrrop6g tov npooey'ytoetbv rouq xgoxa-

l,eoe oro16o0, Nat oo6aptq av'ctg&,oeq canv :r.pax'ctxi1 rov;.'EroL, xd.-0drq ei6ap.e, erDtx&, o'ulq rpetq zcp6re q }exderiec, perd. ro B'fIdlx6olttofl6).epo, noMoi o.coplxoi.Eou xixtrou rav Annales ev0ouotdo'trlxctv Frerrq xolvovr,xo-eTrro.rrlpovr,xtq ngooe:vivi.oerq, nov un6olovtav qerr,xi1, ajvrt-xerp.evrx{ Tvd,orl. H 6pr.gao1 .uou Mnpa;v.c6tr ot4 oralegtc, Eop.6g xaro'cd v)rrxd.,0ep.6).u .u16 xoutrro6paq Eev {rav ana},}.a1p.6v1 eTuorrlp.ovr-opo6. AD.ri, 6nac, eniorlc eiEap.e, ur{p1e xd; VLq. rolup{ nap&Ooor1, 1onoia (exrvtirvrag an6 rov Mr).01 xd.t 'co\ Qe6p cp'c&vet, pt6ooruo-rv AeIxog xar Ntupr.z6, V.i7pt .cr,q p6peq g.aq, xat rcov o'u1pr(6g.ev1 no).6nepoo6cepo oe r"ny6q 6notc, etvar,l t61v1, 1 ).aix{ xou}..uo0pa xdt ad.60rpa, ev0&ppuve rro exlen.cuoprdvoug, nororrxolg rp6xovg oxt]t'qc. Ta(4ya au'ctitt torv ro.uoprxrirv ioiprpav orq leglgacrrl rou yaolttzroq p.eral,iw'toptaq xal ).oyote1viac,. H 6vtova avOpatno).o1txi1 'covc,lpot& epn6Dloetd xitgw petpa.cd ,Enc, Lo.coploypa;gtac, riov Annales va unox6tfouv o'Eoverbtlpovrol.l6 nou ydpaxript\e 6va p.e1&).o p.6poq rlq xorvovtxo-erlt-orlpovtx{q ox6rf.,1c. Ta Annales un{pEav o' o}.6x}.r1p1 r7 6r.apxew rr1cwroptaq Touq EvruTloomx&, anooraonnot4p.€va. a:x6.urlv n[otr1 o'trJv dvo-

164. Aaron Gurevich, Categories of Medieval Culture, AovEivo 1985.165. D.. Georg G. Iggers, New Dire_ctions in European Historiography, Midle-

town, Conn. 1975. 1984. o. 138-142 lfxiopyx'Iyrrpr, Nieq xarcu1,ivo€.€ anyeupanaixil ta.topto.ypagla, A0iva 199 1, o. 2O4-2lO.l

tfl4t.

H DTOPIO|PAOIA 'TON

EIKO>TO AIONA

rep6a\ad. ev6g Eu.ur,xo6 rco).rtro1.r.o6 omo8oprlpr6vou nd,vo oe e7lto'ulpovr-

xtq xat 'ue1vo).o1lx6q Ee[l6qtec, xan an6 aLc, e>rov(Xf)ovwrtxt'q avct)'!-

0erq, nou 16oo xevrptxt'c, vxipEav yw 'iva p'e^1&).o p.6poc t1c xotvcdvt'xo-

enro.rrlp.ovrx{1c 0eolpiac. Avtl06.uo.lg, eot|aoav ro evElag6pov rouq o.!ov

,rpourr"rp,r 6 x6opro. Au.u6 ioolg va e(1.1ei x&xarc, xat 10 laqw6 Er,e$vdg

evEug6pov '(Ld. rd. Annales lter&' ro 1970, oe pia nepioEo nou dploav

,a a1.tgrolrrco]uvrat or,6aomi,q napa}oAtc, 'Enc, $qol"Xfc xolvovrxig et'l-

or{pr1c.

KEOAAAIO 6

Kpr"rtxil 0eo.rpia )r.ar xot\@vtxi1 to'cop[a:H ..ro"oprx{ xolvtrl\mi ercwr{pl>

or1v OpoonovEwx\ | eP1qlid.

H ;AOH> OPIOOETH>H nou 6xdve o Adrpevq Xc6ouv .co 1978166 avdr-

Veod. oe prra ava).utlx{ xotvorvlx! enlor-!.p1 nou {rilvel owexr''x€g el1-

yficetq, xdr oe U.rcr dglTqpar,.xil ,.otopia nov 06).et va xara\a6er' rr'c,

npo06oetq xd,t'ctc, npalerc, colv av0pd-ln1|i.v, evr&.ooovrac, rec, p6oa oe pr'a

6dTqo1, eivat no).6 ).116'uepo egagp-6ory.7 o'urlv lo'uoPtoypaqta 'EIq rlret-

purtxil< Eupdrzrlc. Et:/Ca1*e xal eEdr p.la rivoto1 ,r(')v xorv(,)vtxo-e7T,Lc.,c\-

povrxtirv xa,ceu06voeov oriq }exderi,eg .uou 1950 xal 1960, atr).ri ol

xorvovrxo-enro.ulpovrx6q avtr).tQelg evEug6povcav ro).6 tr,egwo6,cego 7,.arrlv xoutrtoi-tpa noJpd. Ttd otxovop.lxri povc6tra' Auc6 wuf,et ax6y'a xat

oi,1""po xar.,'xa}dtq 0a Eo6p.e, ax6p.a xd.L "(rd. rqv n96oqart1 p'apEwr''x1

,o"opiolpogia.'Io<og not6 riD.oce, 1t"e'c&. ro L.acp,rtop6, or.0eorprltm6q

ou(1t{oe4. 6ev 6gepav 16oo xovn&. p.eral6 rouq rrq, &aegoper'.xi4 e0vrx6q

r&oetq 6oo rq rpelq teleurai"eg }exae16teg' xat no.u6 ri).)1ore ot r,oroptxo[

otrq Edgopeq Eu'ulx6g X,blee Eev {tav t6oo evlp.epopr.6vor ot' pev \w 1o

6p1o ttov Ee. AD.&, napa ro Erc0v{ 'covc, Xd,Pd.xti1pa, o' au'ctq rrc, ov-(1t{oerq Etagaivov'ual ol Stagop6 c, art&'peoa ottg e0vlx6q xov}'ro'3peq xar'

otrq lo'uopr,o ypagx€.c, napa66oer.q.Or rotopm6q onouE6g otrl fepp.avld lrlc 6exae'ctac, 'uou 1960 Dev

pnopoiv va elerao'co6v Eilt,lq va ).r1gOoiv un6{lv 66o napdyov'ueg: l)'1

nveup.atm{ x}.rlpovopui 'rt,rv xotvovlxciv ento'u11.r.tirv o'u1 lepp'avia, pr'e

tq p(eg "org

o"1u x)raouil lepptavtx{ xou}.co6pa xdt oa\\ t8ea}'otlxflgr),ooog[a' xar, 2) ,, ,oroorpogtx:{ nopeia'EIq TePpdvrx{c rotrrtm{c

166. D\. xa,oax&n.i. o. 129.

H IXTOPIO|PAOIA 'TON

EIKO>TO AIONA

6ao irc,(b,co lro6 rou erxooaot ar6vd,. Ontoq xd; o'ttc. riMeq 16peg, {rot

xil orn lepp.avia, fi rov)raytorov oro Euttxd 'c\q 'c!hlLa', ot r,o'ropmot

orp&,qrpa.v rr,c, }exde'cteq 'Eou 1960 xa;L 'cov l97O rpoc, xotvovtxo-e7rr-

o.cr,1-tovtx&, pr,ovt6).4, 'ca onoi,a rn }exaerta tou 1980 apytoav vcr d'vrt-

pecr,rn(ouv pe enlg6).a[r1. Yn&p1ouv 6p<'rq orp.auruiq Elagopdq. Evo)

ot1 laMia, octg Hvopr.6veg flo).lteteg, o'c1v lr,a)'ta-, o'c1v flo).ovia xat

a),),o6 r, o4t"o;oia 'ttov xotvcdvtxriv etr,to'ct11-r'drv 1la 'trlv toroprx{ 6peuva

{rav e8pararpdvl, ot1 leppr.avia r1e 6exaerld'c, luov 1960 notr}.ot 'oro-

prxot ipav dx6yra npooxotr).r1pl6vol oe na).t5repeq, napa}6oe4 r'ov avct-.qr€xovrav otlv avav6or1. Auc{ 1 xa0uot6pr1o1 ogefl,e'ual ev pt6pel otlv

no).rcrx{ ,.oropia rlq f eppdvidc,, orov oEuvlp6 xd't d'9'piroP41.l6vo exDl-

Stoxparwp,6 t1c. Enrn).iov, 6n.i,g orlpretdroap'e {81, ot1 lepp.avia 1r.o.uogi"d e(ye ytver. era11e).p.atrx6q x),&Eoq a.n6 ro np6to ptr6 tou E6xa-

tov €vdrov antl>va, nprv Er1).aE{ end}.Oe1 7 ex6r.ol-tr6a:vto\ ::r1< xal livouvarog1.u6q ol xorvorvtx6g t1g ouv6nercq. Movt6).a totoplxilq ox6{16 nou

avaxlrolo dv'c Ic. xpo' f Vaa m6rq:'eq p.taq xpoircullavlxric xat npoDlp'o-

xpa,cm$1c elrortq nap6pr.evav lepri eEpatotp.|va o'cd yeppavmd ravenr-

oti11t,.a oro rpi'co r€tagro rov drdna, t1v tirpa nou 1 o611pov1 lotoplx{

erro'udp.r1 eile {E4 a.odylet oe t}.}.eq Xdrpec. H nopeia t1q feppravfaqp.e'u&. rrlv ipaa syc endv&.orao4q 'uou 1848, xat n enax6).ou01 e\xd.-.u&).erQr1 ex p.6poug .crov feppr.avrirv lo'uoptxtilv 'rt,.lv gt).e).e60eparv 7!eror-gloedrv rovq p.toa or1 EraErxaoia ryc lepp.avmic evonotqo1c, ei.yavevrol6oer r4v 6'p,pao.4 o'r1v xevrpt,x6rrpa rov xp&"rovg xd; 6'ctc, Ele0veiqoAtoetc, oe 6apoc, .cyc ,.orog(aq rrlq xorvoviag. Onorq eiEap.e, or1 lep-y.avia, 1 xotvtlvlx{ wropi.a avtlperonl(6oav p.e xaavno,Qid xar, ovyv&.lunv ratrt(av pe ro ,pap0,op6.'Eror, 6rdv qro ylp,.o,p.a. rov dubva otwropuot oq fa).).fa, oro 86).1o, orrg Hvorp.dveq flo).ltei.ec, xat a).trorj,"(td. vd, Eteup0vouv tr'1v loroprx{ xarav64orl r1c, oi.)''(Xpowlc 6,.o1t11Aavrxi1<xal Erlp.oxparmilq xowavi.dc, oWaq"rlxcr,v Tipog rrq xolvtr.lvrxtg en"odp.eq(o'u1v Ap'epu\ $r'ahepa rpoq rlv orxovoltla,'urlv xotvovto).o/a xdt a\\)rf.,u1o).o1ia' ocrl faD.ia, exr6q ax6 aurtg rq r6re avaxrvoo6,p.eveqentot1jp.eg, xa;t x,poc, r1v av0ponoyearypagta xarclv av0palno}.o1ia) ox).riEoq torv leppavcllv loroprxri-w awwr&tqxe o1eE6v o6ooc.r1log oe rtrorcixarvotop.ieg. H xolv<,rvlx$1 ,.o,topid e[1e o1eE6v nepnpwret o.cd, oLxo\oVL'xa ryfip.al,a, ra ono[d or1 f epp.avtd etyav En.u1p{oer Vtd, 1T,Lo to'cogu!0edrp1o1 ax' 6oo or4 a.y^y\6gt,lveq X,drpes { o'u1v Auocpia. Autrj 1avriEpaol o'rrlv xorvt,rvr.xil toropi.a xdl o'cLc, xotvcovtx6g, eno.u{p,eq Eratl-p!fuxe xe.;l 6,c\ Lrp.oxpa4a rrlc BaiSt&"p'rt9, 6nov or. to'coptxoi nov ei.yav

w H <DTOPIKH KOINONIKH ETIDTHMH> XTH TEPMANIA

xo,rapr,.orei" xo:r noltstxoztorl0ei np,.v arl6 ro 1914 avano^o$oav ple'r"r"*'*

to nape).06v, 'trJ p-ovctPyia' rru'v Xoevt(6)'epu167, xa;l eEaxo-

trou0o6oe vd vnapyer' 7*t7p'' xat n7 }exaeria tou 1960'

To 6vrovo tu8iog6pou 7ro ,rr, xolv<,lvm6g er;.orilt'eq nou exEl)'dr01xe

nn iexaerla'uou 19b0 o'u1 Auttx! feppav[a ar,6 pta ve6tepl levd

,roprrrou, ot onolrot e[1av'lew1let r.a-uetreuraia 796vw rr]q AIpoxPa-'iic,c'

,E\c Baqrriplc, i.'xar. p.era"uo 1933, anri eilav Erap'opgoroe[ err-

jnqroJn*o p.r.roro 1945, ouvDe6'cav orevd p'e'cr1 El&0eo{ 'touq v6r nPo-

iriiror" oe ILLr. xp'ccx\ avtp.ertir,wr] 'Eou lepp'avtxod nape]'06vtoq

xd,t pe rlv crgoor,ororl rouq oe lLLd. Erlpoxpacrx{ xotvt'rvld. fl' autodq to'"prn

11t" tov xtiq 61lve Euvat! 7 6a'p6ap6r\ad' trlq ta\r'orr;Xi1c, Etxta-

,opfui' etye xevrptxil oq1tuoi.a YtcrrrJv xa'cav6tp7'trlc o6T1Pov1c Tep-

,n rrhr,'ioroplor,. Xe av'uigeo1 pe rI 1.aD'ia, 6nou ot l'otoptxol tcov'innoti, npor,.1-roi.torxv va aolotro6vral u,e 'Eov rpoveo.reprx6, npo6np.r1-

au,rnx6 x6opo, xan 6rcov no).d oulvri 11 no).lrlx{ ip'eve antll.r, t1 v6'a

irr,,i "r, lepp.avdrv r.uoplxcirv 60eoe ,c1v no).lcrx{ oro etrtxevrpo. Avti-

oe"o 6prq p.e 'uouq natrr6'uepoug ouva86),9ouq '5ouq, au'uof ouv6Eea\t qae-

v& r1v zto).icrx{ p.e 'urq xotvorvtx6q 6uvrip.erg xdt lLe'ra rpo6}'{p'd'ad' 'cov

exouT1povtopo6, axo).ou0cbv'uaq p'ta napri8ool xotvt,lvlx\<- enwrilt\c,

6a0w'innpeaop.6v1 ax6 rr,v no).r'rm{ xolvrovlo}.oyid .cov Ma[ B6p.nep

xar, 9,6ool tou Bdplnep, an6 rov MapE'

X1p.av'urx6 o1g'eio exxtvryoqc Tta, rrlv xp'.r'.xi1ou(1d1or1 rou Y€pFa-vrxo6'nape).06vtog orlv OpoonovEr,axi Lqpoxpa,ci.a ora}Txe ro 66),to

rou (Dprtq tDioep (Fritz Fischer) Ot or67ot fle leppaviaq xard tov llptir2

Il6),ep.or68,nou exE604xe'uo 1961. O Oprtq Sioep (pwlpdvoq to 1908)

av{xe oe lLLd. na}.l6tep1 yevr&., nov ei.1e onouD&,oel ot1 Arlpr'oxparta r1q

Boq ,iptts xar, etye ndpaioowxa r.:roprxa evElaqdpovtd. Kat npayp'a'r'',

a4 veap6q enrcriprovac, eiae Tpalter. -ytd ,Eo Nazi Reichsinstitute fiir Ge-

schichte des Neuen Deutschland, tou Walter Frank169. flap' 6)'a aur&.,to 616).[o tou @ioep ano'ue].o6oe pih pt r7 ouyr6artx{1 epp'1ve[a t1co611pov1c lepp.avm{c ,.o'copiaq. Mnopef pte0oEotrolxa va ipav ovp6a-rtx6,,pw nov 6aor.\6rav oe xviepvltlx6g r!ftq, 6,p"ug'ca ovp"nepao'p-a-

167. D.. Berndt Faulenbach, Ideologie des deutschen V/eges: Die deutsche Geschi-chte in der Hisroriosraphie zwischen Kaiserreich und Nationalsozialismus, M6va1o1980.

16.8 Fritz Fischer, Germany's War Aims in the First War' N6a Y6px1 1967'

169. lu uta wrooia rou Ivotltoirou 6).. Helmut Heiber, walter Frank und seinReichsinstitut i)r Gesc'hichte des Neuen Deutschlands, )coutyxcipEl 1966.

H I>TOPIOI'PAAIA ) ' IUN EIKO)'I 'U AI0NA t l <<lzIUr l l l .n .n ul l \ I2t \ lar l . I l l l lz ln lvrD>r 4rn r Drrr^r \ lA

rh rov Eev {tav. Mtoa ar6 av'cd,c, "EL< T1.,fts o O(oep iegrave oro oultx€-pd.olLd. ntoq I av"coxpd,aoptx\ xu6tgv'\on 'co xa),oxai.pt rov l9l4

ElaxlvE6veuoe ouverEltri 6vav npo).1ntm6 n6).epro, H xu6dpvrlol ev6Etl-

oe 6e VLd, nlorw ouvaiveorl tov o1.r,&Eolv otxovoll,lxti-tv oupgep6vtalv, ax6

rr1 6rn1tq7avln xa,. rq yeopyta 6c 'ca epyanxa ouvDlx&ta, rou unooriy

pr(e c1v exixraorl'u1c rcotrltlxiy xal, olxovol.tlxflc llep.oviag crlq lep-

p"avtag o' 6va pr.e^1i).o Fdpoq t1c Eupdrnrlc, erDmri t1q Avato).1>(iq,, xaL.uov unooxe),op6 "r1c Me"y&trr1c Bperavi.dq xd"t 'c'rq latr).[aq o.rg xup[ap-

lrov q.r.nepnlro'ulxtilv Euvripreov. O Oioep ouvel8ltonoirloe norq 'YW. \d.

oaqpi.\er. q 06o1 tov ^fw, 11 otev{ a}.}.1}.eniEpaorl or,xovopr,xtirv opr'&Eorv

nieol; xat nolrrctx'r1C tileoi"ac, yptew\6rav 1tr,a r,eparn6po.r 6peuva nou 0atnpene va npolorp{oet r,6pa a;n' ro apTewx6 u}.1x6 t1c Ii{Is alr,ogd.-o€ov, Trou eile !E1 epeuvl0ei, oe Fra eup6tepl eltraon'uou Eoptlxo6ntratoiou p,toa oto onoio )rdy"6avovrav aurtg or' anoq&oer'q. 'E0eoe to({qpra tr;€ ouv6lerd.g'Enq er,ex'cartxilq no).r'urx{c 'u1c leppaviaq an6tl1v "you).r6).peu pr,61pl ty va\torr,xri nepioEo, ro oxoto avaxNoloe tva&tr),o epdrrrlltd: xa:,a n6oov o lepp.avlx6g lpnepla).lop.6q np€ner. vd. xa-tavol0ei p.toa oto n).a[olo rt,.tv yepp.d,vlx6v 0eo6ltirv nou avd,lovrd,t oro66xarc €vdqo a,.dxd;

O Qioep Eev {tav o p.6vog nou 60e'ue dvr&. 'ca epc'rtfpata. Ioropxoioav 'cov Anhur Rosenberg, cov Hans Rosenberg v.el eo''t Hajio Holborn,or onolor etyav lexwiloer, 'rylv xapr"tprx,roug o,r'r) Lrp.oxgartd qc Barl,tri-p\q xar. e(yu avdyxaorei va p.enavaoreioouv pe.uri ro 1933 , ra e[yav06oer nprv a:rc' avr6v.TT}exartd rou 1960 p.ra ve6tepl yevwnag6)'a6eavli.q 'cq rEdeq. Xlp.av'crxi1 yw .ur1 ou(!.u1o'rl Trou r,poxa)teoe rjrav 11Elpooieuol an6 rov HansUlrichWehler to 1965 'uorv Eoxrpr.iolv nou e[1e

lpri{,,er oEkhartKehr ca te}.euraia 1p6vra crlc Ba{.uiprlql70, xaluc,xat11 ezrava5lproofeuol t1g El8ax.uoprx{c Eutpr 6lc rov Kehr, S c hlac htflotte n-bau und Parteipolitik 1894-1901: Versuch eines Querschnitts durch dieinnenpolitischen, sozialen und ideologischen Voraussetzungen desdeutschen ImperialismustTr, y onola eiye nplito8lprooteuOei ro 1930.0 Kehr vxoorilpr.\e or1 Eratpr6tl mv 6n 11 an6cpaorl ,c\c, o;v,coxpdlcopt-xig xvitpvylor)c 17) 6exae4"a rou 1890 va prer orlv xoUpoa rou vau-trxo6 e(ox).lopo6 Eev unayopev6rav dx6 t1 gpovtiEa t1v eOvtx{1< aocpa-

170. Eckart Kehr, Der Primat der Innenpolitik, enr,pr.., Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Bepo-),(vo 1965.

171. Eckart Kehr, SchlachtJlottenbau und Parteipolitik 1894-190-f, Bepo)Jvo 1930,1966.

).elag atr).& dn6 eol.rteprx6g no).l.ur,xtc,xat xorvr'-lvm6g n#.oer.q nou f0e).avva 6n'u1p{oouv'Etq, 6&.oetq rrp elouotdg torv 6r,op.1aavtxti,t xo;lTd.rcxarFpovlxdrv etrir evdvtla orov exEr;proxgar,.op.6 xa;t o.ctc, xorvorvrx6g p.erdp-puOpr.ioerg. T6oo o Kehr6oo xar o WehlereiDav 6rr."r1yeppavxi1 ex6np"r;

7&.vwr1 Era g.op gdlOr1 xe p.t o a o a o ev'c d"ppm6 n)a;to rc rrl q A u r oxp d..c opm\qfeppaviaq 'Eou ofio(ou ot aEieg x6; ,Ed. lEavm& dvilxav oe VW npolev6-o$pn npo6r,op.4aavlx{ xolvt-rvta xd,. xou}.ro6pa. An6 xec tgravav oroovpntgaop.a no€ I no).rcx! rlq f eppavL.ac, nov oE{"yr1oe o.uov A' fla-yx6opto fl6).ep.o ipav ar,or6).eopa tiu.v avucp&.oeov av&p.eod, oao\ otxo-vopr,lx6 xal xotvovtx6 exov"yypovlop6, ax6 r7 lLLa , xd.L otlv no],l,ulx{xa0vortp"rp'r1, ax6 'u1v &l).1. Or. wrogxtg pr.e).6reg 16oo rou Kehr 6ooxat .col Wehler 6oi101oav oe Ww, xpn,.x'i1 enavel€:uaoy'uou nape).06vtoqrylq |€pp.dvtac,. Ta xeig*eva nou 6lparfre o Wehlerota t6).1 ,!rlq Eexde-rhg rou 1960 xar o'l.;. apytc, 11€ Dexaerid.cr rou 1970, xar, ota onoi,anpoona}yoe va 0doel rrc, 6&oa4 praq <<ro'roplxfg xorvov,.xilc en,.oriyplq>>, avinrvlav p.ra av'u0.41,,1 xorvovlxric, enori1"qc nou ouv8edtav pef,lv <<xpr,rrx{ Oecopia> qq X1otr{c .r1q Opavxgo6pqc (Mal X6pxyai-

Vep xa;t T6ovtop Av'u6pvo), 6va pe6p,.a rcou 6geil.e notr).ri otov Map( aD.rieile anatr).ayet an6 rlg Dolpacxii xat avrapylxtc, n).eup6q r1c y.apEt-oln.xilc Oeopiac. O Wehler apgwtiyqoe tov xav6va rou Ma[ B6p.nep

1ta a[ro],o'yrx{ ouEetep6rlta 'cyc €pewaq o.r!q xorvcDv,xtq enorillteq,6va alicopa rou o iEr,oq o B6pnep, o onoiog firav tva.q axgaq no).r.urxo-notlg,dvoq enwtilltovag, e(ye rapaithoet orrlv npal4. flap6).o Trou oWehler, oe avri0eol Fs .rov Kehr, Elagoponol{01xe ep.garw&, an6 rovMapE, 6e16cav 6rr. 11 el6)rfrl rlc leppavm{c, xolvr,-rvtac, xa0opt(6rav an6q Etac{p1or1 Eopuxrirv xar xoivovr,x,iv dvtoo"ciprov. Ooc6oo antppmre,6ntog xar. o Kehr, ,u1v av.u[].4!r1 rou MapE ̂ (d, ,ct\ rporepar.6nrlra .cra'y

olxovol.l,lxdrv Euvdpet-rv xa,t \Ttv avrtxariorr,oe pe rrl 6ep,repwv\ avd,-l1rft yla <<t1v no).rtxillHe'rrschaft). qv orxovop.la

"oi "1u xou].to6-

Pd>) oq tperg atr).r;).6vEerec p.era\it roug Euvripreq r.ou xa}opt\ow x&0e)tot\a\tdll2.

2e oacpil avrf0eol p.e .urlv xpnwil rrlq veo.cepm6mlraq r,ou xvpLap-

1o6oe or1 Eutx! $rc?Lo"(pd.gfu ryc }exaeri.dg rou 1960, o Wehler66).ene 11 Era8rxaota exovyypovtol.ro6 aq le.ctxil xdr ayan6.cper,,cn,

172. BL rou Wehler <<Einleitung> otov nprirro ,14to "ov

Deutsche Geseltschafts-geschichte, M6va7o 1987, o. 6-13. 'EXouv xux).ogop{oel <itc, r<;ga rpe,.g an6 rougtiooeprq rpoypapp,a.rrop6vouq r6g.ouq.

H I'TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

xd; Vd.)\wrd. pe peTa).6'ueprJ 6r,r,qro5oEi.a dn6 .uov B6pzrep, o ono[oq etXepelri).4 enilvarl 'ct,.lv cr,vrrgatlxri:v n).eupdrv avrrlc t1g EtaElxaoiaq.

Ira rov Wehler n xdrcd.oapoqm! nopeia trlq Tepp.ctvtx\q r.o'copi.aq e[1e

rrc, pt\ec,.r1q o'uov avo).ox).{po'co exov"r4povlop6 t1c fepptaviac,. T6-

vr(e ).or,n6v ficdq or extq.tiper"q aov ̂ (td r1v nopeia 't1lq Teppdvtx\c loropiaq

orrlpt(ovraz n&.va orr1 0to4 6rr, <<o npooDeurrx6q omovopt'm6q exouy-

lpovrop.6q rI( Teppavlx{c xolvt'.rv'rl,c, 0a |xgere va etTe ouvo8eu0ei an6

6vav exovylpovlol.l6 '6arv xotvovmotv oyioeov xdt t1c notrttlxylc Hexircprlyavorl p.e t1 Erapxf telvo).o1txi ,ns enavaotaorl0a 6npe-

Te \d. ei.Ae g€per. p"a\i. ryc xal 'crp avax'cvlrl Fidq xotvovlaq voplx&

e).e60epalv xan xo)rnrxri une60uvo-rv notrt'uci-tv, lxavriv va rcaipvouv ttga.l'og&.oa4 '!ouq>>, npayp.a nou o'url lepp'avlx{ negtxrll,o1 oagdlq Eev6yrve t 73 .

Aut{ 1 avti}.1{1 ev6s <<r6rait.po, [1.p1rowxoil Ep6p.ou> (Sonder-

weg) npog.Erl vet,rreprx6'cr1ra 061fuxe oo6ap\ xpr.r,.xi1174, enelD{, 1la,covc, entxclL'c€q r1c,61t p,6vov unepantro6o'teue 'urJv no).1'ulx{ xa,r xotvo-vrxf e[6].r[1 qq A6oIc yevr.x&, xat x\q leppr.aviaq er,6m6tepa, a].],ri xarEev propoJoe va 6et 6c Eev vnapyer" 6vaq povaErx6q Ep6F'.oq ?rpoq 'EIveorepm6rlra. To xpi.otlto 6p.aq oror.aeio 'cr6 av'cil.1{r1c tou Wehler

^fra .co\ exouyxpovlop6 eivar, ro no)*rtx6 qc p,{vupla , 11 anoxilpv(l "ru

av.uapar.xtbv leppavlxti.rv napaE6oecov xan "r1 enmlot'rol 'rlq ano0o1{cex pr6pouq t1c Autlxig lepg.aviac pera ro 1945 qc Elptoxparmycx).lpovopdq 'u1g A6o1c, xar. et}x6repcr U.tdq ooora).Elproxpartaq xovouvEuriLer trlv no)ltxf Erlpoxparia p.e p.a 6a0w ai.o07o1 xor,vurvtx{ceu06vr1c.

H 6peuva .cou Wehler Ncr,r, .uov xorvorvrxcirv lotoplxcirv r,ov 1pbxovratxovr&. .uou o.r'n ).ey6y.ev1 <X1o).! 'uou Bielefeld>> (nou Eev eivar otrlvxpa"yparu6,cnra Vn o1o).{ a}.}d 6vaq x0x}.oq ,.oropr.xclx p,e xorv6q rE6eq,apxerot ar,6 rovq onoiouq ipav oro flaveno.u{p.ro .cou Bielef'eld) Eexw&.an6 66o 6aou64 06oerg. H npdrq elya;. 6u 7 wrogla 0a ngtxet va n&.per"rl popgi pta,q xorvovr.xip enwrilFl(, praq wrogtxilc 6ptog xolvt-rvlx{cenror{p1c (Historische Sozialwissenschaft) 6rl.i,c, rrlv ovop.&let o

173. Hans Ulrich Wehler, Das Deutschen Kaiseneich, Gcittingen 1973, o. 17,ora ary1)rtx6.: The German Empire, 1871-19 18, Leamington Spa 1985.

174. B).. Geoff Eley xar David Blackboum, 'fhe Peculiarities of Gertnan Historl':Bourgeois Culture in [9th-Century, O[g6pE1 1984' entonc,Thomas Nipperdey, DeutscheGeschichte 1800-1866, M6va1o 19fl3 xar Deutsche Geschichte 1866-19 18,2 r6'pot,M6va1o 1993.

H <IITOPIKH KOINONIKH EIII>THMH> ITH IEPMANIA

Wehlerl75, 7 onota, avrtlera p,e rtq oug,replgoplormic, xor,vcovrx6g ent-

o,c'lpec,'c1c, d,Vepxavm{c nagri8ool<, 0a rcpooeyyi\er, t1v xol,vovfa p.6.oa

an6 aaqaoq Elacunolpl6va eparfip.a'ca oyerma p.€ 'rrq xotvtovtx6g atr).4-ytc. H 8e6repl etvar. 6rr" vnapaet pua orev! oyto'r1 avap.eoa o'rlv e7u-

lnqrorrril 6pewd y'at o'c^rp roiuorr,r{ npaxrtxil. H av'ui}.1{,,1 tou Wehler.(d. tn\ xolvr'-rvlx{ enrotfpl utooetei tr1 Eleupup6vrl an6 tov B6plnep

o4aEm'\ dvvon'r<'rv xotvt,rvmoil oyq1tarto1.r,ti.rv, pr.6oc-r trlc onolag p.nopelr-.' | ', , , , , , ,vd' yivsi ,rd,1d.\onrTl Fla xolv(l)vl,d trdt lLtd. er,oxq (-t)q eva ouvo^o Tlou

xdlopt|,e'uat 16oo an6 no).ltl,xo6g xat xotvovtxono).1'clopr.txo$g 6oo xar.

ax6 orxovol;'xoiq tragayov'tec. Ano6dleral ento'qc q 06o1 cou Map€

nroc \ wropta rrlq A6o1c pnopei \td. xd.aavortOef oav p,ra ouve1f;q , ewata

nopeia ax6 14 npoibtoprx6q r\c, d.Trd.Pytq xar. tirq o{pepa. 'E'uot }.otn6v

1 xorvorvrx{ wropta, i7 7 roroprx{ xorvr,rvm{ enlot{pr.1 6nac, nporqt&.

va rlv ovop.ri(er o Wehler, negt)rap'6awt xotv<'rvtx&,, xolvutx&., otxovol-tm&.

dlJrd, xdr, xotvovixoTro).rtloplx& xat 6cvo1'ur,xa gaw6p.evd pe 'urlv Trto

evpeia .uouq 6vvola. To xevtpr,x6 06p.a rcdv to'Eoptxdrv 6le).etdrv eival 1npooEeurrx{ 1-te'cap.6pgoorl'rt,.rv xolvt'.rvlxciv Eopdrv.

Taur6ytova, o Wehler nwre(tet 6rt o wrogx6c, qtpet pla rcotrtcr,xf;eu06vr1. Au.ut'; qv eu00v1 r7 6)'6na. y.6oa dn6 ilc, )r.d.a\"fo?ieq 'qq Kpr-rrxric Oetopiaq 6x.r,g rtq eppfveuoe o MaE X6pxyatp.ep xdl irto ng6orpa-ra o lro6plxev Xtipr.nep4-dq' a'rt6\tnet ErlIaEr] pe rouq 6povg pwq xor.-vorv(aq npoq .rlv oxoi.a nptxer va oD11o0v or Ecvoltmtq p.aq npoond-0eeq, puq xowcovh4 nou 0a eival op1avc.rpr.6wl nrivo oe ).oyx6q (verninftig)av0p6nrveq apyig xov 0a entrgtnouv orouq avOpdrroug va (ouv p.e alr.o-nptnew oav aut6vopr.a vnoxety,eva, rxan&, va oup,p,et6xouv o'rrl Elap.6p-goorl rlq V"oipac, roug. Aur6 .uo rEedlEeg, nov 6yer" rr"c, pi.\ec, aou o'coAragartropr6, 1p1olp.e6er o.Eov Wehler t-rq xplc{plo yrd .urlv xgrrctx\ elt-'ta,orl rov xol,varvldrv tou nage).06vroc, xar rov ndp6v'co;.'E'ror 11 awi-),1Q1 tou Wehler 1td .rov exouyxpovlop6 eivo,r. otrl 6aorl ,c\c, xavovrort-xf1: 1 rotopta xp6na. va livel 6yt an)rtic, p.ra xorvcDvrx\ exwri1,g.4, atr).ripu xprrrx{ xolvt-lvx{ enlor{p1. Avtrpe'uo.rn( er. \erm&. .uov exouTxpovt-o1t6 oav p.ra 8uErxaotd Ewpxo6c, a)0.a1{c 6nou ex,.o,c'fir.I xdr .ue1vo},o-

7h avanrloc.o\.co;t nap&D.1).a pe g.l,a 6Io xar p.e1a).6tep1 e).euOepia,rto),rtm{ oplp6.ur1.ua xal uneuOuv6vlra.uo.rv pretrtirv .u1c xolvovidg. lw.tov Wehler rc x6pr.o epbr4p,a nou 0a €ngene va 06oouv ol fepp.avoi

175. BI. Hans Ulrich Wehler, Historische Sozialwissenschaft und Geschichts-schreibung, G<ittingen 1g80.

H IXTOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

xorvovrxo[ wroptxo[ ipav ro ywr( orrl lepp.avia o exov"(Xf)oylo1.!6q ?T{pg}wqoperu\ popgi dn' 6,rl-o.ur'1 Autl,x{ Eugdrnrl { tr1 Bdpera Aprepntl,o6lldrvraq oflc, xdnd,lrpogm€q ouvdneteg r1c nepr,6Eou g.eca[6 1933xar. 1945.

'Erot'),om6v, rrlv upa nov otrl 46o1 ot a\teq pwc olyypov'rlq xor-vorvfag nou ouvDda(av 'u1 6rnl*yaav"xil xowovia V,e 'cn 6oqla.).Er1g.oxpa-rid apAt\av va ap.<pw6qro6vrd.L, or i8rcg avrtq alieq elpwxav eupeiaano}oafi and roD.o0q, v6oug waopmotq rlq Og,oo"Eovdrax{c Alg,oxpa-,ci"aq, yw ).6youq Trou oe pr.e^y&).o 6a0'p.6 etyav va x&vouv Fe rrJV (vrrpe-trirrrol rov rp6ogatou nape).06vroq clq leppaviag. Aut{ 11 avrq-retcl-nl,o1 o{pat\e xd; ,p.,.a xp':l"xil avrmapa1eol pe .rouq rp6noug Trou ox).&6oq rorv lepp.avriv rotoprxtiv eile 6ei, xar ei.ye ypaQet trlv e0vrx-iwropiatTi. Evdr q }exaeria.uou 1950 xugwpyoloav ax6p.a orq, Tep-ltcrvr.x&, navenw'ci1gtLa, oL lc,aoptxot nou avrmpoot'nevd.v ,ctc, rcapaEoora-xtq npooeyyber4 o:.rr1 yeg,p.avmfi r,oropi.a, xan no\rrtxt';, to l.r.ovonar).rd,covg iondoe orn }exaerla rov 1960, xa1citc, apytoav, acpev6q, va r,atp-vouv o6vra{r1, aqe'ctpov ad, ̂ F?Va\)r>(a navenrcrilpla e(axo).ou0o0oav vaenexrefvovrar. p.€Apr. rr.q apytq anc, 6E;ftd.extq.c, rov 1g7gtzz. To 1971r8p601xe ro flavenwc{g.lo cou Bielefeld o.rq dva xivrpo qro orcoto or8renlorlpr.ovlx6g pe).6.ue c, 0a elcaav eliyovoa 0to4, iva K6vrpo Arenrorrl-

1.r.ovrx{c 'Epeuvaq. O Wehler xari\d6e p.u ddpa wroptaq exe[ ro 1971,xd.t .co 1972 iple xal o Jiirgen Kocka. 'Ecor, q xpr,rxil xorvuvrxil ro,co-pk an€xrqle lLLd, oralep\ 0eoprm{ 6&o4. To 1972 eyxawt&.otqxe 11oepri povolpaguirv <<Kgl:'mtc, pe).6teq orIV roroprxfi enwripyl>>, otrlvonoda 61g.oorc6rrpav tcdvu aw6 exar6 c[r].o1, xd.t xo 1975 rc neproElx6Geschichte undGesellschaft (<<Iorogi.a xat Kolvc,.rvia>)178,

"o onoto fiple

va napet p.ta ltorl or1 feppavtu avd)roy'r1 p.' avrilv nou etyav .ca Art-nales orrl fa).).fa ,Ldt ao Past and Present orq Mey&),r.i Bperavta.

Xe avti0eol F.s ro p.eTd).ricepo V.tpoc, rrq Eou).euiq rli'v Annales x.xtpreyri).ou li.6pouq qq 6ou),ed< rou Past and Present, ro Geschichte und

176. BD,. Georg G. lggers, The German Conception of History: The NationalTradition of Historical Thought from Herder to the present,2l tx6., Middletown,Conn.1983.

177. B).. Georg G. lggers, The Social History of Potitics: Critical perspectives inWest German Historical Writing Since 1945, Leamington Spa 1985, e$,.x&, :ur1,t Eroa'

1o11, o. 1-48.178. Yr6rtt).og .uou zreproErxo6Zeitschrift fi)r Historische Sozialwissenschaft (<<fle'

ptodrxd 1la t1v r,oroplxri xowavtxil erwoc4pri").

H <ItTopIKH KOINONIKH EnI>THMH> xTH TEPMANTA

Gesellschaft xar. l oer€a'uov.<<Kprtlxrirv pe).e.uov>> Eev 6Elvav ro 6apoc,610 lLeod,Lavtx6 xan otov npd;rpr.o ve6.uepo x6opo atr).& orlg EcElxaoieqUe,cd,6[nUd.rtopr.o6..ur'lv o611povov 6rcp.yyavtxtitv xol,vr,tvrdrr. ErriolC,r8raicepo 6apoc, 6w6rav orrlv aD.r1).eniEpaol no).l.ulx! q xd, xo )aviaq. Hvi.- yepp.avtx{ xorvo-rvrx[ wropta i"',av xal' 6}.a 6.uorp1 va lplorponol{-cteL noooltx6q pe06Douq pe no).6 p.ela).6tep1 o6veo1 i"i ,i",, o,1"i-pwavmil <<N6a xorvorvxil toropiar i "rl 1a).).rxrj <<histoire s6rielle>>. orrveultdrmot np68popor, t1c Ioroplx{€ xolvrovlxic, e,.Lo,EillLlc oq lep-;ravia Eev iyav ot Apleprxavol xorvr,lvrxoi enlotf;poveg i or t,im.oi ,o"o-pwoi rouv Annales a).).d f eppavgi, 9 MapE, tror. 6x.,q eiye nepaoet p6oorrou Ma[ B6pnep, xar o i6rog o MaE Bdpnep. ot torogxol,-nor'orogipog",nto n&.voo, r,ov etyav onouEd,oel oq Alp.oxparta rqc B"qr,iprtc xar. et_xcrv d'\d."(xdorel vd g61ouv an6 rrl lepp.avia per& ro lg3j - o ArthurRosenberg, 6vaq paplt6ri1c,, xat or Hans Rosenberg xal Hajo Holborn,W}ryiq rou Friedrich Meinecke. o Eckart Kehr, o onoiog 6p,.ox6rav orr-Hvtrp6veq flo).rreieq_pe p'o vnorpocpia Poxgd).ep 6rav n60aveoe 1).rxia'cpt&,vra erciv ro 1933' xat, r€)toq, or xolvorvro).6^yorqilt6oogol ,ur1c )1o-

}1lc "nc Qpavxgo6p.ul;,xan l8taitepa o MaE X6pxlaipep. Aur6q or rnpiier,

68oroav q.aovc, to'Eoptxo,jq ,cov Bielefeld g"ro onoyprol no).6 Er,agopetrxri

Y? ly"nu ,cuv xvpi"apTtov ro.coprxtirv rar xor,vtrruro).o1,r,iru peu;ritr,rv t1e

la),).fac xat r.'\ Hvorpdvo.rv flo).lteuirv o8lltilvtaq oe p.r,' no).6 g'1aj),6rep1 entxtvr.g<,ton ..ilc, $€eg xat r,.c, altea'rcou Erap.6pg.uvc.v p.r,a ?ro-

\r:r"i xou).to6pa. Enfor;c 601oav ,uoug v6ouq ,o"o,gr*o6q va Ecloouv

bdpo€ oe epp.Iveur'x6.g ngooeyytoetc,, etre aq oupr.r).1pr,lparmtq efte cogavan6onaoro g.dpoq .ut,rv eprcerprxcbv rouq aua).6orrr.

!ap6rr. ortg 0eo-rprlttx6g rov 0doerg o wehlerarcoEi8el o,u1v xou).ro6-

pa 06o1 ro6.ul1.r.1 p'au,u{v.Erlq orxovoptag xat crlc no}.rtrxr1s o, oy6or1p'e^to ndrq og[(erar. p.ra xolvt.rvi6,, xd; xag6rr, eppr,lve6er

"1u xou].to6pa

av0porno).o1tx&., ag 6va n\6yp.a oup.6o).rxcirv og"or6olru o:yi,orrr, *o-t11op{01xe rc@c, r,ago;1.e}.ef trlv no}.rtro1l.rxrj n}.eupri ,r,c ,rioptog. Me_P,t2<oi enuptr6.q.-,cou napadpqoav 6rt o.rrlv xor,vtovtxil',"oropia rou ad.

::?V" elagavt\ovrat 1t€oa oe exrxa\6n.couqec, Eop,6q xat nax 7) xou).-

:::q., eEer&lerar. p6vo otr,s 0eop.rx6q qq popg6q , 6ruq exx),1oteq,

:.T?n:r", naverrc.,ci11ud., xolt ri).).or eniolpor opyd,vropr,oi. flpa1g.arlx6.,

ptxpr; npooolri 8iverar or"- ptopgtq "r1c

xa0rlp.eprvr]c'(or{c.'D,c'o 66},tot ov D e ut s c he G e s e l ls c hnt g e s c hic hte,, W"t t". oo yo)rih a,.,p.r',rq lwaixegi* irpt:q

<,lq rrpoq tnvopmri ,covc, xat oxovol-uxil.uouq 06o1. Aoyo-aettat ).t16tepo Fe r1v xaO1g.epw{ (c{ ro.lv .yuvalxtbv anr6 rov Thomas

ru100 H IXTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKOITO AIONA

Nipperdey, 'uou onoiou 11 tpitoprrl wl,og[a rlq feppdvtaq ari to 1800

p.6apt ro tg18179 enwrptga. F.ev o€ u.ra crglTltJ.armil nolt"nx! toto-

pla, an6'u1v riD.1 6Fr.coq rept61e,. xat pe"y&.),a xop,p.arr"a Yra 'ul)v xa01-

p.eprv{ ltoi, 6nov oupnept}apr.6uvera. xar. y 6&"oraon rov g6}.ou.

O Jtirgen Kocka avaEeil0lxe m1 }exderta 'uou 1970 o' €vav an6.c ov c, encp d,\ 6o,c epov q exn poo cinov q anc, xgr, miq, Oeotp1 t rx{c npoo 6"y^yt-

olq orrlv xolvt.rvx{ wropi.a { aD.ldrq r'nc, w'Eor,tx{C xolvtovl,x1C en.or\-

plc. 'H6I o.u1v St8axroptxil tou Etatpr6il rov 1969 e[1e egapp.6oer

0eorpl.urxri 1l.ovt6).4 otrlv av&).uo1 'ut'rv xol,vtlvl,xciv atr).a1cbv180. fllrivo-y,td.c, ,Eo nap&Eellpra anc, ̂fTev'ctaiag 1).extprxip eratpetag Siemensan6

c1v 6vapE1 t16 trercoupybc, 'cnc, p.t:',.5tr. ro (i.onaop.a rou A' flalx6og.rou

flo).6p.ou, o Kocka Eoxipaoe ta ecpapp.6oet ro 6eltxeplav6 lEe6turo rrlq^(pd.qercxpd.ri.ag o'cryv av&Euo1 lxaq p.e1&).nq xdc\ (oPfaq una).],{}.ov<<),euxtirv xo).).riporv> tou l6lat'ulxo,3 ropia. T6oo oro €p"yo avr6, 6qo xarotlv en6pevl ouyxpt'utxil tov epyaoid ̂ (td. 'cd' <<).eur&, xoD.ripa>> otrllepp.avia xdr o'rlv Ap.eptx{ p.eral6 1890 xar 1940181, 6xov eEer&\er"tr1 Eexrr.x6r\'rd. 'ca,v leppavdrv una),).{}.ov otov E0vxoooota}.lop6, oKocka entaer.pei, va naer, ntpa ax6 arc. avcrxer1eu,xtq 6op6g xal EtaErxa-oteg, o'cr'rt nofuttx{ ouvei8lol 6oov oupr.pr.e'ctyow o' a,vrtg. !e en6pr.evegpe).6'ueq tou aolo).{01xe pe ao opnlld.arop.6 rryc epydrtxilc ralrq, an6pw onr,.xi1nol6 8ragoperm\ a.n6 awiy 'uou E. fI. T6g.oov, Tra rovorcolo 0a ptr].{ooup.e napax&.rlo. fu rov Kocka or. 6ao,xtg Euv&p.erg nouEr1pro0p11oav ,c7 obyypovl epTacx\ ra\1 eEaxo).ou0o6odvtd etva;. orxovol.r.txdq xat Eopr.r,x6g. Baor,(6p.evoq oe Frtfl avt[].r1!1 nepi exou^11povr-opro6, o Kocka, oro p.e1&).o rov (.pyo ",(Ld. ,En Etap.6pgorrl 'ur,rv 'u&Eet,lv toEdxaco 6varo ar.tLva (1990)182, epp.lve6el rryv av&nru[1

"oru o6yypo-

vtov epTd,'rr,xrirv .u&[e<ov toq ro anort]reop.d ryc e,.o6dri1g t1g prtoOalt{cepyaoi.ag orc- x)tatqw plaq Ela8xaotaq ex6np.11ivlo1c vn6 xdnna)'t-onxtq ouvO{xeq. IlapriD.l).a pr.e ro 6p'yo rou Kocka, &tr}.ot leppavoi

179. Thomas Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte 1800-1866, M6va1o 1983 xarDeutsche Geschichte 1866-19 18,2 ,c6'pot, M6va1o 1990-92.

L8O. IJnternehmensverwaltung und Angestelltenschafi am Beispiet Siemens 1847-1914: Zum Verhtiltnis von Kapitalismus und Brirokratie in der deutschen Industriali-sierung, XtouqxripErl 1969.

l8l. Ji.irgen Kocka, White Collar Workers in America: A Social-Political Histuryin International Perspective, AovEivo 1980.

182. tlo).6 xp6oqara Weder Stand noch Klasse: [Jnterschichten um 1800, B6wr11990, o nportoq .c6p.oq ev6q rotr6topr,ou Geschichte der Arbeiter und der Arbeiter'bewegung seit dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts.

H (ItTopIKII KOINONIKH EIIIITHMH> >TH |EPMANIA

xorvavtxo[ wropuot orptrltav rr1v ?rpooo1il rovc, o,nq xor,vovlx6g ouvg{-xel Trov ouv6Eeuav aur\ rr1 }w}maq|a ex6r.op.yAavw1C.

flpine4 666ara, va 67et xavei"g un6tfrv rou 6rt .ca €gya rou Wehleretyav or6yo va ei.van owlerrx&., yd eivan ElIaEf y.w wropta.rlq xorvo-vhs (Gesellschaftsgeschichrc) xar" 6yt [.(ra epr€rprx{ xorvr,rvrx! rcropta.dlor6oo,1 avtD.1{1 tou WehlerlLd.lLtd. xpnr,xil xorvorvrx{ ro'uopia 6Eor-oe ro 6vavo1d" ̂(td. pla n).edEa epneplxti.rv epeuvdrv xor,vovrxiq wrcgiagTcov ertxevcpcitvovtav orrlv ex6rcp;r1y&vr.or1 xa;l ox1c, enrnrtboetg nov e[aeo'r1v xorvtovlx{; Enotpog.ri.ut'ro1 per al{ relvrrriv, ir,op"qaavmtitv epTa-,rdrv, treuxdlv xoD.&porv, xa,r doaLxtJn r&let':v. To ev8ng6pov Tra rrqentnrrboa.q rlc ex6'oltr1y&vo7c, ot1 feppr.avia Eev ipav xawolpyrc.Anoretro0oe .rlv xevrpr,x\le,p.arm\ rou K6x).ou Epydotac,la .u1 )61-

1povr1 Korvr'.rvlxrj loropta, nou rDp601x e ax6 rov Wemer Conze or.r1XaiEe).66pyq ro 1957, o onotoq iptoxerar, ax6pa oe ).errouplta oip.epa,xan o onotoc, ovyx€v.cpaoe no).).o0q ve6tepoug xg,rrxotg xorvcovrxofg loto-pmotq xar Erlpooieuoe notr).ri igya rovg. Exeivo nou zrpoo60eoav avrotor ve6repol xpr..ctxoi. xowavtxo[ wropr,xot o.cr,g na]tr,6repeq dpeuve c i,,ravpr.a p'eya\6'cepr1 6pgao1 o'cr; 0eopia ^fd. ,cn:v epp.lvela tov ElaErxaorcbvxorvorvrxo6 We.ca,c1n1.d.rl,oplo6 nou ouv6Eeuav rrlv exfi,rrpr,yavwy gtioaoM, Tepll,,dvlxir. nol.,tm&. x'),ai.o,,a.

'Eva pe1&).o pdpoq qc xorvo.rvlxfl< oroptag torv Eexaetrdrv rou lg70xdt aou 1980 oq feppavfa, yevm&. o.urg Eutrx6g :'6hpec xaltb< xat, x&.-nug apy6repa, o,rlv Avaro)lx{ Eupcinrl, yrerdr6nwe ,co xiv,cpo 6&.povc,an6'couc, orxovol;,rxo6q nap&yovreq o.urlv xou).to6pa. Ol E6o npoorrytorrqEev. eivar xar' av&yx4v al).1).oanox).el6peveg. H wropra r1c' epyar,.xfictlE1c o'cr, lepp.avia ntpaoe o;n6 nolJt&. oroliw an6 .cr1 dexde"ia ,ov1950 xar 6orepa,6nti,qxat otrq &D.eq Xupes.\c, Lur,xr$ Eupdrnlq xalrr')c B6peraq AH.eprxiq. Or zrpd.rreg pr.e).dreq nov ?yiyav an6 rov K6x).oLpyaoiac, rou Wemer Conze aolo).o6vrav l8nirepa p.e .uo p6).o ,c@v ep.fa-trx<irv xrvlpri.rov Trou dvanrly}rpav xara r7 irhpxew r\q exiLopngir)r99 o.'ca nlvtow rlq rotrrrm{c xou}..uo6pd,c. aov 66xarov |vanov auiwaxat rov aplirv ,cov etxooaot orrl fepp,avia, xil V.e r1v evoc.rp&nao4 i1

"l qtl evot-l1.r,titoo1 aurolv c,v xrvr;pritav p,toa o' eya e0vlx6 consensus.Xtlq pel6req .ut,lv Dieter Langewiesc6"l8S,Franz-Josef Briigge-

, .18J Dieter Langewiesche and Klaus Schoenhom, (errp.), Arbeiter in Deutsch-nnd: Studien zur Lebensweise der Arbeiterschaft im Zeiralter der Industialisierung,Paderbom lg8t.

t01

102 H DTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO'TO AIONA H <IETOPIKH KOINONIKH EIII:THMH> >TH |EPMANIA

O Briiggemeieraolo).ei'EdL xaa' ap1iv p.e rtq ouvOixeq :rou enlperi-

(ouv coug avrivuprouq zr).10uop.o0q , elerir\ov'corq 'ErJv xaOr1g'eplvrl (ol{

u6od ora n\alom tov zro).ltt'xtilv Eopltirv, 'cli.\ d.v'ca;Pplxriv zl).euptiv t1c

T"pgtorrrilc Autoxpa'uoplac., xan rovq <p66ovq'rt'rv xdre1ouotiv t&Eecov

nov'a.w\&.vov(dv Ftd' notrttlxi xal no)ltto1;.lx! anet),{ "fd. T rc' xvptapyec,

aliec xat 10txo6q xav6veg.'Torepa xepv&.et oe arop.'.xiq 6rc79dgkq av-

1paxcopbytov xdl ercrgeLgei" va dvan),&,oer, tlq e).niEeq xal'cd" 6velp& 'uoug.

lr4eprri.r, cpopi,c, gaiverdl Tlalc, t1 an6xr7o7 x&nor;civ xol.tptatl6v Pou't-opo(t fi nc,:nourouiv Divet pr'ra ato}Torl xot\?v,r\:."":::lr?T xu x6-

pouq: I <<'crpi>> pe r'tl iep'neptaui| 6vvora, i1 'uo <<ov1t6o).1x6 xeg&).alo>>'o6pqava

pe 'tY)v opo).o1ia tou Mnoupvt|, €4ow q 06o1 T ouq o'tov

cu.uonpoo8rop,.o1t6 avrav r@v ranetvdlv avEpdrv, 'rorv onoiov to aio0rlpr.a

clltong€nemg iiyerat g'ra Erapx{ entleot1. Xplotponordr eEdr tov 6po

<<,ivEpeg>> ywri o x6op.oq nov tteprypaget o Bri.iggemeier eivat 6vaq x6-

opog 6xov or rivEpeq anotetro6v rll ouv'rPt7r'rlx{ n}.elo{.,17ta r1c ePP'at-

xrjc E6vap.Ig. 0r luvai.xeg, oro 6e6tepo n).&,vo, anoce).o6v p.6pog torv

outovopr.rxrJrv urotrollopdrv 'ucov ep^poEotriv. flap6louv gtrlv{ or67aa7 orovq

vorx&p1Eeq pe aorjpav'u1 awapro,.6il Ttcr 'EYlv egya.oid touq. Op.og or.6to-

ypagteq Eivouv dva av0pdrrclvo ng6oolno o' avr6 nou Ecgope'um& Eev 0a

ipav napd anp6ouxeg, outr).o^ytx6g poipeq. Kal co0o6v TIPoq rlv xdre6-

0uvo-4 r1c xpo,popr.xilc loroplag.'Erot o Lutz Niethammer xal or, ouveplci-teq rou xat€ypa'J1av ErcoEu'um6q ouvevte6Eetq an6 epya\6p.e\nuc, xaL 'clq

luvalxeq rouq, zrou \o6oav oq (drvr1 opuleit'rv 'uou Poup tr; Eexaecia tou1930188. Aur6g ol ouvevce6(elq Eev otole6ouv o'u1v avrirctrao1 avro6 r.ov'{tav or 6,v0pornot, aD.& au'uo6 nou 0up.o6v'col. To oyp.av'cm6 Eev eivalnooo axptieiq eivdt avr€q ot avaprv{oetg, a}}.& to ndrg avaxtroiv touqtp6nouq pe rouq, onoioug avroi, or &v0po-rnol 6lcirvouv to rape).06v rouq.

Audl 1 p"erar6nw1 ax6 rrp wropi.a'Eov e?'faatxoit xlvilltdroq oe Ww"xotvcrvm{ rcropla "c4g epyaoi.aq nou eort&(el r1v xpoooTfl'cng 6e d.ao-ptx6q ep.nelpieq Eev anrdyr&,ran p.6vo ot1 lepp.cvia. Avax).ri ltta yevm6-tepl triol rrlq xorvovr.xilq wroptac, 6Xt pr6vo otrq &D.eq 16pe q 'c\qA6o1c, alJr&. ax6pa xat 6'clc, ).e16pr.eveq ooota),tonxtc, yapec,, 6nov 6p.aq

1 otpog{ npoq avr!.u1v xate60uvol ritav no agyil. flapa86[o-rq, 1

.- 188. Lutz Niethammer, Lebensgeschichte und Sozialkultur im Ruhrgebiet 1930bis1.?60,2 t6p.or, Bepo),ivo. 1983' ptn napriD.lll dpeuva Erel{1fu ar,6 rovqNiethammer,Alexander von Plato xal Dorothee Wierling, Die volkseigene Erfahrung: Eine Archtio'logie des Lebens in der Industrieprovinz DbR.30biographische Erlffnungen,Bego-l'ivor990

meier184, xal Klaus 1"tt1"14"185 \w. "cLg ouvO{xeg (or{c qc ep"yarr.xiy

raEns 'co xtv1'po 6apovc, p-era"coni\eran an6'r1v rcollrm{ otlv ae/€ary

n).eup&. Avrt< ol pe).dreq Erag6pouv 16oo a.n6 rrlv notrlrtol-t"txf1xpootr-

',((''rt 'cTlC el'faaLx'\c. d.l+q rou T6p'oov 6qo xat an6 rG nlo 6vtova av-

0prrro).t1,rir, ngoor\ (i.oeq, 6nac, eivcn r1 pre)'6t1 tt'lv oup6oltxriv xat

re).ecoup1r,x6v 6{,'eolv ',1q el"{d"cL't{<-Enp'aptupi'dc' dr'6 couq Michelle

p"rr61l8-6 xal William Sewe11l87. Or, 6ao,.x€q r!"ftC'corv Langewiesche,

Briiggemeier xar Tenfelde e€axotrou0o6v va eivar oxtr1pd ep.nerprx& EeEo-

p.t i, ror 6* 11 ).o1o'ueAvi"a,1 td1v1 xat" o)'aix6g nolttopr'6q' To n)'ai-

oro eivar 7-ix6to'p.r1y&vt'o7 xa;t o c.'nlLd.ato.6c, W'ac, npo)'etapnx\q ra-

Erls. Kal ot,upeLg roug aolo).o6vtal pe .rouq av0paxo;p61oug rlq xoil.&-

Eaq, rou Poug xal r,eprygacpou't ).entopr,epdrq .ulq a).).a16q rov ouvolxrirv

egyaoiaq o'ca, ogvaeia,'t1 ocpaco).6T!o! a\q e?"..a'cLxip r&'E1< (xupit'q

o116 llo).ru o$c, veffivd,o'ceq), r4 oyioetq p.e'cal6 epyaruv xal ep'yoDo-

rrbv, xdt.rrq xorvovrxtg xar. otxovol1,.xig ou^lxpo6oelg. EtElxri o Brtigge-

meier eqe.u&let rq ouvolxeg oniyao+C xat arc, entn'udloetg 'uouq o'Etq

xorvovrxdq ouvolxeq - ^rd r,apa6eryp.a, ,cK, eT,LT.lcboelg zrou eiae 7na.povota volx&pr1Et.rv oq (ori r(')v orxoTevel6v puag e[a0].lcopr6v1g xo]-

v6t1raq. Ol 6lo1,,.11avm6q ao06verec, neprfghqov'Ed'r Fe trentopr'6pera' AD'&

or. epra.ceq Eev {tav pl6vo o0p.ata' avtlEpo0oay xat ap$vov.rav ple El&go-

poug cp6nou c,, ovyv&. p'e &yprcq dnep1i.ec,, yeu'xa 6Fr'oq pe. fu16'uepo evtu-

n(i)owxo6g 1'p6novg, 6n(i,q ipav ot &.rwreg ).6o1eq 1ro.cot3 (Schnapscasi-

nos) -nou ovyta, Eev livovtav avexrtq an6 t1v aotuvopr'ia - xd, ot

onoieq uroxa0lo'uo0oav tlg axp66'c, rait'pveq or4 oxoieq ouvf0olg Eev

{tav xatro8elo6pevot. Mla e0votl,xf xou}.to0pa nov eile rr"c, pt\ec,'cnc, oe

no).trvtxo6q tp6nouq \ruliq, xdt. 0ploxeu'ulx6r1ra lc,pr\e 'zvro$c, rovc,

epyhteq an6 ,invq lepp.avo6g ouvaE6).gouq rovg, 6:1t 1t6vo'p€oa oto ytbpo.

.p"yooiaq alJ,a xan o"iq e).e00epeq cbpeq 'Eovg, xaL vnioxax:,e rr1p,enaEt

touq atr).1).eTy6l c'ctg d.rcep (axtc, xwrl'conor'ipetc,.

184. Franz-Josef Briiggemeier, Leben yor Ort. Ruhrbergleute und Ruhrbergbou

1889-19Ig, M6va1o 1983. fla tlq nepr6aD.ovtrx6q r).eu96q,6tr. tou t}r'ov, Blauer

Himmet i)ber der Ruhr: Geschichte der Umwelt im Ruhrgebiet, 1840-1990, Essen

1992.185. BI., n.1. Klaus Tenfelde xar Gerald D. Feldman (errp.), Workers, Owners'

and Politics in Co,al Mining: An International Comparison of Industrial Relations, Nta;

Y6px1 1990.186. uichelle penot, Workers on strike: France, t87 l-1890, N6a Y6px1 1987.

187. B),. r.apax&'rla., o. 170.

105to4 H DTOPIO|PAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

ep"g.alxi) to'copto o'url ooordfuoalxi L,td.co).i eile ryv raol va eivar e).1-rtortxrl, va yp&"cpe'cal E1).aE{ ar,6 rr1 qxontd..,uou opTavop.dvou ep'pa.ulxodx,.vi11tarog xa,l rov ooon).E1pox parmot \, p'era ,co 1917 , xo1.r.1.r.ouvlo.urxo6x6pltaroq. flagiEetypa, y oxr&rogty to'cop,n rou 'feppavrxol epyaruo'3x,,viypanoq nou ex860qxe to 1966 oto Bepo).ivo189. AN\& ax6p.axo;oan\)Ava'cotrrx! feppavla an6 ra p6oa r'l,:1c }exae'ciaq rou 1970 ouverEryo-notqoav tp av&y,c1va orpdgo$v o'ttq xa0lpeprv6q (ofq torv epla(6pe-vorv. O JtirgenKuczynski npol6loe ro 1981 trlv nevtd,topr,Geschichtedes Alltags des DeutschenVolkes 1600-1945 (Ioropia r7q xa%np.epyfiq(ais rou yepp.avmo,j AaoJ 1600-1945)190, aneu06vowag, 6xx).1o1 otoug'papE.oric wnop,.xo6q va n&pouv tg,}i1p.a'ca dn6 rryv xor,varvlx{ wtopta'rrov g.rl ooola)lo.ucirv toroplxti-rv 'qc A6o1c. Eexlvd-rwaq dn6 x),aomtgpapEr'ormtq avtil.!{.,etg, o HelmutZwahz Erlp.ooieuoe 'ro 1978 pr.n pe).6tr1'(a .c"rl Enpt6pg<'.ro1 .uou npotrecapmrou rrlC Leulta; o'cllv onota e(era\et'co ntog 7 ex6,'op't11a\LoT xal 1 6dp.opgtlo'n 'nlq ra!.:{,c, avax^tbvwn orl;gEcnpooonmtg oyioer"g, 6not,q omoyevewxolq EeoFr,oiq xat gi),i,eg, )rd.L or\\)xorvorvx{ ouveiD1or1lg1. 2' 6va $tairepa evEragdpov xogtlt&.n, rrou Xpr')or-p.onorci, ro 6,,o1pacpm6 u).1x6 xou nep,.tTeaar 6"covc, npooialnrxoftc aax6).ougrorv ep1a.u6v xan onoryei.a ar.6 rr,c, Erlpr.o'ypagmtq vn4peoteg, ava).6e1 tlqenil.o16q .uorv avaE6ltov peta[6 ttov eplatdrv. X.ua p.toa rnc }exaeriagrou 1980 p,w ogrt}a Avato).rxolepp.avdrv e0vo).61orv oe oweplaota ,p.eAu'ur,xolepg.avotg xar, Auorpwxoitq exo.ufp.oveq \extv4oe va "ypacpet yr"atov e),e60epo 1p6vo to-rv Bepo).lvd(rov epla'udrv oro y6g.opa aov a.l6\a192.

Mra auorplax{ exEol{ xpn,.xfic wropm\c xorvarvlx{G erlor{pr1g pno-po6pte va 6po6p.e oto i.pyo nou txave o Michael Mitterauer pe rouq ou-

189. Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung in acht Btindeb, dxEoor,' rouIvottto6.uou Map{r,op.o0-Aevrvr,og.o0 r1c Kevtplx{c, Erurpon{1c tou Evr,.rp6vou Xoorafu-otxo{ K6ppdtog, 8 t6pr.or, Bepo}.ivo 1966.

190. Ji.irgen Kuczynski, Geschichte der Alltags des Deutschen Volkes 1600-1945,Bepo).lvo 1981-82. fra t1v xorvo.rvlx{ w.topid or7 AAf q Eexaer'ta.rou 1980,6tr.Georg G. Iggers (enq.t.), Marxist Historiography in Transformation: East German SocialHistory in the 1980s, N6a Y6px1 1991, erEr:<& t1v Eroayto.yi]. O r6p.oq neprtrap-6&vet enDroytg an6 avaroltxoyepy,avx&. xeipeva r1c iexaeriaq cou 1980, p,eraEvttov onoicov 6va an6oraoytu un6 t'r1v e'oay,oyiltou Kuszynski oro 6r6'),io rrtv Alltags'geschichte.

191. Hartmut Zwahr, Zur Konstituierung des Proletariats als Klasse: Struktur-untersuchungen ilber das Leipziger Proletariats Wdhrend der industriellen Revolution,Bepo).ivo 1978.

192. BI. Georg G. Iggers (enrp..). Marxist Historiograph)' in Transformation.

II <DTOPIKH KOINONIKH ETIDTHMH> ITH IEPMANIA

vep^(A'cec, rov pera t1v tono06t1o{1 tou oto flavezctocip.lo t1q Bl6wlc

@ 197 | org xa0111to6 xorvovrxic xo;t orxovop.ixiq r.oaopiag. M' 6vav,c?6qo Trov Oup.i(er no).6 aut6v rr)c o1otric tou Bielefeld, o Mitterauer

xd.L ot ou\ep p,'cec, tou 06).1oav va ouvEutioouv 17) p'e).6tri r(t)v xorvovt-

xtirv Eopr.6v xdt a(i'\ xotv(l)vt'xcbv EcDlxaotci-rv p,e 'q p.e).6tl 'tlq xoutrro6-

gd.q xd.t tt.rv l.r.opgdrv Ela6io-lo1C. Aivouv no).6 p.e1a).$rego 6dpoq orty'oLxo1levew., ot1 oe(oua).,.x6'c7ra xat o't\\l eg1leia an' 6oo ol lepp,avoi

ouvaE6trgoi'roug, evcb r aur 6lpova xdvouv exrer ap.€t[ X,p{ol rloc o'c ixd)\)

pe06Darv xdt ei.\at rcto d.\to:xaoi oe a1/.m€g xar. ̂ yatr).&6q ptetr6teg toto-

pfxic Elp-o\pd.qi"d.c, xd-r orxo'(e\eLexiq dvaqv(x16x4o1c. Ev6 6p-iLi,q or"' orrlh)royeg pel6teg t$ OFuiEaq r ov Kdtp.npr.r\ 7 w t1v flll0uo p'tx'\ lo r ogn

xd,L rqv Kotvtovrx{ Aog"f trlc A^p1}.iaq i1 'cov x6z}.ou 'rt,.lv to'roPtx6v

Elp.olprigt'rv y0por ar,6 rov Luis Henry ocrl faD.ia aolotroJvtav xupitoq

pe rpovet,.rreprxtg xar, npo6toytqyav,.xtc, xolvt,.tvieq, 1 oprri8a rrlg Bdvvlc

xd.,ca;r;t&,o'c'rtxe pe rlv totopta t1c olxo16vew,c. xo,t ta npo6).{p,d.ad' l-rg

ev1).rxit.ro1c x& a"rF oelova),rx6'c7rac, p.€od 6e lLLd. ex6'.opr7lavl(6p,evr1

xd.r ex6v"fgpovr(6pevr; xotvtovia. Mey&).o 6&poq E601xe orrlv npogoptxi,,onopi.a xdr o'rrlv avan),ao[ a'cop,rxtbv 6rc1pagdtv.

H e(6).{r; 'c"qc, ,r.ao1td4 'ryq epYctoiaq napovota\et ava)royieg p.' aut{v

r\q w'co1id.q rcov luvamdlv. H wropi"a'tt,rv Tuvct'txtilv [exivloe w" avdl

orq dpytq 'cov etxoc'col aultva ocrl Me1&).4 Bperavta, ocrq Hvorp6veq

flo).r.ueieq, otrl latr)Ja, ot1 f epp.dvta xan atr).o6, toq pr& roropta 'c rv

oplavo.rp6vo-rv Tuve&c6v, xd.L, ovx\a, et}.x&. rou xw^llta'coc, ̂fw 'uo El-

xd.lco4d. {ieor. Xt4, Eexaettec, rov 1960 xarcou 1970 Fr'e1&}.o p6poq

rqc, rcrogidq 'rt,rv Tuvarxuv elye'ta x&.ver p'e 'Eo P6).o tcov luvalxdlv orrlv

exinp.rlyavlo1. Kac6nlv a;pyr,oe va Eive'uat qra}wxd' p.e1a).6'uepr1 Tpooo-

Xi oe 6rcp,ar,.x€q n).eup6g r1q (t,lic 'ct'rv Tuvarxtirv' Au'u{ 1 te}'eutafar&,or1, 6na,< 0a Eo6pr.e r,a,gax&.ru, o;r,a,t'coloe pra crva'0e6plorl r<'rv d,v'lr-).{rfeorv xdl'cti'\ p,e068orv tarv xorvovrxc3v enrotlpdrvlg:. Mla evEn96-povoa an6netp61 va ouvEuaoro$v 6vvoteq, xat p60oDot r11v ro'toptxcbv xol-

vtovtxci.rv enlorriptiv pe 'rlv av&).uo1 rov eg'repldlv pepr.ovo-rp6vo.rv 1u-vatxcbv anore),ei 1 p.e).6t1 rlq Dorothy Wierling "fLd" atc, vrrrgta1Lec, o'capeooaorrx&. vorxoxvpt&,'utt-lv p.eT&).ov lepp.avtxtirv n6),eov oro y6pr.op.a

'cov auiva, rou 8r1;looletrqxe ro 1987194. X"tl p.e).6q aldl ro en&y-

193. B).. Joan W. Scott, <<Women's History>, oto Peter Burke, New Perspecliveson Historical Writing, State College, Penna. 199 1, o. 42-66.

194. Dorothee Wierling, Mtidchen ftir alles: Arbeitstag und Lebensgeschichtesttidtisc her Dients tmtitlc he rn um die J ahrhunde rnvende, Bepo)tho l9 87 .

T"

wr06 H I'TOPIO|PAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

1e).pa t1c un1p6'uptd,q, dv'utp,erant\e"cat iuL,c, tva galv6pevo pr,6r,q xorvo-viaq nou a).).ri(et p,6oa an6 r1v ex6loprly&vw7 xd; 'co\ exou11povlopr.6.}ry y,e&.6ao'r1 avr\ ol un1p6'upreq €natlav tvd orpavrrx6 p6).o '(td, r\Erap.6pgo.ro1 ev6g <<aortxo6>> otu). Lai1c' Eiloq au'u6q 6ev 0a ltav Eu-valr6 va vnapla, av'c6 ro otu).. T'au'u6ypova, ot urlp6rpleg ulo0ero6oav,cG V.eood.6'axtc, aEtec TW,'td. tlq pleta8rioow apy6repa or1v epyaru\ralr1, p.toa or1v onoi,a ndvrpeiovrav. H pr.e).6rr1 crlc Wierling6aof"\eratn&xa oe p.a\ua xooortx&, Ee8opr,6va' lplotponordrvraq 66ro.rq napri)J.1-)ra xat avroir.oygac1m6 v),tx6, entTer.pei. va outr).&6er nororrxtg 6q.,elq t1q(otq rrov unlpe.upldrv 6nac, aurtc, rr,q etyar 6uboet xol .crc,0upo6vtav.

'Erot na.galttver, p.toa otlv nap&Eoo1 rlq lepp.avrx{c $aoplxilc, xor,vt'l-vr.xtp enwrrip-rlc, aD.& 'cavr6ygova r,&,et xan ntpa an' aut{v.

KEOAAAIO 7

H ptapEloaLxi) toropwf.1 enwtiprtarc6 cov Loaorrv6 u).lop6 o'ulv x1,lu"xi av0polno).o1[a

H MAPEI>TIKH I)TOPIOfPAQIA xa,. t1 pdpEr.ormil ox6r!1 TevxSrepa|ydoav pe1&).o p.6poc t1c altonortaq aovq xa;t tou x6poug 'covg p.erh,c'rp xdragpeuo1 rrlq 2o6rcrr.xt1c'Evor1€ xat'c.i'\ avato)'txoeupanai-

xriv dopugog,.x<bv xgardrv, 'utlv xaleorriruv rpv npo6&).).ovtav t'.lg ev-

oapxtooetg ttov papElo'clxti.lv 7 pap\w rmcbv-Levrvro'Etxdrv aEldlv. Oot6-

oo, 8ev npine,, va unep'uovi(oupe 'uo 6a0p.6 otov onoio alv:u&. ra 7e7ov6raeivar une60uvd.\rd 'uqv xpiol lu1c ltdpE.ormip ox€ nq. H eniolpl pcrP-

lw'ctxi1 girooogia rt,.tv xoppouvl,ottxri.rv xo1,t6r,&'t<ov eile r,i'oer, oe avuTro-

Ilrfia no).6 nprv an6 rqr xardppevorl. flp6nel va xavovlte Edxprol

av&1teoa o' avril'ul popgi pap[ropo6 xd; o'u\ papEwnx\ oxiQ4 ('ror.

6nti,q dvanrdl0rixe ave\apr4ra ax6 xop.panxoitc, neploplopr-o6c, ext6c,tou Ava.uo).rxo6 Mzr).ox. O ).e16p.evog Lvrm6q MapErop.6q avtrpet<irntoexr avr6q 'pr.a xgio1, elDtxri yrera ng rgornryr,.xiq e\eytpoer.q 'cnc 6exae-ridq rov 1960, a).).ri or rzr.deq avrfic r1c xgio1c $;cav te).eicoq Erago-pettx6g. Ol p.ap[rorlx6q rE6eq ouv66a],av oe lLLq. xptr,.xil tt'lv odllpovtivxanrta)lottxtiv xor,vorvubv xan'cr1c o'6yypov1€ xoutrtolpaq, p.r.d xpr.rr'xi1nou eile dniyynorl o' €va p.e1i).o ap\Va t1c xolv{1c yvti,plc. Al}.ri xtaur6q o xpts.;r.6q papE6p.6q iyaoe prey&),o p6poq qe dlnn,.o4ag 'couenetE{ ol napaEol6g nriv<'-r orrc, oxoieq o'c7pr.\6rav !'cav vxep6o}.lxti pl-(oF6veq p.ioa oro 6€xaro 6varo atd.va ̂ fd. \d. avtaxoxpt1oiv ottg av1-ou1[eq p,wq p,e,ca6top.11avlx{1c enogr1c.

Qot6oo Eev np6net va unocrpo6g.e 'ur') ouverogopa tou p.apElopov ortlo61pov1 ,.o'coprxil enrotrjp.l. Ailoq tov M,ipE 0a ri'uav &tr).t.ro'ue aDra-v61to xar 6va p.e1&).o p.6poq crlq o611pov1c xor,vovrxic oroplac, novautonpoo8ro pr,\6rdv oe avrileorl p' au'u6v xat x&,va olrp nap&6ool'l rou

H I 'TOPIO|PAOIA XTON EIKO>TO AIONA

Ma[ B6przrep. Aev pnopo|pe,6t6aw, vd av.urpe.ron(oupr.e 'u'o 1.!ap(rop6 toqiva evrai.o xtv4pa. Ynriplouv or Er8aoxa).tec, rov MapE xat tou 'Ev^1xe).q,

lrc, onoi.ec, axo).o601oe evrip.lolc auinag noD.rirv xat Ecgopermdrv epp.1-velcbv torv xerprdvorv 'covg. Kan, 6nolq 0a Eo6ple, 1 0eotpia 'rou iDrou touMap[ eivar yeplirl an6 a,p.gto7p.ieq xat. aoagercg. O MapE unfp[e 6vaqOravo1'ufc no).6 Eo1p.aru6c,, 6yt 6,p.aq xu nol6 ouo'u1p.arm6q xa,r ouve-ri19.'Eror" ).eruoup1o6oe p.e E6o ro).6 8tagoperx€g pelz,({ toug avtr}.{-tf.,erq 1ra r1v enloc{g'1, rG onoleg otre o i8loq o6te xal oL onaEoi touxa.c&.qepav va oupr.gl).ldroouv. H p.ta onrr*il Tla 'urlv enlo'u{p.1 ritav ou-qtdortxil. le'utxrortxfi, oupr4.r.epl(6tav notr).6g an6 rq erro'u"Ilp.ovtxdq 06oeqrrlg nepr6Eou p.e'ua[6 1850 xar 1890, nepixov, xar. npoo]'ap.6avav p.yaa-vwrtx&. rlv Trpcryprt'u,x6mpa. 46o d6eq ipav 6aom€c y'aurrjv t1v ozrrm{:l) lrorc eivar Euvadl rl a,v'uffietl.tevrx{ pdrorl. xat 2) nco( I enrotlp.ovlx{

Tvd,ol exgpa\eru. pr,e 1evm6q r.potd.oer.q nov avag€povca;l oe pta 6wop1ovp.negrgoga.uorv garvop6vov. Aut{ 1 avti}.r1{.q o{p.arve 6n, yn va cpr&.-oet 7 w,copta va 0eorpei.ual entor{p.r1, tnpene va dvdxa},6Qer, xat, va Elatu-nrioer v6pr,oug a\q @topLx{c eE6fuhq. O MapE om orp.eto au'u6 Drago-ponorcirar, an6 ri).).oug lerr.xwrtc, 6n.r,g rov Thomas Henry Buckle xar'uov Inno).0t Talv, enelD{ 0eopef aq r'pr.r'ad,pp,x6 napayovra ro)v v6pr.c'-rv,cnc, $ropLv,r]c eE6fu€r1< 'clc, xocuvLxtc, ovyxpo\osrq TEou 61ouv rlg pi(eqrouq orrlv orxovol.uxfl av,s6m1'ca. H xcvlclpla E6vap.1 r.ov 6ptoxeratntoto an6 r1v r,oropla Eev {rav or rD6eq, a},}.&, 6roq D{}.arve errypap-p,al*xa o MapE orov np6).oTo rrlq 2up.6oAfie qe pn xprcmfi r4e roAr-rufie, otxovoy.hq,rg', ot 7ld.pa(a^(lx6q Euv&p.er,g. Or, xapayrolxdg Euvri-p.er,g, xaltoq dvanrlooovran, €paovrat, oe oi.tyxpouo! p.e 'utq xolvovtx6qouv0{xeq p.6oa orr.g onoteq 1ewri01xav, xat e\eyeipov.rar evavriov rouq6'cav avriq livovtar rpo1on6El \m. .co n).{peq (eEin).op& rouq. To av-0pdrntvo eiEoq ).oln6v nepv&,er, pe rlv avayxat6rryra ey6c, cpuouo| v6plou,an6 rov npolt6'1ovo xop.g.ouvropr6 ptr.dg vop.aErx{c xal xv\\\Frrxi1g xowa-viaq, ora ora,}r.a rov apyatov, tou geou8a).rxo6 xat ,Eov a,oatxol xotvcDvr-xot o'y11t anoplo6, xan, rt),og, oe lLLd. xop.p.ouvr,orr,xil xo,.vavta, 6rou 6pe).-).e va (enepao0o6v or a,v.rd,Tt,rvro1.r.oi nou frav eryeveiq oe 6).eq 'rrq ?rpol-

lo6preveg xorvrrrvieq. fla tov MapE, 6nug xat 'fid, .covq negwo6repovc,oullp6vouq 'rou, I np6oEoq tou av0prirnlvou eiEoug ercmevtpr'-rv6ad;t oaoAu'urx6 x6op.o, nou {.uav o g.6voq Euva6lrx6g, evdr 1 Aota xat 1 Agpx4

195 Xto Robert C. Tucker (erup.),The Marx-Engels Reader,27 ix6., N6a Y6pxr11978, o. 3-6.

(xa,, o.o orlp.eio avr6 o MapE ouprgrovo6oe p.e rov XeTxeI) ipav oraor.l-tec,.

Aurd 7 onrtxil Tra rrlv entot{p.1 xo,rln\ r'oropta e''Xe 6a0#'c PtLe<

u6oa ora'p.eli).a peitp.ata .qC Autrxilq ox6Q1C tou E6xatou 6va'uou'orrino, xar El6gepe orp,avrma an6 dvr&, p,6vov olq npoq 'touq, e*d,vaoad-

n*o6s 'rlq

o'u;xouc.'Op',Dc o MapE etye orn Etripxeta qc (oic 'cov x&L

pra ,iIIr1, zro).6 Dcgopertxil, a,"iltiQri-tta 'ulv npaypau'x6a\ad' xdt an

l.1r,i,or, 11 onota erg6xeno va xaftet zo).6 o1p.av'ctx6 p6).o o'r-Yl. FapEro'ut-

"+l riqy xat L...coprc.fpagi.a rov etxoqrot auivd, e,.6ma exr6q rov oo-

'6r"rrroi pn).ox. O' 6poq <<Ela).ex'x!>), 7!ou ovTv&. Xprlotp.onotetra,. yr.'

ouril "7r'&IIT)

avtitr1p:II, |/(pelh\e1'at' npoooyil Twrt ep'nep6aet xt av'u6q

pta eoto'rePt*r, orrrg*o1- Az16 'q p'w p'egw,1 Eu)'extlxi1 anoppinrer' r7

6"rrrrorr*i1or"il1qr1 1io "1, npo^cepo,;.rn'Ed' T'ov €*et

'r' t1v entot{-

1r.r1o *6ogtiq ro,v garvopdvorv, georpdrv'uag 6' 6).eq ot opartg exEl).droerq

!iuo, ,rpo6Lq p.arxt'c, x.an np€net \d. xa'cd'\oo6vrar' p'ioa o.,a evg1repd

n\oioroor",1.r.o16pev,ov Euv&pleolv. O MapExdra 'u1 veavlxfl cou nepio-

Eo, ro L844, oiL6 ,o, o,cd Grundrisse.uou 1857-1858 xa06q xa.r o'co

nirro xeg&.),ato 'uou npdltou 'u6ptou. rcv KeqaAa{ou ro-1867, no onoto

yevu&.0eorpeirat ti,c, lxgpaorl 'uou tirplp.ou MapE, ap"cp''o6nrei''En\ lrd'Pe--

ao1.f "1c

x)raomfic ro).i.cmdc omovopiag n(')g o x6o,p.oq 'rlq, otxovopiaq

lrrropti vd xd.'cd\)on0ei p.e 6&.o7 1'tc, otxovoplx6g Euv&p'elg nou Egouv pr'6oa'rou,

,o, trya va g"r.poto, pe 6pouq av0pdlntvo'lv avalxuv ' Autri 1 Ela-

trex'utx{ &no,fr1 tou MapE, nap' 6}.o 'uo u}.o'utx6 }'e(0'61to, 61t p'6vo Eev

Eivet npocepur6ryro o'ulg utrlx6g Euv&pr'etq, ot onoieg ouv!0<og ouv86ov'ual

pe rov wroptx6 'uou u).top.6, aM& anoppi.xnet p,r.d av'ui)'r1{1 rcou tonooe-

cei t4, u).lx6g Euv&p.elg nav(i' an6 rlq avopcirnlveg' Anoppincet enopr'riva4

t1v no).r'cmi orxovopia, { p'&l},ov 'uo orxovoFttx6 exei'vo o$otqp'a nov

lertouplei 6Lor, ,r, op1,i,u rryc }trovrag l'r.g atayxeg 'tou xecpa)'aiov

n&,v<,'dx6 rg 6a06reper,"irayxec, xal etlgupr,ieq r.,v av0p6zrov' An6 Eo'r

npo6pletat xar 1 6vvold aqc, atr).otplalg'6vr1c egyaoimq, 7!ou 6p['oxoupe

,ro'A"rpoypd.qa 'cov l844rs6 6nti,c, xat 1 napa'ci1pqorl 'rou MapE oco

Keg&Aato 6tl 1 nofurlx{ olxovol.r.ia 1jov xecpa}ralov avilxet oe <<lJ;td. xoL-

vovrx{ xar&.orao1, 6nov T l ir,a?d."(a"(rxd EtaEmaoi.a;Xelx-vpwE)yipe''

nd,var orov &,v0porno, avrt vd e)'€yyerat dn6 dvr6v>>197' H Etatrextlx{'

oq gtlooogm{'Fr60oDoq ,rou Eexrvt pE 'rov Xcoxpri'r1, eivdt 1t't'd poPqi

H MAPEIITIKH IITOPIKH EIII'THMH

196. )ro Tucker, o. 66-125.197. Karl Marx, Capital, A Critique of Political Economy' Nea Y6px1 1967'

t6p.oq I, o. 81.

110 H I'TOPIOIPAOIA XTON EIKO'TO AIONA

oxtrltnc, nov xana}elxv6er tq avrr4&sa,g nov ewn&.g1ouv o' 6va enrXei-p1pr,a, oE11ei, oe pta avaEta'u6zroc'n, xalt oweyi,let eEetalovrac,'Etq dv'rr-cpaoer.q r\c, \6d.c, Erat6noolc. 'F"rot, 1 Ela).extm{ F.60o8oq livetal r;6ao4 $,.ac, xpt'ctxi)c,Oeorpiag xov €yet ot6yo va xara}ef(et 'uouq napa).o-

lropo6q nou eplrcepl6aet x&Oe xotv<'rvtx6q o'pqp.arw,p'6q, o'urlv nepintoorl

arnfi rqv xaran&nryol rr)c av0pdrrrvlc alr,onp€ner,aq. An6 qv &),).161rq, o MapE avaptellviel tp xpr'rmil tou 0e'umlopto6 ple trlv xd,x, ov-otay lerrxrcrrx{ avritrrl{tl t ,oc dvvoplc ElaErxaoiaq, xat p.toa orqv

av.uD.1{.,1 awil 4 Era}.exttx{ naipvet pra u}.rotl,xn Vopqi, oElldrvtaq

otlv exzrtr{poo1 'r'!q ,.oropiag oe $Ld' xoppouvtortx{ xolvtlv(a.Audl 1 6oypanm\, >rdt oanv ovoia lertxtortxtl, ex8oli t1c En).extr-

xip €ywe 7 6aoq'ur1c enio11l.1c ,p.apEt'ormris, i p00.ov pap[rotrxric-).evrvrocmri€ , lau,ptaq torv 0eoponotrlp,6votv xoFr,pouvto'utxcbv xo1.r.p&'ur,-rv,evr6g xar exr6g rov oo\rcr,.xot Mn).ox. O ).evtvlopr.6g ewiyydye o'uo pap-

fi,op.6 p,w via an6^y,ptao1,'r1 onold Eev unriplel ora xetp.eva'uou iDlou touMapE. O MapE 0ec,rpo6oe nco€ 11 ouvo).rxi1 xate60uvol r1c xogeiag r1qwroprr;,g {.uav Ee6op6vrl, av v"d.t ot ov\xexptp.dveg popgdc nou 6napve enrl-pea\ovrav an6 ryv noN,rm\ nv&En, acpilvovraq tror, 1t"w ocpatpa eleu0e-prnc,. Ot enavaol'&.oerq 6p,oq qw'tianvav pr.6vov ago6 11 wrogxil eE6).{rtei.ye xpoero,.p.aoet ro 66agog. Xdpgova yte 'ca'),6yw cou MapE: <<Kav6va

xolvovrx6 xaleo:,<bg Eev ne0aivet ?rptv va avantul0o6v npara. 6).eq olnapayayr.xiq 8uvripelg "fLd.'cLcr onoteg vnapyer. X6poctt198. O A6vlv a?olro-noiqoe avri1 rrp avti).r1Qr1 p.' 6va 6otrov'uapro1l.6 nou r6vt\e t1v xevtprx{orpaota rov x6p.gzroc,. An6 xet antppee 11 unalorl{ 'cr1c rsropwilq tpev-\d,ca xo;t ̂ rca,gic ollr.lv ex&,oroae oa?arn(rxi1 rov x6gp.amq.

flp6nel 6p.og va arcog6loupr.e g.ta an).ouo'ueu'itx{ etx6va'rtov to'ropr,-xdrv onouEtirv q'co qo6re'clx6 Mn).ox. O).4 ra xparrl av'co6 tou Mntroxipav }mraropieq rou {Oe}.av va aqxotv doqvxrm6 6}.e11o o'c'r1 ypagilxar 1 ErEaoxalia rrlc wroptag, xd; vd. rI Xpl'lotponoto6v yr.a rovg rolt-rmoitq'couc, oxoirolc,. Yr,apyouv 6p,c.rg o^qp.avrrxtg Ecgoponol{oetq 16oogteta(6 rt'rv xparriv rcou av{xav o' avt6 rc o,3orygrr 6oo xat oao e6a-'cepm6 mv x&0e xpdrovg. H eniorlpl 0eopia iyav o pap[opr6q-],evrvr-o4"6c,, nvpilvd,q .uou oxolov iyav o wropm6q xal o Dla).exrm6g u).lopr.6qxar 1 avrD.lQl y,o tyv ralr.xil na)rrt xar.'u1 Ela8ol{ x&0e xorvovtxo0o'Xlpa'ropo[ an6 6vav avtirepo. )e 6),eq rq Aupeq rov qo6rertxo6 Mn].ox

198. An6 r1v <<Eroaytr.rli> o"o lm y.n xgnxfi r4e Ilofuaxfie Ouovop[aq, oroTucker, o. 5.

W, H MApsIxrIKnl l ler l5g_l l l l f , r ' IMH

n xev.cptxil erJnpon:i tou K6p,p.ar oc, xd.L ,cd. xolLlLd,atx& ouv6Epra 6Drvav-irr,

*orruguvt{p.eq TPapp6c ̂ fd. atc, to'opw€g onou66g' Xro eor'rreptx6

6w.i,q avrot cou n).aroiou un{p1av oqp.avrrltg Eragoponol{oerg'-'

Nirropo6pe io'c, va 8raxpivoup.e avap.eod oe noD.& yo,,gwra neEia rto-

orxclrv onouErilv, ora onoi.a o lDeotrolx6q 6).e11oq ),etcoup1o6oe Elagopett-'*o. lro npoogil.dq oro x6p4't'o- {tav 6va el6og otopto\?dqyJ Trou o'tY)v

np&"En eige. axop.axpuv0ei n&pa no).6 an6 c1v avtitr1{.'r1 tou MapE Ytd 'Erlv

,)*pi" xd.L ,c.rN xolvcovla, xat elvnlpero(Ee ra ovyxvpr.axd no]l,md oup.-

a6oov'cd. IEraitepa orouq, 'copeis a\q o611pov1c ro'coptag, 'cqg yterh rc

iOtZ "o'a*,ctxi1<

wropi.ac,,xar t\c, av,tmapaletq< tr62o6rc'c.rx{C 'Evo.rozlC

oe,cd xarrtraltor,.x&. xphay, xap6rt ^1'lv6rav xpt"l 'p'wq p'aglr'or''xi1c cppa-'oeo)royiaq, o qteooq or6aoc, Dev {rav e7!ro.6rlp,ovtx6q oMg no}.epr.lx6g xal

xd.rpool,ro1rrx6q': rl en(}eo[ oe xa}e Fopg.4 no}.rrmric nap6xx}.to1q. X' 6va

Eeirepo, ltolxgcitoioglx6, eni8eDo, \ papEwu.x! gpaoeo)'o1ia xar'.ro papEr

o,cx6 o;Ai,pa' ryq wroptaq egapp6(ov'cd\ 6e eupdtepeq r'o'copm6q DcErxa-

oieq. 7 "uar.r"1 pre 6poug raltxryc n&).r1c {tav eniorl< vxoT?te.atrmilxat

oclv avrin).ao1 ouyxexplp6v1('|\) erld,\allxartxdtv ̂yeyov6tarv { xpioeolv.'ooo

6p.oq vaxpiur.po an6 r1v.up61ouoa notrrrm{ 6pwx6tav -.uo.avtrxeip.evo

,yc ,o:"oprrr1q 6peuvaq t6oo pe1ai6'ueptl iycav xar 1 etreugepia .'ov ''oro-

pxo6, erSrx,i o.u1v xtraorxn, o"\ 6v\a'tr'i1 xd.r o.crt p.eoutttvtxil roropi,a,

a)).ri eniolc, xa0dlg 0a Eo6p.e, xo;l 6a\\ xowrovtxi xat lofu'utopr.xil wro-

pu. B€6ata, iqav dxapairy.'a ra xapa}fim1'a an6 MapE, 'Evyxe)'g, A6vrv

xdr, nprv an6 ro 1956, an6 X'cri).1v, alJta avrh ovTva 6pnalvav E[1r,rq va

ouvE6ovrar oprav,.xa rJ.€ p.td 6peuva xou 6aot\6r6r,v oe Trpooexr-tx\ el'raorl

'cov ,.p*ewxo,j ,).lro6. Mu a6uvapr'ia zoD.cbv epeuvtbv, 6y" 666a''a 6)'uv,

iyar'6i, neprop(ovrav ouavd oe FrG pliD.ov ur,go6),11pirwrr1.r,a.pa.8eo'n,

otorleitrv. Av ol ouuOe"r*ir, ,pyooirg €naoyav ax6 'crp en'6o)':h prel&)'o'rv

aD,& axa'uriltr1).tov 0ealptcbv, ax6 'cr.g epyaoieq dgyetdxilc 6peuvag dlrov-

ora\e 7 Oeoprlrrx{ eneleipydota nou Eiver oe lLW. epydola x&.n xepr'oo6repo

a.n6 pw to"opto5,gir{ o.lia. flap' 6}rd avr&', ax6pa xar. p,t'oa o' €vd rt' 'or'onepropocm6 ,.rp,6AD.or, 'ylv6tav oo6ag\ xdr eptveuop.6vl Eou)'el&, a'\'t .xCLL

pe p'e1a).6'uepr1 Euoxo).i.a or7 llo6rcrmi1 'Evtoorl xdt c.rn\ Avato)lx1

feppavi6l99 , 6xov o orev6q an6 rd. n&vtl 6).e11og ouvEua(6rdv P'e Fucr

199. BI. Georg G. Iggers (erclg..), Marxist Historiography in Transformation: East

German Social Hislory ii tn, tgSOt, N6a Y6px1 199 1, erErxci t1v <<Eroalorpi"' " 1-

37' enia4c t1u ,ro).6 rooppon1p.6v1 xu r,e?tex'ctxi1 elitaol torv totoptxdrv onouEtiv

or4 AAf rou Andreas Dorpatin, German History in Marxist Perspective: The East

German Approach, Nqrp6rr 1985.

t13l t2 H I>TOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

p.e^1a).6tep1 voptllogpooivrl an6 n).eup&g rt,rv toroptxtirv. Xtlv flo).o.r-

via2ffi p,erd ro 1956, agov6.'uou ).61ou 'uou Xpouoto6cp oro 206 ouv6-

Epro .uou Koppr.ouvlotlxo6 K6pr.pa'co9 rnc,2o6r.e'clx{c 'Evoo1c, 1;6nwa eni.arlq

xdJ ,cro\ rdpay,Sv tou fl6(vav, oL ro'coprxoi' xa'cagepav va ana)}.a1o6v oepe1&).o 6a0p.6 ax6 r1v rEeo),o'yrx{ yepaydtyrpl. M6vov 6rav ot p.e}.6teq

rovg acpopolod\ oe l€,p.ara nov &,ntov:uctv 'ut'lv &peoov no).ttl,xcitv oup.ge-

p6vrcrv rov x61ty.a'coq { ttov oldoeov p.e t1 )o6lecrxri 'Evoo1, 6zcorg w1c.qdT! tou Kar6v, entfidlJ,ovrav auotlpoi neploplopr.ol. flplv an6 tov n6-).epro eile avantvylei. ptta o1o{ otxovol.tlxtitv xdl xowovi)ttiv I,otoptxcirv,

p.e xa}6.uepouc, exnpootitrouq rlq 'couq Franciszek Bujak xat IanRutlow-

ski, ol onoiol Entr;poloav orevtq oy6oer4 pe 'Eov Mn).ox xar, tov (De6p.

'F.rot ro 1926 rEp601xe o'trlv flo).orvia 6va neproErx6 p'e evErag6povta

nap6pow p.' exelva 'clov Annales d' histoire dconomique et sociale, nou ei-

1av dpu0ei 'c1ta Ap6vw npor6"cepa,.xdt Ve nap6p.oto 'cir\o, Rocznike Dziej-ow Spolecznych i Gospodarczych (<<Xpovxri xotvorvm!€ xat olxovoplxi€roropiaqt>). To 1956 ava0epp.riv0qxe aur6 to ev8lag6pov yla r4v otxovo-prlx\ xar. xolvr'-lvm{ w'copta otlv napriEool 'tt,rv Bujak xal Rutkowski xalezrava).{g01x&v ot enagtq p.e ra Annales.

Yn{p1av x&.nom oq1tefu ora onoia o,, p.apE.ortxic, T.pooeyy'Loeq ipavno)r[ ovyr&ar€c *' aurdq 'uov Annales. H Eou].et& tou v6ou lvo'utto6tou

Tta 'Erlv Ioropta crlc Y).m{c Kou},co6pag otlv flo}.r,ria raigw(e ,pe 'coevErag6pov 'rov Annales Tla, 'rrl laixil xou).to6pa. H Ouovolttxfi 0eapfa,cou geoutaAmoJ ouorrjp.d,roq, aov Wiltold Kula201 lteracppao'u1xe 'rc\-",(opd. o.cd. ̂ yatr).mri pe p.la ewayru1il rou Oepv&v Mnpatvt6).. Ezriolc,flo).rrrvol ,"o,copmot Elpooieuav xa1e 'E6oo &p0pa ora Annales. O Kula,o,co ipyo mv Mtrpa xat &v1parcoPo2, enryeiploe va Elepeuvloel 'uo oup.-6o)l,x6 v61p.a ro-rv pov&Eov 6apovc, oe 6).1 t1 o611pov1 Euttx! oropi,a.O fr6p(r Ton6).oxr, (Jerzy Topolski), oro neproErx6 rov StudiaMetodo-logiczne xa;t oro ayy).6govo Poznan Studies in the Social Sciences andtheHumanities,\exivloe 6va Er,ri).o.1o pe p1 rpa;pEortc, r.oropmo(tg n&laoro \ipqta r1q 0eopiag xat 'rnc peg6Eou*. Etlv Oullapia 11 LoaoPLo-

200. Georg G. Iggers, New Directions in European Historiography, Midletown1984 (6'exE.), o. 138-42 [tr6opp ']pepc. Nie< xareu\rivoeq a'Etlv eupaztaixfi oco-pto'ypagia. A0{va 199l. o. 204-2lo.l

201. Witold Kula, Economic Theory of the Feudal System, AovEivo 1976.202. Witofd Ktila, Miary i Ludzie, Bagooita" 1970.* B).. lr6p(t Ton6).oxl, ITpo6Afip.ara oropiaq xat otoptxfie pe0oEd'o"ybq, A?!vd

1983 () . r .M.) .

H MAPEI'TIKH DTOPIKH ETII'THMH

ypdgia xrv{O1xe oe nag6p.orsg xareu06voelg. )rr1v Toeyoo}ro6c:.x[a or.

rpoon&.lercq yrc exavao|vOeol p'e 'u1v 6rc0v{ wrop,.ni1 er.l.oriltl rePto-

piolqxav oo&ap& p.e'c&. r7 oo6wt,'xi1 oa1a'cp.;,'crxi1 etr,i,p6aotl to 1968.

AMri xar orrl Eo6,.errxf 'Evoo1 ep.gdvtor4xav orlpdv'Et,xa tpya xov

liqevyav anr6 ra o'cev&, 6pr.a 'ur1c op06Eo[r]( p.ap(lo'urxfq-].evrvro'urx{g

qi)rooogtac, xar Oeo).o1id.c, 'Enq wrop(aq. Mnopo6p.e va avagi,goulre ry]

ouveyil p.6pr cr1 Eexaerta tou 1930 owewgopi. tou Mrla{}. MxaTrtv

orlv av0pono).o1ia xdl orrt olplelo).o1ia203, '4 onola, aq olpletdtooupe,,cov axigege oo&aptq EltirEec xaw. ry ota).rvm{ nepio6o. Kar o Aaron

Gurevich, 6nroq {61 ava,ptpapc, orr,c, Kar4yopiee rnq y.eoau'nmie, xou)-

colpa€ @ lg7l204 xol 6e en6lteva ig'ya rou,60eoe tlg 6aou4 "(d. lLtd.pl papEto'uixi1 r,oropia'rt'rv voo'tpozrlti.rv ot1 2o6r.erufi 'Evor1.

'Oprq xar 1 eniolpl pdp[to'trx\ ler.r,pi.a, nap' 6\ r1v axay"Q(.a r4cxc;t trt ore,.p6rr1r&, r1c, pnopoUoe va 06tel egarip.ara 16vtpr.a Tla 'uy)vxorvorwx{ w'copta. Avag6pap.e xl6}.aq to evEcg6pov nou 6Del€av oi to'to-p,.xoi. onr4 2o6,.erui1'Evo-to1 ̂ (d. rd, Qqripara t1q u),tx{c xou}.to6pag.Xrlv Ava'uo)lx{ fepp.avf,a lex$r,oe ota t6}.r1 r1g }exaetiac, rcv 1970eva g,eyitrr1c x),fuaxaq rcpEpa;q4a TLd. V,td. ouvo).m{ &ezcoc4l.r.ovrx{ ge}dtr1rlq xoutr'Eoipa,c, r11q re6l&Eag tou MalDepr.6odplou xar&. ro E6xato 616oo,tdrctc, apyi4 ,cov E6xa.uou €varov antbva, pla rcepio8o do'ttxono[7o\q xel€pzropeupa'rrxoxotqoqc qc 1e041[dq2on. Aur6g ot g.e].6teg, nov \ext-vo6oav an6 ,crp otxovopr.m{ xcu. xorvovt)r\ 6ao7 Tt& \tr. npoyop{oouv oe

\r1ri1,p,ara xou).to6paq, En.upoglc, p6Eaq, d.pxnex,covlx11c,yroprbv, x'ul.,Oup(ouv mp dva\iplol p.idq histoire totale prcg negtoAfic an6 rovgtotopmo6q .c rv Annales. H 6p.gao1 Trou Eiver 1 p.agEo,cr.x! Oetopia orovepla(6p.evo ztrr10uopr6 0a txpene loyxri va €aer, or0{oer. oe p.e}.6teq 1arI (ori 'c'\c, ep''p..ctx"r1c,c&.E1,<,6p.oq rou).&Xro.rov o'c'r12o6rcrtx{'Evorolxdl o'rrlv Avatofux{ f epg.avia, 7 wropia aTF, ep fd.alrt^i1c, w.Enc, rooEuva-po6oe g.e ,cyv wropta rou ?pTdvop6vou eplarmoi xw'i11t"arog, rov Xo-otc).Erlp.oxparciv nplv an6 ro 1917, xd; rov Kopp.ouvlor,.xo$ K6pp.amqan6 xet xat xtpa. Ee p.ey&).o 6a0p.6 enp6xer.ro "fd. pra rco).r.utx{ r.oropi.anou aolo).o6vtav pe to p6).o rou npo).etaptd,rov oe el8lx6q elrd.vao'ca'cl-x6'g xaraor&oerq. Kar, nap' 6).eq rq negi .uou av.ul06tou Elaxlp6[e4,levrxri ipav g,a e).lriotlx1, an6 rd x&,vos, ,.orop!,.a. 'Eva yapax'rlpto'rr-

203. BL Michail M. Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World,Katp.xprtL, Maoo. 1968.204. Aaron Gurevich, The Categories of Medieval Culture, Boor<6vr1 1985.205. D\. lggers, Marxist Historiography in Transformation.

114 H DTOPIOTPAOIA )TON EIKO>TO AIONA

x6 xapd}eqgr, rtov {1E1 cvag6p07xe, ei,van 11 evved,to1.r.1 r.oropla'rrls yep-pav,.xr1c epyartxig ra\4q rcov ex8604xe an6 ryv Kevtprx{ Enrtpon{ 'uouEvo.rp6vou Xooctrto'urxo0 K6ppa'cog tlq Ava'co)lx{c lepp'.avi.aq ro 1966,

xat 11 onoi.a p.e uneplgrivec npooDlop(el oc rlydc 'rlq 'uouq xlaoxolc,tou pr.apEopo6, rq <<axogaoetg rov x6p,praroc 'cnq epyarmip ra(r1c, xat

rq op.il.ieq xa; arc, U.e).6teq tarv o'ue).e1drv cou ̂ leppavlxo6 egya:*xol xt-v!pr.arog>>206. 0 JtirgenKuczunski, o n).6ov e[61olv an6 rovq Ava'uo].lxo-

leppr.avo6g orxovol;.rxo,ig totoptxotq, orrp wropta qc xa0lg.eptv{c (o{c

xov €1galte2o7 ndpaxoveirat r,ac, or. papEtort< mopmoi. qq Avatohx{cfeppavlag Eev ot&O4xav txavo[ va 1p&Qouv pw wropla to.rv ep.neprcirv.rlq rpayp&'ctxi6 xatnqeprv{c (c'r!< ttov an},<.irv avOpdrnorv, xat (iprpe

an6 rovq ouvaE6}gouq rou vd avalrlciloow unoEeilpard. oa\ p,.r1 papEr-ortxil r,otog,.oypacata'u1C A6o1C, xat t}wirepa qtd Annales.

'BaoL, 6rav xdrl,ppeuoe 'ro oo6,,er,,x6 a6orrp.a'co 1989, no).).oi ar6rou< tlxopLxo6g otriv Avatohx{ Ieppavia xd; o'u\ 2o6ter,.xi1'Evororleilav ouvei8^ylol 'EIq axa'uatr),1).6rn'cd.c t1q op06Dohc papElo'ur,x{< 0eo-r-piaq. AD.& pia rro oo6ap\ exavel|raoy .u1c p.apEro'utxig nap&6ooyc,a.n6 1tm ,papEtorxfi onruil xa.t q'co gt'rq rt,rv a).).aydrv to.rv ouv0r1x6v

\a\c, xat ox6Qrlc o'co\t elxooa6 u.dsva r?d,\V.d.'cor,olrj01xe exr6q rrlc2o6rcrtxi1c 'Evc.ro1€., or1 Aucr,x! Eupti.rzrrl. Xulvd etvat 6t6aw E6oxo).ova opiooupe ,co t e(van Vaplwq6c, oe a6pec, dnou Eev etvar, entoq,p.qrEeo).o1ia. Mil.drvraq e8cir 1la papft.orlxi1 t6,copLo'fpd.g(.a, avaqep6g",aoae6e $aopLxo6q nou ol [Erot 0eopo6oav rovq eavrotq rouq papEwr6c, xar"notr).oi ar6 :,ovq onotovc, vnipEat x&no,.a cnypil, ot nepwo6repor orlvapyfi r4c xapr"tpac,'uouq, p.d),1 xoFrp.ouvro.utxuv xogtrp,a.uo.rv. 'Etor or1Me'y&tr1 Bpe.uavia unlp1e an6 ro 1947 ac,.uo 1956 ,4.w exionp,a opya-vo-rp.6v1 <<Iotoptx{ 0pr.&6a tou Kop.pr.ouvtortxol x6pp"aroq>>, oryv or,otaavilxav apxero[ wroguot nov exp6xeno \d.livouv Elriolpol orrl y,.,i,patoug, 6nog o M6prq Nropr.rc, o P6voeij X[].tov, o Kp[orogep Xr]., o'Eptx X6p.nop.rcaoup. xat o'Ev,couapvt fI. T6p.ooy208. flo).).oi an6 rovc,

206. Institut fiir Marxismus-Leninismus beim Zentralkomitee der SED, Geschichteder deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, Begoi,[vo 1966, .r6por 1-7.

207. Jtirgen Kuczynski, Geschichte der Alltags des Deutschen Volkes 1600-1945,Bepo),ivo, 1981-82. B).. p.e'ragpaopi,ta ora a1/.rxd, aroor&op.a"ca c1c <<Eroaltopi<>rou Kuczynski oto Iggers, Marxist Historiography in Transformation, o. 38-42.

208. BI. Harvey J. Kaye, The British Marxist Historians, Kaip.nprc(, 1984 Eri-o-r1c, Eric Hobsbawm, <<"The Historians Group" of the Communist Party>>, oro M.Cornforth (enrp.), Rebels and their Causes, Aov8ivo 1978, o. 2l-48.

lte.p\lo'ctc, loroprxo6g .fipOav oe pth Fre ro Kop.pouvro.u u6 K6y.pa ,co1956, apow&, c1c ero6o).{q or.rlv Ouyydptd xat p.er&. ro }.61o .cou Xpou-o,co6g oro 206 ouv68plo .uou KKXE, Er,apaptup6peyor evfvna oaq xd.-raoral.romig xpaxrm€q r\q 2o6r.e,clxiq'Evoo1c. Xulvri 6p.li,q, 6nti,go,cyv neptnrcDoy] rou 'Evrouapvr T6poov, or wroptxot r,ov axoytbprloavan6 ro x6p.p,a e[axo),o601oo, \)d. rav.ct(ovrat g.e U.ra papEto.cmf xpr,rrxilr1C xolvovia€.

Zra np6ra ag6vw p.er&" ro B' flayx6opro fl6).epr.o ot p.ap\wrm€qou\'rlriper,q or4 A[orl livoveav yevm&, p.toa ora n],atom rorv op06Eo(alvpapElormruv awt).{tf,,eotv Tte .crlv 1otogtxil }w}maota. 'Erot o MdrprqN.uoprn xar o flor). Xou{(u ovl.rp,erei4av qe pla awmap&leor1 an6rl.,er,.rvoyerrl&. p.e ro r,tpaop.a an6 ro geou8a).logt6 orov xanrca\op.6209' Toepcittnp.a ipav av o geouEa).oV"6c, xa,c€,ppevoe elar'izq rtov eocotepmcbvorxovoprrxdlv rov a.vrtg&.oeorv, 6nog vnoodpt\e o Ntopn, i ou tt rivo8oqrou eg,zcopiov vn'lpEe tvag anogaowrrx6g e\aregtx6q napayav nou oE{-I"\oe qr,o 0&vad rov, 6nia,q wyuq"\hav o )ouri(u. flapriD.l).ec ou(yl-dpetc, Erc[&1ov.uav p,e,cal6 pcpEroctirv r,o.uopr,xorv orrl fatr).ia, orlv Ira-}tta, orrlv llo).a.rvfa xal a).).o6. And p.dveq rovc, avrtq ot ov(qripetqxavovtx&' 0a evEdgepav p.6vov iva p.rxp6 xix).o agoor,top6vov nrorciv,6porq xivrloav p.e1&).o evEng6pov xar. 6l., ar,6 ro qrev6 avr6v x6xtro. Orp,apEor,.x€c.epp.1veieq ano,ce),o6oav p.la np6x).1on^fw. rI pI papEr.o.clxilLoroplo"fpdqta,6yr. 16oo ̂ yw no),rtxodq tr61ouq 6oo y.art qtgw6rycoi.toavp.ra napaEoomxil ye yovoto).o1lxrj xalt T,?oqarconayfi wropia xt torpegavr1v npoory! o,ro xor,vovlx6 r,)rai.oto xat crovc, xol,vrr.rvlxodq Veaq,cl',1q1.a-rr,op.o[q. Exeivo nou evEldgepe rou€ lL\ lLd,pEtc.ttq ,,oroptxo,Jq Eev {tav16o0 ot, ovyv&, Eolparlx6q, anavripetc, nou 68lvav ot pagEwrtq aD.&nro ro).6 ra ep..r,rfip,aqd, T,ov 60etav. 'Erot, to neproElx6 past and pre-s.ent, rEou r8p60r1xe ro 1952 an6 Bgeravotq 1l;aplrcrit, r,oropmolc 1<,.rpiqgprc ua e),iyye,car. an6 ro x6p.,p.a210, xario,uy o6v.uo1.r.a €va qipovgtEc),61ou p.eral6 pap[rcdrv xat engavtbv p'.1 pap[rorci.rv otopr,xti,v 6l-urcetvan o Ari-rpevq xr6ouv, o T. s. Ashton, o John Elliott xat o GeoffreyElton. Me t1v evptrrya carv ev8lagep6vrurv \ov ^(td, }tp.ara xorvcoviaq

209. B).. Kaye, The British Marxist Historians, o. 42-50. 2qy"av,cu6 V.!poc, a,vaic,t1c ou(r1qo1q Ere[lXh p6oa ax6 ,co a4.e?txa\tx6 p.aplwrx6 neproErx6 Science and

!9rt:ty [H ou({t1o1 aurillAet 8lg.ooreured ota e},},1vrx& oto M. Nrop.rc, II. )ouri(u,K. Taxalrior, K. Xl)., Z. lteg66g.\. flpox&nor., E. Xopnopr.raoup.,Tl. M6prvyxcov, p.Xi).tov, H p.er&6aoq an6 rov geou6aAop.6 orov xattrcaAoptL, A}iya 1986.]

210. Bl. Kaye, The British Marxist Historians, o. 16.

H MAPEI'TIKH IETOPIKH EfII>THMH tr5

116 H I>TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKOETO AIONA

xa! xou).'!o6ga.c, dgytoe vd xq.ta)\ap.6ave,. o'c1 Me'p,i).1 Bpe'uavia p.la06oq avri).o^1,r1 g.' au'c{v nou eilav ra Annales otrl la}.}.ia. Mtoa an6rrq oe).iEeq tou neproErxol6 aurot Ere[{101oav or p.e1i}.eq av'cr,napaflt-

oe.c, ̂(rd. c1v xpiol a'rq, d,poaoxpaddq xdt ao p6).o to.rv t&(ec'.tv ocrlvfloupr.uavrx'\ Enav&.o raol. Avri),o yeq ov\'\ai1o€rq p.e oup.pecol{ f ri}.-

).orv, Bperavdtv xat Bopetoapeplxavcirv r.orop,.xtbv 61lvav oq 1a),),lx{roropta, 6zou 1 pa.pEw'r.xi1 ltoy yw q fatr).rx{ Enavaoraorl agao.cr,xi1 enav&.oraor1, ryv onoia vnoodlpt\av o A).p.n6p Matl6, o A).-pn6p Xopno0tr xar, oe llrct, nlo o0v0ec1 popgi, o ZapY" Aeg66p, apgr-o61riQ7xe dn6 novc, Alfred Cobban, George Taylor xat (Dpavoou&

iDup6.fp{'yopa 6pr,oq or papEr.onxtq p.e},dreg ̂ fd. flg y.e'y&}.eq no}.r'urxdq

dvc,orarrboerq fflq o011povr1c orop(aq x.at 'cn Blop.qlavlxri Enavaora-o7 eyxari)rel{av rlg d,ng6ooimeg xotvarvtxdq Ela8lxaoieg, TLa vd, o'tpd.-qo6v or4 Vopgic nov inatpvav avri,c, or, a).tr416q p,€oa o'cr1ouveiE1o1ttov avOptilnov Trou rlq 6iovav. O MapE 6ev eile xa'ca,gtper. va ypriQelgtrd r,o,copta a;n6 ra x&.,co, aD.ri o 'Ev"yxe).g e(,ye cpraoe,. xovrtrepa oep.r.a ri.cota wropia p.e .rlv KaqicraoT rnq, €pTd'crxfie 'nt(4e or4v Ay-yAh xar. rov II6Aep.o ,cav ayportiw orn leppavia. H 184 Mnpup.aiprcu Aou6o6ixou Bovandprq o4y.aro}oroloe €vd 6iyta n6pa an6.uo <<Kopr-pouvrorlx6 Mavlg6oto>>, Trpog 1.rta Ecgoponollp6vl elt rdo'r1 cc-rv xo),lc-xthv p.erao'Xgpacoptirv. fprigovrag o MapE rr1184 Mnpupafpro 1852,ipav dvayxaop.tvoq va dvrrp.ert,lni,oet rr,q zpo6).6rleq nov ei.aav x&ve,. ot}nq xar, o 'Evyxetrq tov Iavou&plo 'cov 1848 oro <<Koppr.ouvtor,.x6 Ma-vrg6o'uo>>, 6nov oaor&, rpo66).ercav niu,c, enixeno 7 exav&orao1 atr).6),av0aop.6va 0etopo6oav 6rr, avrtq ot exavaor&oerc,, ,cLc, onoteg 6pr(av cdqaortxi,q,6p p.6vo 0a nerilarvav a}}li 0a axolou0o6vrav 1p{1opa, rou-)liltorov ot1 lepp.avia, an6 p.ta npotre.uap,.axi1 enavaoad.o\. H nopei.atov 1e1ov6rov, p.e ra oxota aoyo\etcdr. o MapE orq 184 Mnpup.a{p ,rou

Aou6o6(xou BovatrdgnT, xat., p.a(t p.e rov 'Ev1xe).g, orrp Enavdarao4xat avrerav&,ordorl arn lepy.avia,8dQeuoav rlq E6o avrtc, ngo6}rt\l)e,.c.fta va elqyipu, Env a;no.Eu,p.a t6 enav&,o,caoqq c.r\ IaD.ia xarcrl\)&vo8o tou AouDo6ixou Botaxaprrl, o MapE np6relve tiulpa yta em6vaqc o611pov1c xolvarvid.c, rclo o6v0e.u1 an6 xetvyv irov ccLa.^(pd.go6oe ro<<Koppouvr,o rrrx6 Ma.wg€rco>>, xd.r 11 orola 6r6xplve oagei.q r,oltr,.xi.q xatxotvorvm6g Elagoponol{lerc, o,co eoareptx6 qc pr,noup(ova\idq, xa06cxar ao p6).o nou 6xar,\av orlv no).ttlx"{ ouve[Erlorl xcr,r, oupzreprgop& pr1otxovopr.rxdg 8uvriperq 6nl,r,g r.a'cptllt'x'ig pvflpec xar o6p6o).a. flap6rc

6V.aq 9 Map[ unoorypber. 6rr. ra no]rr.ctx&, yeyov6,ca pzropo6v \)d. xd,,Ed,_voqOolv p"6vo p€oa orc^

.nloliow oulxpou6pevcov .ua[mdrv oupgep6vtov,g,c6.7ver..1tr.a agilyqol 6nou ra p.d).r1 autcilv .u,v t&(eov, o'rroi6g x6_oy.oq, p6vet exr6c, xat 6xov ro xdvrpo r$c ox-rpip xana)rap6avouv o.no)rt'c,.xtg npooaxrx6r?reg, 6nti,g neptnou yw6rav xo;t ol*q ovp.1armiqrco\ta,.xig r.o'copteq. ot epy&,req eival evrunorowxa an6vaeq.'ooo ̂(a lov<y.,prlojg, zrou anore).o6oav rq p.eTi),r1 n),elov6r1ca cou ya).),mo6 ntrzi-0uopo6, o MapE couq 0eopo6o' oo.\t pra o).6te).a na}yrrxfi Edvaprl trlvono(d .o.e a[loprvlg'6vevrq napaypd.go TT,apolLow(et ,,t' 6vo-'<<oaxt xa.c&.-req>>2tr. or luvaixeq-, oe avriOeor p.e r'r.)v

-Ioropta rTe laAAmis ETra-

vdorao4e rov zv),, Moe).6, Eev ep.gavi(ov.uar xa06).ou. Eniolc,'o MapEEev rp6ger napa nepryg6v1or1 ^rw. Eovq a\0rvri xo).aopr6vou g, .covg &,or'e-yovq, ,covc, pe06oraxec, xa;l .covc AuLaxl,opl6vouq, .rouq onotovg xd,a.ryr._gnnotei, ou).),r16E1v oro )olpnev npoAerapiuicdl2, ax6 ro or.oio ),einer 11nefiaguta xd"t \ ep''o,owxi1r1lmfi - rEldqreq nou o MapE ouvE6el p6vope rlv epyanxfi ralr1.

Avri0e'ua, ol ay1).lxtc, xat yaD.lx6q p.apltortx€q pe).dceq rt,.lv no_),srrxtirv xdi' or,xovou,txriv dvdxarar&\elov o.rl peoarovmsl xar, onlve6teprl

lu3drq apytoav va 8ivouv 6va avgpclnlvo zcp6ocono or1vto'copi,a. o zap\ ltegtig avor{e ro Ep6p.o p.e ro 6$)rio t'ov o p.eydAoq

.g66oq mu 1789: ayportx6q navm6q qrrv end,vd,orarurj 7o'\1iozts,-' qro orcoto elera(ez rov ndvtx6 o"1v 6rral0po Trou o8{11oe o,clq d (po-r'*iq e\e'ytp..G'Eou xa),oxaqrct rou r78b. o p6urveu xilrov 6,xavex&..ur. av&\,oyo TLa ne oyporr*4,q ele.ytpoer,q 6r\ peod,t.llvlxi1 Ayy\tazra,o Kpiocogep-Xr). TLd. .c_Lq xarrbrepeg r&Eers'otrq Ayl).txtq Exava-o'c&,oerc, .uou Edxatou 66Eopou antbvd2tb, xar, o Agpoa,p.egr*au6q ox",,-6-yri7c W. E. B. Du Bois ^fw, ro p"avpo n).10uop.6 rou N6rou or16d.pxeta .cr1c ).e16p.evr1q AvolxoEdpr.lolc 1rr"i "ou

Ap.eprxavrx6 Ep-

H MAPEI>TIKH I'TOPIKH ETIDTI{MH ll7

211. <The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte>), oto Robert c. Tucker (ezrrg..),The. Marx-Engels Reader, l1 6xE., N6a y6px1 tS7 Z, o._' n G ti. la"pf , ll- I 87 Mryu_ltaQ rou Aou6o6fuou Bovandgr4, e0{va lbg6.

". t 'SOl-

(--. - ---r '! '-

.^.212' !To i6ro, o.47g [r. ' ira"p6, H 18t1 MrpupaQ rou Aoudo1txou Bovaruiprrl,A$4va 1986, o. 92.|.

,-^.1t3:.9":lq.r Ll.f:!yr., The Creat Fear of I7g9: Rurat panic in Revotutionarynron:,,,Nea Y6px1 1972 lta Grande peur de l7gg,Ilapiot lg|2l.214- lw tov Hirton, 6'L. Kaye, The British Marxist Historians. Erior;q, Hilton,The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism, AovDivo 1976.

*^ ?tu,.fI.1. christopher Hill, The worrd Turned (Jpside Down: Radicar ldeas Duringtne English Revolution, Harmondswonh lg7b.

k

t19118 H IITOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKOXTO AIONA

q6)lo2te . O T(o4t( Pouvc6 (Georges pu66)2tz xat o Piraapvc Koptr(RictraraCobb)218 niyav ota dpTeta rrlq ao'tuvop[aq yr.a va 6pouv notot

axg6tlc, iycav awoi nou azrote).o6oav rd ercd'\taoad.arxri r).{fu. O Pou-

v.ud, ava).6ovcdr,'ct< rapayt'q oq Mel&),r1 Bpetavia xel cr\ faD.la xat&

ro }txaro 610oo xal rrc, apltq .uou Ddxatou 6va.uou andtvg-, an6Doroe xa-

0ogorm6 p6).o otlq 'utp6g T ov tpogil.r.t'.r'r, evdt, dn6 'u1v ri).).1, o E. fI-

T6poov, oro, x)dotx6 n).6ov, Eoxill.lo <H 10lx! olxovopfa tou ayy].mo6

n).!$ouq 'uo E6xa'co 61Eoo aldrva;'2l9, 'u6voe'uo p6).o'ctrrv lrYl otxovol-r.lxrirv

napay6v'ut rv , 6nug c1q l66ac crig Eixarrlc riprjq I onotd uni'ppee an6

nap a6oo wxiq, xpoxanw d),ro n rxtc,, av'uil.{rl er,q n ep i o txovop.m{c 6maloo6-

qc. H o61xpouo1 p.eral6 tc,rv napaEoowxdtv notrltloptxcilv a[l6v torv

xardtrepotv r&\eli.v x& anq avaDu6pevlc xdnrna)rronx{c omovol.r.tag xat,cou ̂(pd.genxpdrmo6 xpdrovq anote).ei to 06pr.a r,ur.v Primitive Rebels rou'Eptx X6g.nop,.naoupt220 xdl aov Captain Swing nou 61par{.'e o iEloq H.a(i

F.e rov Povw622t. Eivat epr.gav{c 1 o1.r.ol6t1ta autc{rv 'ut-lv ptelet6v p"

exei,veq rtov Annnles or1v nporttqoil aovc, "fLd rov TlPoveo'uepu6 xoo'p.o.

Xrlpavcrxdq e\apioetq azote),o6v ra y'e 1a)ta ouv0etx& ipya rov X6pr-

opTraoup, 6ti)ti.a nov xa).6ntouv r1v nayxbp,,.a ,.orop,a an6 'ct1faD.r,x{

Enavaotaorl g.6lpt t1v xar&"ppevor1tou xoppouvopo'i222. Ta t'pya' avr&'

nepryp&gouv oe aEp6q Tp6rpp6q trg e(etrfieq nou Enp6pgooav 'to o611povo

x6op,o xar ano8[Eouv 6vav uno6o10qttx6 p6].o o'u1 ].a'ixri xou].co6pa.

216. W. E B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay on the Role

which Black Fotks Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America 1860'

1920, Nid Y6px1 1935.2L7. George Rud6, The Crowd in the French Revolution, N6a Y6px1 1959.

218. Az16 to prel&).o xar&')'oyo ttov 6pyorv Tou Richard Cobb, 6).. The Police and

the People: French Popular Protest, 1789-1820, N6a Y6px1 1975' Death in Paris:

The Records of the Baisse-Geole de la Seine, October 1795 to September 1801,

o(e6p81 1978.219. George Rud6, <<The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth-

Century>>, Past and Present, S0 (19?1), o. 76-t36.220. Eric Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social

Movement in the Nineteenth and Twentienth Centuries, N6a Y6px1 1963.

221. George Rud6, Captain Swing. N6a Y6px1 1968.222. Enc Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848, K).f6etravc 1962 lH

Erogfi ra.x Eravaotd,oeav 1789-1848, A0!va 1992), fne Age of Capital, 1848'

18i i , Aov8ivo lg75 IH EroTrj rcu Kega)aiou, 1848-1875, A0lpa 1994]'The Age

of Empire, 1875-1914, Nea Y6px1 1987' The Age of Extremes: A History of The

World, 1914-1991, N€a Y6px1 1994 lH ottoy4 cav Axpat. O o,jwoy'r.o1 euoorSq

alivaq, I 9 I 4- 199 I. Ali\d. 1995 l.

To o.1g.av.ulx6rego (oa4 p.ep.ovr,-rp.6vo loropr,x6 tpyo auro6.cou perip.a-,Eoc, Ve.?Elo.c:xilc r.orogtaq i.ov tovi(er to p6).o rr^,c, )\atxtc xou).ro[pagei,yan ,co 6r.6),to .cov 'F,v.uouapvt fI. T6poov The Making of the Englishworking class (1963). o 'uirtroq D,oxrTp0oer .u1 0do1 rou T6proov zrurq<<'rt epld.alxn raEn Eev av6rer).e ocrv .uov i1)rto xanow EeEop.6v1 orrypi;,a),)li ouprple'Eetge xaL 1 iEra ot1 6rx{ qc 6rapr.6pgool>223. X'aurd .uo6r.6),i,o, xa06c, xd.L 6.cLc, p.erayev€orepeq georplt'"€c, rov tono0et{oerq, oT6proov avrmaga,cifle,c dt o aT papEw,c m{1 op0oEo[ia xd,t o,cn\) vnegaonwilGnq drc6 6rouxxoupd).rot6q oav ro f&)O.o cpz),6oogo Aoui A).rouotp, orono(ot r6vr.\av .rrq enrorlp.ovm€q n).eup6q .uou pdpEropotj224. fra tovT6p.oov Dev p.nopef ra xetpreva tou Map[ va xalop((ouv pr,d, p.apEr.o,ctxilon.uuil ora ,p6.oa ,cov etaooaol ar,riva. K&vel Edxpwrl <<av&.p.eod. o,co1tapEwp"6 oav iva x)rewr6 o6orq1ta, xorl 6e pud napa6oc4 avotyriq dpeuvagxac xpwtxilq nov n'r.,ya,ler. an6 rov Map€. O rp6tog avilxec oe p,la 0eo-).o1m{ r,dpa6oor1. H Ee6repl etvar. p.ra <<nap&Eoo1 evep^1o6g ox6Q1c>nou 6yer. ane).euOeparP,ei. an6 <<t1v re).eit-rg o4o\aonx\ &.xorlty 7r@q FTro-poll;;e \td. xatavoiloovy.e ra npo6),ip.ata rov xatpol Va9 (xar,.Erq eprer-pieq cou uulwa Vac) V€oa dn6 pw auq.u7)pi elowytoruil pe).6t1 xri-notou xerg.6vou Trou Elpr.oore6O4xe exar6v etxootyS$vw npr,v>>225. O Tdpoovnd[gvet .dr,6 rov Map[ qv 6vvou \\c, ad.E\c, xal ,E\\,) avril.1{,,r1 Troq rl<<raltxil epxer€l,.a xalopi\erar" oe peTi).o 6a0,p"6 an6 16 r,apayaytxtqoTioa4 p.toa orr,q oxotec, Tewlo6vral -fi ewtpTovral Efyrrq va rc 0t-).ouvol ci,v0pr,rruol)>226. Atrl& r1v ra\4 Eev npdnel va .ur) 6).6noup.eod,v <<p.ra "6opi", i1 oav pld. "rtd.,crl"(opta", a),),&. odv x&,1 nou re),uaoup.6alver (xa,. nov p.Troporipe va Eranr..rtbooup.e n.i,q tyer, ovp,6et) p.ioaotrg av0p6nlveq oldoelq>>227. (<H lal"x\ ouvei8lorl eivat o rp6noq p.erov onolo av.ctc, or, eprnelpieq p.eragp&(owdt qe no).ltto1l,rxo6q 6pouq: ev-otr;r,ar<op6veq oe napaE6oetg, oe ovorilp,ara alr.dsv, oe tE6eq xan oe 0e-o1-t*x6.q. Fopg6q>>228. O T6g.oov anogpircrer. ).orndv t1v rEda VLd,c, <<d.pge-tuTttxiq>> epydrrmiq ra\t1c, xat orp€cperar., avrtgera, oe <<Fra ov (xe-

H MAPEI'TIKH I>TOPIKH EIII>THMH

,^^?23.E. P. Thompson, The Making of the Engtish Working C/ass, Nea y6px11966, Eroa1oryd.

". 9.

224. B).. E. P. Thompson, The poverty of Theory and Other Essays, Aov8ivo1978.

225.2ro iDro, o. 380, 383.

??9. fhe Making of the English Working Class, Ewalofi, o 9.227. 2ro l6to.228. Xro i6ro. o. 10.

H DTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

xprp6vll a1/.tx{ egyorr.xil t&E!rr, q orota epr.gavfotlxe p.6oa o €va

ouyxexp4rivo to'coprx| zl)raioto. H 6p.gaor1 otlv xou),to6pa or1y.a(vel

ffip erxaratrer{,,r1 rov eTbcrll.r,ovixrirv pe068otv Trou a,v.rrxerpr.evonoro6v

uq avgpcinweg oAtoe {, nPoG 6ge).oq npooeyyloetov Trou 06).ouv \a tcd'-

tavofloouv ra notoflxa oror.Teta rnv o6pd,ti(ouv pl,a xouLcofpa' e(

ov xaL rl Xpiol rlq troYoteyvtaq, crlq t61v1c, tou ).aixo6 no).ltl,opo6,

rarv oup66lov.O T6poov anoggi'nl'er eEdl tperq 6aoutc, avtt\rl.'elq 'uou pap[ropro6:

.rov 7!po.uepd,t6rr1ra'ttrrv otxovoplxtirv Euvdpreov, 'trlv d,vrlxetpevtx6r1ra,clq erlorrlpr.ovrx{c g.e066ou, xa,t trlv rdda qc zrpod8ou. Eivac avti0etoq

orlv rE6a r.ti,q ro rape).96v elvat tva 6fipd yrz to pl6D.ov' .'Erot ).oln6v

<<npoona0e[ va Eraotboer ro grl.r.y6 xa]vcoonot6 (stockinger), 'co ].ou8it1

QaD.rEorf (cropper),'uov "crtclp1aropr6vo" ugavt{ cou lepoxlvlrou aP-

1a).elo6, cov "ouconror[1" reyvi"ry, ax6yta xd'L 1c'\ napat].av1p.6vo ona66.ulq Joanna Southcott, dn6 rr1v ne).drpc ouyxaraiaol rt,rv petalev6-

o'uepov>), nc;p6l* <<nl0av6g 11ey0p6tryd'covc, o'co v6o 6,.o1t7yav,.x6 nve6pa

va xo,,ro$oe voorilr^(x&. r,poc, ao rape).06v>>229.Oo'u6oo, orp.awxa orolAeia tou op06Eo(ou papErptol en,.6,,tivow xat

oclv rpoodTTtol 'rou T6poov. X'ur1 g,e).dt1 rou, rl onoia tteploptleratoqv Ary).td, vnepaoxtlerar. rrlv avt[],1{1 ni.r,c vnd'p1er. p.la epyarmilr&.1r1 ev&.wtd. o.c\\ r.E6a ev6q notr6 zcto Eugoponorlp6vou eplatrxoU ntr1-0uopo6 nou orlpaEetetar" an6 Etagopetlx6q e0votm6q, 1prpxevrw€q xa,.

ouvcelvtax6g napa66oelg. Hpt'.ronol6vrac, xard xdnotov tp6no avr! rrpr&.1r1, rr1 6),tneu 6zr&.rq o?(eE6v xat o Map€, od.v Vn apw'coxparid' 'c\qeplaotag. Xlp.avclxoi Eravory6g, 6notc, o flaqv, o K6p.nec xal o'Oouev,

1 Enloro).rx!Erapeia, (Co..esponding Sosiety) tou AovEivou, xar oLno)lrx6q napa66oetq tou alf.lxo6 pr.\oonaor,r.op'o6 rai.\ouv 6tol ontLe-v'utx6 p6).o oq Etag.6pgt'lo'rl rlq egyartxilc r&Enq. Arc' avcil crlv rino{1ro The Makinng of the EnglishWorking Class etvar. nepwo6rego ptd. roro-pla tEetiv ndpa elncetprrirv. H raltxil na.]g xartyel xev'uprxil 0tor1 oro66)tto. Kar. nag' 6)ra ra notrltroplxri ovorarrx&. rrlq, rl n&.);r1 aw\ 6yetflc, pteeq'c1c p,€oa o.ro otxovop.tx6 o6orrpd23o. Awgoperr.x&., o Eeop6qpe ro FrdpErop6 0a y:6rav no).6 u1v6q. Avr6 6p.o4 oE{11oe x&norcqxptrtxic, va eno4ri,vouv, Erxalo).oy4p.6va, noc zcapap.etroivral &ileg FoPg6q

229. 2ro iEro, o. 12-13.230. BI. eriolg trlv av&n).ao1 ur6 rov T6poov 'c7< n)g6er.a.x!q xovlvcolpaq or4

pe)dteq .Eou noD eivat ouyxevtp<,rp6vag oto Customs in Common, AovEivo 1991.

H MAPEDTIKH I'TOPIKH EIIDTHMH

o6yxpovo4q xat exp.er&).).euor1(, 6nti,q aurig zcou 61ouv va x6,vouv pe,c,.q oAtoa4 sarv E6o g6).ov23 t.

Xro ldrpo tov p.ap[rorrirv, 1 to,coptxil npootyy,.ol'uou T6p.oov 66-

101xe dvtovl xgt'l.xi1at6 Edo }wgopermtq xa'ueu06voerq. An6 art lLtd.,xd.cryopil}'r1xe qn6 ao oapovxaoupa).rorlx6 ,papErcp.6 rou Aoui A).rouo6poq iva,c <<ooola),lorlx6q av0poinop6q>> nov <<axvprbver ra ovotao.vtx6,ue-pa exlte6lpd,nd rou MapE - 'u1v av&).uorl rt,rv pr,opgrirv, .ur,-rv .u&,oerrrv

xcr,t 'ctov v6p.ov 'cov xa;nt'cd.trlottxo6 'cp6nov 7ra.po.,la.ftc,>>232. Arc6 tr1vri).Lr1, papErordg no).r'utot*Lxic, xace60uvolg vnooript\a,v Trcdq o T6p.oovEev eile ax6p.a anoDeopeu0et apxo}vrtr,q an6 .u4 op066o[eq 06oerq nouuneprovi(ouv'rrlv avrrxelplevm{ n}.eupri rt,.lv or,r,ovop.mtu'v oy6oeov233.Tou xpoo{{.,dv 7roq, 6oo xr. av 6}rtnet rqv m(7 p.e 6pouq xou},roipaq,aut\ n xou)..co6pa e[axo].ou0ei va dcpopa 6e VLd. 6rcpryyav,.xi1 ep'yarm'i1rc,(q orrtv onoia avrot nou Eev ouvEdovral ay.eoa p€ rl 6'opr6avxilepydor.ax\ Era8rxaoia dlouv p.r.xp6 p6),o. Ilap6cr o T6p.oov vor&\eru. va8laodtoer rrlv Joanna Southcott an6 r7 <<ne).drpra ovyxa,caiaorl ct,rv p,e-talev6otepov>, xt o i8rog yevx&, napaple).ei r4 ywdtxeq, 7!ou .ce\xd

Eev anoreLoioav dpeoa rp,ilp.ara an< rcd,pd."(aylxric Ec8lxaotaq 6xtr,qt1v ewoo6oav ouv{Ocoq 16oo ooow}rtoriq 6oo xar pl) ooola}.ocdg.

To HistoryWorkshop, .co onoto l6p601xe, 6ntlq Eeilvet xdl o vn6rn-),6q rou, org <<6va neploEm6 ooon).Locd)v roroprx6v>>, &aoto,urpe xavoiorlv zrpoo6TyroT) .clq epyanr.xilc loobpiaq an6 rov T6p.oov a).).& n{1en6,pa an' aur{v. Or. p.etaoar,ltarzop.ot rou nepro8rxo'l an6 t1v iEpuo{rou.ro 1976 p6pr.uo 1995, 6rdv €xorle rov uzr6trt).6 rou (xou an6 ro1982 eile a}}.&Eel oe, <<ivd neploEx6 oooctrlordrv xa,r geprvlorpldrvtotoptxtirv>>), avax),o6v trg 0ep.e).cx6q a),).a16q nou en{}.0av otr1 p,ap-lortxil npoo€yyo'r1 rqg wroptac orn Meyri}l Bperavla xar atr1o6. O6poq <<eplaor{pu> eril.6101xe ox6xup"a 16oo y,.a va unoEl}.dr6er ro V.d,?-Ewr,.x6 evEcgdpov Trd rlv egyaoi.a xo,rlo ltipo Eou).emq 6oo xdt 'cn\)npoon,rxi1 pwg wropiac .ppapp.6vr1g an6 xolo6 p.e oroprxo\c, ngoepy6-g.evouq, an6 'covc, a<itpovc, Eou),euig. Tono0etll0rlxe p.toa qe pw aoota\t-oruil xar, pt\oonaormfi exwrqpovtx\ r'apir}ool I onoia olrl Meli).1Bpetavia (exlvo6oe ar,6 rovc, Hammonds xd.L ,couc, Webbs, nepi,ap.6ave

121

23 1. Bl. Joan Wallach Scott, <<Women in The Making of the English WorkingClass>>, oto Scott, Gender and the Politics of History. Nda Y6px1 1988, o. 68-90.

232. Louis Althusser, For Marx, N6a Y6px1 1969, o.97 lPour Marx,fIapi.ot,re77).

233. Gareth Stedman lones, Languages of Class, Kaipzrprt( 1983, o. 101-102.

123r22 H DTOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKOITO AIONA

.uouq ouTTp aqei.c, a\q IotoptxilC Og.&Eaq tou Koppouvr,otr,xo0 K6p.pr.a-,coc,,xd; etye)'&6et pm <<repaona ci01o1>> p.e 'tov E. tI. T6;loov. Ava-

yvtipr(e ao Past and Present, nou eile r.Epu0ei ro 1952 an6 p.w op.riEa

wrog,.xtiv <<pe p,n, oag\ agrcrep{ rco).rtlxfi or,rtxip>, t'lq ro <<xa},6tepo

a^y/.6govo to'coprx6 neptoElx6>>234' xdt ileoe or6yo va oupn).1p<iroel to

tgyo rov x&t '!d tou Ecboel p'r"a vta xate60uvo1.

Atr}li aut6 nou (eldrpr\e 'co History Workshop an6 &.)Jra ro'copm&.

neproEm& }ev {tav 1 ooola}.lo'utxil :,ov orparevo1 -'Erlv onoia oup"gr.e-

p(ov.uav xal notr).oi an6 rovc, apAuo6c, ouvepldteg rov Past and Pre-

sent, oL 1-ttooi an6 rrp dpytxil ow'cdxrtxfi enngoxil 'rou onoiou unlpEav

p6).1 tou Koppr.ouvrortxo6 K6p.praroq - a).).& 11 Duxlpuypdvl tou np6-

0eo1 va on&.oet ra orev&. 6prz l':r.1c ena11e).patr.xfic r'o:uoptag tror. dwrc<<va n'),4ot&o& xd,t va unlpet{oer iva eup6 Elg.oxpartx6 axpoartlpto, xd,"6yr. .co't x)rer.or6 x6x).o p'wq axa}y4atxrlc, eli't>>235. Maxporp60eog.a oor6yog av'c6c, enrce6101xe no).6 pteptxtilq. To evapxt{1pro rip0po r1,g o6-vralqq.uou nprirrou'ue61oug &.py.\e pe p.td eniOeol o'En\ er,af(e).ptato-noinorl.uov roropr,xdrv onou8dlv ,7 onoi,a eile oErl^y{oet orov <<evtelv6ple-

\o xd,'cd,xe?parlopr.6>> toug236, o'ulv ctvdv'rt orotyta rouq pe t1v no).rtrxrjxat rn\ xolvcovia, 'u1v andr).eld, 'c'rq, d,vaovoltiag rovg, xdt or"t)v x,aylotoygtrdc, axa}yp.aixrlc xow6rrpag apprpra Eep.6v1c pE 'tIV xanndN.orrx\xorvorvia. To iEro to neproEtx6 ipav ro anot6treopr.a E6xa 1p6vo-rv o'cev1€owepyaoi.aq avap.eod oe dv8peq xan lwatxeq wropmolq urou eilav ou-

lxevrporOei o' tva <<epyaorilpt>> o'to Ruskins College, ro epyaru6 xo)'-).61ro tou flavenrotlp.iou r1c O[g6pEr1c. Eivar olpavru6 16oo ro 6u 11owraxux$1 entponil ).eltoup1o6oe oav ptd, ou).).o1,x6t1ad" Trov r,pey-p.au tnar.pve ou).).o1m& ,cr.g a;nogd'oe'l-, nap6l* npoelipyav o GarethStedman Jones, o Raphael samuel xar o Tim Mason, nov etyav tEl "tt-p,awr.xtg oup6o).6q o'urlv xorvovtxil ,.otog[a, 6qo xat 6t or, ywaixeq d\xt-zrpooonedov'cav enapxdtc, xo.L c..rl outrdxrtxil ex,,rpon! xdJL q'covc, ov-vepy&,'ceq rou nepr,oErxo6. An' ro nparo !E1 te01oq Elaxlpuoo6tav 11D6op.euo1 ^(d. lutd. <<geFrvro.ur,x\ wropia>>. Enlo{palvav 6rr. 6yt p.6vov 1naga6oor.dx{ no}.lrlxrj rrogi.a atr}.& xal 7 epyaru"il xdl xot\tu'ttxi1 oro-pta etyav e"yx).o-r6rtet p.toa o' 6vav <6r,v.rrgep.r,vrorm6 op,.o,p.6>>, ercelErl olywaixec,, nap6rr. 11 epyaoia.uouq t,-lq <<napayli1uv rlq epTdrlx{q E6va-

234. <The Attack>>, History Workshop 4, g0w6n.ogo 1977, o. l-4.235. ) t6 iEro, o. 4.236. <History Workshop Journal>>, History Workshop l, &vot\1 1976, q. I

H MAPEDTIKH IITOPIKH EIII>THMH

plq >> ouvro'r otq e avan6o r'd;c a o au;rlod'c\q ep"f d.o tdxlC DtaDma o[ac, p.t o a

oqrN xanr.'ca)l.otrxi1 otxovop.ia237 , napip.evav d06areg o' av'ctg rq loropieg

o,co 6a0p.6 nou Eev eltgavt(ovra\ xdl cao E1p.6oto ltirpo Eou).ekiq.To ev8lagdpov Tt6 'uo p6).o tt-rv yuvamciv ouv66a).e otr1 Eleipuvo"rl rou

xix).ou evEtagep6vtov 'rou neplo8txo6 xa1<b< xat oan Etepe6vlol v6<ov

pe0o8otrolrxdrv npooe'y'1ioeorv. To History Workshop etAe y.ta av'uf).1{.r1

nept <<ooowfuottx{c wrogiac,>>, nou ouvEe6tav oreva pe rrlv <<wropta,cyc ep yaotaq,>> oe p.rd 6rcp.rlyav,.xil xaxrraltrorr.xil xor.vi.r.vta. flap' 6).ov,co\ d,\td.T?oqavarc)*op.6 'c'rq, pd4ltoami;K r,oroptaq rcpoq trlv xou).'uo6pa,

or. ex66reg'uou neplo8txot aonalovrav, 6x..i,g neginov xu" o T6p.oov, rrq

op06EoEeq p.apE.or,.x€c avtil.!{.,elq Tra 'trlv r'otoptxil EraDmaoia. 'Hrav

npooxo).).1pdvot oe prla cetreotroyia nov 66),ene ryv rcropi.a va e[e],iooe -,cc;r, p6oa azr6 Eta0oXlx&" or&,6w, ar,' 'co geouDatrlop.6 6'co\ xa,rcl'cd).opr.6,xdt otr1 vntpfiaoy 'cov xanna)rtop.o6 oe prta ooon).torui1 xoworvi,a.Eivar evDelxll'x6 xa,g ro nptiro rip0po tou zreploElxo6 ipav ro ripOpo rouP6v.uveij Xi).tov, <O geouEa).wp.6g xat or, ara,gytq rov xanrralltopo6>>238.H o011pov1 xolvorvia yapaxvlpt\6rar, o{p.gui.va pe ro nepr"o}r,x6, ax6pw 6,.o7tyyavm\ napayarl{ rou },ettoup1o6oe xartl an6 xanna}.o'ul-xtq naga66oelq xa;l napovoi"q. p.lag ouvelDl'uonolr1p6vr1c, epyarr.xip r&"-

E\c,. L,.v6,Eav rElai.uepo 6dpoq orovq rp6noug Fe rouq onoiouq ot ep"yarec,itcoverv mp epyaota x&na an' auatq rq ouvO{xeg, a}.}d ol epyareq"{rav o1eE6v 6}.or touq 6rop.11avmot eplarec, ot1 Me1&}.1 Bpetavia touE6xacou |varov xdr rcdv apyiv aov eLrooaol auixa. Or eplnepieq to.lv

luvamdrv tono0eto6vtav xt avric, p.€oa o' avr6 ,co n),ai,oto. X6vropa,too'c6oo, o Raphael Samuel, tva an6 ta p6).1 ,cnc, ouvcd.xrtxilc enrpo-nip, &.pAwe va ap.cpw67,cet rqv ra6r'o1' 6,.oy.nyav,.xi1c, rcdpa\pTnq ,o,xaxnaltoyto|, xan vd, avcrTv<,lpfter. ro p.e1ti).o p6).o nou 6r,ar.Le I Fl frl-aavm\ egyaota xdl ot naga}oowxtq t61veq orryv xaxna)r,.or,.xi1 otxovo-

1u.a rov }ixarou tvarov ar,tbva atr).& xal .uo p6).o :'ov xdnnaltopo0 otouqp.rt 6rcp7Aavmo6g ropr.eig rrl( oixovoptag, xat xupir,lg orrl 1eap1ta239.

Xto <<10 ap6v,.a p'er&>> (1985)240 or exE6'ueg rov HistoryWorkshop,6va rip0po qc o0vca(1c nou un6lpaqa\t or Raphael Samuel xar GarethStedmanJones, napaE6lov'uav )d01 orq xpbetq.uouq. <<To appryro eni-

237. )ro i6ro, o. 4-6.238. )to iEro, o. 9-25.239. <Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-M-

ctorian Britain>>, History Workshop, rivor[r1 1977, o.6-72.240. History Workshop 20, 90rv6zopo 1985, o. 1-4.

125124 H IXTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

xev.upo 'Eou evEug6povr6q Vac nrdv 1 6ropr.11avmi1 epyarrx\ raly, xar.pr.e1a).6.uep{ p.aq gt}.oEo[i.a (6nol,c, napouow\6rd.\t o,co apyr.x6 p.avrg6oro)ipav q pre).6t1 rov xanna),lopo6 t'-rg "rp6nov rcd,pa.",iul.'(hc,">>. <<O gep.l-vropr6q>>, ngoo60erav, <<ri0eoe vx6 ap.gw6i"1o1 avr! lu1v 'ue).eo).o1ia>>.H re).eo).o1ta ei.ye yiver npo6).r1parx! xar ).61o rrov Eop.lxrirv atr).a1cirvrov xanna)*opr,o6 ol onotec, livovrav 6)ro xar. nto ep.gavetg orrl Elripxen.r'ylq EpolTodpevlc }exaeriaq - atr).a1dq xov etyav anoxa).6Qel ralrxi.qoAioetq }wgoperuiq xa;t. rcto o6v0e'ueq, an6 xetveg nou un60erd,v ?rporl-

1oup6voq. flgayp.arrx&.,'r1 evaoy6)r'r1or) 'cou neplo8txoi Fre 'utq luvalxegntpaoe an6 ro 6np.r1yav,.x6 ltipo Eou).et&.g oro 16po rou onnnt xatotlv r8rorrrxil ogdipa xal evEugep6'cav 6)ro xat negwo6repo "fw rrl oe-

lovdltx6rryra. H exprer&l).euor1 rov luvamcbv ev'uri101xe oro eup6tepon).a[oro rrov ol6oearv p"eralrS rolv g6].olv. Eler&"ot4xav ol Elagop6c, 6rL<6pao.qpr6qreg ,Eov e).e60epou 1p6vou -i tt anovota.u6.uor,orv ^fd. x,Lc,ywatxeq- xa06c, xu o g6)vq rqc 6iac otov npooEroprop6 11€ avDpr,-xip ravt6rl'caq.

Mer&, ro 1980 to nepto6x6 &.pyroe va agr.egdler 6).o xar prela).6.uepo

A6po or,o p6).o t1c /.drooaq roc, qvo,cdrclxo6 nag&yov'Eoq .rlq xorvcovr-xip ep,netplaq. Av xal ot qwr&.xreq tou nepn8mo$ an€ppmrd,v rrJv axpata06o4 t;r1c Eop.lo.um{c f.oooo}.o1iaq rou ex7lpooanoitoav ot l\ax&v, Oouxrirxal N.ueptv.u&,, ym .covc, oxoiovq, <<Eev vna,pyer, el.ltepm! npaypar,.x6ry-'cd. o,Env onoia vd avag6peta, 11 y).tirooa, xa;L .(t' avr6 o$rc xar Ela).ex.ur-x\ 6waor1 o6,ce xat a'p1rl-6rBcty7crr. dvt\av, xdp' 6)r' awa ntrlq <<I

f.6ooa .uou ooora).rop.o6 [...] npoly{Or1xe rqc ep,g&vlor;q, ev6€ oo6ld.-).rorlxo0 xwiltarcq>>24| xan ouvd6a).e ovorao,crx1l'. oq Elap.6pgtoorl avto,3.uou xrv{pratoq. H 1}.drooa 61rq, <<ayri va vnapya. ot1 Elx{ 'urlq ou-vraxrtx&, Eop.1g.6vr1 entxg&:cera>>, 6xlu,c, en6p.evav or Eop.r,or6q 1).orooo-).61or, <<ano.ue).ei 6va ).r16'uepo fi xegr.oo6repo ouvel6g re8io no).rtrxfcxal l6eo).o1txi1c, r,a)''qc,>>, 6nti,q vnoor\gr,\e o Pierre Achard qao <<Icao-p[a xerr. /.ooomf1 no].rrlx{ oq laD.ia>>242. O Moplq lxovrefu6, 6].6-lrovcd,c, t1 1).dlooa an6 p"r,a n\dt&, av0parno).o1txi1 oxonrz, vnoor\pr.-le 6'cr. <<ra voilltdra r1c nor(, Eev exltop{0r1xav ancox}rerortx& oe f.ar-ou&. ovorilpara i1xetlteva, a).).& xa0opi(ov'uav an6 a)t\ayiq orrq ep-yaor,ax64 8raElxaoieq, ora ouoriytdra ov^yytveldr,, o,ELc. xorvorvlx6g le-gapyteg, xd,t o,Eo o6vo).o rorv oup6o).rxriy xo; u).lxdrv pr.opgri.rv 1.uac

241. <<Language and History>>, History Workshop 10, g0rv6:rtopo 1980, o.242.2ro iEro, o. 175-183.

H MAPEDTIKH DTOPIKH EIIDTHMH

xorvaviaq>>243. Eniolc, 'co zreploErx6 oupr.gorvei ;le gep'lvfo'upleq 0eolp1-

r,,xo[g 6ot ro 96].o Eev ei.va,r. €va guom6 EeEop.6vo a}}ri p'la no].1'ulo1.uxf1

xa,caoxevSl rou e6p&(e'udl o'Ertpt6ood, evdr 6).6nel t1v iEla 'u1 p.tirooa

va dvax)ra t1v xotvorvia atr).& 'cdvr6Tpova x&t \d eztevep'yei n&v<o t1€.'Qq,crtEexderl.d cou 1990, rlngoooyfiipav orpag*p6vr1 oe p.ey&).o 6a.0p.6

o,cr16np"4Aavrx{1 Eup<bn1 xu B6peta Ap.eprx{. O p.1 Au'urx6c, x6op.oq

epqavtl6rav orc- xp<hra'cetyq oe pe1&).o 6d0p.6 or1 ow.&, ev6q enexret-

v6pevou rpnepla)lopr.o(t' 'cr.r,gd, oe p.e).6teg rrlq Eexae'Etaq rov 1990, 11

Itdrlvlxil Ap.epm!, 11 Agprx{ xu 11 Avotpa}.ia tov r0alevdrv livovtarav,ctxetp"evd ev6q nro elElxo6 ev8lag6povtoq.

O 0atoepop.6g xalr. rl xatapgevol 'EIq 2o6mmip'Evoor;€ xctt 'ut,.rvooow)rw'clxtiw ovor4lthrov 'ur;c Avato).mric Eupdrnrg (xdg6rt' eiTdv dnop-

pitler ro ).evlvr,op6) x).6vloav 6a0,.a 'cr;- ooqta)\tollxiq nenor$ipetq 'tt,lvexEordrv rou HistoryWorkshop. 'HE1 an6'uo 1985, napaE6101xctv Troq<<1 6nap€1 ev6g epyanxol xwilp.a'toq toq 6va leor).o1m6 Ee8op'6vo touroniov>>, nou un{;pEe p.ta dx6'ulg 0epe}.ux€c, napa6o7164 rov neptoElxo6xa.c&. rry iEpuo{ 'uou, <<Eev p.nopei va 1era,pei.rdL lrLd. r.r,c, EeEop'6vr1>>. Me

oD6vr1 avalvdrpoav <<to Ela(611o ct,.lv ooola).ro'utxcitv detirv an6 xa1e 6wow).aixdc 6o6)'1oqc>>2aa. T1v rivo{1 'cou 1995 aqai.peodv d06pv6a rovun6trc).o <<neploElx6 ooora).lo'ucirv xeL gelLl\ro'cpltiv lotopl,xdrv>>. Xrlp,eio-oav Trtoq <<ol no).lrtx6q ouv0fxeC p,tod o'ctc, onotec, Eou).e6oup,e d"ylvavo1eE6v ayvbpwrcq an6 'u6'ce rou 7!pr,v dn6 6exar6ooegd :7.5t6u,a [co 19811erpap.e 1la 'ue),euraia goga aD.riEel rrlv TrpoFre'toni8a Vd.g>> \La vd ou-pnepr).ri6oup.e xd.t l'tc, <<gepr.lvlo'upleq r.oroptxotq>>. Aev vxipAav n].6ov olouv0{xeq p.6oa orr.q onoteq ot pt\oonao'ceg w'coptxoi pnopo6oav va 0eo-po6v roug eavrotg rovq p.aplr,o'u6q. Ol npox).{oetq mv olyAgovou x6-op,ou -nepr6a).trov.urx6g, e0votlx6g, oelovd)rr.xtq- eiyav yi.ver, xr,a'c6ooo6v0ereq Trou or 6pot <<oooratrlo'ulc>> xat <<gepw'torpw>> p.e rtq ouv61).dl-oerq nou xov6a)ro6odv Eev enapxotqd\24'.

To neploEm 6 eiae xertAet oro o'c67o nov eiye 6a\er' vd vnepiet rao6vopa rtov eTrro'rrll.r,ovlxtilv x).&Eolv, altrri aut6 ,.o76et xar, y,a &)r)raaqp.avr,.xa neproElx&,, 6nicoc ta Annales, ro Past and Present, 'co QuaderniStorici xd; ,co Journal of Interdoisciptinary History. Aev eile 6prtoq r8lai-reprl eri,'6uxi,a o'ct1^yeg6po-ro1 rov laoltaroq p'era(6 tarv enarye).pr'atl6v

243. <Work and ItsRepresentantions: A Research Proposal>>, oto i8lo, o. 164-74

244. <<Ten Years After>>, History Workshop 20, q0rv6zrtopo 1985, o. l-4.

245. <<Change and Continuity>>, History Workshop, rivorfu 1995, o. iii-iv.l -5.

r,oropr,xd)v xcu, r.,v elanavenrorllu,ax$v. Dra p.toa ,rrlq Eexae., taq rov1990 ol ouvepl&'ueg rou avilxav otlv n).elov6rrya .covq'ei,re 6e r.d\,tercl-oripta eire qe epeuvl'urx&, l8pupata. To epdrtrlpa etvan, .ct tTet anop.etver.an6 ro apytx6 nr,ote6o xat,covcs agamolq rr6,your,

"or rrrplE,*o6';,O7r,

pr6vov 1 papEwru\ te).eolo1fa a),ii xat rl ,oirxi1avrD.4f,,q nou i1i,Oep,e).lax1 .fd ,Eny xarav67o7 tr1€ xolvt.lvid.c, xal

"r1, ,o).,",rri ,o,

^po_xrrx{ x}.ovbmpav avenav6pgorra. flaptp"erve 6plrog o or67oq yw'6vaeiDoq

'sopid,q T,ov va 1pioxerat xovra otov xolv6 &,}po,no"xar va .rou

etvat xana.vorlci. flapaE6Eoc, 6oo ro reploEm6 anoEeop.eu6 rav an6 'q,papE.or,.xtc, napa}oTiq, p.zropodoe va n),}tow\et nq ep,xepi.€q r.,v anlo;v

avOpcino-rv nro e6xo).a an' 6oo ptod an6 pua p.aglwnx{ epplveid, xnqegyaotaq xd,t r@y epla(og.6vorv. Te).m&, exetvo nou 8la.uriploe ro repro_6m6 eivar. 11 xpr.rm.\-oraorl tou papEopoi, 1 6lri0eorl vct au",rrotrdllrlx&Oe popcpil exp.etriD.euonc, xo,t xaranie:oB9. Mopg6q 61lo9 nou, auride_ad. Ve rov op068o(o praplnp.6, Eev tq evroni\et T,w r,pli,,Ed.pyr.xa p.toaoro 0eopru6 n),atqrc rrlq orxovopiag xat rov xparovg, aI).&

"ri or"hrd.

oe 6).eg rq 6r)1etq rr1< \a\c, ouprepl).apl6avopldvc,rv xdr rtlry oy(oe.:rvp.eral[ .urov g6].ov.

O p6).oq rov HistoryWorkshop o.ulv r,o.rop.oypagla rorv E6o te).eu-raio-rv Eexae'cuiv Eev 0a rp6rel \d. vrcepex,Erpl0el. Aev {"av napa {vaax6 ra neproElx& Trou oe 6),ov tov xot'vo axo).o601oav pl,o avri).011xate60wor1. AvaTvdrgloe 116 ogel).d< .cou 6,co past and preient, a),),a'eicnp6nc nirye p.axp6.repd o.urlv xate60uvorl qc ).aix{q wroplaq xat xov},-ro6pa.g, xat extyei,pqoe, av )Kd,L $e neploplopdv1 ernvy'[a, va evra\er,an),o6q av0pdrnoug. Qc, xivy4.a 6piye plg.lt6q xai a),).o6,'r E,,airega oryvOpoonovEnxil Llp.oxpari.d r1q leppavlaq xo,l o,c\ XourlEia. flap6poreqr&oet..^ep.gavtorrpav oe 6&.Eopa x,eproizx&.: ro Solcial History ot1' Me-'1&).1 Bpetavta, ro Journal ofsocial History xd; 10 Radical History Re-view. or4 Hvop'6veg flo).lteieq xo,L 'Eo euaderni storici oryv rra)rta, roono[o eyxar6trerQe t1v evao16\ oi1 rov p.e ,rouq geopo6q 'yw

va }toer"oro

.xtvrpo ,cou tl,coptxo6 ev8lag6pov.uoq .urq 6,.olp.arrx64 epnepleq ev6q

peyri).ou rp.ip-arcq 'uou n),r10uopo6. To Historische Anthiopotogie novr6p601xe to 1993 oe fepp.avia xan Avorpta, xat ro Ovruootouq, rcovxux).ogdp1oe oan MooAa to 199l, etvarcd. rcLo np6ogara rcepnimanou 1p0av va oup6&).ouv o' auro6 .cou eiEouq rq xpoox&}eteq.

I I IH DTOPIA AIIEI\A]\TI )THI\ IIPOKAH)H

TOT METAMOI\TEPNDMOT

KEOAAAIO 8

O A6pevqxd.t \ ,ravaliiotl

Xr6ouv,,c\c, agnTnolq>>

TO 1979 AHMOXIETOHKE oto Past and Present, .co onoio an6.u1v i6pu-oi1 ,cov ro 1952 un{pEe ro oryavcrx6aepo ou1Melitrr1 Bperavia cA6-poup Era).6^you n&vco orrlv totopia xdl 6'ctc. xorvorvrx6q enorip.eg, .co

Eoxil.r.ro rou A<i.rpevq 2'u6ouv, <<H ava6(uor1rry aqiyrlorl<: oxiQetg navu6e Wtd. via no,N.d to,cogid>>246. Xro repig11l.o dvr6 &.plgo, o ).u6ouv8lanlocdrvei, Trtoq .ul }exa,erf.d tou 1970 ei.yap"e tpt"a 6aou$1aD.a1{1 otovrp6no rEoD a\illLe:utar'ftera, xat yp&,gerat y wropta. H xevrpxil, orlvtcroptxil xorvorvlz{ enor{p1, 06o11 zroq eival 6uvar{ <<pw owex.ctxSlerorlpovrxneEr)Tqo'rt.uov aMaldrv nou 61ouv ovp.6e[ oro nape].06\>>247 ,anoppig0lxe ar6 no),).o0q. Xq 06o1 'r1c ey.gaviorryxe €va avavearp.6voev0rag6pov .(d rrc, Eragopetm6q 6+erq c1c avOptirnrvlq 6napElg,.co onotoouvoEeu6rav dx6 mp nercoi0lorl <zrt,.lq I xou).ro0pa pwq op"a6ac,, a.x6-

lLd. xe,l 1 6o6).11o11 ev6q a.c6y.ov, pnopei va ouvroto6v ancwxolq nag&1o-vceq aD.a1iF, a6oo o'r1p.av.cr.xo6q 6oo routrdpocov xd.L ot anp6oanregEuvdp.eq qq u).m{c ndgayayfic xolt ,crg E1p.o1pagrxfic a6Erpryc>>2a8.Aut{ 1 avavetop6vl Qtgaoq oqrq €prepieq ovyxexprpr.6varv av0p6ntove\xawlaoe U.rfl €Tuorporpi oe ag\T\tLd..ELx€c, popcptc, ,.o.copiag.

H otpog{ o.rrlv epnei,pta tgepe xal lLrd xptctxil enavelt.caon r1gelt ro'rrl g,ovix{c op0o}.o"yr, x6.c7r ag . H xo lvtov lxo - er lo'ulprovr xilq xar e{lvr -o1€ ro'uopfa npoiin60ere r1v anoEofi ev6q o611povou, e7lexrelv6pevou

246. Lawrence Stone, <<The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New OldHistory>>, Past and Present 85, NodFr.6groq 1979, o. 3-24.

247. 2ro i8ro, o. 19.248. X,to iEro, o. 9.

H DTOPIO|PAAIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

249. John.Kenneth Galbreith, The Afiluent Society, Boordrvl 1960 [H xorvav[a

14< agIoviaq,, A0{va 1970.]250. Daniel B,ell,The End of ldeology: On the Exhaustion of Political ldeas in the

Fifties, Nia Y6px1 1960.25 1. Michael Harrington, The other America: Poverty in the Llnited states,N6d,

Y6oxn 1962.

TI <ANABIO>H THI AOHIH>H'>

oco Bepo).ivo xd; c'cr1 flpaya. o'EPeg6'cgL\ ev&v'cw 16oo orov xdlrlld')\r-

6;p6 ,crtq A6or1c 6oo xat oa\ oo\Eatx{1 exEofi rou p.dPEFPo6- Avn6 6:;.er.

1nlLaloid. '(q. 'ctc. e(e).fieq p6od orrlv Lo'coplo'(pd'9i4, av 06tre1 )K.a.'tetc, \a

xa1calrj16er, ywri, o6re.ta ouvl0top6va xolvorvrxo-eTELoa\lLovtxd pr,ovtd).4,

oi.t,ce o t6'co?Lx6c, u).top6g Eev pnopo6oa.\ \d. eEdxo).ou0o6v \d etvd'L T,et-

6,Erx&,. Kat or, 66o avr6c, xd,'Eeu06voe4, exxtvo6v an6 lta:xpcito'co1rxic, >ra;L

ttd.xpoxol\Ci.vm6q avtl).{{elq ottq o!T,oi'ec, 10 xPdItoc,, \ d"foc/&' \ -yw to'vaptwv,o-

n lcaEn d,fio'uetro6v xe' a1;x€c, 6vvoteq,. Kat 7w ttq E6o eival

btdop6utl I ord0epi rutorry or1 6uvac6'crtad. xd.r orov euspTe'ca6 Xd.?d'-xripa VLd.c, ercw'En1tovm&.6leu0uv6p.evr1q avanrv\t1g. H etlx6v'tPoorl 'lou

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8i[o pap(,"p6, Eev dcprlve no].6 ltirpo ^(Ld. xet\ec, rtq op.AE€q cou ntr1Ou-

opoi rou eiyav 1(|,c, r6ce p.eivet oro nept0rirPro dl).a EtexElxo6oav 'utirpapra Emd 'covq ravr61ryca xil r.o'copi,a- Eniolc, o6te 1 xotvcdvtxo-e7li-

orrlpovm{ o0te 1 papE.ormrl wxo1rc"f1d.gta eiTav evEr,agep0ei apxetd..

^(Ld. uq 6,.oy.a'cmic, 6rlerq qc xaOrlp.eprv{c (ric - c1v u}.rx{, atr}ri

xil an ou'yxt\)nowxn ,nc n).eup&, 'ulg etrniEeg xd.t rovq g66ovc, r\c.

H anaroro66fu &no{1 Ttct rrlv nopeia xd; tr1 rcor6'rr1d'uou o611po-

vou Eu.utxo6 no).rtropo6 ypdxripr.\e p.e1&).o p.6poq qc <<N6ag flo).ltr-

ollLxic, Ioroptac,>>. Aur{ 1 via wrogta e[ye p.ta avrtgarr.xil o7t'o4 p.e wpdpEwp"6. Xup.p.epr(6rdv rrl papE,o r mrl &no{,,r1'fd.'cn yepagermil }ret -

rovp1n 'c'\c, waoprcygagtac, a) e xaqavooJoe no).6 Eugopertxa an6tov x),aom6 pagEwp"6 'covc, xaad,\a.yxaop.o$c, an6 rovq orcoiovq |npenevd Xeed.qe,c10o6v or riv0pornor. Or n1'y6q qc ep.e'uritr).evcnc, xd.L 'E^rF,xaranteoryc Eev 6rcpene va ava\1'co6vaat 16oo otlq 0eoponol11.l6veq Eo-p6q, oulv zro).lctx{ t'; orlv orxortop.(a, aD.ri xupittc, o'ELc. noD.an}.6q Er,a-npooonlx6g oyioeq pioa or,.g onotec, ol &vOponol aoxoi.tv elovoia n&.vutoe &),).ouq. To g0).o ngoo)ra1t6ave 6not, €va vto xdt o"rilLev'ilx6 p6).o. OOouxtl nipe, xar&. x&,rcorov rp6no,'ur1 06o11 'uou MapE toq avatrur{q r1ceEouoicg xil rnq oa€onc rlq g.e q pdro1.

'Eva xevrptx6 egarrl,n nou 60eoe o )'u6ouv i1'uav'co d.\,xd't g'e notorg6no,0a ;.r.ropo6oe t'1 0a inpene 'r, oropta ,td x&ta\oe( rov eavr6 rqcoq enbripl. OXI p6vov 1 xolvt,rvixo-e7rlo'trll.tovtxot ngooavdro).opro6wroptoypagh. aDli xar. n nafu,6.cep1 nap,i8ocq xpLtriq orop,.xilc 6peuvaq

?*.c .[X. avanculOei Fre .uov P&.vxe ord. 7r&\Elrtorip.w rou E6xacou6varou antiva 0eopo6oav ryv r.oropla enlot{p1. x' au.ui r1v nap&Eoo1,toot6oo, 11 6wora.u1c enro.ufp.\9 e(ye p.la Dragopermfiypow.. Ar6pprnte

t31r30

inp.rlydvtxot x6o 1t ov, 6nou enlo'uf1 V'rt xd.t telvo).o1ia o811o6oav o'u1v

arinru\,. Atr).& aut{ 1 zriotl orlv np6oEo xo, oao o6.11povo no}.r.cro1.r6

pniye un6 Eoxq.laoia an6 rrl 6ex,zeri.a tou 1960 xu. p'er€r'ena' X'c1'iexaerid.uou

1950 ol Apr.epmavoi wropr.xoi p.r).o6oav dvrapeoxa Yr.a 6va

e0vrx6 <<consensus>> xdt vla npdyp,arr.xa pr, ral,xil xorv(l)vic[, anatr).a1-

p.6vr1 urcocig erar an6 6a0r.tc, xorvrovrx6g ouyxpo0oelg , '":1 onolta Edxptve

rrlv'Apr.eplxi, *o, oco nape).06v xdt r6re, ax6 t1v Euptirnrl' O T(orv

Klve0'fxa).p.np6r,0 Elpr.ooleuoe to 1958 'cr1v Konavh^11e a90ovlaq24s .

To 66)rio rou Daniel Bell To d),oq rnq 6eoAoy{aq250 xuxtrog6p1oe,

6x.oq avdgtpapr.e {81, 'uo 1960, .xo;L'co 1962 axo}.o601oe to 6t6}'io rou

Michael Harrington H &AA4 Ay'eptxfi2\r, to onoi.o eorf'ale t1v npoool{

aov 6'co- rgtiyg.ara aou o;4epmd,vtxo6 rc).10uop.o6, toug qr(i.7o6q, )'euxo6g

xar, pd6povq, Trou i'1jav anox),elopr.6va a,x' avril trlv agoovla xal Eev

eilav 06o11 p.ioa oTq ouvaiveor;. Xttg Hvarp6veg flofutei'eq or" 6q r6re

xpuppr6veg xolvt-rvlx6q evtil.oet'g {p0av ocrlv enr.cp&'vew.p.e o\ 'uouq rrl

Edvag,rl pr,e co xivlg.a zcofurlx{g awnaxoilc torv apldrv :u1c, }exaertaq

rou 1960 xdt alq atl.anqpir, elelt'poetq ora Txito xdr&' ro Ee6tepo puo6

rrlq 6excrertac,.I,lr4 ow6aera, o fl6).ep.oq ,uou Ble.uvd,pr Era[peoe roug

Ap.epmavoig 16oo 6d0w 6oo o fl6).ep.oq 'u1c A).1epiaq etye Erldoer t1

Iatr).ia ).i14 1p6vn nprv. A).).& 11 avt[0eo1 otov n6trepto niyyawe n{pa

an6 xalapa noltrx&. \qrip.ara. Ol oulxpoJoetq rou 6e6'uepou pr'loo6

c1c Eexae'uiag rou 1960 zrou nupoEoc!01xdv ax6 rr.q 6r.ap.dyeq ^(d. t'a

nolrrrma. Etxal6pata Ndt ao\) fl6).ep.o 'rou Blecvripl, Eev eilav va xd'vouv

p.6vo p.e p,r.d xpnrxil 'u(,)v zlo).r'ttxdtv xat xolvtDvtxd)v ouvolxriv, a).).& xal

p.e rlv nodrr3a Eqq \a\C oe Vtq' axptiiq ex6lop'11avlop6vr1 xolvarvia' H

n[oc1 o'u1v rp6oEo xat ol.rp entotripl, zrou f;tav 6ao,.xi1Tla (r]v Ttooo-

rrx{ N6a Orxovoll.tx{ loropia, d}Jd xar. \Ld. ro p"apE'.op.6, apyr'oe va

yivetat 6).o xar nro npo6).r1partxi1 ev 6rf er r4c qo1epilq &.a6rrpaq p'e

rqv oxoid 1 relvo).o1fu p'era1t6p,2ove 'trq, 6r.op.r11av,.x6'c ltirpeq xa,t ert-

6po6oe o,cd. a\d.r.'cvoo6peva 60v1.E[var olpavlclx6 va ouvelErltonot{ooupe 6l ro 9o'.r7tr.x6 xivlpla nou

E6,onaoe ora'uetrrl .571q Eexaetid.c, aov 1960 o'uo Mn6px).eii, orofldptor',

H DTOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKO'TO AIONA

ro 0errxtop,6 tt.lv ava).urtxtilv xolvovrxcbv eruo'u1pr,drv xl 6Elve 6p.gao"r1

o,cTt 6fi,xpwr1 avayteoa orl.'g enrrr,fiVec, ,col avOpdrnou xu a\g xou).to0-pc.q (Geistswissenschaften) xat o"ctg guotxic, exr,orip.ec,. Aoxa16tav

x&.vrra,g Frla efitorrlpovr,xi av'uil.1{1 xr 66}.ene t1v totopla og 6vav ent-

or1pr.ovr,x6 x).riEo. 'Erot ory leppr.avia o 6goq Geschichtswissenschaft(w,c o ptxil en lo'u! p1 ) dv r txalto tqoe'rov 6po G e s c hi c ht s s c hr e i b ung ( lo t o -

prcypaEl,a) Tra fl)v nep,.ypagil'ur1c Eou).euic, lT,ov 6xdvav ot wroptxoi..

EEdr 11 |worcr errorfiy.4 oilp,arve 'tlv xe'trgx6ryl,d, ll.Ld'c epeuvlttx{c

).onx{1c nou 06'uet avolrlgtg ple0oEo}.o1lxtc, apytc, ̂ fa \d. xaraxripet

rrlv av.ur,rerp.evrx{ Tvdtol. Au'uf 1 o1o}.{, d\ x&r :"6u"(e co p6}.o t1qepsr&1ewq o,rnv xd.1av61o1 t1c wroplag, ErlIaE{ 'uo p6}.o rlq, uTroxet-pev.x6r1raq 'uou toroptxol, ar6 qv &).).1 60e'ue p.la oagil6wy.a,gwrm'i1

Tpdppi p.eral6 wropmip ez*ot{pr1c xar pr.u0on}.aoauip }o1ote1viaq.flp6ner 6prog va 'uoviooupe nog oulv&, Eev 6pnatve otre avril rl Et&xpr-on peral$ avritruorl€ xw. agilyrplc. O Zorp( Ntupn6 o'u1v Kupmxfirou Mnou6iv252 xil o Zax Ae lxog orrp np6ogatq itoygagia r,ovAliou Aou6o6txov253, Eeilvouv noq, 6nog 0a Eo6p.e napax&.'ca, n o,qn-

1no7 xareige ptd. olp.avctxrj 06o11 otrlv rcapriEool r.-r.v Annales.fIc,p6rr, o ).u6ouv an6ppttle ey.cpa,cr,x&. rrlv avrax&.a\ ptd.c. (<ouverrt-

xlc en,.ory1lovrx{g e[{p1o4c> o'u1v totopia, nou0ev&, 6ev }.6er 6'ct 1wnopmil agi^(!o!, xagd rqv aragdhnra ).o1o.ue1vcx{ rr1c, (Lopqh, rcc,t-Trer va anonorrylet rryv alloo! ,crtq 'fld, op0o).o1lx! 6peuva xat peall,orl-x! avdnlraol. Onog 6g.oq eiEape xd; olrl\r ewaytr1i; agxero'r" 0erop1-'cmo( orr, faD.ia xa;l 61tc, Hvtlp.6veq flo).1'ueieg, or" nepwo6aepot an6rovg onoiovq npodplov'uat an6 q ).oyocelvm\ xp,.r,.xi1, 6nog o Po).&vMnap.u, o flol), Nte Mav, o X6uvrev Xouarn, o Zdx Nreplvt& xar oZav -Q gavoova Itvo&,gz1 4, avroi, nov ovTv &. anoxa\olvrar p,erd,l.r.ovrep-vwrtg (pua 'uapn6).a xov x&.noror a;n' av'coitq 0a an6pprarav x&.leqa),enp6xerco vd nporetvouv aut{ rryv axonoirll\ xa;t va ap.cp,.o67c{oouv t1Er,tixprol pe.ca\i yeyov6roq xar pu0on).aotaq, wroptaq xat trotrprjc. NaOearpiloouv E1).a6{ 6rr. 11 r.oropta Eev 61er avagopa oe xanow elaxetp.e-vrxfl npa1prao"x6rryna. Al).&, 6noq 0d Eodp.e, or rorogrxoi nou 1p&gouvto'copia ox&,vta €graoav o' av,c6 to o1pr.eio. Aev unt'1p€e pw x&0er7 prf:|

252. O 1al).rx6q tir).os, Le dimanche de huvines: 27 iuillet 1214 fora ay1)'rx&"eivdt The Legend of Bouvines (O p.,JOoq mu Mrou6ii] uurolpappr.(el rfuo ra 1eyov6,car1c 27nc Iou).iou 1214 6oo xat qv ;rpo6o),rj .rouq orrlv wrop,.xi1 ouveiElc4.

253. Jacques Le Goff, St. Louis, Ilaplor 1996.254. B),. Art Berman, From the New Criticism to Deconstruclion, Urbana 1988.

H <ANABIOXH THt AOHIH>H>>

av&.geoa, orrlv natrr6Tepr') xotvo\txo-erlo'Ert1.l'ovlxf ,.oropta xu or11 vta

noll,rwgt.xil ,.oropi.a, a}}.& pu a).).a1{ 'rov 0epla'ulxrbv, xd.t, Vo-Li V'avrip, xol 'Eiu'v p'e06Dotv rqc, vta,g to'uoptoYPag[a,q, xa0roc, to x6vcpo

6&.pov9 pe'caror,iorrpe an6 clq Eop,6g xd; 'Etc. EtaEtxaoieg ottq xou).'co6-

Qec, xer o'ca 6tbp.atcr' 'Etov arc).dlv av0pdlxo-lv' Aut6 oripr'alve 6va VeP-i6ntpo oxen'ctxtop6 oe oa€o' l lre riq aEr".n,oetq tcov rcapaEootaxdn xot-

vorvrxdrv enot11.ttiv, 6y 6p-i.i,a xar, cAuyfi c'c\ 9av'ra6la. Ot w'topzxot 6y,

p6vo ouv61r6d,\ vd epy&\ovrar, euouvelE1ca xat xpr.tm&,. n&v<,r 6'ctc' rc'r]-'ytg,

alJr&., 6nlu,c, 0a Eo6p.e oca ex6p"eva .xeg&.)taw, ulo06tloav pe06Eouq

xat nopblta'tct 'tcdv xolvtovrxcbv ercotlpr.drv. Ka'u' ouE6va tp6no Eev e^pa-

r6).er{.,av 'u1v nenoiOlorl 6rr. o totop,.x6g ogei}.el va axotrouOei op0o}.o11-

x6q pe06Eouq ^(d. \q. graoet oe Vta, nr"ori1Oetirp1o1 'uou nape).06vroc,.

133

ir-

KEOAAAIO 9

^ , . . t

1\'[o an paxPo- orl prxPoLj.coPtd,iTT , ( \ t w tn t6ao?rd. .cnq xdvnlrePrvr]q g(l)lq

KATA TI> AEKAETIEX 'uou 1970 xdl ,cov 1980 or wropr.xoi,61l pr.6vooq 46o1 aL).&, oe x&norcq nepmrtboetq, xdt qe Xrh1ec.ulq Avato).lxfgEup6zr1C, &,pptoav 6),o xar, xepr.oo6repo va 06touv vn6 a1tEw6!:u1ror4 ,c4napa}oaic, rlg xorvt'-tvr,xo-enlo.rrlp.ovrxliq wropiaq. Axpoyovuioq ).i0oq,E\c, xoolloa:vri).r1tlr1c dvriy ,cnc, wao1teq ipav, oiplgova pe rouq err-xpniq rrlq, I tutoml nqc otr1 0ertx{ E6vapl .rov aiqvT4povrop,o6. AxpatalxEpaoy alnfic r1q n|orrlc ano.ue).ei .co Eoxil.r.lo tou (Dp&volq (Douxou-ywpa <<To .u6).oq rryc Iorogiaq>>255, ro onoio Elaxlp6ooer 6rt p",.a o6y-Lpovy) .ue1vo).o.ylxri xor,vovia nov 6ao(\era;t o.clc. apytc, rrtc e).e00ep1qdyop&,q xd) o e a.v.clrcpoc r.rlr,eu^crxolq xolvo6ou).eu,cmotq geopo0q p.aprvpei6v 11 wroplxi e(6).{1 61er oDrly{oei orrlv entrevlrl g.raq op0o}.o1x{cr6"Ens npa.yp.ritorv. AlJ,.& xar d,tr).or, ).r"y6tepo aur6Eo[or, ro,coprxot xorvovtxo-€Trrocriplovlxrjc xate60uvo4q,6rcuq o JtirgenKocka, ot orcotot ei"-1av ouveiElorl .rtov xa.Ed.oapogtxrilv n).eupdrv 'rt,rv o6ylpovov xorvo-lvlcirv,e\tgpaoav, nap' 6).a avn&., r1v ep.rlorooivl .uouq o.ro ouvo).md, 0ertx6Tapa.xdpa 'cov exov"y4povrol.lo6, 6nou 11 orxovogtta .c\c, o'.rlpdq xol \npor1ypr.6v1 relvo).oyia nav.upelovrar pe .rou( Elploxpatlx o[q no],nmoi.tc,0eopo6g e[aoga).((ovraq no]rrrrx6q e].eu0epieg, xor,vorvlx! imatoo$vrl xatno),trropr,rx6 n).oupa).o6r.6256. lw.uov Kocka, 11 xa,u&,ppevo1 rou Na(r-op.o6 xan riui'v p.agErcrlxcfv-Ievlvwrm<bv ovorllt &.rti'v orlv Avaro).lx{

255. Francis Fukuyama, <The End of History?>, The National Interest, r6voc,9,xa)roxa[g,. 1988, o. 3-18.

256. Jiirgen Kocka, vereinigungskrise: Zur Geschichte der Gesenwarl, Gdttinsenr995.

H DTOPIA TH> KAOHMEPINHX ZOH>

Euptirq xal 6'c'rt 2o6r.e.cm{Evo-ro1 d8ellvav ya entfieiauj-rvouv avril vl06o1. Oeorpo6oe ).orn6v rlu,q VLd. 6aoxi1).er.uoupyia r1c xpntxilq E,co-puflc xorvcovtxilg enr"otiprlc icau va xard}e(la. ra ana:6wrm&. o,corAetd.rov xolvovr,tiv .uou etxooro,i ardtva nov 6o,cexdv ep,n6Elo oe ]ud, a].r10lv&o,3.yapovrl xowavta, 6naq eiyav x&.vet o Wehlerxal o iEloq orrlv avri),uo{,Eovq \w rl yeppavtxl xolvrovia npl an6 ro 1945.

Ira roug K&p).o lxivog.noup^(x xd; Krip).o fl6vr, D6o an6 rovq o7-pavru6tepovc, exnpooair,ovq ,crq lttxpoioroptaq o.rrlv lra)rla, y &aotxilatrta, rr1€ rca,pa,nlr;\c, rcov paxpoibtoplxtirv avril.{rfecov , xdr. pali. p' du-,c6,g xar.'rov xoivovrxo-ercro.ulpovrxcbv ngooe"yy[oeav o'rrlv r.oropta, ilrav11 d.nrhlrew r:4< nton1q o' av,cilv axp6c,c, t1v alor66ofu &no{r1 ^fLa ,Ed.evegyerm&, xowuov.x6, xan no),z,ctx&, anorc)Go4a,td" x\q relvolollx{cnpo66ov257. Ta entya"pfila'Ed, evav.riov .uorv pr.axpoibtoplxciv xolvovrxo-ertorll.r.ovrxrilv npooeryioeo.rv, oupnepr].ap.6avop.6vou xd.t .tov pap[og.o6,iladv xegwo6repo no)*rmi6 xdr. I0lx{q gloaa,q napri p.e0oEo}.o1x{c,nap6rr. erDrxri 1 rra).mri o1o).{ vn66a}re, 6nlu,q 0a Do6pe, .c4 &dotxtqnaga.}oytq rlq xorvtovrxo-erro.rlp.oymiq wrop(aq oe VW, EleoEu'ulx{ p.e-0o6o).o"yrx{ xgnm'\. H xupl6.uepl 6vo.cao! rouq or1v xor,vovr,xo-ellto.c\-povrx{ avri}1Qr1 nepi. gtwq nayx6optag exlt)TgpovLortxot yapaxri1paw'roptxic, EraDrxaoiaq '[ycav ro av0ptilzuvo x6o,coq r1c. Ynoorilpr,\av 6rr.oy"h n EraDlxaoia Eev ane).eu06po-roe p.6vov reprio arcc. ird,pd.(nyr,x6q Eu-v&jrerq alJa xar, rpop-axruic xd,xo,..,cpoglxdq Euv&p. Etc, rcou ouv8dovravavdn6onao,cd. Ve ,crc. nprui.rcg. Ento4c, 6t. npa"yp.a.conofi10rpe nlotl an6'uq. n).&,req, .fa vd, ro zroip,e tror, rov )vo6, xat $wtrepd tou <<).aou-r(txou>>, coy onoto'yl xor,vovtxo-enro.rrlg.ovi,xil to,copta ayv6loe 6oo luoveiTe

.ayvoiloet xat \ ovp*6a.crxi1zro).l.um{ wropia nr, ,o:.ioir.rlv npo-ooyfi 'cqc, orouq u{.,1}.a wtapevovq xal o,covc,lo1upo6g. H ,.oroptd €npe-rEe

-\d..oapagei o:*q ouv0{xeg t1c xa0l6reprvlc (or{c 6nti,q rrl6rci;vouv or

an),o[ rivOpornor. A].],& ro efDoc rqc ,.otoptaq,rlq xaglpe pwfic Lotilc novetTe ngo.ceivet xaq&, 14 iexaerieq .rou 1960

'ro, ,o, igZb o (Depv&v

Mnparvr6tr orq Aop.6q n6 xdTnpepwrje &ofie258 Dev avra noxgtverat,xar' avro6g, o' avr6v ro ct6yo ywri, aoTo)re(.rat p.e rq vl,.xtg ouv0flxegEiltoq va eEeraler. .co xbq avrtc 6,.ttvoriiav.

257. BI. Edward Muir xal Guido Ruggiero (er*1...), Microhistory and the LostPeople,s of Europe , Ba).trp6p1 l g9 I .

.258. Femard Braudel, The structures of Everydoy Life, ltoviltvo l98l' o nprltrogcn6 toug tperq .r6g.oug rov Civilisation matlrielte, 1conomie, capitalisme.

136 H IITOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO'TO AIONA

Erctolprrivap.e {81 ro p6}.o nou |na;t!ay or. ro}r:cmtg zcenorOloelg 61p6vo otlv na).d o1o).f no).l.ulx{c Lo,copto'(pd.giae d}Ad. xa;t caLC, ir,Long6ocpareq Vopgts xolvr,.rvrx{€ wropiag xaldsq, 6i6a,.a, xd.t qao pcrpEr-opr6. Tov i8ro p6).o, xat iqra,c, ax6p.a nro eprgav!, nai(ouv xd; qar, p.lxpoi-o.copr,xtq p.e).6teq r1c xa0lpr.eprv{c (or{c. Aev eivar rvaato xov oiyvIra)ria no).).oi wrogtxot, 6ntr,g xar. noD.oi Bpe'uavoi ouv&Ee).goi 'uoug,

lexivryoav o.rq El).opdvo,. ,p.apEwr€g ^{rd. \d" xr,vr10o6v axo}.orj0org oe Nd.-teu06voerq r,ov ap.g,.o61to6oav rq 6aor,xtc, praxpoltoroptx6c avrltri{rerc,cou p.ap(l,opo6. Or wrog"xoi. r1c xa0rlp.eprv{c (or{c peraront\ow roav.ulxeip,evo rt,rv r,o.Eopixtiv onouEdrv an' avr6 nou ovop&(ouv <<xdvrpo>>r1q elovolag oflc, <<napvqtg>>, otouq zrotr).o6g, xan ol no).).oi eival yr'avroiq xuplc-rg ol a6tx1pr.6vot )/.dL ot vrc6 exp.er&).).euo1. Aurri 11 tp"cpaorlornv a}rxia xd; ornv exp.ecritr).euo"r1 etvar" nou Elaxpivet avril .ur;v r,o.uo-prcypagtd d.lr' ,clc, ra).l6.uepeq poyravruic, napaE6oer.c, ryq r"oropiac rrlc)'dtxilc lric, 6noq 'u1v eOvo).o1ia 'rou E6xarou 6varou ar.tiva tou Wil-helm Riehl259. Evtir o Riehl voota).1o6oe pra erDu).).r,axi1)vtxi1 xorvcD-i.a, anc^lJra1pdv1 an6 eor.,i'tepmtq ovyxpo{oetq, or r.oroptxoi. t1g xa01-p.eprv{c (oiq Eivouv ipgaoy otlv 6D.euf1 appoviaq.

Or notr).oi, 6prg, Eev av.cr,petantlovrat an' avrotg rovq roroptxo$qaoc, \Lfig,a ev6q n),{0ouq a}.},ri aq arop.a ra oxota Eev np6ner va y&vo-vran e[re ptoa onr.g nayx6og.ec, olopm€g ElaElxaoieg ei.ce p.6oa oraavdrvupr.a n).{fu. O 'Evrouapv.u T6p.oov eile {81 xaver. oag\ dvr6y roor6yo 6rav 6).e1e, oro The Making of the EnglishWorking Class, r,aq

{ge}.e <va Enodroer ro grli16 xa'lrqoror6 [...] "ou "anrlpXaro-rp6vo"

ugavt{ rov yer.poxtv4tou ap^1a}.ero6, [..._l ar,6 rqv ne].cipla ovyxat&6a-or1 'rt,lv petalev6ocepov>>260. A).)li av 06).el xaveiq va Eraorioel .uov

avcivul.r.o an6 ty ).r1op.ovr&, €yer. avayx1 an6 pr.a v6a eworo).oytxfi xar.p.e0oEo).o1txfi npooi"yytorl, nou Eev 0a 6),€net n).6ov .u1v wropid ca\ lr;td.ev@[a 8raEtxaota, oav p.ra p.e1ri].1 egi"non 6nov .ca nol]li &sopa pt-vouv x&,ro-t ax6 rrp exrg&vew, aD.d oav p.w goil Fre notr).6q 6rltetq xat yrenol).& aropmd xtwga. 'Oyr. wrogta, aDd wropteq, {, xa}.0repa, Erl-yiper4, etvw. avr6 nov Tgew(eru rtbga. Kl av 06),ou1-re va aolo).10o6ple

U.e riq dropr,x6.q (t'ldq rov no).).dlv, ytew\6p"aore xd; lLLd. exrotlpo).0-yia xpooapp,oop6vl or4 ep.ner.pteq autdrv rorv notr).d;v, rcov,,td" enrp€xet

259. Wilhelm Riehl, Die Naturgeschichte des Volkes als Grundlage einer deuts-chen Social-Politik, }rov,cyxrip8l 1856.

260. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working C/ass, Nea Y6px11966, o. 12.

ny ngootyTrol rou oulxezpr;r6vov xalt 6At rov ag1p1p.6vou.T7 }exaeotd. ,cov l97O .ca pey&}v tpya rov Zorp( N.uup.ni.t ̂yw ro

yap.o, an Enldrvorl tcov eOvlxdrv pl60tlv xdl ,rrq xowo'vrxtq Eop6g tougeou8a)lopo626t xa;l ra tpya ,cov Zdx Ae fxog n&va orovq Ecvoo6-pevouq xd; o'covc, x).1plxo6g xd.L o'ctq av'uil.{1{lerq NaL oad, pr.ovt6}.a 1la,cr,v eplaota etyav avo6er ro Ep6po ̂fw. *Ld. wrogf"a 6nou 1 xou).to6pa 0aevraoq6,cav p.6oa o' 6va o'ctgeo no),rcx6, xorvovm6 xd; olxo\ollm6 xlsi-on262. Or Ae lxog xat Ntupnd xar&.<pepa.v entolc va 1p&rl,,ouv pr,axorvr,tvrx{ xal no},ltlo1.Ltxi1 toropta oTrlv onota n olgi.fio:! xd.t .cd, arcp"a€nu.la.v xevrpw6 p6).o, 6norg yi.verar. yw, napa6et\Va, o.co 6pyo touNtupn6 ^(a ,c\ M&Xl rou Mnou6iv, r,o 2&66aro rqq 27.\c lou'Aiou1214, €va rcropu6 yeyov6c, nov ei.ae liver e0vlx6c p60oq (1973)263, i,nro np6ocpaad., orn 6r,oypagta.uou Aliou AouEo6ixou rou e(6Eooe o Aelxog ro 1996264. Tr1 6exae4a tou lg70 n6xvcooav o.uov a1f.6go.rvox6o,p.o xdl i\v ha\id or p.e).6.ueq r4c ).aix{c xou}.rodpag, 6xti,g rovKeith Thomas @pqoxeia xdt Trdpd,xlr.i ,ns p.ayefaq: p,eAtre6 TW nqAatxis 6o(doieq rou 16ou xat 17ou arclwa o.c4v Kevrpurj Eupcin4(197l)265, rou Peter Burke Aatxfi xouAroJpa o.t4v nptir,yt,q vJ6tep4Eupdrrl (1975)266, r1c Natalie Davis, Koryatvfa xat xouAroipa onTvnpdtp4 ve6rep4 ldn\b267, xa,t ,cov K&ptro lxiv(pzuoupyx To rup[ xatra oxouAfixm: o x6op.oq ev6q p.uAavd rou 6txa.cou txrou auiva268' oe

261. Georges Duby, The Knight, the Lady, and the priest: The Making of ModernMarriage in Medieval France, Z.;xayo 1993 [te chevalier, la Femme et le pr€tre,

l1egt 198f O,nrn6qe, 11 yuvaixa ro, o,rpioq, o yd,y.o1 orrl geoutapyxrl Euptitr1,Hprix).ero 1996)'Tne Three orders of Feuda! society rmaginei. z,,&yl l'9g2 [restrois

-ordres ou I' imaginaire du f1odalisme, flaptot lg78f.

.- 26?.fI.1. Jacques Le Goff. Intellectuals in the Middte Ages, Kaipzrprcl, Maoo.1993 [Les Intellectuelles au Moyen lge, tlapior lg85].

^ 263. Georges Duby,The Legend of pouvines, Kailinpn(, lgg} [te dimanche de

huvines: 27 iuittet 1214, tlapior. lghl.264. Jacques Le Goff, St. Louis, Ilapior 19g6.

. -?65 Keith rhomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: studies in popular Beliefs

in I&h and 17th Century Europe, AovEivo 1971.266. Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe, Aov8ivo 1g78.

.^,267. Natalie Z. Davis, Society and Cutturi in Early Modern France, N6a y6pxrl1975.

^ 268. Carlo Ginzburg , The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-

l?jyry Miller,Ni.a Y6px1 1978 ftt yormaggio e i vermi. il cosmo di un mugnaio del't^c^!U,Togtvo_1976'To tupi xat ra oxoutrrjxw. O xoolto6 ev61 y,u)avd tou 16ou atavd,A01vc 1994].

H I'TOPIA TH> KAOHMEPINH' ZOH> 137

138 H I>TOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

6),eq avrtq tlg 1.le).6'ueg 1 0ploxeia xard\ap.6dver orlg.ctv'rtx{ 06o1, evdro' exeivrlv 'ulq Davis p.e1&).1 6p.gao1 Eiverar xa,. ono g6)rc.

Aev uzrriplet xdvtva4 ).61oq va pr.1v pnopo6v va ouvun&p1ouv xd,r, vc{,a111).ooupn).rlpdrvov'ual pr.a wropi.a nou aolo).etru pe eupeieq xorvovr,-x€c, a) aytq xil Vtd, oropta Trou ezrrxev.uplilerar, oe arop.r,xtq unrip(ec.Ka0{xov 'rou ro'roptxo| 0a 6x,pene va efval 1 Ercpe6vrlorl rt'lv oldoeorvp.era\6 au'uriv rorv E6o enln68ov wropmilc ep.neptag. Oprq, xara rr1}exa,e,cia.uou 1980 61ve ot1 fepp.avia p.la ogoEp{ Er1p.6on av'cm,ap&.-0eo1 avripeoa laovcr un6ppaloug 'rrlg xotvt'rvt)i.o-elT,toaryovtx{q r,oropi,aq,ot onoior)r1ro6oav oagetq evvolo).o1lx6q xat ava).urrx€g dpytq, xar q'covg

ona8o6g rqc wropizc, 'cnc, xd,gnpeptv6crltaq, "fid. 'couc, onoi,ovg aut6q ora,py6.< oilltarvdv.ro Ori{,,qr.o trov (olvtavdrv ep.neprdrv nou 0a 6npene vaazro.uetro6v ,co 7rpd.T1.drcm6 avrue\tevo rrlq wrop[ag269. Z'co iapvoilta-vro rip0po rou, (<Iepdn6oro).ol xavto orrl 6&.pxa>> (1984)270, o HansMedick npoor,&.0r1oe va npooEtopioer. r4 6do,.xtc,06oelq r7g wrop[aq r1qxa0r1p.eprv6r1taq. Aurf 4 wropta |napve orq pr,ovr6).o r'r,:1c wroptxilc6peuvag .u1v notrltlop.m{ av0pt'lno}royia, 6n r,q avaxr610r1xe rtg Eexae-rieg rov'70 xar, tou '80 an6 rov Clifford Geeftz. H olp.ero).oyrxil npo-otyyr.on xgtxet va ytve'ca4 oiplgrova pe rov Geertz, p,dool 1.lrag <<nuxv{(xeprygag\<>>271, n ono(a oqy.ai.ver rrlv ap.eorl avrr.xap&.0eo1 ple tov &).).0.Xrlpaiver ax6p.d norg Eev enlErdlxoupr.e vd <<6td6&,oou1.le>> n&vor otov &11o.urg Em6g Vd.c, T.poxd..caoxevaoptveg l86eq atr).& va tov outr).&6oupr.e 6norgeivar. )to olpeio avr6 6p.ag o Geerrz xar o Medick apli(ouv va pn).6-xovcd.t oe VLd" gatvopevlx{; avrtgaorl, "yr,art rl zcuxv{ negr,ypagil ryv onotaenma).o6vtar Eev paq g6pver oe enag\ p.' 6va a,colto atr)li p.ov&1a pr.em1v xou).ro6pd lre .ulv onoita ro &nop.o avr6 etvw" Eep6vo. 'Ercr o <<qla-y6q xalrroonot6g>>, tou onoiou rryv arop.r.xil alnnptnew 06).el va Eraodr-oer o T6p.oov dn6 tg arp6ooneq Euv&g.erg r7< wropi"aC, yava. xat n&),trry arop;x6tr1r&. rov p.€od oe p.ra xou).rodpa, agoit ,co &.rop.o p.nopo6p.e\d. ao lvopiooupe p.ovaaa pldoo.r t1C xou).ro6pag Trou .uo Erap.opgtivel.O6'ue o e0vo),61og, o6re o wrogrx6q, odp.gova Fe .rouq Geertz xa,r Me-

269. B).. Jiirgen Kocka, Sozialgeschichte, Begriff, Entwicklung, Probleme, 24 tx-dao-1, Gcittingen 1986, o. 162-174.

270. Hans Medick, <<Missionaries in the Row Boat>>, Comparative Studies in Societyand History 29 (1987), o. 76-98.

271. Clifford Geertz, <<Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory ofCulture>>, npbro xega)a,Lo .cov The Interpretation of Cultures, N6a Y6pxr1 1973, o.3-30.

H ITTOPIA TH> KAOHMEPINH> ZOH!

dick, 61ouv &Wnnpoo6,a;orl otq ep.nepieq (t,lv riDr'.rv. Ezropr.6vorq, ngtner.yd, eEd.xo)\ou0floouv \d. d.TroxPvlr'coypagotv 6py'eoa avrtc, rr,c, eg.nepieq

wioa an6 oup,6otrlx6g xdt relxerovgytxtc, npdletg, or onoleq,Iel'uoupytir-

v,caq x&na o;n6 rrp entg&.vew 'cr.i.\ d.'colLtxtiv npo06oe a\ x&t npri(eo-rv

oyr'ltdrffow iva xetpevo Trou xa}wrd. Euva'u{ r1v rpoo611lo1 'u1q &}.-

tr1c xoutr'ro0pac.O Kocka &,ox4oe xgr.rtxil qyv npootTylol 'rou Medick, Xd4ex.c\pr-

lovr&.c,rlv oq <<veoibtoplxlop.6>> (o onolog Eev np6nel va ovyyicra, p.e

nov d.|LeprxoLvm6 N6o Iorop,.x,.oy.6 "'(d. 'co\ onoio 6^ylve )t67oq xapo,zr&vol)

1a E6o ).61ouq: 6nti,q xar. o'uov na)l6 wroptxtop.6, 11e'p.cparm! an&,pv1-oTr ,Enc, 0eo-rpiaq xdr I eppov{ o'u1v a,p.eor1 ep.ner.pia o611ei, xar&. 'cr1

fvtipl .cov, o' 6va pre0oEo).o1x6 avop0o).o"yrop6. Aev pnopei xavetg va

anox,ciloer, tLLd, ou\ex'clx\ &,norlty Ttct, 'Erlv npdyp.drrx6'rrl'Ed. a\ Eev Eexl-v{oer pe oagui,q Ela'uunopt6va eparip.ara ra onota v6r rov 6o10o6v vaev.coxi.oet avr6 nov rlaTver. p.toa oro &,nerpo n).{0oq rorv ep.neprcirv.Xdprgtova p.e rov Medickau'ui1xa1' eavr! y npootyyr.orl rov av'cmerp.€-vou pe ngooexrr.x&, Enruzrorp,6va egot\para xpoxard)rapiavet ra nogi.-opa,r&, p,ag. lla rov Kocka, 7 anovo(a .c6'uolorv epurnp.a.rav xa1wr&,aE6varl rrlv 6D.oy4 Tvtirol. H exrxdvtpool oriq <<pr.lxp6q>> 6rlerc, rncwtoptaq, anoxo1tp,|veq dn6 eup6tepa n\atow, x&ver, a}itvar1 .rrlv ro.uo-ptxt'1 pdrol xat o61yei o.uov eu.ue).rop.6 r1c toroptdq. Yna,pya. enopr6vorqo xivEuvoq va xa.cavntloet 11 oropta :uyC xa:}yu.eprv?iq (t iq av6xEo,Ed. xd.tro.coploErgrog.6g.

Bt6aw, Ttd. .co\ Medick, ro 6rr. <<ro 1.r.lxp6 etvat 6p.opgo>> xri0e &).).ona,p&. orytc;iver prta avex8oro).o1x{ wrogh (exop.p6v1 an6 evglrega n\dl-osa. O Medick enrpl6vel, 6€6ata, 6rr. y wnopla 0a xpixet an6 mp evd-o216\o11 pe rouq <<xevrprxo6g>> Oeopoig \td, peldnoruorei o,cr,c, napvqtg,exel 6nov prnopo6v va 6pe0o6v ,ca &.rop.a nou Eev oupr.propgrirvov.rdr [i.etouq xa0rcporp6voug xav6veq272. To &.,coyro 6Frt,.lq Eev pnopei \d. xd.,Ea-vo10e[ nap&, aq p6poq ev6q eupitepou no].rtloprxoi ouv6].ou. 'Erot 'r1

tr,sxpoibropia Eev p.nopei vd oralet 6tara,c, iva paxpoxoivtovm6 n)a;tor.o.01r p6vov 11 Atttagsgeschichte (xaOrlp.eprvri wrop[a) rqv onota exr.po-oonei oq lepp.avia o Medick, aD.ri xar 1 p.rxpoiboropta 6,cor.6rrti,g rnvavtil.ap.6rivovrar or l.ua).oi. vn6.ppa7o(".c.\q, o,rouq oxotovg 0a dp0oupr.e nlo

_ 272. Hans Medick, <<Entlegene Geschichte? Sozialgeschichte im Blickfeld derKulturanthropologie>>, oro Konrad Jarausch ,.o., (rn1"), Geschichtswissenschaft vor2000: Persjefuiien der Historiographiegeschichte. Fetschrift ftir Georg G. lggers zumbb. Geburtstag, Xri fn 199 1. o. 360-J69.

t t l140 H I>TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

x&..c,.o, npoijno06'uer r1v 6nap[I puaq ouvo).rx{6 \atx'lc xou},ro6paq. E[ov xe,t 11 orpogil o'ryJv roropr,x{ avOparno},oyia xa;l oa\ olpero}.o1lxrinpoo6^yyto7 rorv oug,6o).rxtiv exg&voeov .6rlq xoutrroipaq. fra toug Ita-).odq auti) etvat p.m ayportxil xou),to6pa nou tAe,. Eratrlprl0ei ax6 rougdpAaixolc, 1p6vouq.

Xto olpr.eio avr6 0a nptxet va avagep0et.co xp6ypau,pd Trd ,u'r]v Trpo-mex6npqArivlol nou leu"i,l1oe orr4 apA€q a\c, }exaextaq ,cov 1970 otoIo.copm6 Ivor,.ro6to MaE fl).avx. To entxevrpo ,r'!q pe).6qc {rav eEdrp.w guxpil p.ovdEa, ro ayporu6 vouoxvpt6. O Franklin Mendels, 6vaqBe\oapeprxdv6q, Trov ao 1972 ewiyd.\e aov 6po <<nparroex6r.o'p.r17av,.-o\rr273, eortaoe'rlv npoooxil rou oqv atr).r';).eni6paor1 p.era(6 tttvol,xovoprxriv Ouvripleov xdt 'rov ovalrd.pd (tillxtirv npax,cmtbv o' aur6, ravotxoxvgt&,. X0plgova pe rov Mendels, 11 ava,n'cvlr1 'c\c, olxo,Ee1vi,aq oep.ra nepioEo au[av6prevlc lrlr\o'\c, ^yr.a vg&.op.ata oE{p1oe oe pta r,pan-pI Fopgi exinp.rlyav$\c,xd.t drO1oe nagax€po- qv a6{1o1 tou n}.10u-opo6, pe y&,Vovq oe pr.xp6reprl r1).mia xat nepwo6repa xa$w av&. otxo-ytvew, Ttd, ,rd. xa).ug0o6v or, avayxeg oe epyaota. flpoq avrfi rqv xare|-Ouvor1 rcpa^(*a,ro7T,or{0r1xav otq apytq .Erlq Eexaeriag rov 1970 olpa-vrm6g p.e).6teq o'ur1 Meli).1 Bperavta xar. a),),o$274 or onoteq xat eyt-7lveuoctv ro ^1ru,plLa\tx6 np6yparpgtd,, rcov xart),rfie ,co 1979 o' 6va ou).-).o1rx6 t6p.o pe 4,clo H ex6rcy.4V*vwn rrptv an6 nyv ex&op.44tivtol21\,o onotoq aoyo\etrar. p.s .rlv ava;nlu\1 pLa,c, otxLo,xryc 6,.o1t771avtag orqv6nar0po npw arc6 t1 Brop.llavmil Enav&oadcr). flap&. nK, enrgu)dEerqnov e\tgga\av dvtot or. totopxot oe oytoq pE .Erq ovc..cpa,,ctxdq xolvor-vtx6,q enorip.eq, or, orcoieg, xard ty wrirp1 ,uoug, Eev &,qqvav dgxe.c6

ltirpo otlv npoto6ouXa, rt,rv avOpcirnorv, orlv npri(1 otlpi(ovtav no).6orq ox)t7p6.g xorvr,-rvlx6q enwr{6req, xar. xvptaq o.El1v orxovopia xat orry,.oropxil 61p.o1pagia xdt XprpLlLonoro,3oav 6vvoreg xorvovm{c Engopo-not1o1c xe.t olxo\olLiac, ,r\c ayop&.c, npoepl6pr.eveq an6 ,cqv x\aouil no-).rttxrj ouovopta. An' avr\ t1v &notl.,1 ro evvoro).oym6 n),atoto ,p6oaor1v onoia eplri(ovcav iycav nag6p.oro p.' av,c6 xov {E1 ei6apr.e otzluav&).uo1 qc atr).r1).eniEpaolc lterdl{.rorv tr,pdrv rov rpogil.r.t-rv xcr,r, ,rov

273. Franklin Mendels, <<Proto-Industrialization: The First Phase of the Industria-Iization Process>>, Journal of Economic History 32 (1972), o. 241-261.

274. lw p.w ov$rnor1 r&,va orn oAetxil gil.o).o/a, 6).. Richard L. Rudolph(arrp.), The European Peasant Family and Society: Historical Studies, Ai6egnou). 1995.

275. Peter Kriedte, Hans Medick, Jiirgen Schlumbohm (ezu.), IndustrializarionBefore Industrialization, Kaip.:rprt( l98l .

H ITTOPIA TH>, KAOHMEPINHX ZOHX

rtrrlOuoptxdrv zcl6oeov an' rov Eplavu6). Ae Pou& Aavcupi. C)or6oo, y.e

rov rovrop6 rou p6trou a\q olxo ft\ew,c, aq 6do,.xi1C 1.r'ov&Eaq 'ptoa or1v

napayroylxil.EcEtxaoia, ew&.yovrdt v6ol &€oveg.,An6 ro ox).1p6 ru).aiolo

trlc, rEo'ollxlq olpoTpd9tag 7l€Pvdpe qe vLa 7!oAU 7!to ouTxexPq.,'evl drcel-

x6vwq rov orxoYevetd)v, o'cd, d.\d'rcd,Payayu&. p.ovr6).a torv onoiov r;

rcpa.coex6rcW7av,.or, entgt1el a),).ay6q nou 61ouv va xd,vouv pe rlv 1).mia.1|pov xaL ,Eqt aex\on,orid. xa0,3c, p.eta6&D.ov'tat or tErox'rrpwxi.q oa6.-

oetq. Enio"r1q, aD.&(ouv xd.t 'cd. epyaowx&. povt6tra. Or pe).6teq 6Eer[av

6e :r,ord tx'caor1 to va EoEe6etc, vd anorap,r'e6oelc, xdl va ep1&(eoal Eevxalop(:e,car. p6vov azr6 omovoptxtc, ntioeq aD.ri xal dn6 xaphyowegxorvorvrxo6 status xat a\tong€ner.ag nov exgpa\ovrar. ptoa ax6 'tlv enr-6etx.ctx'i1 xdrav&.)rao"q276. 'Elot ).oln6v, Ttd. \a xaravoiloovp.e cr1 96o11V/(,;q a'{Poltxti nP(',malou;nua\wic, xow6ttlrag Yter.a\etm va napre ntpaan6 rE olxovogtrx€g xal Elptolpaq,.xtq ava\6oerc,, o'cn $etirplorl t1c xou).-roitpdq.

T4 }exde.cta rou 1980 ot 6domo(. oul.r.petdlov.ceq oro xp6ypap.p"a ywGlv 7lporoex6rcp,4y&.vrcTt o'ro Iorogu6Ivottroiro Ma[ fD.avx, ol HansMedick xat Jiirgen Schlumbohm, Ve\i p' 6vav Apeprxav6, rov DavidSabean (o onotoq ezeivl 'cqv enoyil 6pwx6rav oto lvot.uo6ro) npoldr-ploav dn6 ,cr.q tuo yevutg p.etrdreg ,couc, Ttd. rlv rcpt'rroex6rogtyy&.v,.cr1o'cry elt'cao1 czvri;6 r1g ElaElxaoiaq oe oulxexplp6veq roxoleoi.eq, oMedickz77 xal o Sabean2?g 6e E6o lolpui r1c2ov76idr,,.co Laichingenxa;rco Neckarhausen, evdr o Schlumbo6tn279 otlv evopia .uou Belmsot1 Beotga)id. 2' 6va enineEo, dv.c6 anore\et owiyew natrl6teporvpopgtirv xorvovr,xo-enrorlpovlx{g 6peuvaq.' vag reg&ou,og 6yxog orot-

leitov pnlxe o.Eov uno).o1o'u! , crotaeid nou agopoioav xupioq 6e d,rto-

'Pag6s neprovoraxdtv orolleio.rv oe y&povq xar, lav&,rovc, xa:06c, xd; o,cd,''ctortxig (.is, :r.paxrm&. Emdtv, a\ga:1qrwp.6, xr),,. To anor6tre op.a ei-vat 6va n).{Ooq n).rlpogopuirv xov operl,\ovrar pe .ur1v xoulrolpa, 6nci,g,

276. Hans Medick, <<Plebeian Culture in the Transition to Capitalism>>, oro RalphSamuel xar Gareth Stedman Jones (enrgr..), Culture,Ideologies, antl politics: Essays forEric Hobsbawm, History Workshop Series, AovEivo 1982, o. 84-112.

277. Hans Medick, Weben und {Jberleben in Laichingen 1650-1900: Lokalge-schichte als Allgemeine Geschichte, G6ttingen 1996.

278. David Sabean, Property, Production and Family in Neckarhausen 1700-1870, r61*oq loq, KaiprprrE lgg0.

279. Jtirgen Schlumbohm, Lebenskiufe. Familien. H6fe. Die Bauern und Eigert-tumslosen des Osnabrilckischen Kirchspiels Belmin proto-industrieller Zeit 1650-1860,Gtlttingen 1994.

H DTOPIO|PAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA H r:TOPIA r{r K4e4NlxPINxl4oll) L4J

r42

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ca 16).1 rou Edxarou dvatou auiva. flapa ff1ou1v{ an6:w7 tt1.r.drv

qrov Geertz, T npootyylol au'ucitv 'E.,;v roroptx6v eival no).6 Elagopetl-

x{. Avri .Ey)g ruxv{lq neprlpag{c, 61oup.e yt,.a errEegyaoia oxtrlptirv 6e-

6o1-r.6vt-rv ,o, ,o,rru,whv orotyetav, ta orcol'a axo)'o60oq epptrlve6ovtat'

H avri).r1Qr1 qou Geertz Tid'rlv xou).to6pa o€ evtaio o6or71-ra olp,eiorv

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a1p'o.ttxi1c xow6r1rag c1v onoia 6pioxoupe oe e0vo).61oug 'rou E6xa'cou

6ra"ou 6x1;rva, oav .rov wilhelmRiehl, xa;'r1 onota vootatrlo6oe prd Tlto

an),$]xar. appovrx{ ).aix{ xoutrto,pa - avrmaltoad/cd.t ax6 p.w avtD.rl-

{.,1 nou ,rpr|,ip.t, .,1 Elagoponoilo' xar. t1 o61xpouo1' Ext6g avro$,

1 'o"opior'rtov pr,lxprilv reproldrv eyr&ooerat pioa ora.tr,),ator"a r(r)v u.e-

1&).ov'no).lrr*drr, o,roro1r,*,irv xar xorvovrxtilv atr).a1irv nou,ou1.l.iaivow

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o,c1v ouoia Eou).e6ouv pioa ar6, avloultilv'uag ^(d' 'co <<x6o'cog>> rov',F,trcit, 6ptoxov,car" notr6 xov.u6 lepd. qa"q) napaEoowxri xorvrovlxri wropta

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oropr*i1c xate60uvolq nou eiEape xaga^6v,, xo,t 6'covc, Ita)'o6g nou

x&vouv microstoria, unriplouv p.e1&).eq opodtl'cec aD.& xar 6a0r't'c, Et'a-

goplc. flapa ilc, o1r.ot6t1teg rou Ttctpouotd,(ouv oclv nolttlx{. rovg onrtxil,

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r1c ii"f.,"iq nap&Eoolq, or. Krip).o lxiv(p.roup1x, K&{,9 fI6u', T\o6&'u'

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{rou ",q awapylxig 6,tetq

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280. It4 toug lra),o6q p.r,xpoiotoprxo6q, 6),. Giovanni Levi, <<On Microhistory>>'

oro Peter Burke (enlpr..), New Perspectives on Historical writing, university Parc, Penna'

199 1, o. 93-113' xar Edward Muir xar Guido Ruggiero (enrp..), Microhisrory and the

Lost Peoples of Europe: Selections from Quaderni Storici, Batrtq.r,6p1 199 I'

Ldva|tboow 6va av0p6znvo np6oorzro orlv to,copta, npayp"a TIou 'uouq

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on,q ouotrr"x6q xolvovmiq eno,cil1Eg xd; ord Annales. Ta tetreuraia

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Aurlporiv rplta. ototyeia rou lji,,pEwrwot lo.coptxod zrpooavato).1o1-rc6,

na E6o dn6 rd onoia ta iptoxovy.e xolt oaovc, lepg.avo$g: ro ngdtto e[vat.r1 x,eno!t}[or1 6rr 11 xolvorvm{ avw6rrya anore},ei 0epe}.l6Deq lvtilplopa6).ru rru ,.oropr,xtitv xolvtovuiv. To Ee6.uepo eivan o p6).oq rou nai(ouv 1*apay<oyfi xdl'r1 d\to;rapayo1\ oc'1 Ercp.6pgorol xti0.e xou).to6pag' Or

or.xovoynxiq Euv&pelq, enry.6vouv, pnopei vd p1')v npoog6pouv 1t'w eEi1yryt1,r1,;v xorvtrlvrxtiv xdr notrltlopuxrirv n).eupdrv 'ryq (oiq, atr).& unelo6plo-

vrd.r o' avrtq. Xuvutoiv atri.eq rng xotvovfiiq avw6r1luag Eilt,lq qv

onoia Eev pnopei \a xd..cct\)ort0ei 1 lo.uopid,, cly xd.r 11 dvr.o6tnra natpvet

VopqtS nov n&ve notr6 rlo niga' an6 t1v no).ltl,xi1, o,.xouo1-ttxi1 xd,r. xot-

vrrrvr:,t{ avr.o6'crya 6nluiq au'c^i1 voeira;r, napa}oowxa, e'.6'.xa o'c1 p.aglr,o'ct-

x"\napd6oo1. To tp(to eivat l neno(01o1 6rt11to'coptx{ pre}.6q TPtTrel

va 1do\eru n&vor oe avorng\ g.60oDo xq'L e4rceL1rx! avti).uo1. Evdr

enupivouv rov na,pd6oo,.ax6 p'apE.op6 xar' arc, ruPooe'ft[oetc, q Liv xot'vovt-

xtiv enrotlpdrv, azroge6youv va napow t1 06o1 nov e\igpaoe o Geetiz,

xctt crlv ox,oia naipvet qau. oo&dpa o Medick oq p.e).6q rou Ytc{' rouq

rcpanoot6).ovq, 6'cr. Er1Ia6{ y w'cogta xepD(el notr}.& an6 :u1v nobptl.T1 06o1 dvril vxooriptle, 6ntiic, ei6apr.e, xu o Xtwrev Xou&l'u xat €yet.

uto0etlgel an6 Aprepxavo0g otopr,xolq r7g xoutr'uo0paq odv 'r1') Nataliepuu1t282, ̂ (d. .couq onol,ovg, tou).&llotov otlg 1.le0oEo).o1lx6q rouq 611-).droerq, ra 6pw dvap"eoa oe 1e1ov6q xal p.u0ontraoi,a eivat pevor&.. lw,touq roropi,xotq .cyq microstoriarl Elalrrplo.um\ ypap.,p.il eival no).6 ).r-

16tepo peuodl. Ercrp6vouv Troq o wropu6g aoyo)rehar. p' 6va r'Pd.'{lLd.-rtx6 avrtxe(.revo. H xgntxil nov aoxo(tv o'utq rpooeYytoetq rnc napaEo-ore,;xiq xorvorvlx{c enw,cilp'qc Eev eivar 6rt r; xolvorv,.x\ enwrilprl Eev

281. Giovanni Levi, Inhereting Power: The Story of an Exorcisl, Xrx&1o 1988.282. Natalie Davis, Fiction in the Archives: PardonTales and their Tellers in

Sixteenth-Century France, Stanford 1987.

t44 H I'TOPIOIPAOIA 'TON

EIKOITO AIONA

eivar Euva'u{ { enlOup.1'u{, aD.ri 61 o1 xorvcovlxoi. enr.ori11.r.oveq xavouvyevtxeloetc, nou rca6ouv va r,o16ouv 6:,av eEe,c&,\ovudt oe avrmapa6o)'i1pe .q oulxexprpr.6vT Tpd(Vartx6rryrd.uylq Frrxptq xlrtp"axaq (o{c, rrlvonota r.oyvgi\owat 6tr e(r11o6v. YnapTet n&.vrla,c, p.w x&.now awtgao1p.e.calit 0eorpiag xar, npa|q,c, ora xetyteva 16oo ry< Teppavtxic, 6oo xarqg r.uatrrx{q o1otrfc. Ol Ita}.oi, evcir av'utq.lecorzri(ouv p.e oxenrur.o'p.6avr6 nov 0eopo6v ple0o8o).o1lx6 avop0o).o1r.op.6 rov Geertz, ortg r,o.Eopr,-xtg ,couq agryyiper.c gravow xat avrot, etEtxri o K&p).o fxiv(pr.noupyx,oe VW 06o1 nou n).r1oui(er o'ur1v nuxv{ negrypag\ rou Geertz. Or f ep-p.avoi., avri1era, el aprt1c lplolponof1oav no].6 xotvovtxo-eTrto.crlpovr,-x6q Fre06Eoug, ava).6ovrd.q o'co\ uno).o1tot{ V.axp€c, oerp6g EeEop.6vov.

Lwllera Fre rouq feppr.avo6q p"upcitoroprxoJg, ol l.ua).oi Erd0etav guaoralep! 0eoprmf 6aor1, 'co neproElx6 Quaderni Storici, 'co oxoto, an6qv iEpuoll ,cov ,co 1966, etye n&"per. o'c1v I'ca),h pla 06o1 av&).o11 p.'avriy nov e(yav ra Annales o.u1 laD.ia \ ro Past and Present or4Mey&).1 Bpeaav[a, oq ro g6poup. ev6q eup6og g&,oyra.coc, lotoplxcbv npo-oep,ioeorv. )q feppavia ivav r€rorc p6)ro €nat\e ro Geschischte undGesellschaft, aM& p.' 6vav notr6 nlo 6v.uovo xorvovrxo-enorlpovlx6 npo-oavato).opr6. M6vo p.e r'rlv rEpuol rovHistorischeAnthropologie, ro 1993,0a dloupe €va yepp.avtx6 neploEm6 nov va exnpooorzrei t1v rino{.,1 t1c

lt txpoio r og[dq xa,L,Enq Lc,c opxhq avOpolzro].o1iaq .Eivar evEemrm6 n.r,c, ro vio neplo6m6 Elp.ooieuoe oro nptbro rov

rei-taoq 6va ripOpo rou Krip).o lxiv(p.noupyx ^(td. t1v r.ua).rxl1 nap&Eoo1rryc micros761'1s283. Aut6 ro &pOpo ouolaortx&, enavaEur6zro.rve lE6eqTrou or fxiv(p.noup"(x xa;L fl6vr eilav exltoet ro 1979 oro QuaderniStorici, xa06c, xdt oe riD.eq npoygapprarr.xiq El,axrlp6[erq. Exei. exeo\-pcrtvd,v .u1v xp[o1 ,cr1c y.axpoitotopiaq, t,rq p.dpoq ,rnc, d.vEd.\6lrevlq dno-

1o{teuorlc ax6 r,g p.e1&}.eq agyyiper.c, oq Edpxera 11€ Eexaeildq rov1970. Ap.go6r1to66d.\ ,clc, p.e1itrr1c x),tp.axac, wropmtg pel6reg nou6aollov'car. oe pa\tx&., xooonx&. xar. enelepyaoq-ta an6 uno).o1lotdg De-Eop6va, 611 enelE{ Eev eivar egapp.6ory.1 Fr.ra xorvt,.lvrxo-enro.rrlpovlxfinpo-o6y'ywr1, aD.ri ened{ or p.eli}.r1c x\i.1t"axdq levrxe6oerg napap.opgtirvouvrr)v Trpaypcrl*x6ryra ory 6aor1.ulq. flpo,rdpp.x6c, or6yoq rrlq micro-storiaetvan, odpgova Fre rouq vn€g1"ayolq rlq, (<va' avo[et rqv to.cop[ao' exeivoug touq av0pdrnouq Tcou pe rrq riD.eq U,e06Eoug 0a iltevav axt-

283. <<Micro-Historie: Zwei oder drei Dinge, die ich von ihr weiB>>, HistorischeAnthropologie. Kultur, Gesellschaft. Alltag | (1993), o. 169-192.

' I t1v r,oropr.xil amr/'cry'cd oro enineEo tatv pr.lxptilvE(D>> -xat <<\d' (Pa'clo,el

ouriEtrv, 6nov )ralt6avet Tulpa xd't ao g.e1a).6c'epo xoltp&,rr. qc (ol{c>284.'

Ynriplouv ou116veleq, p'eral6 torv 0eoplrrxtbv xdt pe0o8o).o'pxtiv

06oeov nou Etaruncbvouv or. vn€pp-d1;ol rrlq microstoria xd1 6 exefveg

cou (Douxtir xd.t rovGeertz, ur&p1ouv 6p.aq xar. ep-ciave(.c' Elagop6q. Onorq

o Qovxtb, (r1to6v va Eefiouv 'co rl.r,q <<ot xvpi"aplol Oeop.oi antx\ewav

x&.norouq 'cp6novg ox€rlq< o.rg Ealprovlxo6g, avop0o).o"yxo6c,, apermotq i1

etxltnv.anxo6q>>28r' avr6 x&.ve," o lxiv(ptoupTx or1v rcepintorol 'uou

Itiru6*,o, cou gl).oo6gov xd't xoopo).61ou 1.lu).ov& tou286, xar' o lvt6t

otrlv xep!,,nrt,rorl 'uou nana tlc evopi,ag Gian Battistu g1ti"tu287. Kal,

6ncoq xar, o Geertz, otole6ouv oe lLLd' <<ePprlveu'urx{> p.e).6'u1 'u1c xoutr-,co(tgaq 7 onota ngtnet \d. T,?ooeryt\erat <<p.€oa a,x6 p.ovaElxd,, gd.t\o-

pevlxd e,oipavra, oq1tetd, w. 6yr. p.€oa an6'tr)v €gaPpo^y! v6p.orv nou

anopp6ouv an6 exava\dp.iav6peveg xd.L lrooormonor.fioqtec napa'cqgi1-

oeq>>288. X0p.gtova yte ra\6yw'cou 1v66r.: <<H p.rxpoib'uoptx{ npoo6yyto-1

\€,cet ro np66)'ypa tou rccbq yi,ve'cdr" va axox'c$poupe xp6o6ao1 ot1 lvtir-oI .Eou nape).06vto9 p€oa an6 6r.agoga tAv1, onp.eta xat ovp.nrdtp.a-ra>>289. EEaxo).ou0o6v 6p.oq va enlpr.6vouv Trt'.lq vnagya' pw elli.reg'xfict.ccr, ro,cop:x&. xetp.eva npayyrar,.x6'r4rd., 'c\\ ono(a p,nopo6ple va Tvopi-ooup.e. B€6dta, I yv6ol p.ag eivar. Elapeoo).a61p.6v1. Kar yt' avr6 y

l.r.txpoia.uoprxf p.60oEoq <<€pyerat oe pth Fre 'ulv napa}oowxi t opgf).61ou, rIV xd.rrlTogryp.dru6rrlad. xa;r ro 6goq tr1€ auOev'uf d.c,, rEov ulo0e-

'uoiv or to.rogr.xot rcov rcapovqd.,\ow 'crl\ 7rpdl(Vd.rm6ryra t'rq, crvrtxetpe-vm{>>.2s0 Enro.up6gov.cd.c, 6e p.ra popg{ napovoidoyq nou rporl'1!0r1xeavr1c t1c enarye).pat on orrlp.dvrlq to'E op toT p a,gtaq, 11 mi c ro s t o r i a lprp r.-pr.onotei 6vav rp6no acpilyryoqc o,cov or'oio ot wroptxot xotvononin 'c6oo'cd evpilp.dr* ,pu, 6oo xar. c1 Era8rxaoi.a nov axo).o601oav. <<Xt1 pr.r-xgcibropia L l tf oxonr&. an6 rrp onota 6)r€net ra ng&yp,a'cd, o epev-v1ti1c xa0to,ca,cat. avan6onao,co p.6poq 'u1c 6x0eo1qtt29l. H ag{po1

284. Edward Muir, <<Introduction: Observing Trifles>>, oco Muir xal Ruggiero(enrp.), Microhistory and the Lost Peoples of Europe: o. xxt.

285. X,to iEro, o. 13.286. Ixiv(p.zrovpyx, To rup[ xat ra oxouAfixo.287. Giovanni Levi, Inhereting Power: The Story of an Exorcisl, )lx,ti1o 1988.288. Muir, <<Introduction>>, o. xvi.289. Levi, <<On Microhistory>>, o. 106.290. )ro iEro.291. )ro iEo.

H ITTOPIA THI IGOHMEPINHX ZOH> 145

w 147146 H I'TOPIO|PAOIA >TON EIKO'TO AIONA

{werd,. oqp.avrr,xil yrd, 'rrlv napovo{aon r<ov euplprritov rcdv totoptxdrv

ywrt pnopei va pr.eca8droer ororaeiu nou 6ev p.nopo6v va anoEo0o6v oecrgrlprlp.6v1 popgi, xar. ywrt EeiXver t1 DraDrxaoia ptoa an6 rry onoioor. r.oropwot grd,vouv otlv 6x0eoh rovc,.

AD,&, napa ra 6oa nepnpi\ouv tr1v d.vatxeqtevtx6:u1ra, q microstoria

ov1t"1tepi.\erar. apxeriq 6aomi4 rdpa}oatq'c1g nafu.6replq xorvt,.tvrxtg rt ,-ori1p1c, rcpi,"(W Tnv Wq er;rptner. va t1 Eraxpivoup.e an6 r4 npooelli-

c.erc, .Eou @ouxdr x&t 'cov Geertz. f u rov (Douxci, 6ntoq olpr'er,drvel o EdwardMuir, <<or 0ecopieq Eev pr.nopo0v va eratr10eu0o6v lnti ta xprcipta rrlqenatrfgeuorlq xpo6plovt a,t a:x6 pua o6^y1pow1 enrotlp1 nou 6a\er. 'Eo no-pe).06v va ouppopgrhverat pr.e T o nap6v. H op06qta o4pratvet ou1lp6pgt-r-q'rl oe p.w nalrl xpayp.arav nrlv onota opi\et p.ta enw'cipr1{ 6vaq 0e-op6q>>292. fla 'uoug lxiv(rnoup^(x lz.at lv6& avr6 efvar <<unexgu^1{. To tretvat qtoor6 xpttrct va xa1opberat an6 ao 6v\xex1,.,p.6vo, ax6 ra ar,raxpay,pan,.xa oror.Aei,a rcou pag napovowle,, 'to napetr06v>)293. H micros-toria 6ev anopphret rG eprepftdq xowurvxtiq enot{pr.eg ouvo}.md,, aD.d,rov(er q pre0oEo).oymfi avayxl va e).6y1ovrar ot xaraoxevtc,'rouq oeav.cmapa6o)tf p.e qv xpayp.arr.x6r\r& anc, Wt)lphc x)ripaxac,. fu av&).0-

louq ).6youq ap.gw6'rpei. r1v npoo6rywrycnc xou).'roripaq dr,6 rov Geertz.O Geertz, xap6rt oyvpilera,. 6rr. aoyo)'einat V' €vav x6o,p.o oe pr.rxpflx)ri,paxa, uro0etei 14 y.axpoioropr.xfi npoo|luyto1 rlq xou).coipaq og 6vaevwto ovorilp;l', iva oivo).o. Onorq xapurygei o ly66r <<Mou gaivetalTrtog p,ra an6 r.q 6aov6q Eugop66 onrmig avay,eoa orl l-uxpoibropia xato.fllv epp.'rlveutx{ avOpornotrolia etvar. 6n 1 Ee6tepl 6},tner. ora E4p.6omo4teia xat o[p.6o]w 6va oporolevtq v61pa, evdr 1 plxpoibropta r,poona1etva ra optoet Nd; vd, ra p.erpi1oer, avagog,xa rpoc, ,ctc, no).).azr).6q a\d.Td'-paoraoeq nov nap&.youv>>294. To arcocd).e o,p.a etta,. pt,a xotvarvid, r.ov

Xapax'c"\p(leqcn ax6 <<xorv<,.lvrx! &agoponoil6l>295. 2ro oylteb avr66).6noupe nt,rq I avti).r11.,1 trov pr.upoibroprxcirv Erapopgrirverat an6 rG6woreq, qc lyep.ov[d.g xat rrjq xorv(dvr,xfic avw6r7ad4, Tnv eivar. \aomtc6yvoreg v6 papEw r,,xi1c, o roptoy pacplac,.

Oa 6o6g.e oe owrop.i.a E6o ax6 \d. d\atirpollinevrtx6repa tpla rovpelpraroq rqc microstoria, ro 613\[o rou Krig],o fxiv(plnoupyx, To rup(

292. Muir, <<lntroduction>>, o. xii i .293. )co iEro.294. 2ro i6ro, o. 103.295. )to iErc, o. 105.

yrzt td oxouAi1xn: O x6oP,oq ewq PuAavd eou 16ou arc{tva (1975)' xat

!1' ei-Zi*'-r"u' TLoBo* It't6u., KA4povol.r.tbvraq e(ouo[a: H orop{a ev6q

ffir"iriiigg5).,A,r.u&" .ca 6$),ta'61ouv no}}.& xowa p.eral0 'uouq aD.&

-or noMrlq bwgopec otlq ewololoytx€q xil a'qrff11uarr'y6.c'rouq fiPooeT-

:f.'r:'\;- 6r6iio'"o, fxiv(p'noupyx 6ya' 1iver x)'aotx6' to,'i,q Twrt etvat

#;';e.1nro"o o)0,,i xar. ywri g6pver vn,?9o"y ora rJin''a pas 6va

,fr"" ,ritqtpov ritopr'o' O e[opxtot!c'.sov l\€6'" eivar' no]'6 nepoo6tepo

)"-rtni*i ptuiod orrq xotvtovlx6g Eop6q' evcS to xeipr'ev6 tou eivat notr6

",r-lilir"rr6. Kor.ua E0o 6$),ia taow 'ca yevma, 'yvt'rplopata t1c

microstoria,'ctlt entx€v'Epool o' 6va-ov^yxexp-lp6vo y'ory p'tod o' 6va

il;6;" r6no,'xdr n1v npoor'&0eta va xa'ca8erl0ei 1 Etagop& aur4c

on,'"on*rt, TtpctTFaT tx6r"tlnaq an6 'cov eup6'uepo xav6va' -l(at

ota E6o

vnilpret prct TlPooexrlxd avrin)'aol cou xolvtovtxo0 xal notrtttxo6 ox1-

;;:;t-;; 6Lpor, ro Ei""o' xar' n&)'t nepro6tepo oto roxtx6 enineEo

;;;i' ;; eup6repo Euneprgeperax6.'Op.oq o q6noq nou npooe^pyi(er o

Ixiv(pnoup'(x ao\ rc1.i.'Eo,'(@vtoa! ao.v.,^'cov Mev6xro ' etvan nol6 neplo-

;;;r;; rgpr1urr",r6q'an' aut6v rcv lt€6t. To evErag6pov entxev'Epdnetan

"roila o"o'uo1",r6 x6op.o tou Mev6xto' Kar o Ep6p'oq Epo^q ro puatr6

""|'"tp"a ,p€oo on6 'cd xeip'e'ta r'ov 6:'a6&'Cer" To 6w6ao*a Eev eivar pra

,rrrpao,i"1'a w.Etxaota p.dot l r1c onofuc, pr.eca5i6ovtat vo{y.ata' 'cd xei"-

peva ,rrlq nveupratmdq, e).it pnaivouv oto pua)'6 tou XoPl'xo6 p'u)'t'rvri

lriro on6 'co npltop.a p'rac lalxic xou)'ro6pag' AII& xd; \ qa\Ea,ota rov

iD,o, "o,

lxiviprroup yx ei,vat xt a'v'ci1 \atrm'ip o'rp'aoiaq 7w rqv av&'-.

rc),aor1 "o, "g6io,

i"e{tra tou Mev6xro. H a91p1ot1 6wx6nrerat an6

{lv ndpouoiaol tc,lv ,prrrt1",*,i', orparnylxciv rou ouTTPacpia' O L6&'

p' 6va no)'6 nepoo6repo xol'vor,*o-""o"1povlx6 nve6pla' aolotreital pte

tov 6).e11o f t1 Er6p0roo1 Eraruntop6vov'uno06oetov. le rcoD,ri o1p'eia

ava).6ov'car unog6oelq zrou ti0evtat rPoq ent6e6aio,o1' Mw 6aovi 'cou

61vou ei,var, o ,p6nor,7tou ouYxpo'cotvrat ot og€oer'q eEovqidq p'6oa or.o

1topr6, o ortoiog Eev pnopei \)d' xcl'cd\)o\0ei pe 6povq omovol'r'lxtirv Euv&-

p'.t, { eniolp't.rv ,roi.,",r,lr, Oeop.tirv' O A66l a'p'prc6r,'cet ro 6,a0p'6 o'cov

onoio or onpiornrq 8uv&pelg ,r1,r, oyogd.c xat 7 av&.ntu[r1-ev6q o611po-

vou xpcr'Etxo0 prllavopr.oi xa0opi(ouv au'r6g rq o:l, 6oer'.q eEovotaq' Yno-

o"t1pil., rrrq "o'orroqdowrrx6

orotyeio Yla-'u1v xaru''t611o11 'lou orYpoct-

xo0'x6op.o, ,iuo, ..1 'El,ot,i1p1or1 i17-p'era6i'6do"4 pl) yepon'aortbv' oup'-

6o).x6v, alaOtirv: eEovotdc,'xo, *upiuq'296' lte va axo}e{let avril t7

g IETOPIA TH> KAOHMEPIN

&

296. Levi, Inhereting Power, otro069uD'o t1q Xapt66etlg 6xEoolq'

148 H DTOPIOfPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

0tor1 xdrage[yet oe :r-ryy6< xal ple06Eou < nlov XQnoLVor.'oLei 11 nlo na-pa}oowxil xor,vovr,xrj r,o.copta, VW, tc?ollillroygdgta nov orqpt\eaat oeevopr,ax&, agTeia, voraptaxtc, nga\etq, oror,yeta a.n6 yapoypacpipetq ywc1 gopo).61Tq'rt rnc, ̂ (!C, xat &).).a Drorxl rma 6yypa,ga, ra onoia Xpr,-oqtonosi \fd, \d, avan\aoa, .cr,q Lutc, torv npoociTrov Trou e(opxi(er oChiesa xdt ,cn.v xolvr'rvlxf; xatao,caorl p.toa orryv onoi,a low. Eniolc,ouvE6er p.eral6 'Eovc ototgeta ax6 n<'r).{oelg !\c, orotTeta "1.a rrl qu-yxp6rrlorl r'r1c otxo ytvew"< xd.t \Ld. .rLq x).1povopl6q , TW. \d. EeiEar 6tro,co yapt6, avrt r1c .uugtr{c ayop&,c, rr:1c x}raor.xric olxovol.r.iag, }.er-rcupyoioe pla o6v0etrl ayopa otrp onota a;r,ogd.6lo,ctx6 p6).o o.rov )rcr,-0opro1.l6 .uou errn6Eou .rcDv 'ulprdrv 6nar,\av ol xor,vrovlx6q xan npooantxtc,oy6oer4, 6xov ep.nlrtxo't,cd,L otro(evewxtq orparrlutg. H aypotrxfi xot-v6c7ra .urlq Santena Eev arcore).ei ezop6vro( p6vov ro na0ryr,x6 ayrrxeig.evo p.axpoxor.vovrxdrv atr).a1tirv a).).& €aet xt avr'\ t1 Elxf rlqoup.6o).{. Te}rxa, p"toa orqv noge(.a rr;c avri}.uo1c Era}.6e.uar 11 er8u}.-)tax\ etx6va p.lag no).6 ov\exxLxtg, anaD.a1g,6vr1c an6 ov yxpoloetg,ay porr.xil< xorvtoviag .

B).6roug.e tror,r6v xar. nafu. oro tgyo rov Ira).drv prxpo:toropmdl, xana}ma o,cov 1\€6r.,6noq ei8ape xdt Ve t1v opriEa .uou Gcittingen, rct,rq .r)

pnxpoio,uogta anore\el p,&).).ov 1tw rgotx.caoq xap&. prla an6pprrlrl rlcna).r6.uep1c xor,vorvlx{€ wroptaq, VW ercd\)dvax&}.u{.,1 11€ xoutrtoUpaqxdl rrg arop.tx6tlraq npooanov xar p.lxpcfv opriEorv olq Epdlvtcovnapal6vrt-rv orog,.xilc a)O.a1{C. (Daivetar 6p.tog nt-rq or xorvtovieq xar olxou).'uo6peq ortq onoieg etvu egapp"6oqreq or puxpoibropmiq npooeyyt-oerq 61ouv oulxexp4r6va 6gw oro y,,i,po xat o.to yp6vo. H xarrloptazrpoq .uouq p,txpoltoropuolc, 6rr. eler&\ow glxp6q xow6rryeq p.e p.txpi1i1xa06).ou avagopa o' €va eup6tepo n\o;too eivar. aorilprxr-r1, rov\&.7r.orov6oov agop&. ora 6.pya nov e\etaoape. Clot6oo, 5ev 61oupe avrtorotyeqto'copr,xtg pr.e).6teq, o011povt'tv ao:*xriv xorvot{.uov, av xt 67et 1iver Eou}.er&xa,t 6'Eo yirpo .u1c d.6"ctxic, av0porno).oyiag. 'Otra ra €pya qra onoiadvarpeg}iyapre 61ouv va x&vouv ;.r' 6vav ngoitopqyavm6 x6opo, \ Ve

.r\

p.er&6ao7 duro6 tou x6oplou ora r,pdt,cd ordiw rq< ex6toprr1y&vr.oqc.An6 VLd axorly pnopoioav vd aolo).1go6v p.e Ati,pw qd.y ,co

Neckarhausen2gT i .u1 Santena ywrt aur&. ipav oye,ctxa. x\ewra 4avr&,pxr1, d\ xd.t Eev {'uav Euvar6v va anog}youv te}.eiolg rq enigaoec

297. David Sabean, Property, Production and Family in Neckarhausen1870, 'c61.oc, loq, Katltr'prl( 1990.

H r>roPIA rll {4qlu!4ryqP ?9n> 149

,cr1c, xparx$,q ElofxlolC xd/.'cnq ayog&'c,. Xip'epa 'uo Neckarhausen6J(et

usta.cpanei o1eE6v qe VW n6).r1 antrric Enpov{c, o rtr10uop6q r4q oxot'aqA ' rct i1 va, x&,ver, 'ctc, Eoutrel6q tourqJalvoePle'E dL xcU|i^]-eP|\r d., "( Ld. \ d. e? ( ao 1

o|d. [Le"'P,Aa- do"crxd, >LeVcPd'

Yn&.pya. Vtd. npogaL\ip avrlgdorl dvayreoa oe x&'norcg dx6 'cr,g leti'-

onctxic, Elaxrlp$[elq to-lv l.r.lxpoibrog,.xav xa; 610\ tp6no nov re]txa

*iiuoru 6peuva xar. "yg&.gow. }uord tov(,ouv tlq aouv6leleq p.6oa otrlv

w,copia "{rd. \ct oupnep&vouv 6tr Eev eival Suvat{ 1 preli).1 eqnT\6\.

'Opoq ).ercoupyo6v pe 6aoq p.rd dpvrl'ttx\ a\to),6yryrl rou exouTxPovt-

opo6. flap6rr. iptoxouv ou1-npo0oelg xar. 6wqtoe<. o'ctc. npoveolueptxdg

xaw6rrlreq nou ple).ero6v, 5).6nouv rnv e!d.gd.\lo! 'uouq 67;t 1y.a,ptc, xd'-

notd voora),^(ia. )tp69ov'ual Dr1).aE{ oe pr.xpdtoropr.xtg xow6rrl'ceq 6y.

p6vov enerE! unriplouv or' n1yiq ^fw, \q. trq p'e).ecioouv plxpoibtoptx&.,

al}r&. xat tr6"yor pr,uq x&nowc, aniAlewq "'fo- 'ro o611povo x6opo. floD.oi

w,coprxoi. rov Annales eilav loti,q av&)toya xiv'r1rpd Trou rouq 6otpe{.,av

crco lLeoc;tuvm6 il otov npdltpto vecbtepo x6op.o. Ee p,epma np6oqdra

6p1a av0prono).o1x{c xate60uvo1g, 6xa,g tou Eric Wolf, Ff Eupcin4

xdt ot ).aoi 6qoq ocopia2gg, xo; qov Sidney Mintz, fAuxJr4ra xat

E(ouoia: H (d7ap4 or4 olyytovrl oropiazg9 , ra onota aolo).o6vcar p.e

'ct1v enix"cdorl '6lq Eupdrnlc 6to tJ.t'l Euttx6 x6opo, o exouT1Povlop6g,erEc'rpr6voq od.\ [Ltd. xa.'ca.o'cpoqlx! E0vap1, anore]'e( 'uov &,Eova rrlq enr-

26epr1p.aro).o.(ac. To iElo ovp.6ai.ver. ovA'ta xdt oe preoalovo).o1ft6q pe).6-req, 6ntoc, oco g'r1Fr.roFt6vo Eoxlplo 'cov Zax Ae lxog nou avagtpdltendpan&.vut, ro <<Xp6vog, eplaota xal xou).toitga oro Meoaiarva>>, noudoao)reirat pe rlv looopta qc avri).4fl€ Ttd to 1p6vo orr. eora,ceprxtqxotvovieq. Av xal o Oouxtir r6vroe rt,rq rl onopta 6ev 61er ev6'u1ta atr)liolpa8e6erar an6 <<pilEetq>>, rd. [.pya rcv yld 'rrlv rp6].4, "cr,g x]*u,xi4 xar.crq gu).ax6q orlpftovrar. n&.vc,; o.cr1 06o7 6rr, 7 nopeia'u1c orillpovrlctoropiag Xotpax.c\pfl.:erat o;n6 pra evrelvdpevl ner0ripplol rlq xaOlpre-prv"fic kr{c. Aut{ eivar 7 6ao,.xi1 ri6a xar. ora 6p'ya'uou Robert Much-emblend, o onoioq, 6n.i,q xar" o (Doux6, ouvE6el nryv av&nrvE1 'uou 1pa-geroxpa,ri,xo$ xparovq orlv npdlpl ve6repl Eupdrnrl pe rov axox\ezop"6'rov l.t"l oup1.r.opgo6pevov, nepl0topnx6v op&Eov. Kar. dvr6 eivdt xan ro06p,a tou ovoraorrx&. p"axpcitorogtxol 6r.6\i.ov rou N6pg.rep'c E\i.ac, H

298. Eric Wolf , Europe and the People Without History, Mr6pxtrei.i 1982.299. Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power: Sugar in Modern History, N6a Y6px1

r985.1700-

150 H IXTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA HI'TOPIry

{rro oufi}.ipopa. Ol pr'lxpoib'uogr.x6q 6peuveq eq'ct&'\ov'cat. oe tivDpeq xal

ywaixec, zcou alvooivtat an6 r4 entoqp,es rc^rf!q.Blolpagfeq xat a;r,o-

Fvrlpove6pa'ca nat\ow orp.awm6 p6).o otlv avan)tao1 t<,rv

,(ordrv touq,

nooQAVtbc, 6p,44 otlg rce?Lqoo'ce?eg 7lePt7l'EcDoeLc, ae'Eorcc, TlITeq dfiou5ld:

(ouv. X"o o11.r.eio avr6 11 npogopr,xil to'cop(d pr'zropei va oup'6ri).et oIFd-

v,crx&,. H npogoprxil r'orogi.a 1p1orp.orori01xe rDlai'uega oe o71€o11 Ve Id,

1i.rua,cd xd,r, rcto rp6ocpara, pe rouq 06teq tou O),oxautdlp,d.'coc., xar

ax6pa nrc np6o,gara oe oy6ol p.e 'Ecr 06,p.a'cd xd.t 'Eouc,00teq torv ota-

trwrxcirv Erdr€eolv xar. oga"ydtv. 0l ouvev'uetEer,c,6t6dta xapovow\ow nPo-

fikfipara, e,.6ma o;vrig nov naipvovtat agxe'c€q Eexaedec. 'p.era, 6rav 7

lrvillrl rrov epoltcLlpevov 61et atr).olt-tle[ p"ioa an6 ra Teyov6l,a xd"L 'clc,

epnepieq nou pleoo).&6rpav. {lot6oo, ol ouvevceJ(elg ptnopo6v va etre1-

260o6v oe a.v'cmap&.0eo1 g'e riD.a o'cotyeta xal ritr).eq ouvevre6Eerq. Op,i-

6eq,u on.xiq r,o r optac, lplorponoq o dv ovAva pe06Eouq xpogo ptxilc to'c o -

pi.aq yld vd p.era,g6gouv 'ttq ep.nepieq 'uov an).drv av0pdrzrov yw 5m6

rouq tro1apuop.6, 6p.aq ,.6r.ai.repa ot1 lepp.avta xar' re')'evrata orqv npdrlv

2o6rcrm! 'Evoro1, au'c€c, or. p60oEol lprlolpr'otol{01xav ora x}raiow,p.r.aqav&.nlrdon< ryq np6o gdrng r.orogiag.

Ynipaav eg.r,ci11t'ard nov i1'cdv E6oxo).o va anavry0o6v p.e 'Erc, r.d.Pd.-}oowxtq pe068ouq no).rrtxf< xdr xotvt,lvtxip av&),vols. O Alf Lildtke,nou ouvEderan orev&. p.e r't1v opriEa p.mgcitoropi.aq, o'uo lo'uopm6Ivorno[-

'uo Ma( fl).avx .uou Gottingen, avcrpt,r'r{fuze ntr,g 6ywav Euvat6q olwrogwig xaraorgocpiq .rt'.rv fepp.avdrv o'co\ etxoo'c6 auina. fldrq pno-po6pe va e[11{ooup.e no 6.cr. or. egyaruiq tale,.q, o,. onolec, ipav ogya-vog.6veq p.toa o' 6va ooola).Er1 p,oxparm6 xtvqlt a nou unotiOe rar. 6'ct ipavavti0e'uo o.r1v no).lrtxi1 .cqc fepp.aviag nou oEr11o6oe oT ov n6trepo,unoot{pr[av oe p.eli].o 6a0p.6 tov n6].ep.o rou 1914, ! 6'cr. re]rrxd. ro1933 Eev urrjp[e ex p.dpouq ttov epla.ccbv avorlt! avr[orao1 orovgNa(i, aD.ri, avtlOdrorg , evpeta oripfil rouq;302 Or na).l6tepeq xorvo-vro).o1rx6q,c o,E;x€,q xanqy o pteq yp er/.\ov r ar. npoo exr rx6 t\ey yo xattpononor{oerg. )uvevte6[erg zlou 61ouv liver p.e npooofi xan n&.ve oe6ri0oq H.nopo6v va gorioouv t1v no),un).ox6r7ra torv notrttlxtix xar.xotvtovlxdrv o.c&oeia,v.'Eror,G)ttnouple ntilg ep"yareq ep.norlopr,6vot Fre p,laepyaowxil llm\ xar, nep{gavol Ttd. ,co enineEo .uou yepp.avrxol epya*

302. BI. Alf Ltidtke, <<"Coming to Terms with the Past": Illusions of Remembe-ring Ways of Forgetting Nazism in West Germany>>, Journal of Modern History 65(1993), o.542-72.

151

e(6AEn rou noArcopoisoo. ro oxoto npo.r.uoexE60rpe 6rav ipav el6pro.coq,,co 1939, a).).ri dyrve 1v,ot6 p6vov 6rav enavexE60lxe to 1969.11 a''ii1reuo1 rrlc ropei.aq nelOripx'lorlq .rov oupneplgoptirv. o E).iag uno-odptle noc,, ax6 t1v enol{ t1€ ano},ur agylac, xat ntpa, avanr6101xeVLa d,pllaoxpauxil xou).,uo6pa xov vnt6a\e ,rG o:.il1.d.cx6g ).el.uoui1ieq,6noog ro gdTrF6, q )Crirve{,,1, x-et .c\\ epli.txil trpdE\, or onoi.eg ?rpol-youp6vtrq livovcav o1e66v ayalttvia'ra, oe v6oug avorqpotg xav6veq,'ne-pr.opr"(owa req o.ulv rErortrx{ ocpatpa. Ztyovpa 11 netlapyrlol nripe otoo611povo x6op.o rlo opTavop.6veg Elorxrpm&, p.opg€q, aD.ri eivar a,v,pt6o_).o 'uo av {tav },l16tepo 6a0&, o.rov Trpove.ureptx6 x6op.o rov onoto'r6oopop.avru&. napovotaoav avro[ or. ovyypacpetg.

Apxer 6.c, xpt c txi.q E.or un d-r 01xav enavefu p.p.dva evav.u iov t o-rv plxp oi_oropmtbv: l) 6rr. ol pd0oEol .Eouq, g.e c1v erclx6vrpooy) o.EIv f'x'prtcxlJl-raxag w,copta, nepropi(ouv rrlv wropta o'6vav avexEo.uo).o1m6 riro-pro8rgrop.6' 2) 6'. Eivouv g.ro pou.dv.*x\ em6va tr1€ xou)..co6gag rov na-pe).06v'uoq' 3) 6rl, ezcerE{, 6noq {E1 einalte, orrp ovota aolo}.o6vtar preoyerx&. o'ua0epdq xou).to6peg, etvu" avtxavor vd dv.rr,petorrsioouv ro ve6-,ce.po xdr.uo o011povo x6opo 1T,ov Xd,pffir.,t1p({ovrat an6 ygilyopeg a}).a-ytq'_xdt

.4) 6,cr, enop*ivroq etvat avixavor va aolo).10o6v p.e .uiv'no).rtrx{.Yn{p[av, ia,o,c 6oo, .xat o oidpdc, xpoon&}ercq va 1p1,)orpo7Tolr10o6v p.r-

xpciiorop.m|.q npooey"yi.oeLc, o.c\ p.e).6q rorv no).lcxrirv oulxpo6oeov rouetxooro'3 atdna. Au'cd nou ouv66er rry w,copta r1c xaOlpleplvriq (..t{c(AlltagsgeschistuTg)3or t1c ve6tepl q xil .cnc5 o611pov1c

'i"irtr, pe rl

pmgolioropta nou aolo).eirar. p,e .u1v npo6lop.77avuil *orrrrio ,iro, ,1npoon&9er.& 'rouq v,' x&.ve ni,pd an6 rq anp6oaneq xoiv,.rvlx6q 6op.€q xa,r.Era8txaoieg, oe qv"(xexpt1t"€va &l14ta,cd.,Ea.\,) av0p6norv. oLutzNietham-mer, o onotoq aoyo\etrar. xupio-rq pe .uI Elepe6vrlol rrlc xa01pr.e pw6r7-rd,q

^,c av epy arr.x6v ra,le,u.v, oupxepl).ap.6avopl6vorv rt,lv epya.rp ubv, ap.-

qw}lret rqv alia nou dlouv ot ord..cLoqlx6q tp.ci.rv xai eooErlpr&r,ovi1 ot.xv6epvr1rm6< exltoerc, ̂ fLd, trp xatav6rlo.rl rt,lv ouv01x6v V,6io orrr,o^noteg. ).eltouplo6oav or d,v0pornor. EEdr xat' xa'),r, 1 p.ixpo'r'o"opia Eev0etopeiral oq p.l,a evatr).axrm{ }.6o11 an6vay.cl oflq p.e1&lr1c x},tp.axacava).6oerg no).ltxcirv xd,L xoLva\txtirv 6nElxaold,, a).),&'rq dr* anapar

300. Norbert Elias_, The Civilising process, Nda y6px1 lgTg IH e(tAgr1 rcu no-Atrcop.o6, A0{va 1997].

301. D.. Alf Ltidtke (etrqr.), The History of Everyday Lift: Reconstructing Hi-storical Experiences and Ways of Ltk, flpivotov lg9b.

14"

152 H I>TOPIOTPAOIA XTON EIKO:TO AIONA gUTOPIAW

Raoul Hilberg3o7, r1v onota tcpepav etc, ntpdq a.n6 ta ypaqela rovc'

yoa,eetoxp&,req, oav tov Av'uo).g Atlprav, o onolog 'fw 'c1' Xriva Apev'u

"noop*rw t1v ,<oupr,6a'c,.x6t7'ca rov xaxo6>>308. O Mnpriouvlvlx 6otpetf.'e

,cnv-n?ooort oco p6).o torv avOponaxan orr4' 6a,o1 av'co$ rou (<H'rlxa-

vrg11od xardorpogil€)), o' auro\q nov avi]raiav TrPoocDTllx&' exarcyt'plpr"d

exre)'ioetq. H a4iy4oq r79 ,.o'copiag tou 101 Tay1taffic,'u1c EgeEpm{c

Aoruvoplaq prig Eeilvel ntirq ol peo{}.rxol ao'uug6}.axeg rou Ap6oriplou,

rcoiloi an6 rovq onoiovg i1rat epyartxip xarala (ic xat, 6tAa,c, awtyr&'

rrvatrTilLL'clxa. aw}ip"ara, i)'a6dv U,6poq oe pa\mic, exre),6oelq otrlv flo-

).orvla. <<Aev unriplei>>, elcrorlpatvet o Mzcpriouvlvyx, <<'c[no'ca p.€oa olu1

pe0o8o).o1ia ryq Alltags7eschichte nou vd, pr.eldtvet dna,parni1nl.i,q, rrlv xe-

vrprx{ orpa;ota 'cou O}.oxauray'aroc, ot1 Na(lo'ulx{ fepp'avfa. Avtr06-,caq, 0d 6tre14 ntoq ei.vat rl xa).6'rep1 p.60odoq TW vd Eellrei 'co n6oo

6a0rr p,ioa or.r. \t.l,64 tcov avEpdrv 'tt,.lv Teppctvrxtiv Euv&pleia,v xatoTfic

oulv Avaro).lx{ Eup6n1 {tav 1p.d\lxi1 Eo}.ogovia>>30e.lu.c6 V.ac, oErllei xd,. na)tt o'ua p.e0oEoloym&" \q'ci11p.d"cd' irov 60eoav or

otaiot r1c 1.r.txpo'iorogtaq. To 6aox6 rovc, entAetpylta evavriov rt'lv xot-

vovrro-e7lrotlg.r,ovlxtilv npooeyyioeorv o'trlv wropta firav 6tr' av'cob rov

eiEouq r1 wropia anolupvriveruo zlape).06v an6 l*c, no'ottxig rov 6wora-cterc. xclt .uou o'uepei 'co avOptinlvo np6ootno. To fiqp.d ipav zrdlg 0ap.nopoUoape va oulli6ou1sEavd. r1v av0p6rrv4 xal Trt\ npooantxi1 n).eup&rrlc torophq. O Hans Medick 6pfixe,6noq eiEape, to 1l.ovt6).o p.r.aq r€-rcwq wrophq o'rlv <<nuxvf neprygdgil>> t1c nolrroprx{g avOpornotro-

liag rou Geertz. H to.rop(a, 6xac,xar,1 av0pono).oy'ta,ylverat pla ePp,l-veurlx{ xar, 6yr, ava},utx{ ezrlot{pq. H QrXpi avd}.uo1 av'ctxalto'candtan6 pn apeo6m,ra rcou eivar E0oxo).o vd Exgpo,o'tei, pe\ilezc,. Mou ga[-ve'can, coo.cbo, 7!o)q, exor1p.otrolma y nvxvil xeprypag\ ep.nep#1et pua&).uq avrigaoy. B).6ner ro avrrxei4revo 'rrlq p.e),6'u1c 'qq t,lq xal* o\6re-la Eugopetrx6 an6 rov 7rd,parlp1.cri. Avr1ougei, Er.xatli,g,6'n o rdpd.arpn-t{e p.nopef va, r,po6a.}ret tlq Elx6g 'cov t<a'cn\pgtec, oxi|etc, n&vu orovnaparqpoitprevo. H nuxv{ neprypaq\ enl8rtixel va x&.vet rov <<&,D.o>> vaep.gavorei oro\ nd.pa,clpl.ri orlv <<erep6rryra>> rou. Aut6 npooEiEet oto

307. Raout Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews,Z,'xayo 1961.308. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil,

N6a Y6px1 1_963 [X&wa Apevt, O Atytav orqv lepouoaAfip. H xouorunia tou xaxoJ,A04va 19951.

309. Browning, <<German Memory>>, oro Friedlander (enq.t.), Probing the Limitsof Representation, o. 350.

xo6_Duvapuxol etTdv r{lli napayatyrx6a\.Ea q,c4 ro},epnx6g 6rop1_yavieg, ave\&'g'cr1'ua Fe rrq no).ltrx6g eouq zcenolOipetq. Avd,p.eoa orougE6o zr6).oug, trlv nolltlxil avrtoraon wzl .cn\ uroo.u{pl(r1, uniple 6vap.e.y&).o gdop.a nomilo.rv g.opgr,rv dv.cto.cdolc ptoa orovg lrprrq .p_yaoiaq. o LutzNiethammer opy&,'oe Erio g.eY.i),a npoyp&,1ig"ora T,po-gopr,nq r'ropi'q oe 6rn,,tr1aavlxo6g egy&.reg, ro xptbro a,,i ra onota&eEtrx0ri o'rr)v reprorll rou Poup303, evcir.to.De6,uepo orrlv Avato).rxrjfepp.avia ra r,eltevra.ta Ap6vw r\c, l\uixitc Alp.oxparta€ t1c lep6ra_viaqSo+, ta oxota xartypurlav npoo<,nrxt4 aval'ilretc an6 .co f ' ea,Xxdl .c\ ;,r.etano).ep.lx{ nepioEo. Xtrl Xo6retx{ 'Evoo1 , p.era trlv lIeJp_eo'cgoLxa, wropr.xot 'rlq rcpogoprxip oroplaq, ouvEe6plevoi pe t1v'o1.r.,iEaMrif_n, n\gav V.axg6', ouvev.ueri(elc, an6 entiuboavreg trlg ota).rvrx{qneprdEou.

Mepmoi enxpr.r t g lr1C A\lta g s g e s c hi chte, 6nolq eEapp.oo trpe or1 |ep_p.avtd, eli.gpaoav .co 966o pri^,,rs au'u{ 1 roropi.a, *errmev"po6g.evl orrqxa0lpeprv6q 6+elq tlc (orriq nou owtytlav oyerma aiwripaxrec, E6_oet lLLd, opa).1 etx6va rov va(ro,crxo6 xa0eortitroq>)30b. Xryoupa dev {tavavr\ y np60eo1 ryc o1.a6aq tou Niethammer. 'Eva r,apd,Eeryy,a r4qxpr.rtxip ).erroup.plag .ulq zlpogop,.xilq rl.ropi.ag anore],e[ ,o 6ri],io .ouKpiorogep Mnpriouvr,vyx (Christopher Browning) KaL4p.epwoi dvilpa-

13r;-To.10.! fdyyg EpeEptyie Aoruvoy.iaq xat 4 TeAix| A6o11 or4,Iro)avla (1992)306 nov iaotLetdt ..'rG avaxptoetq r,ou rc,,q,Tva,xo-no(yoe r7 }exaerta'uou 1960 1 eloayletri.a rov Ap.6o6plou oe 210np6r1v pfl.1 ev6c, rd.y4.d.Eoc, rcov e[Ae n&.ger, p6pos oe V,air*€r, ex.ce]r€-oer.q Eipatav ap.a'/(',v otrlv flo).<,rvfa. H 1,,.e).6"r1 "o,

lirrp&orv.vTx paqnpoog-tpet y,' vta onrmfi or"qv wrogta rc,-lv 0uccirv

"r, b),o*or,"rirgr"-

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303. Lutz Niethammer (etrp.), Lebensgeschichte und sozialkultur im Ruhrgebiet1930 bis 1960,2 c6p.or, Bepo). lvo 1g83.

304' Lutz Niethammer, Alexander von plato xal Dorothee wierling, Die volks-eigene Erfahrung: Eine Archriologie des Lebens in der IndustrieDrovinz der DDR.30biogmphische Ertiffnungen, Bepo)Jvo 1990.

305. Christopher R. Browning, <<German Memory, Judicial Interrogation, and Hi-storical Reconstruction: writing perpetrator History From postwar Testimony>>, ocoSaul Friedlander (et rp.), Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the <<FinalSolution>>, Ka\npnl, Maoo. 1992, o. Bb.

306. christopher Browning, ordinary Men: Reserve police futtation I0I and theFinal Solution in Poland, N6a Ydpxl 1992.

l<r , H IXTOPIOIPAOIA 'TON

EIKO>TO AIONA

av.utxeipevo anc, r.apa'ci)plolq tva ororAe[o avru€qtevu6rqraq,, ro xaverva gatverat oav 6va avtme(pevo 6a:0td pt\up"€to 1*6oa or1v npaypar,w6-r^r1ra. An6 qv &).).1, 6p.aq, av.ci11 av0pono).oytxfi npootyylol dpgr-o67rei rrlv cr,vcxetpevtx6r1ra rou x6opou. B),dnel cov &D.o oav tva xei-p.evo Trou npinet vd 6r.a6aoovu.e, o1eE6v 6nra,c, 0a 6,.a6a\ap"e 6va ),o1ote-yvm6 xetp.evo.'Fva xetltevo,6pcog, prcope[ va 6r.a6ao'cei p,e noxil.ouq tp6-noug. H ).oyrx{ owinew avrip t1c npoo6116rlq 0a {rav 1 xarapyrp1torv opitrv avap,eoa oro ye"yov6g xa;t o'c\ pu0on).aoia.

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7fi rov oe neprnrciroetg Epaotdrv 0d\oe va Edroer p.w Eworao\ -u\Coupneprgop&q .rouq 7 onota Eev prnopei va gavepoOet an6 rq peya)'ec

levme6oerq. To O),oxa6,lul4d., rovtler. o Kpio.uogep Mnpriouvrvlx, Eeve[var. pw acpatpeorl. O6te ol ag'ryipetq yt' avr6 ano,ue].o6v xar&. x6gto\6yo xaraoxev€g tov wroplxol,6niul,q vxoor\pr.le o X6uvtev Xou&rc3l0.

310. Hayden White, <<Historical Emplotement and the problem of Truth>>, otoFriedlander (erp.), Probing the Limits of Representation, o.37-53.

Av.rr06cc,rq, 6rog enlolpa[vet o Mnp&ouvwyx' <<wr'&'P1et pta Elapxilc

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H I>TOPIA THt KAOHMEPINHT ZOH:,

311. Browning, <<German Memory>>, oto i8ro, o' 31

TO TEAOX TH> I>TOPIAT O> ETIIITHMONIKOT KAAAOT; 157

KEOAAAIO 10

H <<1}.or6xi) 6'cpogt>>:To c6).oq rlq rorop[aq aq eficorylp.ovi,xo6 x].riEou;

ANAOEPOHKA HAH oarc. pead4Lovr6pveg 0eopieq Tta, 'r1v wroptu nov06rouv ro liltqp.a 'cou xan&. r,6oov eivar Euvatrj 'r, ro'cogtxil yvtirol xa-ltbq xu ,co \r1ri1'p.a rtlv ll.opgtirv wropr.xilq ̂ rcaghs nou 0a 6r,pene vauro0eri1oou1l,e qe Vw peraprov'u5pva enofi. )ro xegri).an avr6 06).tr vaaolo),10dr pe ro epdlcrlFrd 'rou qe lT,ord, 6x'cao7 xan xanil, nonv tp6no otprerapovt6pveq 0eorpieg .fd. .cnv w'cogtd xd; tn f.drooa lprloipeuoavxpayp.a.rm&. ia,c, 6&.o7 'fw ,Erl "fpa,g:1' rr1< wroptag. 0r 0eorplec, aurt<orqgi\ov,car, n&,vo.l orlv nenoi0rlorl lT,ui,c., Ttd, va napa9ioul xa;t n&fu tovArilpevq )t6ouv, Eev eival n).6ov Euvari ..t ,o ouvex.cu{ enromlplovm{eE{y4o1 'uov a}.}.ayi;v nou 61ouv ovp.6e( oto nape}.06v)>312. Op.arq orp.erag.ovt6pveg 0eorpieq npoltlpo6v xtpa ax6.v1 Elarinororl rou Xt6ouv,

Ttd. vd. unooolpfiouv 611 1 6nora owexru6tqrd etvat 6nonrn. H 6d.or.xi1rD6a rrlc prerapovt6pvaq ler.r,ptaq Trcru1v Lo.cor,r'fc,agia eivar.l &pvr1o1rov 6n r1 wropuil "rca,g\ avag€perat o' iva npayp.aru6 wropm6 na-pe).06v. 'Eror o Po).&v Mnapf t3 xat, o X€wrev Xou&rr vxoorfipr\av 6rr.r'l to'uoproTpagia Eev Ecg6per ax6 ry puOontraoia atr).ri anore).et a;r-)vul,c,p.ra g,opgrj qc. 0 Xovars orc 66\io qov Merato.ropia: H oroprxfigav'raoia ro \ixaro ivaro arrbva or4v Euptin4 $973), enr.Teigrloe vaEefier p.6oa an6 ro nap&,6erypa" reooi,giu'v wropxdn (Mloe).6, Tox6i)r,P&.vxe, xat Mnolpxyapr) xar reooapav gl).oo6gorv .urlq roropiac, (Xt-

312. Lawrence Stone, <<The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New OldHistory>>, Past and Present 85, No6p6ptoq 1979, o.3-24.

313. Roland Barthes, <<The Discourse of History>>, Comparative Criicism: AYearbook, t6u.oq 3oq,, 1981, o. 3-28.

1xe),, MagE, Nitoe, xar" Kp6roe) 6'cl Eev un&p1ouv xgni1g'a enal{0eu-

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11 onota, an6 rov Hp6Eoro p.61pr, q Natalie Davis, avalvtirpt(e pev 'tr)

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pe).06v oro ono(o Spo6oav rcpo,^(Vd.rtxoi rivgpornot. H Natalie Davis na-

paE6letar rto€ Y) enlv6r1o1 tryet p.,.a ltol anoqaowr'.xip, onpaotac,' ent'

lrduei'6ptq nor( I ettl',,6r1o1 Eev eivat pua au0aipe'cn xr.ca,oxeul tou

ro"oprrof aD.& axo).ouoei .Elq'<<gov6c tou zlapetr06v'toq,>> Tlou tou prttrrive

p.ioa an6 14 x77i<315' O P&vxe, pe av6)'o1o rp6xo' avdyvdlpr'\e'c.o

p6).o t;r1c qor,rootog oc;v avtintrcrol 'tov tp6rov ox6tflc tt''rv lotoplxdrv

rou npoorinorv.Ynriplel enop6varg rp.a ir.acl,opa avapeoa qe VW' Oeopia nou apvettdt

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proygagia xov 6yet pev n).{pr1 ouveiElorl m;9 ouv0e'u6lunrd'c'cnq w'coPt-

x{c'yv6o1c, ,toro}.orOei 6Froq va 0eopei 6n' npdlp'attxoi riv0pronor

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314. Hayden White, <<The Historical Text as Literary Artifact>' om Tropics of

Dscourse, Ba).r4.l6p1 1978, o. 82.315. Natalie iavis, The Rerurn of Martin Geurre, Kaipnprt(, Maoo' 1983'

,i&r

H I:TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKOTTO AIONA

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TO TEAO> TH> DTOPTAI O> ETTTXTHMONTKOT KAAAOI; _ 159

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o16, a.vr6vop.o o6oclpa nou Ela0dteL lLLd. ovvcdxtrx! Eop{. Eniorlq, rly'iircoa Eev elvar iva p.too '(td. r\ petriEoorl vo{pra'uoq xar pr.ov&Et'.rvvofiltarog, aDri, avrl06ar.r,c,r ao v61p.a ano'uetreip.la ).eltoup'pf,a r1c ^p).dlo-oaq. 'H, \La. vd. ro 0dooupe 6mqoperm&": o <ivOpornoq 6ev 1p1olp.onorct11 ltrdrooa "fd ,ld.l.lera8droel rr,q oxttletq'uou, atr).& avr6 xov oxtgrc-

'uar o civOpornoc, xalop(.\erat an6 rrl y)r<ircoa. EE6 61oup,e rqv xevrpmilrDda rns otpouxtoupatrLoamiq avtitrq!1< yra rlv xolvtovia xdr a\\ wropia:o &v0ponoq xletran rtrerop.6voq p.toa oe Eop6q -or1v nepfnr<'lo'r1avri1

f,oroorx6q Eop.6q - 'cq onoieg Eev za0opi(er a}}.& 'cov xdlopl\ouv. Havri).r1rf,,1 avr! tr'al\e on$qvrm6 pd).o o,r1 ).o1ore1vrx{ Oer'.rpi,a rr.ivEexae,urciv rou 1950 x&t,cov 1960, ot1 <<N6a Kprtr,x{> ot4 Hvop.6vegflotrrreleq, xal nap&tr].1],a xat orq ov)r1,ci1oerq nou lexfuloe or1 fa].-).ia o Po).riv Mnapt xa.L ot onoieg oEly1oav orlv anoE6p,rp1 rcv ZaxNteprvrri32l. fla t1 georpia r1c 1trtiooag, ro xeip.evo Eev avagdpe,catoe x&nota e\oneg,xi1xgayp.anx6.u1ca, a}tr& eivat x).elopr.6vo orov eaut6tou. Kr aur6 wAto,6p p.6vo ̂(Ld. an ).o1ore1via, alJ&" xat ^(a ,cd. Lc.co-ptoypd,gm&. xeipeva. A9o6 ra xeipeva Eev avag6pov.rcrr o.rrlv rcpd."f1.&,cl-x6'c1ra, ).6e1 o Mzrapt, 6ev unripler 6ragop& p"era\6 a).{Oeraq xar puOo-nlvoiaq322.To xeiplevo Eev av.urp.eranfterat p.6vov ave[&p.cnaa an6 rr"gol6oerq rou pe tov e{arteplx6 x6ogto, a}Ad. aveEaprnca w. an6 .co ov'f-Tpag€a tou. Aur6 nou evEragdpel eival ar,ox)\ewatx&, ro xeip.evo, 6yr" ron).aioro p6oa oro onoio levv{01xe. To en6pevo 6i1o,7!ou ro €xave oMrori). Qouxtir , eivan 11 eEagau,,o1 "cov c,vT fgd.gta al rcagayovrog c,Xe,cl-

320. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, AovEivo 1983 fCorrsde linguistique gdndral, 1916. MaTfip.ara "yevtxfi€ yAa,ocr,i,o"yiaa, Ag{va 19791.

321. BI. Art Berman, From the NewCriticismtoDeconstruction, Urbana, 1988.322. Barthes, <<The Discourse of History>>, 6.n.

158

316. Patrick Bahners, <<Die Ordnung der Geschichte: Uber Hayden White>>, Mer'kur 46 (1992), Heft 6 (1992), o. 313.

317. Gaston Bachelard, The New Scientific Spirit, Booravl 1984318. Paul Feyerabend, Against Method, AovEivo 1988 lEvtivrta or4 1.,.!0o3o: lw

y.m avapTrxil 1eapia rqe V6o4e, Oeooa).ovix1 19831.319. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions,24 6xEoo1, Erx&4o

1970 [H iop.fi ,catv Ento,tqlt"ovtxcitv Ercavaonioeav, Oeooa].ovlxl l98t]

H I>TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO:TO AIONA

1ew va atlerd,. p"w x&fletr1Er1o.uo1.ria p.e.ca(6 enwriyt1q xat pqropwi1qEf26ox va y[verar. xdravo1r6 6rr. x&.Oe y].6ooa, oupnepr].ap.6avop.dv1c

xdn anq €:rlorlpovr,xflc 1trdrooag, tyer. Vtd. prycopt>r\ 6t&orao:4. OnorqTriet o ltd Ka;npa-, <<dv'ci1 11 r&"or1, nou op(el r1v enlo.u{p'rl oq,v rov6awinc,)ro i1'co dv'ctle:,o 'ryq pyl'Eoprx{6, ouv8urio,c\xe ovyva g.s rrlv ure-p&onwr1 ev6c','xa0apo6 6gouq" ro onoto unoti0e,ral-6rr. elaprarat an6to avtrxetprv6 'vov i1 6.n eivar, evre).cbg Eugav66>>324. Aev vElorarat6poq ,ci,tor,o <<xa0ap6 6goqrr. ).u1v npalp.atx6r4,ca, xort 11 w.coptxil

Tpc.gi, ax6pa xd.t .co 66xaro iva.co xdt rov erxoq,r6 attitva, omlv enoyil,c't)c, eildrye).patonor11;.tv1g ennrilplq, Eev 6,yaoe ra p1roprxa { ).o1o-,ceyvtxd c1C 1vc'lpfop,ara. Kt au'c6 e(var. x&,rr, nov ot p"e.ya),ot rcroptxoi, rod.yd."(\6pLedv. O Privxe, 'yr.a xagadeL^(V.d,, r6vt(e roq I corop(a Eev efvalpdvov^ enlor{g.1 a}.}.ri xat .c€yv1, xal rcac. dvr&, ra. Erjo eivar a6laril-p,.o,ca325. Eivar evEex.cm6 6rt o Tdovtop M6p.oev nipe ro Nog.n6). i1cltoyo,ceAvi,aq 11 6e6rep\ qopd nov au.c6 anovep.rj0lxe, ro 1g02. fl6padn6 x&.nora pepr.ovr'ip.6va €pya nooottxilg to.coptaq, )*yoor&. eivar .ua Eefl-lLd,,cd. lLtd.c, t6.coprc"fpd.gtag nou va, p.rlv nepldlouv p.la olp.av.Elx{ prpopl-x\ \ )royoreuu,xil ovyroq,ioa' ax6p.a xal 1 x).eropetprx{ pre}.6.ur;

',_rvRobert Fogel xal Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross, napa rry ,cepa-o'ctd, iro'o.clxil tl,c rexp.1pir,lor1, ag:{.yetrar. ptr.a w,copta nov tyet or6yov.d neioet'uov avayvdro'E'vJ 7roq, 1 Eou).eia eiye x6oroq ,6oo oi*oro1ti6(no xan av0pdxrvo. H pryoprx{ nat(et, 666a,.d, oql.rawrx6 p6),o xat o,calryTpaga 6&oer. rlu'v onoiarv Eou).e6el o wrop,.x6c,. dl ,.r116q, i1 rov\&Aro'c.ovca €yypdEa rlou Xpl?orp.e6ouv orq T:4Ttq, etvan xat ra liw /,a-,ool-x€q xd.caoxeu6q, xeipeva, ra onota, rrriq xt av e(van an)ra o:rot$ei.a,Iplorlr,oTroro[v p4ropmt< 6.cpd,.c\Ttxtq ym va Eeftouv x&rt. 'Ooo TLa taora.,ctqrtx&, EeEopr,6va, eivar, xar, aur&, enlteylttva xar, xaraoxevaop.€va.

. 'Eva pey&).o Ttigoq r1c zoroptxilg oxtJlqc naipver, oipepa ora'oo6a-

pa rr,g napanava avc).ritlelq ^(a .cn 1\tinoa ycil ,cny xetp.evrx6rrya. H1alJ.1x1 oup,6o).r1 o' avrtq r4 ovlqr-ipetq enqptaoe 6a0n 11 ).o1ote-7qvrxt'1 xprtr,x\ xat Oeopia ocrq Hvop.dveq flo).rrelec. H ezrf8paol qc$.oooo).o1xric Oet,rpiaq o,cLc, Lqaoptx6q onou86g un{pEe prela}.rirep1 ottqtlvog.6veg flo),rteieg nap&, orqv iEu q la).).ia, xdt p.toa otrq Hvo.rp.6-veq llo).rreiec, xa,cd.qo.,ltirq pela).6.uepr; o,uo yiolpo r1c evpandixig nap&.

TO TEAOT THI IITOPIA> ox EIIETHMONIKOT K\AAOI;

324. 2ro t}to, o. 42325. B),. <<On the Character of Historical Science>>, oto Leopold von Ranke,

Theory and Practice of History, o. 33-34.

w 16l

qopevou g'6 rrrv rcapa^(@'y'rr tt'rv xeqr6vorv. Kar xdltiq eEa\e(gerat oovyypagtac,, VdCt rov eldgavt(ovtar dx6 to xetpevo 7'n;o*rrrr6,r7r"oxdl .co v6rp,a. fla .uov Oouxril, enop6vog, l oropi"'aaver. ro v61p&tqc' etvat pw 6o,c,epr1,erclv61o1 .rou Eurlxo6 av0pdrnou o, au.u6 nouanoxa),e( <<x\aoxi1>> gao1 r"r1C-o611pov1C r,orop[ag', gaorl nov anore],elr10r1 nape).06v. eatverar napri6o(o,'fio"t'or-noii.a'"Ji1rr"l io, @orxti,,

xvptaq ota 6gya,cov.^fla r1v tpd).a, tr,g x).lvmdg, "1i ",1rrpta

xar tnoelovalrrx6rqra, alJ,a xol oilq pel&).eq oeolpltlxdq ;r, ;;;"r;"fo.Jr:H apyatoAoyh r4e Trri"!€ xat Oi Ai(eq xdt rd, npdyp.ara gavepcbve_.Edr, lrep 6)ra aulu&., pw 6a0w otoptxil onw\.

H xpr'rrxi1 rov eovxtit xat 'cov Nteprvt& t*'et or6yo rlq l'eo),oylx6qnpoxaralrfiSerq TEou xpliovrat p.€oa oe xa}e ietp.evo.'"To *rtp.rvo, u7!o-orlpi(ouv, nptnet va ane),eugep.il}ei, an6 m_ouyTr;d,g6a rov. t*"Aii"_va, gtloonaortxonoto}v r1v avrD.lt!,,\ rou fr"jp yio ,r1 yL, qoa. lwrov Xr,roip, I t),dro1arEr60ete

","6i; pfa Eog.r1. o,.orrio,:o. oriotlpa.Y"ipx, ax6p.a p.m ev6rqra avd.p.eod o"1 li(1 (",

"rld; y) xat ,onpayp.a qro oroto avagtpelar ("o

--orlparv6prro). t";r''N;;; wd. 6yer.na|er, va .un&,pyet av14 11 ev6r4rd. ti

^u*, ,n, Axi"rrl;::r" q\v.d.t_

v6p.eva 6i.auc, xalapd. voilpara, ̂1w( 'Eev

un&p1e t x&.norc op1,1rr18'oollteto oro ono(o pnopoJp.e vd ani,oidsooupe 6va oag6q v6r1p.a. I.ra r1vroaopLo fpd.cpta au.c6 owen&ye,cal dvav xooll;o Eipq 6lt *i o"rpr1pr.6vocrir' .r.ovc, avOpdrnoug,orq 8pdrvreq nap&yovrec,, on6 ,rr 6ori.1o.a xa.t.ctc,npo06oetq tov avOprirnalv, 6vav^x6o1,r.o'Ei1oq xap.d. oruofi .

Av ).orn6v eivaz va e(axo),ou0!or, ,o lpogrra,,", ""J'fefi.ov

r,oro_gta, 0d nptnet va n&.ger. te).eiorq Elagope"ixtq Vopg€q.lr"l I T?raVlL\oxi,lrlc.owepioryxe o:*g olrprrorrriq ou(1t{oeiq ^(m. ,c\ cp6or1 r1c,,::::::.!: !.1:a,e\q

fra rov x6uvrev xov&.,.,,' ""iir;td;: ),p6,.,, ,obleTroup.e .r'rJv ro.Eopr,oypagta oqpepa ag tvd xad, x6pto l6yo troyoreXvr_x6 el6oq nou axo).ou}et ra ,pirfipro rqq ).oyoreyvtaq. O Nc6puvrx AaKanpa,,ro 1985, np6rerve pw Lo.torltoTpagta nov 0a exavaxripet rq

l^\,aoPD<n x,ot6rqra nov t$et ano}1oavpiore[ an6 :cov xatp6 r4q x],aoz_xtle apXazot\.rd.q xar, p.etinetcd323. To Edxato €roro or)Jruo,'xa0tiq q

Yl"/f ava6et70r1xe oe enayye).1.taru6 ̂ yv.ito,cm6 x).&Eo xat al(aoe va

Y??|t,"", auo m1pi1 enw ripr,. o.t. to r optxot o vav6. npoona0o6o av va anca),_Ad.<ouv r4v oropm\ ^rpdgi an6 ra prltoptxa ototyei.a T71g. ,Eyve

ouv.i_

323. Dominick La Capra, <<Rhetoric and Hisrory>>, o.co History and Criticism,Ithaca 1985. o. 15-44.

163162 H IITOPIO|PAOIA 'TON

EIKO>TO AIONA

,c\c, d.peplxdvD(rlq ro'uopiaq. Zrq en6p.eveq oe).iEeq 0a aolo).r10o6p.e ne-ptoo6repo, aD.,i 611 anox),eonxa, p.e rq ap,egxavmtq ou(lr{oer g, ywrte8ri enrvo{0r1xe 11 6wora tr1€ <<p.oromilc orpogiqr326.To xevtprx6o,cotye(,o av'ci1c, 'E\c, <<oapogqcr> tyxet ar o.rlv avayvci-rplorl .qq olpa-oiaq :'rr1c y),6ooag f rou ).61ou orrl E6p.r1or1 rt,.lv xorvovuiv. Or xorvo-vrx6q Eop.6q xar, 6w6maoteq, nov 0e<'lpo6vrav xa0opwrm6.€ Tra rrlv xor,-ycovtd xa;t 'u1v xoutrtoipa,, avtrpr,erant\ov.car, 6Io xar neploo6tepo ognpcit6v,ca t1c xou).ro6pag, voo6pev1q t,-lq etrxor,vowax!€ xorv6tltag. Autfr

7 i.p.gaorl oq p.<irooa 6Aer. xuple6oel oe p.e1&).o 6a0p.6 r1v no),rtrxd,xol,vr,-rvrx{, rco}.t.uloprxi xal Eravorytxil toropi,a rorv te}.eu.uaiorv 1p6vc,-rv.Ai0.&, nag6rt unriplouv ovyypagei4 nov gr&vow oe no).6 pt\oonaonxtqov,tendytoytq an6 tr1 /.oroo).o1lx{ 0ealpia, av&yovrag t1v rotopia oeg,la orlpelo).oyia yrc tp oxoia 11 xor,vrovia avtl1.,.erconfle,ca;l ,i,c. xoutrro6pa,xar. 11 xovlsolpa aq 6va <<E(xtuo orlpaoldrv>> xov ltot&\et p"' 6va ).o1ote-

Avx6 xetg*evo ro orcoto Eev enlEdler ar. avayayfi oe VLd. e[orxeqrevmn npo f-p.arm6r7rd. riD.or. 'oropmot 6).6nouv 'u1 /.drooa oav tva epla).eio npo-o 6yyr.o4c'rrlq xotvovt xi6 xat no).lrlop.lx{ c, rcpa.(Vds,tx6rryc aq.

O no).rrlopr.rx6g av0po:ro).61oq Clifford Geertz 66ore t1 olpavtx6-.uep1 iotoq cb0r1o1 o,cr1v xare$0uvo1 .ur1c olpelo).oyrxi1c, rcpoot^f"flonc, ltqxou).to6pag. <<Xup.grovrirv,rd.c, V.e tov MaE B6prnep>>, yp&.cpeq <<6rr. o ay-Optonoq eival 6va Ldro nou €Aet nworei oe wro$q voflpa.uoq rovq onoiovgo iEroq €yet ucpaveq 0eorpcir norq xou)..uo6pa eivar. avro( axptitiq or roroi.,xar enop.6v<,-rc 1 avri).uon ,nc Eev eival Vta ileed,Vd.tx\ er,to,ci1p.l rcourlt&.yver. va 6per. v6poug, a).).ri prla epp.lveucx{ nov ava\"r1,t&, ro v6"q-

Vo">>327. ADd oqv dwou <<6ixruo olpaordrv>> Eiver 6va no).6 Engope-ru6 v6"rpa an' avr6 nou 6iver o B6pnep. fra tov B6p.nep avr6 owt-oro6oe pna anoxilpu[r1 qc letxwrmil( pe06Dou r,ov neptogi.\e,cat or\yepneprxfl naparip4o1,cnq .l,pd."N.arm6rr1r ag. H npay'p.aru6r.r^,ra, ),6er.o B6pnep axo).ou0civcaq rov Kcvr, eival npooelyiotlq pr6vo p.e rI Fe-

326. m.. J. E. Toews, <<Intellectual History After the Linguistic Turn: The Auto-nomy of Meaning and the Ineducibility of Experience>>, American Historical Review92 (1987), o. 879-907' Martin Jay, <<Should Intellectual History Take a LinguisticTurn? Reflections on the Habermas-Gadamer Debate>>, oro Dominick La Capra xatSteven Kaplan (er4r.), Modern European Intellectual History, Reapraisals and NewPerspectives, Ithaca 1982, o. 86-110' Richard Rorty (enq.r.), The Linguistic Turn:Recent Essays in Philosophical Method, Zrxayo 1967.

327. Clifford Geertz, <<Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory ofCulture>>, .npo,rc xega),ato rovGeertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, N6a y6pxr1 1973,o.5.

TO TEAOE THE I'TOPIA), OX ETII>THMONIKOT KAAAOT;

aol'&.61o7 ).olrxtirv xdT IToPt6v rou vou'. Aut6 6poq xa1e alJ1o nag&'

;;;;, an6ipr,1,1 praq duo.u.,lpri }.o.1m{c f, xorvorvxo-enro.r7)1.!.ovixi6

Zojtr":"r*t.Ipoyg"orr, "(Ld, .co\r B6p.nep rl <<dv'urxetp.evrx6trlra>> owrcr;,.,

:;;';;pq rvraio' ).[0o rlq xorvovr,xo-erro.rlp.ovrxtq avalfiryotl1 Autrl

,i orr,r""r1"rvu6r7ra Eev 61el \td. x&.\et p.' 6va <<avtme[prevo>> rou eE,te-'lr*ot,

"*gtou a).).ri p.e

'ylv xorvovtxo-snrotlpr.ovtx{ pr'e0oEo}.o1ia pe 'tlv

I"ri, rrrl." 0,rw. avr6c, o x6op.oq. Au'u1 1 pr.e0o6o).o*x! )to1x! 6aet rs

okeq ,c^f.ts o,ulv nveup arwil wropia rov Eu.umo0 x6op.ou nov lexwa p"e

[r'u ,ff.ru,"i7'ap7a,ilr1ru' aor6oo, €qer. a.lb Tta'uy)v op0o].o'yrx{ ox6{r1

,'J, "ag"

xou)."oipa. flapa06oap'e iEl 'c1 06o11 cou B6pnep 6tr' ottc'

i.o,ururr6q "n

orilprq 1 )'o*xf e',t*e''\tLd"co1o1ia n,,€ner' vd' etval 10'i6ro

n"ro"r*i1 yw'ro pua).6 ev6q Krv6(ou 6n<oc, xa,, ev6g Auerxo6. H

6"grn proril iruo,o tou <<rEe6ru7rou>> Eev apveirar" -av'ui,1erd, npoiito06-

"ri-'"rfn avrill{.,r1 n,g vnapyouv rpaTpd,rx€q xorv<'tvlx6q. Eopl6g xal

Era|rxaoieq Trou ouvi,oro,3y ro dyrtxeiplevo a't1c, elu1lT1l.ovrxiq 6peuvaq.

Avalvorp(er noq Eev eival Euvadl lLLa xd,gd.Pd. ep.nepm{ npoo€'yywt1'

E61erar,' uor6oo, Tt(,)q propei xave(g vd. 7lpooe:V,.(ioe-r .Erlv xo.i,vovrxfi npay

1ni',6t7r d etr611ov'rag << l5e6tunoug >> > a,EL7r&?d6&pr'ovt&q rou. p'e'tc''"1rn"rgr*i.

evpilltara. Enln).6ov, Trd .rov B6p.nep, 1 xolvt'-rvlxfl^ enr.o'ci1,pq

pe).er& tq pdxpoib ropu€g xo;t lLml.Po>rolvtovlx6q Dop'6c xal ElaEmao[e<

nou Erap.opgdrvouv tlq xolvorv[eq. Aut{ 1 ep.povt'1 oe oaqeig 6vvoleg xal

p1t& Eu'uuxop6veg 0eorpieq anore\e[, xag<itc eiDapte, t7 .6ao7 ev6g pr'e-

1ri).ou H.6pouq 'rou xotvt,rvtxo-€7rt'o'trlpovrxo6 petp'aroq, 6noq t1g 1ep-pgvmiq o1otr{c <(c.aoprxi1q xorvo.rvrxd€ enror{p1c>> rou Hans-ulrich

Wehleru o, ,ouJi.irgen Kocka, 'cry onota 1 no),ttlo1,tl,xi1'chotl anopp{xnet

t,rq d,vrmerp,evocm!.flap& ).oln6v ilq a\d.qop6g tou otov B6p.nep, o Geeftz axo)'ou0ei

6vav no).6 Eugopecrx6 Ep6p.o. Au'u6 nou x&vouv or av0porno).61or, paq

l,6el, <<Eev .iuoi t!"1po p.06Erutt al).& praq <<nuxvi1c lrePtYPdqilc>>- H

nuxv'i1 neprypdcpil orf eva).).axtrx{ }.6o1 an€vav'ct otrl p.60oEo or1pt\e-

'car n&vo oE [,ttd avti].r1f1 'fd. x'ryr xou].to6pa 'u1v onoia o Geettz

328. BL <"Objectivity" in Social Science and Social Policy>> oto Edward Shils

xar Henry A. Finch (enq.l.), Max Weber on the Methodology of the Social Sciences,Glencoe, Il1. 1949 [Max Weber, <Die "Objektivitlit" sozialwissenschaftlicher und

sozialpolitischer Erkenntnis>>, oro Gesammelte Aufsdtse zur Wissenschaftslehre, l95l'<<H "avtnelFevx6r1ra" tr1q yv6o1C ottq xotvovtx6g enlotilpreq wl't o'r\\.xolvtlvlxflno)ltrx.{>>, oro Max Weber', H' pe1oboAoyia rav xowavtxriv enorrlptbv, A0{va l99l l.

164 H DTOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

opi(er oq <<olpero).o1x{>>3 zs. Ml,a xou}..uo $pa 6w0t ret Xd4awc\pro :c',x&."y),rbooag, 6nti,q xar" 1 1).cbooa owror&, <<o6orr;pla>>. Au.u6 xriver, Duvat{t1v epp.lveia, ago6 x&0e rpalr, xat x&Oe txgpao1 €aer" ptr.a oup.6o).rxdalld 11 onota avrtxa.tonrpt(et to o6vo).o .ur1c xoutr'uo6paq. H nuxv{ zre-prrca'gi oqp.atver. .c1v &p.eo1 avrmdphleo1 pe .crq oupr6o).rx6q exgpaoetq.u1q xou).to6gaq, ana),),a1p.6v1 ar,6 6)ra ta 0eopr;rlx&. egl.i.riytard. rcov,

F.e rrq aqa;r"p6oer,g, aneltro6v va droTupvciloouv tlq exErl).tiloelg 'u1g xou),-.co6paq an6 r'r1\arm6m1r&. rovq.'Eror, av,ci1 q av0porno).o1rxi, avrma-paleorl [Le ao e\atxeipr.evo qc pre].6rr1C p.ioa an6 vp nuxv! neprypacp!ndpovofi,\et pLd. elT,Lga\elax\ olto6tl1rd g.e rrlv €ppTlveurmil npootyyw1tou x).aorxo6 wroputoltoi.t, o onolog 06).er va <<xanavo{per>> ro avrtxei,-prev6 tou ana).),a1pldvo an6 agar.p€oetq. Atr).& aut{ 11 opr.or6tlta etvacanarr1kfi. H epplveu.utx\ 66yel'a;t 6rt p.era\$ nagamlpryril xat ir,q.paa\-podp.evou vn&.gya. tvd xor.v6 6Dagoq nov xa0ror&.6uva.u{ rqv xatav6rprl.O Geertz, avc06torq, 6)t€ner. ro av,crxetgtevo .rrlq nagadlpryoqq ag x&.rtto evce).drg }mgopetma H avalo.rytl ,cov av.ulxelpl6vou oe 6poug noup.ropo6pr.e va xatavoilooupe olpaivel rrlv xapo;p,6pg1(l,orcou xo.l 6At r7o6111{{ rov p.ioa o.u1v erep6'uqr&, rcv.

Xro npo11o$p.evo xega),ar.o avagip0lxa oolv eniDpaol xou etAe oGeertz or1v wroptd, ,cnc, xa0rlpreplvfc \ruhc, xat. or1 l.r.rxpoibropia. EEor0a aolo\Oo0pr pr rl orlpero).oyr.xi1xpoo€yrdrl or4v no).rtroprx{ wrop|a.H rpoo6llloy) .uou Geertz, r1v onol,a 16oo ovTva enua),e[.car y ng6oga-t1 no)ltro1l.rxi1 r.orogta, nagovot&\er. Errigopa npo6)riy-ram ̂fia VLa x?wL-xil toropia. O Geertz 6y. ,p"6vo Eev eivar ro,coptx6g, a).),& o6.ue evEragdpe-'uar no).6 Tu 'rrlv r,oropta. H nepigrlp.l pr.e).6'u1 ,cou ̂ (td. ,clc5 <<xoxopo4.d"-ytec, oro Mnatri>)33O etva;, €va xdri.t yapaxrlptoru6 napaieryp.a l.l/<xpooiyr,oilq rou. Or avrlEprioer€ .rou xolvoi o,c\\ >roxopop.aa(a ava-x).o0v p.ra xou).ro6go \ onoia avrryrerant\eran ox 6va o6or:4p.a o-q-preit'rv, nou eivar xat evwto xar. ora0ep6, anote).cbv.uaq 6va 6).o. O GeertzEev 6).6ner r1v xou).ro6pa ptoa ota n),aiom rcdv xorvovlxciv Ela8lxa-otciv nou oul.l6aivouv o.rrlv xorvt,rvid ,uov Mna).i' odre aolo).ei"rat pte rtgxol,vt-tvtx6q Elapdoelq xa. .cLc. xorvavrxtg ovyxpo6oer,q. 'EtroL, napa rcErax1pulp.6vo or6yo.Eou vd anogtyet.url ouor1pcrronotrlo-r1 Ndl \d, eruL-xevrpo0ei oe pla p.ovriErxl exE{}.oo1 oupneprgop&g, xa.ca}rilyet o d.v-

329. Geertz, <<Thick Description>>, o. 5.330. Clifford Geertz, <<Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight>>, oro The

Interpretation of Cultures, o. 412-453.

wTO TEAOT TH> I>TOPIAI O> E

331. <<Captain James Cook; or the Dying God>>, oto Sahlin, 1slands of History,

Xtx&1o 1987, o. lO4-135.332. Robert Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French

Cultural History, N6a Y6pxr1 1984.

ngv axptfi<isq 'trl <<U.ctxPo->> av'uil.r1{.,I 'ur}q xorvtoviag r1v onoia anopp[-

nler. Kl aur6 oElyei. o' 6vd p.e0oEo).o*x6 avop0o).o*opr.6. H epp.lveia

xov)rnoipar, ndgovowY.erat apeoa p.npoor&, otov av0porno\6^fo Aut6 livetalyld, vd anoqevllei 1 napep6o).{ unoxerp,evrxia,v npoxa,ca},:iyl.,eorv, or onoteq

inor,,.1g1,w, 6rr. ypap.art(ouv .Eo €pto ,c6oo rtov ava).utlxcitv xotvt'rvtxti-lv

efi6frlp6vcl)v zcou Eou).e6ouv pr.e 6&o1 oeorpl,cma enefegYaop.|va epcot{-

ua,ca'doo xar .rcdv napa}oowxrbv rtoplxrirv nou nloreuav 6.ul pr,nopoUoav

,o*ororoiloouv ro avttxeiplevo'ur1c pe).dt1q'souq. Xtlv rpa^1p'at'x6'c'1-

,ca 6pd,q Eev urriplouv plxdvrop.oi e).611ou o.Erlv epp.rlveta rnq xou).to6-

pd,q ,cov Geertz. To anot6).eo'p.a eivar, Tl ercd\eLod,^(t'11{ rrlc uroxerg'evr-

x6,c7r0.g i "ttc gavrojoiag.uou av0po-rno),61ou n&.vu oro av.ulxeipevo. 0

f&D.oq xolvorvrotr6log fllep Mnoupvfl6 orrl p.e).6tr1 lou \w. rr;v xou).-,co6pa rov Mayxptyrn, npooigege pu Etagoponollpr.6vl etx6v.a'u1c xou).-

@$:?d"q an6 xeivlv rov Geerrz. H npoo611loi1 l'ov, 7 onotd rovftet rd

otxovopx&, xdi xotvovtx&" n)ralow 'ur1c xoutrtoiPd.c,' d,\d|\/V(Ui/gKovrac 6yraq

ro oupr6o).rx6 Tdgaxripa dvrdsv.uorv o16oeotv, gavepcbver" 16oo.rylv ap-

atxil oov p.ahqreia orrl p.apEr,ormfi ox€Qr1 6oo xan'q Erx{ 'uou erdvep-

lilveia rou pap(topo6. Xuprgtlvei pre tov Ma[ B6p.nep 6'ct, oe re']'evrata

av&).uor1, ol 6woteq 'cnc, 'crtLic, unelo6plov'udt oarc, or'xovo'1.m€g oA6oer4

\td,\d, Eup.opgtiloouv 6va zro).1'uto1.tlx6 un6o'uporpa. H xou).'co6pa Eev prope[

vcl av'rtpe'EtonQerar. n).6ov org 6va auto'uetrig xety.evo, atr).ri t'lc iva no-

).tclx6, xolvtrvlx6 xd.t otxo\o[u'x6 n]rdtor.o a]).4^1dlv nov nptnet va

ngooery1lbetar. p6oa an6 ra o6p.6o)ta 'cov.X'uo olpeio avr6 p.nopo6pe va avagep0o0p.e oe E6o rapatr).a16c c1c

xard. Geeiz ngoo€1y'l,.o'rq xar,'tlv egaPp.olf 'couq n&'vll o' tva '.oropu606pa: ot1 pe).6q 'uou Marshall Sahlin '(a 'co lavaro rov K&tcro.w

Kouxs3l xil o.cn pr.e).6q tou Robert Damton, H y.eydA4 opayfi T av

Tacdv332.0 Sahlin nep,.yp&.get 'u1v atr).r1).6Epao1 E6o Engopetrxdrv prop-gtirv xou).ro(tpaq, :qq notruvr;orax{c xou}.co6pd'c, 'c'\q Xd6a7c xa;l anqEut,lx{c xou}.'uo6pag torv Bpe'uavtilv e[epeuvl'utiv zrou elo6&ner orr]v npdntl,xa0ep.d an6 rq oxoteq 6aer. ry Em{ qc }.o1x{. 'Enerra enaer.pei, vaeElTiott t1 Eo).ogovia 'cov Kovx an6 rovq Xa6avt\ovc, 6aoet ev6q 0p1-

H I'TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

cxeu'ct>(oti xu}ma m6 ya6av6(rxr1q xou).robpac, evti ravr6Tltova 'rrlv,conole.ce[ p,'ioa oro zr].aiolo qC e€rin],<rlolq .uou Eu.umo6 xama]vlop.o6.'Eto6 xeipevo xar, xltato'o avagop&.g, nov $,rav Dulc.rplopr6vd. q,co\ Geerlz,enavaouvE6ov'Ecrt. Atr).& otre avril y av&n)o,o1 ,c4c 7a6av6(lx1g xou).-ro$pag, 6xa,c, xat 1 p.e).6r1 11€ xoutr.uoipd.q aov Mna).i an6 rovGeerrz,E!a06rer apxemvq p11avro1.ro6g ep.reprxo6 e).61Xou. 0 Darnton, 6aotl6-pevoq o.rl pagrvpta ev6q Fd$qreu6pevou 'cvr,oypagov rpwvra yt6vw p"etaro yeyov6g, agrletrar. lurp wtopid puaq te).eroupTrxiq ldvanaorlc ya-.udrv nou rcpa"fiLarolror,eircat oav plu oupr.6o).m\ rpa\y e[61epo1g tr,rv.cvno'ypagtov evav'uia 6'co d,gotflx6 rovq xd,t o'crl ov(vy6 tou. Ozog ).dero Zapo#,, o Damton Xprlorp.onorei tr1v xou).ro6pa pr.e 6pouq tou Geertzoav <<iva ,.ocopr.x&, p.etaEt8dp.evo o6vo).o volp&rov €voog.dropdvcov oeotp.6olra, tva oi.nryl.ra x).r1povopr.1pr.6vorv avrr,).{{eorv nou exgpa\owatoe oupl6o).mi Vopqi, xar, p.toa rou onoiou ol rivOporzor enlxor,vrovo6v,Eraro.lvi(ouv xcl avaxrlooouv rr1 Tuti,ol \Fr,,cnl,r:i1xat rq or&oetq rouqantvavrr, o' aur{v>>333. Onc'rq x&vet xa;r, o Ae Pouri Aavrupi oro Kapva-6dAt or4 Romans\34, o Damton epp.rlve6el t1v te).erou pytxil ocpayfi ,pe6pov9 1-ttaq oe[oua],lx{c eni0eo1c, pr6oor t1q otr,olaq or. uEwrap.evor or-xovol.r,rx{ xdr xorvovrx{; exp.e.uritr}.Euol avrtTla parilevr at" ovp.6o}rrxa o r ovgavarr6pouq rovq. Kat 6na,g xar, o Geertz otlg <<Koxxopop,ayieg oroMna).i>>, o Darntonnpoonalei. va ou).).&6er q ).aix{ xou}..uoipa. Tau-,c6ygovd, ronolerei, dvr6 ro xelprevo p,,6oa oro eupitepo n].aioro t1colyxpovolc nou npo6xu{e an6 rov or,xovopm6 pteraoyqltarwlt6 ry<'cvnoypdcpiag x&"ra an6 rrp nieol tou xaxnalrrormol exov y1povr-op.o6. 'Op.trg tragap,|vel .co epdlrlpa, a.v p.€oa ar.6 my nuxvri rlepl"f?q-qh 'cnc 6qd\hc, .urov 1a.uciv, 11 onoia 0up.i(el ,crc xoxopollaAieg mvMna).f , p.zropei xaveic, va avax\&.oet xpayp.arr, pua xou).c ovpa oe 6),qrlq .ulv no).un),ox6rrya.

fIap6rr, o Geertz ano.ce),ei, oulv{ avacpop&. rt,lv ro},rrropuxdtv wropl-xtirv, orlv np&En gatverat 6'ur 1 eni8paoil rov oro ipyo roug un{p[enepropr,op6vl, ntpa an6 mp dr0r1or1 rcov aovc 66cooe ̂fia \d. orpagoivltdxgr"&, ax' av,c6 nov dxoxa\ei <<nelpapanxil enwrip.yl Trou avd\r1ra

333. Roger Chartier, <<Texts, Symbols, and Frenchnes s>>, Journal of Modern History57 (1985), o. 684.

334. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Carnival in Romans, Nea y6px1, lgTg [tecarnaval de Romans: de lo chandeleur au mercredi des Cendres lb7g-1b80. flaobtle7el .

TO TEAO> THE DTOPIA> O> EIIIETHMONIKOI KAAAOI; t67

v6pouq ["prcl Fud eppr]veu:*xfi xov ava\1'ca. v61p,.a>>335. E' aut{ t1v

avatfiiqorl tou voilpatog, 1 p.drooa €ywe 6vd onltdvlx6 o1p.er,o).o1x6

epla).e(o. 'E'uor. npdypa'uonoli0lxe Vw, <<ytrrrrooxri orgogil>> oe Er&go-

peq xegoytq 'urlq xotvov,.xilc xat no).lrtoprxflg r.oaopiag, nouOevri 6pr.oq

Eev elxaca).eigO1xe 1 nero[01o7 6u 1'1].tiooa dvacpiperat, o'trlv TrpaT-

paru6rryra, 6nuq yiverat orrlv encrvepp.lveia rrlq ooouptav{1c ̂flr,.looo-).o.1rxi1c Oeorpiaq an6 rovc, Mnapt, Nceplv'uri, xat. [\vor&.p.

@d eEerc,o,... ev ouvto1,,.ia pteplxo6g npooavato),loporiq rrlc rp6ogatyc

xorvorvrxfc xal no).ltroVLriF, waopi,ac, nov anoEiEouv npotte6ouoa 06o1or7 ylviooa i1 oro ).d1o, 611 aq tva vnoxar&qraro T nq xotvt'lvlx{1c

npayp.atm6'cnrd4 atr).ri t,lq 6vav o81^p6 npog autfv:Yn&.pyet pw rao1 Trov d,rco1d>rp6v0r1xe rceprcoirepo an6 r4v no).1'ur,-

oprtxil avOpono).o1i.axat. n).1oiaoe xovt0tepa o'utg napa,Eoor.axiq popg6crriq Envolrzxilc wrop|ac, xd; 'c\\ onoia 1gioxoupe orrq pe).dce6 'u1ewrop(ag t1€ rcofurtxilc oxlrlrlc 'uorv J. G. A. Pocock, Quentin Skinner,xar ReffiartKoselleck. Xe noDd Oupr.(er c1v na).r6'uep1 Ecvoltrxil toropkcarv z).aolxri.tv lotoprtilv rEedlv 'uov Mnevevt6'uo Kp6'coe, FriedrichMein-ecke, R. G. Collingwood, xd,l Arthur Lovejoy. Eexlvodv xt avrot epp.'tlveu-.uxd,, pe).et,Jivrrzc, ,ca xetp.eva nou cigloav ol pteli).ol no).lttxol o'cogd.-o.c€g. Atyov,cd.L Tracs av'c&, ra xeip,eva nepl6louv rlq npo06oe4 rt,;v ouT-ypag6av .covc, xd"t, 6nti,g xat ot x'),aqtxot np66pop'.o[ trovc,, rcloaeiow 6rtEou).ed aov Lo,uorrtxoi eEaxo).ou0el va €yxe,.rat o'uo va epr.6a06ver ocov61pa a;v.c<itv ttov xeqr.6vo-rv. A9o6 or r8deq Eev p.nopodv ntrdov va xd,ad.-vol0oiv toq Erlploup^fieq p.e1&).ov nveup.&torv, atr).ri xptxa. va rr.q 6)'t-roup.e aq €va xopltaoc rou ).6you q€ 6lavo1r,.xi1< xo,.v6rqrac, pEoao'c1v onoia Elaru, 601xdv, o Poco"1336 ,.ot o Skinned3T orp6,govra,'ot1 ouvdlew xnq Eurx{c no).rcx{c o>tii/nq an6 ro g}copevcv6 oupr.d-vtop6 drq tr1v ep.g&vlol') ,ulc dvvocq .ur'lq xotvovtac, rl.r,v no).1'utilv otoAragt.rrlopr.6. Kar. or, E6o Xprlorll.onoro6v rov 6po <<flo)lax{ )x6rf1>> o'uougqit).ouq ra.rv 616).iolv roug. Anopaxp6vovtar dx6 rryv rdpa6oor.ax{ Eu-

335. Geertz, <<Thick Description>, o,co The Interpretation of Cultures, o. 5' fl..enicr;q rov oprop6 tou c1c, xoulro'ipaq oto <Religion as a Cultural system>>, oto iEto,o.89.

336. J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thoughtand the Atlantic Republican Tradition, flpfvo.rov 1975 xat Politics, Language andTime: Essays on Political Thought and History, Xx&1o 1989.

337. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Ren-aissance, 2 .c6p.or,, Kafprnprt( 1989.

i_

r69168 H I>TOPIOfPAOIA XTON EIKO'TO AIONA

vo\.clxi w,copld. Eivovcas 6p,gaor1 ocr,q Eop.6g ).61ou nou Eratlprj0lxavp"toa oe g.eli).eq :16tovrx6.q nepr6Eoug. B).6nov,caq ra xetp.eva oav olipd-ra per&,6oor1€ ouvel8rlta vnoor"rlpr"l6p.evolv rEe6v, Dlagoponolo6vrar, an6arc. Ver'a;1ovt6pveg avtr).{+erq "fld. .c\ y},.dnoa xd.t ,Eo }.61o. Or rE6eq,).dve , ou).trap,6avovrar. xu }raruntivovrar azc6 oxenr6tr€vouq av0pdrnouqnou 61ouv ouve[6r1o1 ,cou il x&vow, e.vto ravr6ypova avax].o6v xar Era-runcllvouv no x),atqn cou ).61ou rrlc xow6rrlraq ptoa oro onoto exg,!:-pov.Ed,r. O ).61oq npoUno06tet pua xow6rryad, ope,Etxa avr6vop.av Epcir-v.rcdv ulroxerp.6vov nou pnopo6v va enrxorvtovotv p.eml$ touq enelE{ pr.r).riveprra xorv{ y},6ooa, p6oor t1c onotaq pnopo0v va enlpe&(ouv tov no},r-.ctx6 xat xorvrovm6 x6op"o. Aut{ 1 avtil.r1f.,r1 ."l.d. ,Eo },61o Eev ar,tTetno'),[ dn6 ,u1 0eopia ,cr]q, enrxorvi.r.ywxhq npaEns tou fto6p^1xev Xd-prnepp.aq338. O ).61oq oup6&tr).er oq Erap.6pgool .ryq no).rtx{c r.po,^fp.a,ur,x6rr1taq, ax6 rrlv ono(a pte rr1 oeq&, rov enqpeal.lero;.,. O ReinhartKoselleck339 n&,er. p"axg!:uepd an6 rovc, Pocock xal Skinner, Xprlorp.o-nouivraq t1v avri).uo1 rou ).61ou orq p.6oo Trd .EIv avar,)raor1 6yt anl,a9,cr1c w'cogtdq t1q notrltuilc oxi,lr1q, atr).& xdt ala.y no).l.urxcirv xd; xoL-vcrvrxcilv Eop.tirv. 0 Koselleck, p.a\i p.e.uoug Werner ConzexdtOtto Brun-ner, E6o an6 rovg orptavrm6repoug leppavo6q xolvtlvlxo6g roroptxoitq,eyxaw[aoe ro 1973 pta enr&.rop.4 elxuxtrona[Eela <<Baorxriv oroplxcirvevvordlv>)340. Xe g.eli).d ),:i1grp,a,ca, p.epua 1te xepwo6.cepec, arc6 exar6oe).iEeg, ot ov^(\pd.geig xrivouv p"w 6a06. avri).uo1 tou vor]p.at oq wxl rli,\p.erap"opgaoeov .uov &aombv no)lrlxdrv xd,r, xorvovr,xrbv evvouiv orlfepp.avia t1v nepioEo p"era\6 l75O xat 1850. To oxenrtx6 $pav 6rtp.tod ax6 prla avri).uo1 r1G <<no).ltxo-xorvovrxfic>> f,tbooac :z1q nept6-Eou eivar Euvar6v va 61d).oug,e oupr,epao$aaa TW rouq xorvovrxolq xatnofu crxo6g We,c ao1npd.rtog.o6g an6 rovg npoveo.ueprxo6g otoug otyapo-voug 0eop.o6g xar. rp6nouq ox€ltetq nov ovltidtvouv 1.r.doa o' auril r4vxpioly.l neploEo.

Ta (.pya rorv Auv Xavr, Qgavoova. @up6, Morpiq Apu).6v, M6va0(o69 xar William Sewell TW ,crc, Ena\d.ord.rtx6c, alkay6.q oq fa).).iaxtvo6vrar ol rp xare60uvorl plaq avri).uo1< tr1€ notrlrrxfic ,.oropidq r.ov

338 Jiirgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, Boot6vl lg84 ffheo-rie des kommunikativen Handelns, Frankfun am Main lg8ll.

339 Reinhard Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time.Katprcpr,r\, Maoo. 1985.

340 Geschichtiche Grundbegriffe, xtout7xo,p6r1, 1g72-. H e"yxuxlorai6eta laeto).ox).1por0ei, exr6c, dtr6 6vav 6"yEoo r6g.o-euper{pro.

Eiver to 6&.9oc, r'ep''oo6repo ora o6p'6o)'a r.dpd.' orr'c' 6worcq' Mnopei va

oro,qrpgri. eitb xa.1 av&truo1 t1c ltrdrooaq 'ctov cahiers de doldances

Z*l "pxe,

r1c f aMrxTc Endvao,rd.6\c, ttd.t'urlq.6lp4oto)'o'aq notrr'rt-

-,ir arr" 6rox <60voq>>, <<rcotrh\e>>, xan <<xJptoq>>, nov 6xave ortg

)l*ir'.nr iexdertac, rou 1970 11 R6gineRobin34l. H Auv Xavt o'rr1v

ZWry+1' ,ou 6r6)Jou ayc [IoArcmi,.KouA'coJpa xat Td'(, ot4 laAtuxfi-i""ira"i""a (1984), e(r11ei 6rr. ro tpyo aur6 ro ouv6),a6e xar. ro lext-

io" no lgi6 oav Fucr <<xorvovtxil ,.oaopia ,c\c, er'd.\a.ra.,,xil< nofutt-

,ic" o116 6.cr. <<6a0p.,.aia oq&.grpe oe p.rc. no).r*oprx{ av&}.uor1 6;tou

o,'rrof.,",rec Eop6c [...J Eev rirav rta napa ivd xo'l,,an r*C .oroptaq>>3{?.

H Xou" xri0e riD.o ndpa' aptteiral to p6tro 'ut,rv xotvovtxdlv Eopltilv xcr

EraE,raos,iu, Eev note6el 6poq no4 apxo6v "fd \d' e(1"1!oouv tr;v Ena-

,,ooroor1. H no).rcrx{ .cqc Endvaoldo'\q Eev !.uav p"ra a1}."1 |xgpao1

ut61er,rv orxovopr.rxcirv xar xolvovrxcirv oupgep6vrcrv. Avri0e'ra, ot e7\&-

vaor&,,ceg ptoa an6 /'1 ltrtirooa .rouq, rrl cpavraoi.a aovq xd.L c1v xa01-

pepwil touq no).rttxr] 6prio1, ov1-tlteretaav o'tlv avapr6pqt''ro1 rlq xotvo-

vta.q, auyiia)rdv ot1 61plroup1(a v6ov xolvorvrxcbv xan xolscrxcirv ouv01-

xdrv. o d.7rogd.otc'crx6q napalav o.u1 Dlapr6pgool .rrlq no).r'ulx{c xou}.-,cotgag

"r1c i'aD.txqc Enava.orq'onc, had-'t, "(Ld.'cn I-"1]' or' oup6otrr'x6g

ev6p1ercq,'elx6vec, xat pl.uoplx{ .uov eTravao,cdrtisy. H Xavt avayvolp[(el

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1rt,o26rp{-6 6oy nooorr*i1< rcropldq, evdru1 }exaerta'uou 1970 orp&'-'g1xJ,'6,rrroq

e[Eap,.e, evavtiov 61t p6vov t1c napa8ooluxiq 'p'aplyonxtllavri).uo1c rrlc latrtrrxr1c Enaviord.o\c, 'cov A).p'n6p Xoprno6l3a3, atr)'&

xar evav.clov av,ulpapEro.urilv, 6nog eiyat o AlfredCobbanS44 xal o George

TaylodaS, nou andpplnrcrv 'rrlv avcfl.1{.,1 nepi dootxilg enav&.orao'rp

lg lBAOl TH) I2TOPIAT OE EIIDTHMONIKOI KAAAOT;

341 R6gine Robin, La Soci^ti frangaise en 1789: Semur-en-Anxois, Ilapiol 1970,

xan Histoire et linguistique, fla,pto,. 1973.342 Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, andClass in the French Revolution, Mr6pxtreij

1984, o. x i .343 Frangois Furet, <<Le Catechisme r6volutionaire>> , Annales. Economies. SociAfts-

Civi l isat ions. 26 (1971), o. 255-289.344 Alfred cobban, The social Interpretation of the French Revolution, Kaiprgrt(

1965.345 George Taylor, <<The Paris Bourse on the Eve of the Revolution 1781-1789>'

American Historical Review 67 (1961-6D, o. 951-977 -

170 H DTOPIOIPAOIA ITON EIKO>TO AIONA .16 If,AOI THX IXTOPIA) OX EIIIITHMONIKOI KAAAOT;

rou >o[rno6tr346 'i rov 1\eg66p347 , eEdxo]rou0o6oav 6pr.orq va ava(1to6voLxovolLlxic, x6rt xotvovrx6g epprlvebq. O @up6 npoon&01oe r6pa varoxole.cipel t1v Enav&,oraon p:6oa oro n)raloro rrlq rotrrrrx{c xoutr-.Eo6?aq 6nov ot lE6eg zrai(ouv olpav.urx6 p6).e3aa. H 6vvou r1g no).rtr-x{c xou}.to6pdq avant6101xe nepa;'n€pco an6 rq p.e}.6teg cou Alxu-16v349 xdt anq O(o6gsro ^,(a 'crc. erco.tdr'cd.'c:xtq yr.opriq, ra o6p6o),axat ,E\ pltoprx{ nou 8rlpllo6pTr)oav p.ta Elpr.oxparxil owetElol oe pe-

1ri).a .up.{p.d.'td. rov n}.10uop.o0.M' 6vav xanli4 avri).o'yo rp6xo, o William Sewell oro 6r.6)'io rov

Epyao[a xat Enavd,ord6, o'cn la)Jfa: H yAtiooa r4e epyao[aq, an6 .co

1lil,6 Ka1eortiq ptyx ro 1848 (980)351, aolo).a:,ar. p.e ao\ q.r,ogd.-

owrtx6 p6).o trlc 1).drooag ot1 Eup6pgoo'yl 'rylq erca:\d,cad,aLx{c ouve[-E1or1( .ct-rv epyardtv. To evEcg6pov tou eorrd\etat oao erd,td,orarrx6xtvqp.a nou oE{'1"4oe ord, yeyov6'ca'cou 1848 ory Maood}.ia. Enrol-praiver 6rt 11 n).elov6m1rd rliv np6oga'uo.lv pe).er6v ou1.r,gr'lvei oro 6rt 11oy1tdvr,.x6rep1 drfuo1 TLd. d.r,ep fw.xtq w.vrponor.iper4 xar. 6[aw Eeon&.-olLd.ad. o.u1 faD.ia, or1v A11}.(a, or1 lepp.av[a xat ot4 Hvt'lp6veqflo).r.ueieq r4 xpfreq }exaedec, mp exinpyaav,.oryc Eev npo{}.Oe an66rcp,qyavrrotq epyareq,6noq un60ead.\ ot papEwrtq, alJ,a an6 reAv(,-teg. H enav&.oraoy.uou 1848 7T,pdlfw,corcol{Oqxe t,cot1-tioao'€van}.aioloav'uil.{tf,,eov nov etyav 6a,0r.tc, pL\ec, o' 6vav npo6np"r1yavm6, owreAvrax6x6op.o. 'Erqt o Sewell orlpleldlvel xtr,q <<nap6u npogavdtq 6ev pr.nopo6p.eva e).niooupre va 6td;oovp.e avra xov 6(avav or, epy&.req rou E6xarou(varov anbva [...J p.nopoipe, pe ].iyq gavtaoia, va ava\qripov4e 6,cGoro(6p.eveq xdraygaqi,q rlq oup6o).lxtc, Vopgtc, p6oc'r rarv onolorv itavav

346. Albert Soboul, The French Revolution 1787-1799, N6a Y6px1 1974, ffaRevolution franEaise. Ilapior 1982] xat The Parisian Sans Culotes, O(g6pEr1, 1964

lLes Sans-culottes parisiens en I'an II: mouvement populaire et gouvernementrdvolut ionaire (17 93 - l7 I 4), I lapior I 958, 19 68)].

347. Georges Lefebvre, The French Revolution, 2 ,c6v.ot, AovEivo 1962-64 lLaRevolution frangaise, tlapior 1951] xat The Coming of the French Revolution, flgtv-orov, 1947.

348. BI. F. Furet xai Mona Ozouf (enrp,.), The Transformation of PoliticalCulture1789-1843,3 r6por, oE96pD1 1989.

349. Maurice Aghulon, La Ripublique au village,Ilapior 1970, xat Marianneinto Battle: Republican Imagery in France 1789-1880, Kaip.zrprt( 1981.

350. Mona Ozouf , La FAk rivolutionaire 1789-1799, flagtot 1976.351. William Sewell, Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor

from the Old Regime to 1848, Kaiprptt( 1980.

coe x(ri1o.rouq)>. Kar, <enelE{ I errxor,v(l)via Dev zteplopi\erar. o'Erlv oFrt-

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'Eui o Sewell tovi(el 'ro p6).o tr,lv oup.66).o)v, ot Gareth Stedman Jo-

nes x&r Thomas childers e7lrxEvrP(ivouv 'Erlv trgoooxil aovq Tn ap.eoa

o"rr yl,iro"d.Iiwirepa o StedmanJones rovi(et ao 6e0v6 orov onoio 1

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352. )co i6ro, o. l0-11.353. Gareth Stedman Jones, Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class

History 1832-1982,Katgnptr\ 198i, o. 101. B).. eriolc B. Strith (ezrqr.), Languageand the Consrruction of Class ldentities, Gothenburg 1990.

H DTOPIOTPA@IA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

e;nala.o,ca,clxo0 xL,rilLd,coq rou oD{y4oe orrlv e\tyepon o,E\ Maoa}.ia,atr).ri 6rr xpinet \d" xd,ra\o\0o6v g.doro .cyq fulooaq xa;: ,rov ).6you nouErapopgdrvouv .rrlv no)lrr,x{ ouvei8lol ttov epya.uriv.

T1v iEla ox,ctxiliptoxovp"e xd; o.co &pOpo rou Thomas Childers <<Hxowlivr,xil 1),tirooa r1c notrl.ur,xnc or1 fepp,avia>>354, oro onoio ouole-rftet rq ox6{erq rou lj,e exelveg .urov Xavt, Stedman Jones, Sewell, xa1Zxor. Apr.eoog or6yog rou &pOpou eivar 1 ro).r.cr,x! xou).to6pa qq 41-p.oxpartaq rrr1c Baip.ap4q, rl onota o}iryIoe or1v rivo8o torv Na(iotlv e[ouoia. 0 Childers [exrvri an6 rr1 6zap.&,y7 pewl6 tarv roroprxcivxolovrxo-exlo,rlpovlxf q xarei0uvorlq, 6notq etvat o Hans Ulrich Wehlerxar o Jiirgen Kocka, nou epp.rlvedouv .uo Na(op6 en[ r7 6&.oer. ev6g xa-Ouoceplpr6vo v xan an e),o6q exElpox par w p,o[ .ry]q f epg.crv lag o :r1v enoy!rqq exiroglrlyav'orlc, Nd,t ,tu\ All).olv enmpntiv roug Geoff Eley xarDavid Blackbourn, ot oxoiot a'p.gw6ip7oav 11 06or; Tla,c, o exouTlpovr,-og.6q fllc feppr.aviaq Er6gepe ovotaq.ctxd. ax6 ria,v ritr).o.rv pptirv. Kar or66o avriq 06oerq etvar., otp.,pcivd p€ rov Childers, avexapxetq, ywrt or4-plovrat anox\eortx&. oe otxovo1uxolq xdl tro:tui'vtxolq napayovteq. 0ChildersEev apvekat r7 o4yaola autdrv rov ndpdy6v.urov al),& nwte[er6n nptxer. vd rouq 6).6roug.e p.toa ora n\aiow.rylc Xpl1ort onolo6pevlcxo)*rr.xi1C y),uooaq. Aurrj 11 /.tirooa avax)ta vrcapxttc, xolvrrtvtxdg Ecl-p6oeq, rdvr6ypova 6p.og Elaplopgrirvel rrlv rco).ltl,xi1 xat xowuvtx{ ou-veiElol tov 'u&(eo.rv Trou .ryl pil.rive xat ar1 axo6ve. 'E.uot o Childersxarant&verd.L lL€, ,cn g.e).6q rou ).e(l).o1iou zrou Xplorpozroro}v r,olwm&.x6pp.dra, opli8eq oup.gep6vralv, xu6epvrymtc, apytc, xan &.ro1ta, ̂fid. \rq.onaypagfioei, rlv no).ltlx{ ouveiElorl rt,.rv avcpal6pr.evorv n}eupdrv.Ava).6er tr1 /.drooa r,ou Ve.ceryeqi\ovrar. ol <<xa01preplv6g exD6oeLc, xd"tipaorqp6rqreq -npoxrlplferg, gu).).riEw, acptooeq, ).61or xdt ova(xe-vtpdroerq - oe 6).eq .urq e0vm6q ex\oyutq xaltn&u.eq xdL oe zro).).6qronwi.q ex).o1lx6q avdp.eqi1oer,c, an6 .uo 1919 p.6pr t1v rivoEo touAE6).gou Xic),ep orlv e[ouoia tov lavouapn rou 1933>)355 6rot rioreva p.nop6oet \rd, avd.ovTxporipa..uov no).ltx6 ).6yo ry< enoyi6. 'Or.ia,c,xaL or Sewellxal Stedman Jones, ap.Ew?Tret xar, avr6q tr1v <<ovro).o1lx{nporepal6tl.Ed, .rov orxovol.r.lxtirv oup6&vrt-rv>> Eipq va xapa6\ir,et rop6),o tr'lv xorvrrrvlxcbv xat otxo\olLlxtilv ouv0rlxd;v.

354. Thomas Childers, <<The Social Language of politics in Germany: The So-ciology of Political Discourse in the weimar Repubic>, American Historical Review 95(1990), o.331-358.

355. l to iEro, o. 337.

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TO TEAOI TIIX IXTOPIAX ot EIIXTHMONIKOT KTTAAOI;

356. BL'r1v <<Etoa1<,-r1ij" ",lc

Joan Scott, oroGender and the Politics of Hislory'

N6a Y6px1 1988, o, 1- l t '

35i. loan Scott, <<On Language' Gender, and Working Class History>' o'ro toto' o'

53-67.358. Br6fuoxp,'oia rov Gender and the Politics of H.istory-r1c Joan Wallach Scott

an6 'rov William Sewel, History and Theory 29 (1990)' o' 79'

173t72

H I>TOPIOIPAOIA 'TON

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i;;yil"",xi1 oigo,pi|"'u1€ tetreu'uaiag Eexazrevrae'ctac' or4 wrofl'xlg'"noui;i;,

lgioxerat q'ca nitratow ptdq rPoolr h$etdg pihc pe 'tov v'tereP-

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5""i1r, oj^"u ttov notrrtopr'txcirv- napal6vtorv ''p'era\it.rorv onoiorv tErai-

"I4 gltl xartyet 11 "y)'dlooa' 'Onorg 6p'i,r,q er.;''ot11'r'aiver o Stedman Jo-

;::' ; qiqpr, 5r, eivar va d.\)atxd.ao,c'cfooupe rYlv_xotvtdvtxrl epplveia',1""'no'piroo,r{,

atr}.ri va eler&'oovrp"e ro tttbq ouv56ovcal pera[6 touq

Trii "ir

56rrol. H T}.c.roorx{ av&}.uo1 aroDe[101xe 6u ano."e'],ei. 6va

Jn*urr*A oupr'n).1p<r4-r'au'x6 eplaltelo orq np6ocpa'ceq Fr'e)'6teq rcotrl'cl'-

;;;, "r,;rr

rri9c *i, notrtt,opr'x{ s wropias' levrx& 6F's' 1ap6)'o nou ot

wr'opr.xoi p.e rouq oxoiovg ao1oir10{xap'e o' avr6 rc xeg&}'wo t6vtoav'rrq'"n

nrihoelc,'c\q $'orooo,G,' rrlq Pl'toPtx\c xo''EIq oup'6otrrxip ov-

pi,"prgop&c o"1u 'rro).,"

txil xar' xotv<'rvrx{ .ouveiElol xat npalrl' }rl7or'

ouu,Fepi(ov'cai, rrlv axpata it6o1 6"' <Eev un&p1el r.'PafiLa,'clx6'c7ra' alJra'

t i;;" tr yiaooat (Ooux6)363' O'' xepr'oo6rePol t'orop-txoi 0a oup'9orvo6-

oou 1rr'cr;v Carroll Smith-Rosenberg nog <<flv ol f'orootxdg Ela^9^op6q

tilJ; 'rqv xotvovla, ot xowo)ul*6q 6'a9op6q Eopoiv 'c1 f'drooa>>364'

359. Ezcoro).{ t1q Joan Scott otov Ceorg G. Iggers, 14 Oxrtiliotov lgg4.360. II.1. Joan Scott, <<French Feminists and the Rights of

..Man": Olympes de

Gouges' Declarations>>, History Workshop 28, g0rv6ntopo 1g89, o. t-22.

361. Lynn Hunt (enqr.), New Cultural History, Mn6pxtreij 1989'

362. Stedman lones, Languages of Class, o' 95'

363. flapati0e'cdr r.ao Berman, From the New Criticism' o' 183'

364. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, <<The Body Politic>, oi'o E. weed (extp.), Femi-

nismftheory/Polirics, N6a Y6pxr1 1989' o 101'

KEOAAAIO T1

An6 q oxont&" tr1€ Eexaertag .cov 1990

TO 1979 O AOPENT TTOOTN oro nepi.cprlpo dpOpo rou <<H ava6f,lilo7.c4c a,piyrlonc,>> d,tLgtoiiprloe co na).r6tepo xor,vt,lvr,x 6-enwrlp,ovu6

1l,ovr6).o rcroprx<bv onouEtirv xal ulo06t1 oe ,Eo v6o avOpt.lno),oytx6 xatolprero).o1rx6 xpooavaro).r,op6. To 199 | 6p"aq, o' tva oqpei.ap.a 1te ri"r-).o <<Iocopla xd.r V.e,cd.lLovcepvlop6g>>365, xal n&]tt oro Past and present,el6gpaoe rrlv cr,vlou1ta rou ^fw. rn pr.looxaonx{ xace60uvorl nov eiyenager. o torogm6q ).61oq o.uo Edorlp.a nou peoo).ci67oe. 'Oxotq 0a 0u-p.&.o.ce, oulv <<Ava6iooq r7< ag!y4o1c> etye avayyeiAer ro <<t6loq r1can6napag va ndpaylei plla ouvex rr.xi1 enwrTp.ovlxf e(rifqol ,urr;v a).-),a1tirv nou dlouv ovp.6ef. oro nape).06v>>. Tdrpa 61.li,c, t6)rene p.la tpln).faner).{ "fla .rrlv roropta: ro pe.Edp.ovtepvlop6, tr1 1}.oroo}.o1ia xat rrpro).rrro1.r.rx{ xar ou1.l6o}.lx{ avOpono}royi"a, xdt ao Ndo Iotoplxtou.6. Katol rpeiq raoetq oup.grovo6v orrlv a,vrr,Feri.irxwrl rrq rotrr.urxiq, to.rv 0e-op.av xat.rov xorvt,rvtxdl npaxrlxciv rrlg <<).exrlx6q Eop,dq oug.6o).lxrilvovorrp,aruv ! xolEixolv>>. <<'Eror ra xeiy.eva ̂livovtal p.m ar,)rfi aiOou-od. Ve xalgtnreg or oxoior Eev avax).o6v napa o tvac, rov &).),o, yarilptq vagotf(ouv xa06].ou t1v "a].{0ela", I orcoia Eev vg(orardt>>. Ln' avrilrr^,v &notlr1, oe re)rcvrata avci).uor7, <<.co rc?dT1.d,rtx6 etvat 16oo gavra-ordx6 6oo wat 'rl go\raa,oio.>>366.

. )rrq avloulieg rou )t6ouv an&rr.rpe o;p.tolu,q o Bpecav6q xorvovr-x6q xar. no),rrlo1l.rx6q wropm6g patrickJoyce. flapa86lfuxe 6u, <<0apnopoJoapre va no0p.e 6.cr ro ngayy.artx6 vn&.pyer, avelagrqra an6 r4avanapaoraoelq Trou tyovy.e yt' avr6>>, ezrdp,erve 61taq 6rr,, <<nort 11

365. Lawrence Stone, <HistoryA'jyouoroc, 1991, o. 217-218.

366. lro i6rc, o. 217.

AflO TH >KOTIIA THX AEKAETIAX TOI T99O

,,o,copta Eev p.aq napovofi,letar p.6vov t,-lq p.tct, popgi ).6"you>>. H pe1&).1

oup6o).{ rou p.e'udl,tovtepvopo6 i1rav, xar&. 'c1 1vtirp.1 'tou, rl avalvdr-

prorl Tctoq <<Eev un&p1er, xdp.w npogav{c entxa}r$nrovod owoyil o6'ce

orlv no).ttr,xi1 ovyxp6'cno1,, oite otlv o,.xovop.ta, otre oro xotvcovlx6

oi.torqlta>> otne xat <<xa.p.t&" 6a06repr10opr'{1 oqv onota va avdgtpo-

\.cd,r>> 'cd, xetlteva an6 ra or,ota anoppdel 1 xarav6loil lLd.c, 'fld' 'co

to'copm6 n).a[o1o367.Ln6 r4 oxont&. 6p.oq 'ulc }exaeriaq tou 1990, dvr\ 7 06o11 rou

Ioyce gaileral no).6 ).r16tepo netorm$1ax' 6oo cpaw6rav ,pw }exaeri,a

nptv. Bi6ata, dx6p.a xdt 'En 6exae4a tou 1980 rl p.eraprov'u6pva zrpo-

o6y1wr,,6norq t1v opiler. o Joyce, xri0e &).),o napi' ei4e ro povontir).ro.

H <<1trooorxi1 orgocpil>> xou xa'rdx).voe 'ctg oe).[Eeq tov American Hi-

storical Review xat &).).o.rv apepuavutiv neploDlxd-rv oro Eedtepo pr'lo6

rrlq Eexae'rtac, l,ov 1980 Eev aoxrpe avri),op1 yorlrei.a orouq exr6c,.c1c B6petaq Apeplx{c roroprxotc,, ax6pa xd; oa\ la}.}.ia, rcap6rt ot

avril.{tf.,erq x&.va or,.q onoiec, orypt\6rav npo{}.0av oe pe1&}.o 6a0p.6

dn6 ,cr41atr).rx{ }.oyo'uelvrx{ 0eorpia ax6 rov Mnapt pr61pr, cov N'ue-

gr.vrd. Entorlp.rivaple nto nd,vo trlv rcePioptop.6vl eniEpaol Trou eiTav or,pr\ooxao otx6q 0ecDpieg 1trt'-roolxo6 vrerepptvtopo6 otlv w ropr'xfi y pa-gi1, ax6yra xdt oe ov y'ygarpei.g 6na,g or, Gareth Stedman Jones, William

Sewell, Auvv Xavc xal Thomas Childers, or onotot ei6av oto ).61o 6va

oqp.avrtx6 x).et8i wcoprnc, xa'cav61,o11 O Xt6ouv pnopo6oe 6doqtavcr, uTroo.rrlptler. <<61, rov eivat a66va'uov ta oxecglet x&,xoto p,e1&).o

to'top,.x6 6p1o nou va eival ^ypap.p.6vo an6 pta 6d0r.a p-e'capovt6pvaonrm$1 xd.t Trov va Xp1oip.oxorct lterap.ovr6pva 1).drooa xal ).eErtr6-

T10)>368. 'Ioaq ra 6r.6)'i.a 'uou Simon Schama Nexptq 6e6adr4req:a6txatoA6y4req, urco0loeG369, xd.t 'cov Jonathan Spencer To (fir4y.aT ou XotjTo va n).1olri(ouv neptoo6'Eepo oe VW Eaoplo"(paqiu. 11 ono[a.

ouverElr& xarap yet ra, 6pw p.era|J eTrto't'ul,tovtxqc ,.orop[aq xd.t wao-prxo6 p.u0ro'cop{p.atoq.

}l'o xa'cti4).r g.era(6 'cov Eexaettrjrv tou 1980 xar tou 1990 61oupe

367. Patrick Joyce, <<History and Post-Modemism>>, Past and Present 133, No6pt-

6prcq 1991, o. 208.368. Lawrence Stone, <<History and Post-Modernism III>>, Past and Present 135,

M&roc 1992, o. 191.369. Simon Schama, DeadCertainlies: I|nwarranted Speculations, Nea Y6px1

199 1.370. Jonathan Spencer, The Question of Hu, N€a Y6px1 1988.

t77

and Post-Modernism>>, Past and Present 131,

178 H I'TOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

flc, e;rzvd.qaaxxtc atr).a"y6q orr1 2o6te,nx{ 'Evoo1 xil .cn\ Ava.uo}.rx{Euptirnl. Ex t<'.tv uo'u6porv pnopei va epp.lvedet xaveic, avrtc, rrc, a).).a-ytc,' r6ae 61;a,c, i9av anp66)renreg. K).6vr,oav oqp.avrlx&. o.u'rlv d,u.core-noi01or1 .Eov ?rto napa}oowxciv xor,vovlx6v entorrlprirv nou niorevavor1 6uvat6a'r1d, ll";ld,c, owexrui,q xolvr,.lvtxi;c eppr.lvelaq, a).].ri xal t1cv6aq notrlr;ogttxilC wropidq, 7 onoic oe p.e1&).o 6a0p.6 ayvooloe,ro 7ro-)trm6 nltatoro tz1c xou).tobpac, 'c1c xaOlpreprv{c (cd{g. H xarappevoq.rou xolrpouvropo6 gaw6rav va enr6e6arover rrq npo6).6qerq tolv Eurlxrivano)royr1.ca\t 'cov xd.rilra)J,opr.o6, oa,v rov Oprivolq @ouxoult&p,a, nov $pavnenerop,,dvol 6fl or. nttqelc, 'cov otxovoptxo,i €xouTxpovr,opo6 0a oEr11o6-oav onooE{xote o' €va nayx6opr.lo o6ot11.r.a olxovol.r.uiv r1,c, ayop&.q xatd,v.ur7rpooto7revr,.xi1c 671toxgad.aq. H Ap.eplx!0a yw6tav €ror. ro 1.r.ovt6-).o 1ra 6).o .uov x6op.o - a't xa:t ra yelov6rd nou axoLo60loav 'uo lg89''rci"foga Er6r{.,euoav avrtc, rtc, npoqr,rei.eq. flapa rr.c, zrpo6}.6Qelq dvr€q,).iyor ava).u.udq nepip.evd,v rrlv &p.eo'r,xarappevo1 rov qo\Ertxo(t ovoril-

Vaaoc.. Or p,etappu0pi.oer"q or1 2o6rc:*xi1 'Evoo1 xdl o.cd, avaro).r,xoeu-pa.natx&. xpa.vl 'perd rnv flepeotp6rxd. nov fxopprna'uot'tg ipav npo-6).6qrp,eq, yevma dprroq avap.ev6rav 6,ur. 0a npayp.arozrorl0o6v p.ioa oran\alow .cou ooola).lorrxo| ovoriyta.cog xdr 611 0a dglvav alrxrq r7ErcOv{ ,ca,fry npayp,arol un6.rIV xupupxla ra'v E6o unepEuv&preov. Henavevonoir;ol .EIq fepg.avfaq ipav oe p.e1ri).o 6o:0,p,6 dtr,p66),etr,t1, 6ni.l,qxat 1 Er&).uoy1 .ulq 2o6termi6'Evor1c. flpayp.anxa, or neproo6repotnioqevav 6n ot pera,ppuOpr.loerg or4 avaro],.xtc, yapec, xdt c.l;n2o6.rr;rx{ 'Evarol aur}.dlq 0a qra}.onoroloav rtg oyioelc, avalteoa o.ua E6o p.n}.ox.Ooov agopa orr1 fep;r.avia, avril 7 opa).onoi1o1 o{par,ve 6tr 6ev 0avnfipye apeorl enavevozoi4orl. Anp6op.eve6 {rav w, or,vieg p.opg6q eor,-r-repmdrv, xar, e$ma e0vrxdlv, oulxpo6oecov nou axo).o601oav ra yeyov6-'Ed.'cov 1989 xar tou 1991,67r. p,6vo ora EdEola xgarr1rryc2o6.r,:lr.-x{c 'Evt'.to1 q }1olr .E\c, froulxoo}.a6tac,, a}Jq, x&t 6,co pouooutrp,avlx6x6op.o xd.L oa\\ xaru an6 rq l,ay&pa Agprx{. Or a}.}.a16q 6,cnv r,q,-yx6op.a aaEn €lerav o,rylv to.copr.xi1 ox6{1 xat r,pdxr;x! orp.avrtx&.lq'ci1p.ara, ta onoia Eev endtpenav or1v wropuil 6peuva va oweai"oetn&va or':' Tpdpp6q nou axotrou0o6oe p.61pr r6te.

Avap.gi6o).a dvr6 nov y:6.cav 6\o xdr. nro gavep6 {rav 1 entltcorltorv no).ttropuxrirv zcapa86oe<'rv. Ol exoulApovwrmi.q av.ul).{{,,elg nouxupraploUoav orrlv xorvt,rvrxo-enlo'ulpovlx{ ox6r!1 rarv Eexaetlrirv roul95O xar, rou 1960 xd.t rcov e(axo).ou0o06dv vd. nat\ow qnv.avrtx6p6).o xar apy6repa {rav E6oxo}.o va ovp6riaoro6v g.e ,ry dia6t.or1

ATIO TH XKOTIIA THX AEKAETIAX TOI 1990

rou 0prloxeu'cl,xo6 govtaplevta).wyro6 xa,r, t1c e0vo'ul,x{c l8laltep6tl-

a6c,. E66oqt1wa ap6vw xoppouvtorrxiy, elovotaq Eev eilav e[alei{er

apyai.ec 0prloxeutlx€,g naga66oelg, evci o govrapev'ca).lop.6g otlv lo).a-

pltxfi, nporeo'Eo.\atxit, op06Eo[1 e6paixi1, xal tvDoulortxi, rov poPE\'e1,tgdvi.otr,xe

odv lLLd, avt[Epao1 o'cr,q er,mrdtoetq, rou exou"y1povl,o1.lo6

nftva orrg napa}ooraxtq nenor.}ipeLca xdl {fu. O)'a av'c&' gaw6rav va

x&,yow ax6p"a r,rc avaTxd,[d 14 ypipn, avOpotrco].oltxtirv rcpooellioet'rv

orrp wropia. Ln6'u1v ri).).r1 6ftrq, 11 aDuvaplia 'ut,.lv xop.g.ouvto'utxtitv

xaleortirrov \rd. Trd.pavto).ou0{oouv 'ulq Dop.tx6g a}.}.a16q tov ori^y1po-

vov orxovoFuti.rv ouv66a).e u.vapgi6o)'a ocllv xari'ppevoil 'uouq. An6 t1

6exaer(d rou 1960 xu p.er€ner"ad, n er,w'cnpovrxore1vtxil enavaoraoy

anore)ro[oe 6va pel(ov l€,p.a ov\ip\o\q o'co Avato].tx6 Mn].ox, 6p.tog

Eev ezrrte$l\rpe dvr\ 7 enavd.orao1 TIou o'u1 46o1 oE!^poe qe lud.l:,;el'a:ir.oltTaavtxrj olxovopia rrlc n).1pogopia q. 'E cot, rl xarappevor) 'r"vlq2o6rcrzxi1c'Evtoorl€ xd,L 'c.r.v e(ap'ucbpevov an' aut{v xpdrbv ogeltr6-,rav ev p6pet orlv aEuvap,ia rouq, va av'utpettonioouv rrq, npox).{oelqprd.q ex6v (Xpovr(6pev1q xorvorviaq. flapa86[oq , ra yeyov6ra 'uou 1989-1991, ax6 lr1p,ra dOeoav oe avuno).1|ta rr.c, p.a,pEwrmic avtr),{t|terqxar Er6).uoav 11 p.apErotrx{ re}.eo}.oyta, an6 trlv &tr}.r1 npoog6pov'uavzro).6 xa).ri "fa VW, pagEtonx\ avri).uo1. O p.ap[rop.6g coq rEeotroyta xatovronta etye xa'ca\i1(et oe egtd).t1. AII& 1 xar&.ppeuoy rov oo6re'crxo0 ouotilltacog 6Eetlve no).6 Xd4dxarpLortxa ro nra,g, ytd va Xplot-p.onor{oou1.r.e rG 6worcq rou Map€, y avhn'cvlry 'tcov ndpaTcDnxcbv p,.6oo.rve\eyetperu ev&v'crd 6aq T&pi.r'6npdveq rcapayra.yr.xiq oa6oer4. H rEeo-\oyta xat 1 Elx'uaropl.a o}iyryoav oe axap.Qi.a ro o6otr;pa, nou EevpnopoUoe vd. dvtd.rloxpl0ef z).dov or,.q pera6a).).6pr,eveq axdniloer,q rlivxaprilv. Evcb ra naganavlo evrol6ouv pla Eoplrx{ xa.L ptd. rotrt'uto1.r,lxf;npoo6"y1ro1 o.r1v lo.uopia .cov np6ogarov napetr06v'uoq, 06touv ravt6-

Ipova xqt ,co \!rqp.a tou p6).ou rr1€ notrr.urx'i1q, o onotoq no),0 ovav&.napape).!01xe oatc ng6oga.ceq wcog.xig pr.e).6teg. Avap.gi6o).4, Tpo-ocoxtx6r1req ocrv rov lxopp.naroag xa,r, tov ll6).'uolv erclpdaoav 'r1vnopeia rov 1e1ov6rla.v, ax6p.a xr dv aur6 €ywe evr6q oulxexplp6vrrlvEop.txtirv neproproprirv. O).a avra rpai.verdt \ra V.ac, oE11o0v 6yr. oe p.r"aeyxatri).el{.,r1 rt,-lv natrldrv pr,opgt'rv xor,vt.rvlxf c, rco}.ltloplxdq, xal no}.1-rl;lc$,c wroptaq, a),)r&. oe VW Ele6puvor'1 'cqq onrmilc, xer rr.r\ p.e06Etov'trlq ro.uopi,xrF €pewac,.

Pflvovraq xave[g p"w p,arm o'ur,q ou\'\riloetq xd,t orl= ex66oerq rt'lvte).eutaiorv 1p6vo-rv, avaxd)t$nret r6qo ouvrileleg 6oo xan piEelc. Oepra-

t79

181180 H DTOPIOIPAOIA XTON EIKO'TO AIONA

alxt< rcou xvpd.ppqoav xa..r&. ,cr1 iexaerta.uou 1980 e{axo}.ou0o6v xaloip.epa va e).x6ouv r1v npooofi. H arcoyoilreuorl pe rlv noooruilto.vopta ov'reAt(erat To evDrag6pov 1la r1v av0porno).o1lx{ wropta av-lei, 6nlr,q Eeilver 11 iEpuol ro 1993 rou Tepg.av6golvou nepr.o}mol Hi-storische Anthropologie. To ma),x6 nepro8m6 Quaderni Storici vnipEe ngti.-ron6po o' av'cot rou eiEoug trg pe).6.ueq. To pt'iom6 neploElx6 Ovruooiouq,dnqAet ava\oya evEr.ag6povra. To np6ypap.pa rotv e.urjolcov ouvavt{-oeov 'rlq Ap.eprxavrx{ q Ioropmtl< E'capei,aq (American Historical Asso-ciation), alJ,&, xar. ra neq.e76y.evd, rtov pela).0repov neplo8lxriv rcDvHvopr6vc-rv flo)lrelcbv, gavepdlvouv .c'r1 yorlrei,a nov aqxo'3v ra ltp.ara<<.c&E!, gd).o, xal e0v6r1ra>> avax),lbt.ca1 rr,c, rptaovoeq xorvovr,xtq xar,no)lrm6q nt6oa4 otlq Hvorp.dveq flo).rreieq xd; atr),o6. flap' 6'),a avr6.,vna,gTer. xat |Ltd. ep,pavi6 uno16p1o1 tou 6v.covou av0porno).o1lo1.lo6 qcEexaeriaq tou 1980 xan €va v6o ev8rag6pov Tra ro ve6repo xat o$yypovox6op.o er,c, 6d.poc, rou npcirl.r,ou ve6'uepou xdt lueoatli.vrxo6 eupo.lnatxo|x6op.ov, o onobg vn\gEe ro av,c,"xelyrevo pleli).ou !r.6pouq ,cy9 vtag no-).rtro1.r.tx{c w.copiaq.

O Elaxlpullt'ivoq enavanpooavato).lop6g to-rv Annale s eivar evEerxtr,-x6c, rnc a)O.a1l1c rou x).fpa'uog xarh t1 Eexaertd cou 1990. Onc,lqavtgepa, tov lavou&pro .Eou 1994 ro neproErx6 o,gai.peoe tov un6trt).0E conomie s. S oc i 6 t 6 s. C iv ili satio ns, 7!ou 1p1ot1.lonori}4xe an6 r a npdtraperano).eplx&. yg6u,a xat p.era, xat ,Eo\t dvttxartorrlc.e We ,Eo Histoire,Sciences Sociales. H atr).a1{ .cou ov6patoc Trav ro axort}teopa €vro-vo-rv ou(lrioecDv o,ro eoarepu6 .Enc, ov\ro;xrmhc, opd,6ac, an6 ,ca rt)r1rrle }exaeddc rou 1980, ot onoteq anqyotwat oro &p0po lrr1c o}vraEqc.uou_te61ouq lavouapiou-iDe6pouaptou 1994 nou ava11d).).er .u-rJv a).).a-'(i37r. 'HE1 .uo 1988 dva &).).o o11.ravrrx6 aplpo trlc o6vra[1q 0eorpo6-oe 6rt _r1 wtopia xo;t oL xolvrovrx6g er,wrip.eq 6plnarvav oe p.m 6a0,.axpto13zz. H a)0.a1{ rou ri.u},ou gav6po-rve 6u. vnilgAe enilvr,-ro1 tr,.rv0epr'e).uxrilv peca6o).dlv r<,rv no).rrrxtLv xat xolvovrxciv ouv0nxriv otare\evtdia 1p6vc. o un6rlr).oc, Economies. socidtds. civilisations, etyeouvedlrri e[o6e].io'el rrlv zco].l.ux{ an6 ra 6aoxa evEug6povra rqc wrogtaq

AIIO TH TKOIIIA THx AEKAETIA> TOT 1990

xd. wei pr' aut{v vno6d0pt\e xdl'Eo p6}.o t<,rv aqllipeav' Tcirpa, p'et&

rrq'0ed4aoxi.c, d)')'a1t'q, Trou ouv661oav ota 'r6,trrl rrlq, Eexaertdg rov

tggO, 1 no).lrlx{ enavavaxa}rvnr6'cav, xg;r. 'p.a\t 'E\g xat o^ p6}.og tt'-tv

nooornror{torv' O v6oq 'ui'u}.oq eile o167o va oupnepil'a(g' xar' xa}t'

"rtu ,rrtr,"l*{. Kat lttoa oro neEio trlc no}.ltlxf<' 6notq dEellve 1 v6a

gerirprlol trlC faD.lxTC Enavao'Edo"rtq an6 rov Qpavoouri Qup6, lE6eg

xar,'ng6otona ino;t\at xat n&.)rt d.Toqa.qwilx6 p6).o. Me 'u1v erl).o1f tou

v6ou couq .uirtrou ta Annales 6ev eilav 6€6a,.a. qxon6 va anox).eioouv

a,*,6 llr1v r.o'cogr.xi10etip1o1 trlv xolvt'rvid. xd; a'rN xou)'to6pa, d0.ri iOe-Lav va lavaoripouv ro zco).trrx 6 n)tabr,o p€oa oro onoio av1i.q ).eltoup-

"yotcart. H0elav va Ecioouv p'e1a).6'uepo 6&-poc, ota olp.epwri rcpo6).!pr"a-

l;o-. H orev\ o7io1 p.eta[6 ,.otogiaq xar xoivovlx6v enlocr;p.drv 6npene

va Era.c1p10ef, a}}& 11 orxovopr.ia, rl )totvovro\oytd xar. 11 rotrlclx{ enl-

oriqn €npene va avdxripouv 'uI 06o1 nou ei.pav laoet ora p'etano\e-

gx&. Annales, xpaypd nou Eev odp.alve exwrpocA\ ot1 6lzr).o-rpatmf;

wropi.a rou natrroi xapo$ o,3'ce qe pn' o&ovop'm$1 ava)'vory nou Eoutreiel

pe agr1pr1p.6va ptovt6}a lexop.pdva dn6 no eup6repo no\trtx6 xd'L xot'va-

vm6 nlraiorc. Ta te611 ria'v Annales 'uYlq Eexdertac, oov 1990 avax).o6v

auc6v tov d.\d,7rpood\td.to).1o1.16. Ta xpo6).{p'd'cd' 'cov o611povou x6op.ov,

nou etAav olg.avtrx{ 06o1 o'uo negloElx6 xa'ca. rr1 iexaaia rou 1930,

€xavdv xat na\r, qv ep.grivto{ toug. Ta te}.eutaia te6p aoTo}rotvrd'.p.e Eligopa o'6y7pova (qrip'a'ca 6xog, ya nag&6et'f4d', 'co &vorlpa tu-rv

ooirc,ctx<iv apleiov, 1 op'yrivt-ro1 'u1q epyaoiaq o'tlv lanllvtd, rl 6rv'tt-perdrnlol eou napetrO6v'uoq 'uou 8lo6, o exouT1povtop'6q trov napaEo-oraxtbv xotvovrd)v, 6Qerq rlc avan'uvlryc, aov d'lLePt.xdltxol xanurdL-op.o6, no).r.c rxfi xar. AIDS oto Za"ig, 11 0prloxeutlx\ 6id ortl orlpeplv{IvEia xar A).1epia, a).).ri xar pr.e napaEoor"axa lip.atd. rcov n&'ve n[oaotlv npcirt1.r.r1 ve6'uep1 xolt lLelaltlillx{ nepioEo, 6rla,q, yw naga}eryp.d,

I ouTxev'Eponoilol 'c\c, xpailxrlc eEovoiac q'clq d'oLd'alxt'q xar, euPo-naixtg xolvtlvieq, 1 xolvt-lvlx6r1'ra 'rcDv n6treov T o Meoaio-lva., 11 av&,-ntu(r1 'rtov 7uo'ro'rlxdrv Elxt6orv, 1 E1p,6old otxovop.ta xar,'r1\o'ywrwo-noqol oe Frd epropeupd,'rtxi1 otxovogti.a, <<\ agptio'ctd, y nior"r1, xat

'co qcr\rc"oLax6>> oro Meoaio.lva, ot outonieq oro Bv1g&,v.r,lo 'uou Ec'lE6xa-

'cov auhva, xd; rr xor\orlx\ \ar1ro-rv E6paiolv arc6 to 66xaro 666o9'oatt6va dlq, rov er.xoo'c6.

H v6a orpogil rpoq rrlv notrltlxf; xdJ aK. xorvovrx6q enrorip.eg oraAnnales { xal atr}.o6 Eev o1p.afvet an6ppt,f1 rt'lv npor]To6plevt.rv evDlaqe-p6vtov, a).).&, avti0e'cd., VLd.6r,e6puvo1 'uou neDiou 'cuv to'coPLxrilv pe).e-

371. <Histoire, Sciences Sociales>>, Annales 49 (lgg4), o. J-4. Etpat vx6ypeacorov-Mapx Oep6, H.6),oq exi p.axp6v ,E\< o.",ca,xaLx-i1c, e',l.r?o'ic, a,v Annales, ^(Ld. VL,.p:l,tlt ouvdvteu[1 tov Anpi].ro tou 1995 xav<,t ortc, ou(1t{oe'q :rou oD{poav otqvaD.ayfi rou rit),ou.

372. D.. <<Histoire et Sciences Sociales. Un toumant critique?>>, Annales 4J (lgsg),s.291-293.

182 H I>TOPIO|PAOIA ETON EIKO>TO AIONA

rdrv. )1g.avrtx&. orotyeta ryq perap.ovr6pttaq xpnmilq orr')v oroptxil).o1rx{ e[axo].ou0o6v va 6ptoxov.Ecr,r ev wy6er.. H riorl otrq pe1&].egc,grffiper.c, nou 0e<opo6odv rov exouy1povr,op.6 rov Eu.ulxo6 x6op.ov t,.lq .coanoxog6qa1.d. lLtd,c, owexu,xilg to.togtxile }m}maotaq €yet yalet dveTu-orpexil. O Zdx Pe6t),, p.6).oq eni no),).& yg6vn .crlc, ouvaax,ctxi6 errrponyc rou rceploErxo{ xa,. Eleu0uvt{c an6 ro tg95 qq EcoledesHau-tes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, avagep6l.levoq or?lv loropta, .tcirv Annales,o' ivdv r6p.o rov 1995 nou er,ryeqet \d, a;roxd.,Ed"oriper" ro x6pog rr,.lvwropmtbv onouEdrv, ypaget rt,.lq ro 6papa p.lag <<ouvo).myc>> i <<or,xou-p,evrx{€>> toropiac,, oro onoto n[ore{av tpelg yevl6g o.copr,xri.rv rtlv An-nales, 6yet nw re0&va373. H lo'uopia 6palq Eev tTet xdravripet ivan).{0oq ao6v6e'uov prera\6.uoug ov.cotrito-rv. Ef8ap.e fit,lq or pr.lxpoibtopr-xoi or1v I.ca),i.a xat 6.cn fepplavia, nap' 6\ r'rlv enrxevrpt.ro! rouq ororontx6 enine8o, nord Eev taaoav azc6 ra yr&.rm roug ra euplrepa wro-pma xu no)*lrxa n)dtqw. Xqv npapaux6r"rlra nioreQav 6u avr\ 11entxtvrpao\ o,co rontx6, ro onolo x&vrore Ecg6pel an6 ro <<xcrvov[-x6rr374, xalwr&,6uvat6 .uov 6),e11o .corv levrxe6oeov. Ave[aprqra p,ero noo6 ox).1pri ap"qw1iprloa,v or, p.rxpoio.uogmot rr.q papllc.rmtg, 6e-p,negwvtg xdl poor,ograv6q avril.!{erg 1a ao V.eaaop\parwp6 tou o61-Xpovou x6op,ov, 6ev xaragepd,v vcr (eg61ouv an6 wp dvvota ,cov exovT-lpovropod, 0et'rpoip.evou ntrdov t,lq p.ra xdlao:upogtx{ Eivapl 7!ou er-o6ritr).er o.En Vxpox\\taxa rqc lonmilg r.oroptag. To x6pro Otip.a rouanaoy6)'rpe rouq p.cxpoltoropr.xotq ipav np&y1tan ol erclEp&oelq rov xp&.-'rouq, rrl€ orxovop,tag xa;L ,rnq Exx).1oiag otlv 6nal0po oe p,ra exoyfiapytxo[ exouylpovropo6.

T6).og, o p.e,rap.ov.repvlop6g 60eoe olpavrtx&. exrorlp.o).o1x& epar-'ciltara, nov a'p.gw67ro6oav pr,\txa t1 6uvac6t1:,d. dvllxel[Levlx{c yvtir-o1q. Aev ap.gro67ri104xe pr.6vov 1 ouvol{1 anc, w@ptaq a}J.& xd.L "rtouvo11 .Eou ouTTpdrpi.a xat rou xer,p6vou. Aroppig0lxe .n apeo6r4rarnc Loaoplxilc yv6orlc' avr6, 6€6arn, Eev {cav x&.,er xawoipyro g,ra

373. Jacques Revel, <Histoire et sciences sociales: Une confrontation instable>>.oto Jean Boutier xal Dominique Julia (ercrp.), Pass|s recomposis: Champs et chant-iers de l ' Histoire,I lapior 1995, o. 80.

374. m'. r1v 6wola rov <<xatr' elaipeow xavovr,xo0>> rou Eduardo Grendi zrouavagtge at oso Giovanni Levi, <<On Microhistory>>, oro peter Burke (enq.r.), New per-spectives on Historical writing, state university, Penna. 1991, o. 109, xar oto EdwardMuir xar Guido Ruggiero (enrp.), Microhistory and the Lost people of Europe, Ba),-tqr6p1 199 l, <<Eroaytoyil>>, o. xiv.

AIIO TH XKOTIIA TH> AEKAETIA> TOY 1990

rrov d.\&.\e"cat rou\aylo'uov orov Kavr. H 06o11 'uou X6uvtev Xou&tt

6,c,. 4 r.o'cog',.a natpver" n&.v:"o'ce vla d.g"n(nva'l,xil popgt xal enopl6vtoq

Ela06.uer Xd,Pd.x'cnPorrx&. ),oyorelvtxdrv xerpl6vo.tv, €ywe 'yevu&, azro6e-

xri1, 6y. 6p.ag xat ro ovltn€gaop.a rov 6lr. 7 r.oropi.a, oav xriOe A).).0

\oy o,u eAvu6 et6og, anore).ef ouolao r ma p.w" <<p.u0ozr).aor m\ ercr.yetpq-

6I)>. O Po(6 )aptrt. oAo)rtaoe to 1993 6"ct <<dx6p.a xL d\ o rsropm6g

Tpi.qet p€ "Ioyoreyvm6 q6xo", Eev napaya. ).o1o. e1via>>375. 11 5or-).eki cou l'cnpilteail oe apyewxil6peuva, xat na,p6rr, ot nrg€g Eev rourcdpovlw\o\adt qe Fr.la Eilorq Elgopo6p.eva Fopgi, unixervrat 6p.tog oexptrilgr.a er6rtrrl0eu6tp6r7raq. O lotoptx6g Qrilvel ndvrore 1la n).a-o.co"ypdgieq xd; ir,d,pa,7ro,.iper.g xat enopt6vorq ).eltouplei p.e ptd avri).1-r!1 nepi a).10eiag, 6oo Ear8a).dr61c xar 6oo are'),i1c va etvan o 6p6poq7!ou oEnTe[ o' autf;v.

'O),a av.cd 6ev o611o6v o' tva vto napa}erypa a),),&. o' tva pela).6-repo n).oupatrrog.6. Etvar. xpocpavi.c, 6rr.1 <<arcdl).ela r1c r.oropiaq>>376

TLa a\\ otr,oia r6oog ).61oq tywe p"ed. ao B' flayx6opto fl6).epro, 5ev

Xa.pcrxa\pt\ei .uo orlpeprv6 x).ip.a. Xt1 leppr.avia 1 aio01or1 rr1c ana-).euq pnopei va anoEo0ei o'u1 Euogiprlol rorv e0vlxcirv napaD6oeorv'a).),o6, npori).Oe an6 r1v nenoiO1o1 6rt. o o$yypovoq x6op.oc, oilltave rcrdtroq, .u<ov napa}oowxrirv aEldrv xal plopgriv xow6wlrag. lr,a x&noto6r.dorny.a, o,cr.q apAtq rrlq E€xd,ertaq rov 1970, ,ca p.a0"iyp"a,ca. 6,co1td"q:r'ov ngooq€oovrdv oaa r,d\er,toripw torv Hvorp.dvov flo).ltercbv, trlcMelri).r1c Bgeravtaq, rq< A,urzxilq feppr.avfaq xar a).Io6, otyovpa 6p.r,q6yt pe qc latr).iac, i r\c, flo).orviag, d\atxdrcd.qaa}rpav p.e p.a0{pa-'Ea xorvovr,xtiv enrorlpclv, evcb, orov a1y).6grrlvo rou),&Xlorov x6op.o,or iEteq or xotvovr,xiq enr.otillteg n{pav no).}.6q gop6q 6vav ato'copx6

Aapax'cipa. O apr0p.6q rtov gorurltdrv r7< wrogtac, oilq Hvorp6veqflo),rteieq p.eldr0lxe 6paorr.xa. Oprc 7 r&.or1 avril avrwrp&.cprpe xarat1 Eexaerid. .Eov 1980. H npoogep6p.evrl o,cd. r.a.\e:i,torilpw rsrop[aaxtxt1oe p.e1a).6tep1 tr,otxt),ta, erElxci otlq Hv<,.rpldveq flo).lrei.eq, yr.ava oug.nepil.a6er. \qrip,ata g6).ou xal eOvot{.uorv, xa0d.rg xat t1 p.e}.6-'trl 'ttov p1 Euaxd-rv xolvovltbv xar, xov),rovpbv}7l .Ioropm&. nepto6,.x&,,

375. <<Le Temps des doutes>>, Le Monde, 18 Mapciou 1993, o. v;-vi i .376. II.1. Alfred Heuss, Der Verlust der Geschichte, G<ittingen 1959.377. EvEer,x.sr,x6q to-rv r,p&gorru'v ou(1t{oeov eival or exE6oerq 'uou E0vlxo0 K6-

vrpou Tra t1 )1o),xri loropia, Aoq Avr(e).eq 1995' National Standards for UnitedStates History for Grades K-4' National Standards for tJnited States History for Gra-des 5-12'xat National Standards for World Histttm.

183

loaH I>TOPIOTPAOIA >TON EIKO:TO AIONA

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xd; rov rd).ouq rou B' flap6oprou Ilo).6pr,ou an6Eel[av "o

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sr -zJw1T,e?d,6vq,ameq fi aparrlploei,q

L. To <T6lo9 tqE lotogiaE>>;

IIOAAET OOPEX ta 'ce),evra|a ap6vw exgpaoryxe 11 axorlrl 6rt \o\peoE lLLd. perdtoropm\ enoyil, 6n r1 w'copta 6no.rg triv l6pap.e 61er re).erdr-oer378. Aut6 nou ewoe(ran 6t&am Eev eival 6rt, 0a, orap.ariloet o 7p6voc,,al}r&, 6rr, Eev unripler nra r1 Euvar6vpa pr,ac pr.eli).1s a,giy\q\s Trou vdSiver ouvol{ xat v67y.a orlv roropia. H rE6a 6,ct y oropia €7er. vnepx6-ogtr.o oxon6 xat xare60uvol un{pEe xevtptxil o.u1v r,ouEaroyrcrwv;xilnapriEool t6€a an6 t1 6r.6)trx\ apyat6r^qra. O Alagorrolt6g exxoopi.-xevoe avril t1v n[o.u1 xm rono}trnoe ro io26arov rqc, ,.oropidC p,toaorlv iEta rrlv nopeid trlc avOpdrrrvr;g roropiaq. E[6pv1oe rov no).ltr,op6lrlc o$yypovlq A6o1c oq ro an6yet6 ,crq, >td.t.uo n).1oiaop.a r4c exr,kiypoolq puq enl0up.1.u{c xorvrovrxip raET< or1v onota 0d ipar e(aoga-fuog.6veq 1 avOptinrvl e).eu0epicr xu xov)'ro6pa. IIo).6 ngfucgara, o Qp&vorc,Qouxoun&p.a enavi),a6e auril r1v aror66o{1 nenoigryr137g.

O E6xacog €varoq uxivaq o'i1p.ave ro anoxoplqtii4d. rnc ntor1c orlveuepyermfi cp6o"r1 rlc wropr.xilc e(6).rhq, ravr6Tpova 6p.aq oip.ave xar,wy andgyi11.u,aq 6d,0fi,q a6e6ar,6r7rdq TLd, ao Tapaxrilpa rle otyapo-v1c zoulto6?a,c. H npbreq xp,.r,.xtc, npo{),0av an6 cpru.vtq nov ap.cp,.o67-"co[oav rrq iDleq rq 6woleg .c'\q elT,toa\povmfc op0otroylx6t\.Eaq, a\qtelvm{c npo6Eou :xar atu.\ avOpcbnlvolv Elxalarp,ritrrrrt, .ctq onoi.eq 16oo

Q1)d eile 'uonoOerfoel o no),rtlo1.r.6q .cov E6xa.uou 6va'uou arcbva. Aevenp6xerto p6vo 1la orcAaoatc, nou voota).yo6oav 6vav zrpoveo.rtepr,x6,npo6top"r1yavx6, x6o1to, aD.& )i.d,L ̂(a xanor,ouc, rcou f0e).av va n&.ventpo^ ax' avr6y. Au.u{ 1 ovyv&, avtEr;proxpanxil xpr"rrxil orpec16rav

378. D.. Lutz Niethammer, Posthistoire: Has History Ended?, Aov8ivo 1992.

- 379. Frangis Fukuyama, The Endof History and the Last Man-, N6a Y6px1 1992

lTo riAoq, r4e otopiaq xar o re)eurabq oivilpanoq, A0{va 1993].

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186 H IXTOPIO|PAOIA 'TON

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ao\ errL4elpqlt"anx6 x6op,o 'cov 66xarou 6vatou anriva, xal Eev etyav,vnortlerat, d.\atxd,ad,ora0e[ an6 v6eg no]tttotr,x& Er1ploupyr,x6.c, e].it. Hezrrod;p1 xat I relvo).o1ia 0eolpo6vra.v arc6 tva dx6p.d pr.e1a).6tepo xopl-p.a,n oroydorrilv roq or, toyareg ouv6neleg tps"aq nope[ag op0o].o"ylxonoty-ollc 1'1 oxola xantoapege 'cd" ororyeta tou p60ou xeL xnq no[r1o1c rcoudErvav v6r1p.a olr1(ar1, w" tgepve tov riv0pono avrqti-,n rno g.e ryl pIEd-p.tv6r7ra xdl 'co napd)ro1o t1c, $nap|rlq. Aurli \ rceolto'ctx\ axotl1 ya,co o[yapovo no].lrr,op6 nlpe o'u1v wroptxiloxi rl E6o avri0eteq xaaeu-06voerq,: 1 pta {rav ouverEry& etrlriottxl xal avtlErlpoxparmiy oL 'ce-).eu'uaior tr1c exnp6oanot, 6nli,g o Epvo'u l6vlxep xar o Kap). Xplt,opay.drio'cr4xe\ an\t ava16vv1o1 1.llag eQvm{ g xotv 6t11r aC (Volks g e m e i n -schaft) p,toa o' ivav x6o,p.o telvo).oyrxo6 no).6pou xat 6taq. Xrrl Ee6te-pr1, av{xouv pe'uano},eplxoi. otoTaor€g, ot onotot antpp,trrav 666a,.a avrilc1v efu riorr, xn o r aol, evoop&t<'roav 6pro-rq notr)li o t otyeta .crtq xgn Mic,r4c eni. t1c enror{p1q xal. eni t19 'ue1vo}.oyfuq orr1 5rx{ roug xpr.rtxilcent rov xaxnd)*op.o6, oroyaor€q nov eiEav rr1 o6y1povr1 enoriyp.T xattelvo).o1ia oav 6gyava yla .urJv xaraorpogil ev6g x6op.ov pe avOport-orw6 yapaxdpa.

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o"o6 ard,ua. H r86a .cyg ev6rryaq rlq r6'roptac, alLquo6[t{01xe oTetxo

;;6, ;r, er.xoor6 o*b*o o.n6 rov oo6a)'vt In6v1x)'ep382' tov Apvotrvr

fairlrtrrt", xat &'tr).oug nou 06\oav va ^1p'i{''ouv l't'td ovyxpnxil r'oro-

p1o tru'<pr.e1&).o-rv no).t'cro1.r'cirv>' AI)'& o;v'c\ tl Errixprorl avap'eod oe

<rro).rtr,o1.l6v ovq>> xal oe <<npo'r6Tovouq>> )'ao6q anopPig0lT: ax6 r1v

,ro).t"ro1,rlr! avOpornololta pa\i' pe 'clv erx6va 'uov <<Aacbv Eilolg lo'uo-

pia>>382r'. Trlv iEla otl11.r.i1, ra vp.i11;'.aw, rou ntr40uoplo6 zrou eilav ayvol-

f:ei an6'touq to'roptxo6q' EttrE,'. i6oo' 1"'o 06o11 p'6oa ot1v. lotopia' To

torotprx6 rrrEio oro(1'ETF; TW. va oupnepltraiet, exr6.g'an6 ra xtvrpa'

eEovoidc, xd't 'ctc, naiuglr, c1€ xolvt''lviag, levvdn"uos :!o1'c1 1r'rxpoibto-

gto *oi "1,

ou"itr1,i1"cov rcoD.anldrv rtoprtiv' Atr)'& 1 avalv6prol

zr<og Eev eivat zr).6ov Euvadl pta pre'y'i)'r1 dqtT4o1 Trou vd tlver xate60uv-

oI o'ulv loropia Eev o11.,.aive r" xat 6r'',7 tc.'cot1ld' ega'o? x&0e v61p'a ' 6xti,g

ovyv&.'pe Oii1r1 u,-oo"1pi1fuxe. H 'r'oropta

eEaxo)'ou0ei va etvd'' iva

,rouiolrpo eplairio, pr.6otl'-rou onoiou op'&6eq xat &'royra opi(ouv 'u1v

,orriryt&, "ora.

>"n 06o1 ptaq evwi"ac, xar 6)')'op1c waop''x4c EraDrxa-

oi.or, unlpyer,'critpa 6uoq ,,iorpo).wp'6c a977i1oeov Trou acpopa onc' 6ta-

p.a'cwig elittttpi.q noD.civ Ecgopetrxdrv op&'Eov'

To 6r6).io avr6 vnoor{p(e'.u1 vopup.6rr1.ua r1C puxpoibaopiaq, a}Jri.

'YMTIEPAEMATI KEE IIAPATHPH>EI>

381. J. G. Droysen, Outline of the Principles of History' Boottivl 1893'

382. oswald Spengler, The iectine of the W,esi' 2 'c6'pot' N6a Y6px1 1926-28

lDer Untergang des Abendlandes, M6vaao 19231'

383. Arnold Toynbee, A Study o7 iitto'y,10 t6p'ot' N6a Y6px1 |?17-57384. Eric Wolf, Europe ond ih" P"ople Without History' Mn6pxleU 1982'

i ,li

380. Soren Kierkegaard, The Present Age, NLa Y6pxq 1962

TTMIIE PAEr4ArIxxx i4r4I4 rlrx]: twr88 H IXTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

t}er.le eni.orlq 6rr. avrfi Dev pn6peoe no.c6. va lecptyer. arc6 ro zc).aiolo tt'-rveup6.ueporv Eopdrv xdt VeT ao4rtparog.tirv p.toa o.cq oxoteq ).ap.6rivel Xrilpa.'Onaog eiEaple, 6).ot o1e86v ol l.r.lxpoibro p,.xo[ avayx&.o'c1lxav va 6p0ouvrrvr1ttrolxot pe ElaElxaoieg exovyypovlol.ro6 pioa an6 rrc, entmaoetqnov etTav dvrtg navto or4 ,p.txptq xotvorvtxriq op.riDe6 ot1 ;r.e).6t1 rt'rvozcoir,.rv agr.ep60rpav. H 6vvola 'cov exqv'(Xpovropo6 tyaoe rlv xd,vovr,-oruil l;r1c }worao4, e[axo].ouOei 6polq va unoEl].ri:vel ElaElxaoieq nouEpouv p.6oa oro o[yapovo x6op.o. O rs'copm6c, ptopi(er 6u o exov'yapo-vopr.6g Eev eivar plta povoEr&daaa\ 6rc6maota alJ,a 6u exqg&\e'car. pezcorxitreq Vopgd,q p.ioa ora }fi,qopa xowui.vtx&. x\aiow xd; o'ctcr Elagope-r,.xtq noltrlo,pm(q xapa66oer.q. Xqv xa).6tepr1 nepinror'\ o exouy4po-vrop6q eivat 6vaq l8e6runoq 6aoet rov onoiov pr.ropo6v va pletpl0o6v ou-yxexprpr6veg a).).a^y6q oe oyio1 pe ouTxexprp6veq ouv0flxeg. flap' 6).aavr&,, 11 olg.eprvil xar&.orao1 'c\c, Lo'coplrt{c ouveiErlonq, avlt va tyet,6a}er,6va <<.c6).og>> or1v r.oropi,a, 61et oE11f oet 6e pla peya).6repr1 ex).6-Trruvorl, 6nou 61ouv tr1 06o11 :,ovg 'c6oo to eupi'uepo n\dtorc 6qo xan orar op"mtg lElalrep6tl.ueq .

2. Tihog rqE lotoQaoE toE €nrorqlrovrxori eyler,qrgpatoE;

Au.uri r1 avaox6nqo1,rarv r,o.uopr,xc0v onouEdlv 6xo\ etnoc,c6 atava xpo-ond}Toe va EeiEel no€ 7) avuno).1{,,ia orr,v oxoia nepttneoe ro <<eulevdq6vepo>>385 ,cnq lc,.aopril< a.v,l;xetp.evrx6,cqrag xri0e &tr).o xapa o}iyrloeoe napaxpil r7 oo6ap\ wropxi1 6peuva. Av.ur0dto.rq, oEfploe q' ivavepn).ourrop6 .corv npooeyyi.oe.rv xa;r. ovyv&, oe Vux p.e1a),6,uepr1 er,Lcxn-

1-r.ovtl<'! ex).6ntuvo1. Meptxri npayp.ma 6'yrvav no).6 nlo gavep&.. H 6e-6ar.6ryra p.e .rlv onol.a or enayle).pari.eq wtoptxot p.em rov P&vxe r,t-oteua,v fit.oc, x,o 666top.a p€oa ol*q n\I€s rotc, elaogh)'r.\e p.ta a,tatxet-p.evm{ :rp6o).1t!1 tou nape}.06vroq tyer. o1ipet e6tit xar. xatp6. d)or6oo,ot ,.oropxot Eev e1xa.u6).ettfav c1 6douil Edopr.euol 1w ,.otop,.xil evtlp.6-/rnrd. \ oxota evtxver rov P&vxe xa,t .couc, ouvaEd).gou c, :'ov. 'Ooo neplo-o6'cepo ot wroptxoi. ava.yvrirpl(av ra 6pw a\c, dl^Etxeqtevx6rnrag 16ooanoxroioay, xar&. x&norov rp6xo, xar, p,eya\6rep1 eniyvrool .rov Trpo-xata),{{.,eov nou 06rouv oe xivEuvo rlv evrrp6rryra aovc,, 6e avrileoype 'clv <erlorllrovrxil>> pavxr,xfi nap&.6oo^r1 nou Eo6treue tTowag rrp

avta.natrl no| ei.vat Euvar{ rl avrrxery'evlx{ pdlo1.' An6 no}'}'6c an6-

[r,a, , wropia oq <<t61v1>> 5ta"{p1oe nol}'6q an6 r''' pr'e0oEo}'o1x6q

iioArroot", or,,c, oxoteq or:I1pr.\6rdv 11 na)'16'uepr1 .''o1'opr'xil enlotrip'r1' O

,J"opr*6c eiva,t ax6p.a e[aptlp6voq yx6 rr'g r\ftc'Eov' xd'L r.a xp'nrxa'"oi"Xrt"-

Ve ra onoio ,r< npooeyyfga' napapr6vouv ev noD'olq ra t6w'

i,ip* ap* avric, nq nryic flq a,v.rrperon(oup.e rcm rcpooex'ilxri. 'E1ou1.le

1rr1"iO"tpq enryvool 'uou 6a0po0 orov onoi'o ol rr1'16q Eev petag6pouv

&,peoa rYlv rPaTpdrrx6rlta aD'& eivar xar' ot' i'6rcq d'9"rf":r.p'd'alxtc' xara-

oxevig ?rou dvaouTxpotoiv aurtg rrc, npayp'arm6'ry'q' 67t an6 p'6veq

,rouq, aD.d, uzr6 c1v xa0oE{y4o1 anc' e7T'Lo1\P'ovrxtq 6peuvaq xdl aov

efi lorrll.tovrxoi tr61ou.

o opl(ov.uac rov r,o.uopr,xdrv onouEtlv 6reup6v01xe evcur,Ci,oLaxa xar&,

rq .ue)'.eutateq Eexaerl.eq, 6XL p.6vov 6oov acAopa o'rrq p'e)'etdrpr'eveq op&-

6ec xdr. dropa atr).& xat 6o:ov a'popa ora gtltara xa;L.o1d eparip'ara

,ro, euElag6pouv 'rov r'o'copv6. N6eq Oepatrx€g, nov ovAva dlouv va x&'vouv

p, 6rrpar*i4 6{/etc, 'cnc, Llarnc, anattrloav vieg enwr71'r'ovlx6q oa1d'an-'y,.xig or. onoteq, xa}rLc e[Eapre' Eivouv pla vt'd Qt'9ao'r1o'tr]v ePp'nveia rou

vot';platoq 'uov o16oeo.rv, ol6oealv nov 6rav xatrountbvov'cdL oe axp6oa-

zreq' avatrut,"iq-xarrlopief 1&vouv .rrq noro.rrxic, sovg Etaot&,oetg. Xto

olpr.eio avr6 ep.n'),6xovlo;: 7 qavtdo[a xil \ ep'ttd1em, p'.ta gav:,a'oid

6ptog nou, 6nac, r6vr.oe 1 NatalieDavis' xa0o8lleitar' an6 r'q <<9tov6q

tou nape).06vcog>>386. H xpntxil'crg er;w'c'\p'ovrxfc op0o)'oTx6tltaq

oE{po! p.eprxo0q wroptxoir,q va apvlgo6v x&'le ovowotrxil Eragop'i p'e-

,oii'ro"oplor, *o, pu0on).aoiaq. Adqopol ourypag.ei4 vxoorilpr'lav 6rr"

Eev p.nopo6pr.e va Etaxplvoup.e rrlv totopia an6 ro p'60o, xat rt,rg I TrPo-

on&,grro''ut,rv to'uoptx av an6 :,6re nov enallelg'aronol{O1xav ot Lol'o1t'

xdq oxouE6 q 'rd. e\xd"ca).ei{.,ouv t1 plcopl,xi rpog liprv -rrl-q' €7lto'rlpo-

vrx{c 6peuv dg dxore},ei" 6va oqa}'1-tct Trou 0a 6npene va Elop0ol0ei387' O

Frank Ankersmit uxootfpr,(e 6'vt or lo'coptxoi" 8a |npexe va tilouv t1v

eil.mpivera va' dvaTvtoP ioiw 6n o ).6"yoq rovc, eivan peragopm6q xar' 6rt

1oruofi Eru rrl'y,iqr, ..arr6 "1u TPe(Ww6r1'td>> altr& <an6 q'fidrooa

1r, "r1r'*oio paApt y' au"{vtr3b8.'O p"t"tNovick vnoorilgr'le, ooor&'

386. Natalie Davis, The Return of Martin Geurre, Katp'nptr\' Maoo' 1983'

387. BL .r1v aEr;y.ooieu.c7 ax6p.a'tagovotao1 tou Kellner oco 18o A€0v6c Xuv6-

Epro Iotoprxcbu 'Erro"1p,irr,

M6vtieal iggS gL' enior;q tou t1tou'^ Language and

Historicai Representation: Gening the Story Crooked, Mdvtloov 1989'

388. Ankersmit, <<Ilistoricism: An Attempt at Synthesis>> , History and Theory 34

(1995). o. 155.385. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream, Kaipurplt( 1988

ffi;t 191H IXTOPIOIPAOIA XTON EIKO>TO AIONA

xd.rd, ,c'rt Tv6pl lLov, 6'il \ dy.cltele\Lx6,c\.cd" 6,cnt E.cop'td. ei,ral d\er',t-.rEuxrrl' o Lo'copm6g Eev plropei va e),ni(el oe .clrLoad. nepr.oo6repo an6 roeri).o1o389. To e'i).o1o 6prq, npogavcirq, Eev oqpi(e,cd.t o,cTr\t au0aiperlenrv61o1 lLtd.g $aopLx\c ag1yqoyc' olpaiver op0o).onx6q orpatryym|.qxa0optop.o6.uou 'tt etvat npayp.arm&, e6)toyo. flpoi.ino06.rer. 6rt 11 oroptxileg\"nsr4 oAer{eru. pe p.ia wrogtxil xpd1p,aru6r7ra., avelapripaq roi-tn6oo q[v1e,rr1 xa.t t,p,tp"eor1 e[vat 7 nopeia p.ioa an6 trp onoia npooelli-(er. o to,cogtx6c, duri) rlv npayp.ar,x6r7ta.'Erot, nap6rt notr).oi i,o.ropr-xol 6)taiav oo6ap&, un6{.tv rouq 'trl o611pov1 1}.oroo}.o1x\, oqp"ero-).o1rxt'1 xar tro'yotelvrx\le.r,ptd, orrlv np&(1 Dev aroE6101xav .u1v l06a6n ra xetp.eva Ve ad, onoia epya\ovrar Eev avagipovrar o.urlv lrpa"([Ld.-rm6rr1ra. K&Oe loroptx\ 6x8eor1 anore)rei otyovga pua xaraoxevi.,,

V.td. xdrcdoxeu{ 6p.oq xov xpox,ix,ret p.toa an6 6va Er&}.o1o ,Eov toro-prxo6 pr.e co nape).06v, 6va El&).o1o nou Eev }rclayerat ev xevri a),).dp.6oa oe p.r,a xor,v6vlra epeuvltriv Trou ou;lgarvo6v n&va oe xpr,,ci1pr,a^(td, .co t etvat e6).oyo.

3. Tdl,og tou Araqolrr,opori;

H p(mrj ap.g,s6ipqo1 o.uov duhvd pd.c, ,cnq Euvat6rryaC p.wq opOo).o-'flxic, 6pev\aq o.urlv toropta ouv66ecal orev&., 6nl.r,q eir,ap,e, p,e pw avla-v6p.evr; }voaptoxer.a antvav:* o:r1 o[yApovl xor,vovia xal xoutrto6pa.Aurfl 1 xor,vorvia 0eop{01xe x}.1pov6poq rou Aragotropo6. O Aragor.ur-op6g, nou eile vo10e[ agyrxd r'rg 1 p6oro tou op0o6 ].61ou ane].eu06po-r-orl .uov av0p6norv an6 rovq au0aipetoug xdrcayo.fxacrp.olq trot tboteyap.nopei o xa:il€vdq va avar'l,lfer e).e60epa rlg Euvat6rr,r6q rov, o'rrl Fe-tap,ortrtpva ovlip4orl iylve 6vaq anoEronoplzr ai.oc, rpeyoq, une60uvog 611p.6vo yw ro &Eercropr.a rov x6opov an6 v67pa aD.& xar "fa. ,En Erlproup-yta rrov'ue1vo).o1lxdrv xal Elolxltlxtirv epla).ei.ctv 1w rlv xuptap1i.a n&.vaotouq av0ptinoug. H pecap.ovr6pva ox6{1 orxoEop.f0lxe n&vo oe VLd.napa}oorl avrlElagoc ottxtiw aloOrlplirorv nov xar&yeran an6 .uov d,v.E[-1.l,ov'uepvop,6 ,rt'rv ouv,rrlpltlxtirv xal pop.orv.rlxdttt oroyao,utirv rou E6xa-tou 6varou ar,rivd xa;: aia'v apltirv ,cov erxoorol, 1tw ̂ fpo;tLtLi nou pr6oor'uou Niroe xa:t aov Xa:reyxep oDrllei o.cn gr(ootraorm\ }elw.urov Ee-xaentlv rou 1920 .xa;t aov 1930.

AD\&, o.n6 rt1 }exderia rcv l94O xu; 1t'ertnetad".orydlltxd orot-

,6il avrilc "",1c xpr'xiq uroger{'lglxav an6 Euvolt6q oav 'uouq MaE

{i""i*Lo, Tdovtop Avt6pvo xar. Xi'pp.nept Mapxo6(e, ot onotot xp'vlot-

;;;:;6;"''s pap[rorrx6q 6vvores r1c atr]o'pl'oqc xat tou getr*opr.oi

ir, t,r"rptO',to"oi'(Ld, lLttd' xpr'rui1rlc y}Tapovrlc xou)"uo6paq' o Ara-

,r",i'rai e|ae npoonooloet va ane)'euoeptioet rouq avoptinoug xd'aa'-

If,oirpo*"r, "orq lr60o,q' atr)li eile ErlpltoupYipeq unootfpr'(av "co\

xd'L-

;J;i; 1r'io" a",'1 ,r*o"{*1 1"topo6"e vd xaravoiloet xo,L' p"6irt'-r t1c

,rr""iirtrr, va etr61Eel q'96o1 xd.t 10\ rivgporno. Eexrvcbvtag an6 p,"a",tloEoo*i'avd,),uo1',

unootilpt(av 6:ut ni1a an6 rn Eraxripu[1 rt'lv ot-

[,]frr","a" av0pd,r,iu,,-,v Erxau,.r1.r,i"ory an6 ro A,ogorrlopr6 xpv66rav p'td'r*Jrrr*h*orurrr*f,

olxovoptx'il' xat, enopL6vo'lq, xdl fio]*'E''xi1 ralnr.po:'('

fr;'J nl,ou 6oor\6rav n&vc,r o.uo Er,xaic.r-pct o.urlv lEroxtloia.. To p'e1&).o

;ne^* tou Augotroy.o6, olup(owav ,1gtoxerar' o'u1 o'cpe6)'{ tou 'ino{''1il ;r" op06 ).61o,

"o, orroio, dxit'caroc, or67oq etvat 7 6\td(a(T^anc'

a).i0elaq oe enlo'El[.r.ovtxtg, Er1].401 oe.-7Eooolttt6g, Eta'uundroelq390' H

"tir", o"t1, ,rou"rEuvapia avno'3'rou ei8ouq, a'\c, er'wrhq\q ouvtoto0oe

euo ueo p,iOo. AE,oqopdrvtag "fd, atc'. xoro'crxtc, n)'eup6q qc Jrcap€rlc'

lryave an6 'ca p.&,'cw'tou rlv xp,lrrxil qxonti'' nov qwrctil' tov nup{1va

rlq dtrIorvtg ezrorlplC.' Ar"i 7'onrr*6uro1 rou Atagol'ulop'o6' t1v onoia 0.a enava)'&6ow

apy6'cepa xat or Qovxcll' Nteptvci xar' /\uo'cap, anor{)'ei, xa'ca rr1 yvtit-

trr1'pou, pla lovEpoerE{ Etaotp60.or1' Aq n&poupe tvav an6 'covq ex-

rrpoo,irrrorc "or, "r,

Kou"opo6, nou .ezre8iolxe tn pellotonoqol 'Eou

,rio,i"ou xorr r1q eurlpepiac p-6'od ax6'ry ouorlpal*x\ eqappoYi llcETrro.rlpovixhc xo,

"r1*Io1,"{q Tv6o1c o"o $'po.t1€ xolvarviaq39t'

Ira tov Kovcopo6 64ri,1 ttt,o"ip1 xat 1 telvo)'oltd otloupa Eev !'uav

avrooxonoi a)r).ri p,6oa Trd .rrlv aneleuo6pooTj .l(')v alopdlnolv, o.ul.tfie-

pil.ap.6avopr.6uo, pi),,o"ct xar ttov luvarxdlv, ur,6 rd Eewri t1c &ytowr"

t1c'or6p1o\q xarurlq ruPdwia<. O L''acpla.rr'op'6q etye r'9&'7'p'arr' 1u'a

6tn).{ 6{11: unoot1pi101xe 6n o otxoup'evrop6q tou Tot tl xiot1 'cov

otov 'op0otro'ylx6

o1i6la op.6 xat 6).e^11o neprstye ra on69p'arcr-'cou ou'ro-

nlopoO xc( 'tou o).ox),1p<rltlopo6 "ru

p',lour.aorti'v an6 rov Poieontigo

ryM[EPAtMATI K EI t IAPATH PHXEIT

390. BI. Max Horkheimer xal Theodor Adomo, The Dialectic of Enlightenment'

Ner vap"f ioii loitira* der AuJkltirung, 1972 - H 1nAexctxi rou Anqa'ctopo6'

A0{va 1986 xar 1996139 1. Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Garitat, marquis de Condorcet' Sketch for a Hi-

storical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind' Nid Y6px1 1955'389. Novick, That Noble Dream

192 H DTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA

cirq rov A6vrv392. d)or6oo,7 €p.gao.r1qrlv du.rovopta .,ov Eragorrlopdvoua,u6p.ov npoijn60ere ,rlv dnogaqwr.txil av.ct}eon oe xa}e p.opgi1"r"op_pr,x\q e\ovo(aq xat, o),ox).1prr.rtl xo6 elt|yy ov.

O Ep6g.oq zrou oE11ef anc6 ro Nago.ri,r6 oro Aovo6nc, vnipEe anei;_p,q nro o6v0eroq an' 6oo rov nap€orToast o Avr6pvo xat o oouxril, xaroe 'p.ey&)to 6a0p"o oqeiAerar, o"ou ou",rrtoteplop.6 .cav avrtn&.orv touA,ragarwpo6. H wropta.rov arli.va Vo,q Vaq-61er Er&i[er no].].& yro ,r,ay.gwrl!"teq rorv av').{{ieorv .uou L,'grrrolr"iJ yro ,|o av0pdrnrva Er_xatay,ara.)r.d,r r\\ op0o).o1lx6.url"1. H p.erap,ov,;€pva ox6|r1ouv66a).eovqtaortx&. orr,q olyypoveq wroptx,ic, ov(r1iperc p"e rlc ,rpor,'6orro,rjo.t'g

'q9 axtvavtL o'cov ovroxwp.6 xd* 6.c\\ twotd trlc' npo6Eou. Aur6 Eev 0a

dnperce, oor6oo, \d, Vd.: o811{oer ?a1u eV11yLrit1rr1 ,o, oclv azr6ppul,,1

r1c x).1povo1.u&.q ,cov Lwcp.il*oFo6 atrI& pri).trov oe'g.rd, *prrrxil r;;;.1(i,raofi.uou. Au.u6 entTe,tpqoexat-6vap.ey&).o.p.dpoq tlc ,i)qxo,.vav,"x\qxan nolv'ucotp-txfiq

'.oropia"g nov elero,\er. avr6 to 66)rto. H eva).).ax"rx{)16o11 antvavtr o' 6vav elayvo,ptvo Awqa,cwp"6 eivar, 11 6ap6ap6rqra.'

flporerv6p.evrl 616). rc rcq"qtd"

AEN TIIAPXEI xanow ouvo).tx{ a.va,ox6nno1'lrlq ro'loptxtlc oxttlr,q

xat ypaqig, lov erxoo'cot aniva, 6xra,c una,pAel ̂fid, 10 E6xato tva'co to

6$)rio 'vou George P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Ce-

ntury, Aov8ivo 1913. To nap6v 66)rlo anotelei p.w dx6xer"9a ptegrxlc

x&).u{r1c o;vro$ tou xevo6. 'Ep eniyvoorl 'ttov opit'-rv tou, 16oo r:qg

en}exrtx6rTtaq rov 6oo xat'u1c aEuvap'idg rov va aolo).1Oei pr'e tlg

ro,coptxiq onouE6q exr6q rqc Eupdrnlc xal'cnq B6peoq Ap,eprx{c. Ytr'ap-

Xouv d.pxe'ciq oq1t'avrmtq npoon&.lercc, el€'caorl( 'utr.rv totoptxci-lv oTrou-

Etiv oe p.ra Ee6op.6v1 o'ur1p{. C Geoffrey Barraclough, oro History ina

ChangingWorld, O(g6pE1 1955, doao)rei'car. p" dvr6 nou 0ec'rpo6oe t,.lq

0epue).rax6 er.s.\d.7.?o6ava'uotrtop.6 'u\c, t6'Eocrtx'q< ox€{nq xat' Tpagip oro

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'ro lo'roploTpagm6 x\ip.a, 6mac, to Felix Gilbert xal Stephen R. Graubard(enp.), Historical Studies Today, Nda Y6pxr1 1972' Charles Delzell(etrqr.), The F uture of H istory,Nashville 197 7' Geoffrey Barraclough, M ainTrends in History, N6a Y6px1 1979' Theodore K. Rabb xar Robert Rot-berg,The New History: The 1980s and Beyond, flpivotov 1982' Georg G.Iggers (et q.r..), <<Social History at the End of the 1980s: A Critical Inter-national Perspective>> , Storia della Storiografia, retAq 17 xd,, 18, 1990'xar Peter Burke (en4.r..), New Perspectives on Historical Wriling, StateCollege,Penna., 1991. Mla e[6raor1 a\c, ro'coprx{c pe0oEo).oytdc, xa06c,xd,t 'utov pe"1&Io-rv peupriro-rv wropr.xilc "fpag\s nov exretverar. n€pa an6to Au'um6 x6op.o negrJaera. oco Georg G. Iggers xal Harold T. Parker,Internationat Handbook of Historical Studies. Contemporary Research andTheory,Westport, Conn., 1979. To Fitz Stem (errp.), TheVarieties ofHistoryfromVoltaire to the Presenr, Nda Y6px1 1973, e[axo].ou0ei va

ano.ue).ei dvav xa).6 oE1'y6.'Ooo yra enr.p.dpouq e0vlx6g e€e).fielq ora 16)r\ aov elxoo'co6 ar.dna,,

392. Br. Gerhard Ritter, The German probrem: ksic euestions of German poriticarLife, Past and present, corumbus, ohio 1965. J. L. Talmon, The origins of rotarit_arian Democracy' Nda ytipxl 1960 enio16 Hannah Arendt, The origins of rorarita-rianism, Nria y6px1 l9bl xat Friedrich riayet, Road to siryao*. z"narlo tsstt

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6),. Michael Kammen, The Past Before (Js: Contemporary HistoricatWri-ting in the United States,Ithaca 1980. lla rrg v6eq xareuO6voerg .u1€

wropr.xilc ox6rfrlc xa:l rcpax^ctxric, 6).. Jacques Le Goff xar Pierre Nora,Constructing the Past: Essays in Historical Methodology, Katp.npr.r\,Maoo.,1984. H xa).6'uep1, d\,t xa;l ag.gr).e16prev1, pe).6,q rt'lv a,pepcxd,-vmcbv locoptolpagr,xdx napa66oearv arc6 rr.g andpAtq rov apegmavmo,3wroptxot x).riEou v1 }exaerta rou 1880 p.61pr tr1 }exaerta cou lg80etva4 xar&. rI Tv6pI pou, 'uou Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The<Objectivity Question> and the American Historical Profession, Katpxptr\1988' "fd..co nptito 1.r.lo6 tou etxooto$ anbva, ErnstBreisach,AmericanProgressive History: An Experiment in Modernization,}mayo 1993. ftarrq xotvt'rvrxic, xat Envolrlx6q Eop6q rov xor,vorvmdrv enlorrlp6v ot1feppavia oro ng,hro rpi.'co rou gxoqrot a;ubvd, 6),,. Fritz Ringer, ZheDecline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community,1890-1933, Kai.ptxpnl, Maoo. 1969' ^(d. a\ p.er&. ro 1945 LvrmilTegpavta, Georg G. Iggers, The Social History of Politics: Critical per-spe ctiv e s in We st G e rman H i s t oric al Writing S inc e 1 I 4 5, N6a Y6pxr1 I 9 86'yrcr r1v Avaco).rx{ fepp.avia, Georg G.Iggers (enrpr.), Marxist Historio-graphy inTransformation: East German Social History in the I980s,N€aY6px1 1991 . lw ry latr).ia, oyerx&. |Le ,cd, Annales, Peter Burke,TheFrench Historical Revolution,The Annales School 1929-89, AovEivo 1990'6),. entolc Bryce Lyon xar Mary Lyon, The Birth of Annales History: TheLetters of Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch to Henri Pirenne, Bpvll)Jreq 199 I .|ra nro np6oga,reg 1a),).m6q e(e).fierg, 6).. Frangois B6daida,L' Histoireet le mdtier d' historienenFrance 1945-1995, flolpi.or. 1945-95, xatJeanBoutier xal Dominique Julia (enlp..), Passds recomposds: Champs et chan-tiers de I' Histoire, fldptor. 1995.

Yn&p1er WW, ex.ce\Sq, 6$N.oypagia zrrivo.r o.cr1v altepwlipryo1 .u@vnapa}oowx<i-rv p.opgd.rv w@pto1po,qtag dn6 ro p.€rdpovrepvlop6 xat r\/.orooo).o1rx\ leraipta. Ta neproErx&, History andTheory,The AmericanHistorical Review, The Journal of Modern History xdr Past and presentun{pEav o1p"dwm&, g6poupr. "yt' auric, rr.q ov\qripeg an6 ra p.€od m1c,}exaertag rou 1980. Mra epeuvrFm\ elhaorl tov 0ep.ritorv aucciv ro.rvou(1t{oerr.rv nepdyerat oro Gabrielle M. Spiegel, <History, Historicism,and the Social Logic of the Text in the Middle Ages>, Spec ulum 65, 1990,o. 59-86. B).. eniolc John E. Toews, <<Intellectual History After the Lin-guistic Turn: The Autonomy of Meaning and the Ineducibility ofExperience>>, American Historical Review 92. 1987. o. 87g-907. lla

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189Du Bois. W. E. B.. l l7

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* O 6poq avaqtperar, oto eiEoq t1cwroprxlc av&).uo1c nov \aoi\erat ory'tuno1err,xa evaMaxrlx{ zopeia ztape}'go-vrtxtiv xa'cdordoeorv npoxerp6vou va Eleu-p0ver to neEio 14< npo6)gy.anxip r1c (r.1.

av Eev uzr{p1av od1p6Dpop.or. 1 all},rx1orxovopr.ia 8a avtr,rvooe 6,.agogerrx6. 7u-paxrrlpotx&...).

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English Historical Review, 45

Ferro, Marc, 88Fogel, Robert, 22, 67-69, 16lFrank, Walter, 93

Gatterer, Johann Christoph, 42GeerIz, Cifford, 24, 30, 138, 142-

146, 153-154, 162-167Gerschenkron, Alexander, 68Gervinus, Georg, 43Geschichte und Gesellschaft. 98-99-

144Gilbert, Felix, 193Gooch, George P., 193Gothein, Eberhard, 52Gdttingen, lIavt;ntor,"illtto, 42Goubert, Pierre, 78Greenblatt, Stephen, 26Guicciardini, Francesco, 4lGurevich, Aaron, 89, 113

Hammond, Barbara, 722Hammond, John Lawrence, 122Harrington, Michael, 19, 130Hayek, Friedrich, 192, aqp". 392Heeren. Arnold von. 43Henry, Louis, 105Hilberg, Raoul, L52-153Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 195Hintze. Orto. 58-59histoire s€rielle, 67, 99Historische Anthropologie, 126,

144, lgDHistorische Zeitschrift. 44- 58Historismus, 46History Workshop, 31, 121-126Holborn, Hajo,94,99

Jacob, Margaret, 195Iohns Hopkins University, 44Iournal of Interdisciplinary History,

r26Iournal of Social Historv. 126Joyce, Patrick, 116

Kehr, Eckart, 94-95, 99Kellner, Hans, 25, 27, 195Knies, Karl, 58Kocka, Jiirgen, 98, 100-101, 134,

139, 163, 172Koselleck, Reinhart, 161 , 168Kuczynski, Jtirgen, lO4,.ll4Kula. Witold. 112Kulturgeschichte, 63

Labrousse, Ernest, 84Landesgeschichte, 53Langewiesche, Dieter, l0lLepetit, Bernard, 87L6vy-Bruhl, Lucien, 82Lovejoy, Arthur, 167Ltidtke, All 151

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 44Mandrou, Robert, 78, 85Mason. Tom. 122Mauss, Marcel, 82Medick, Hans, 138-139, l4l, 143,

153Meinecke, Friedrich, 4'7,99, 167Mendels, Franklin, 140Menger, Carl, 56, 58-59microstoria, 142-147Miller, Perry, 63Mintz, Sidney, 149Mitterauer. Michael. 104-105Monumenta Germaniae Historica.

43Moraz6, Charles, 87Muchemblend, Robert, 149Muir, Edward, 146Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, 43

Niethammer, Llutz, 103, 150, 152

NipperdeY, Thomas' 100

North, Douglass, 67-68

Novick, Peter, 189-190

Parker, Harold, 193

Parrington, Vernon, 63

Past and Present,98, ll5' 122,

125, 126, 129, 144, 176, 194

Perrot, Michelle, 102

Pirenne, Henri, 18, 64

Plato, Alexander von, 103, o1P. 188

Pocock J. G. A., 167

Poznan Studies in The Social Scin-ces and the Humanities, 122

Quaderni Storici, 125-126, 144,180

Radical History Review, 126Ratzel, Friedrich, 75Revue Histofique, 44Rickert. Heinrich. 57Riehl, Wilhelm, 63, 136, 142Ringer, Fritz, 40, 194Ritter, Carl, 75Ritter, Gerhard, 192, or11t. 392Rivista Storica ltaliana, 44Robinson, James Harvey, 54, 63Rocznike Dziejow Spolecznych i

Gospodarczych, ll2Roscher, Wilhelm, 58Rosenberg, Arthur, 94, 99Rosenberg, Hans, 94, 99Rostow, Walt, 67-68, 182Rutkowski, Jan, ll2

Sabean, David, 141Sahlin, Mashall, 165-166Samuel, Raphael, 122, 123-124Schiifer, Dietrich, 52Schama, Simon, 32, 177

Schlosser. Friedrich. 43Schlumbohm, Jiirgen, l4lSchmoller. Gustav von. 56-60Sewell, William, 32, lO2, 168, 170-

174, r77Skinner, Quentin, 167-168Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 175Sonderweg 96Spence, Jonathan, 177Spiegel. Gabrielle, 194Ssu-ma Chi'en, 34Stedman Jones, Gareth, 122, 124,

r lr-175, 117Stern. Fritz. 193striith, 8., l7 l, o1p. 353Studia Metodologiczne, ll2Sybel, Heinrich von, 46

Talmon, J. L' I92, on't. 392Taylor, George, 116, 169Tenfelde, Klaus, 102Thomas, Keith, 137Treitschke, Heinrich von, 46Troeltsch, Ernst, 47, 48Turner, Frederick Jackson, 54.55,

64

Vidal de la Blache, 75Vierteljahrschrift fiir Sozial- und

Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 7 6Vovelle. Michel. 86

Webb, Beatrice nor Sidney, 122Wehler, Hans Ulrich,94-lDl, 135,

163, r'72Wierling, Dorothee, 105-106Wilson, Woodrow, 54Windelband, Wilhelm, 57, 58Windschuttle, Keith, 195Wolf, Eric, 149

Zwahr. Hartmut. 104

201200 H DTOPIOIPAOIA >TON EIKO>TO AIONA ETPETHPIO

Ayxul.6v, Mropig, 169-ljoAtyp.av, Avtotrq, 153Axtov, A6p6oE, 45A),rouo6q, Aooi, I19, l2lApeExovr,xq Iorogr.xrl Etor.qeio, 44,

64Awogvo, T6ovtog, 28, 95, l9l, 192Aouo6wg, 192Agev'r, X<iwc4 153Agrorotel.r;g, 24

Boipcgl, \poxporic rqg B., 93,94.99. 172

Beprneq, Mol, 30, 42, 51,59-61.62, 64, 65, 73, 75, 93, 95_97,99, ro7-t08, 159, 162,163. 165

BeErol.ivo, llcrvenrorrlpr, o, 40-41Brewq, Krix).og rqE B., 158-159Br6vvr;, Ilcvenr,otr;puo, 105

lc),l.r.xr1 Encvaotaorl , 32, Bg, 116_118, 169. l8 l

ftril"tor,v, Mnopiq, 179frcrl,prng6r0, T[r,ov Kdve0, 130|r(6, @pravoouti, 44lxivlpnouqyx, Kriql,o, 135, l3l..

142. 144-147fxowe],rd, Mtopi.g, 124fxogpncrorircp, MtyailL, 17 9lxpr6wr,, Evtoopvo, 142yl.droocr, 23, 83, lZ4-I25, 156_175yltooouzrl otgoprl, 156-175yuvcixeg loroprnoi, 45, 122yuvoixeg, rotoqicr rtov y., 2I. gg,

r03,105-106, l t7, t2 l_t24, t74Iiivyxeg, Eqvor, lg6

6rcJ,exrrxq, 109-l l05r,cl.exrrz6g ul.r.opog, 109-ll 1Aragorrrop6g, 28, 43, 91, 97, 167.

185, lg6, t90_192

E0vLz6 K6wgo yra rrlv X1ol,r,xrlIoropio, HIIA, 195

ezbututop,6g, 17€xouyxQovropog, 17, 33, 68,90, 93,

95-98 100, to6, t34_135, 142,149, t66, 172, 178, 179, tg2,188

'Evyxel"g, @qr1vrpr1, 108, i l l , l16eg;r4veurrzrl, 30, 145, 153, 162. 164

Hq66oroE, 15,34, 157

@mgoog, 466).9og (Thiers, Adolphe),44

@ouxubi6lg, 14, 15,34, 4l

r.oroplxrl 6qpoypcrcpio, 65, 94, 105,1AArTw

IotoEnr; Opo6o rou Koppouvr,otrnouKoppcrog (M. Bgercrvlag), 114,r22

.proprxrotrr6g, 30, 39-55, 56, 59, 59.62,76, 164

roroqlxog ul"rop6g, 107, 109, I10.131

Ircr).r.xr; r.otogloypcgia, 135, 142_148

Kcrlp"rugrtl, Opd6c yrs r1v ll],r10r-optzrl Iotoqid xor rlv KolvrrrvLtnAopr; qg Ayy),iog, i05.

Kcrvt, Eppovoue)., 20, 157-159, 162,182

Ko,rriv, ogoyrl tou K., lI2Kiqxelx<og, Zaipu, 187Koppouvr.otr.xa K6pporcr, 110, 112_

115Kopr, Plroopvr, 118Kovt, Auyouorog, 187Kovtopod, 61, l9lKouv, T6paE, 35, l5gxgLtLxr; 0eo4ia, 95

Kp6roe, Mnevevt6to, 51 , 167

Ac6iE, EQv6ot, 46

AAf (Acrixtt Arlptoxgatlcr tqg feqpa-

vicg), lotogloYqcrqicr, 104, I 11,

l13-lI4lwxav, Zax, 124

Ao Kdnqo, NtoPtlvin, 160-161

Acpaptivog, Alcp6voog, 44

Aopngelt, Kcrql,, 50-54, 56-57, 58,62. 64.74

A66r., TEro6aw, 142, 143, 145-148

Ac lxoq, 78, 80, 85, 89, 132, 137,149

A6vlv, B. I., 110, lI, 192Ae Pouo Aovtugi, Eppcrvu6),, 66, 78,

79, 80, 84-87, 140-141, 166Ae966g, Zap\,32, 116, l l7, 170)lo^yw6g 0etxr.op6g, 158Auorcrg, Zox-@pcrvooua, 167, 174,

t9l

Mdl.OouE, Topcg, 84<Mcf lll.avx>, Ioropr,x6 lvoutouto,

140, 141, 151Moqzorile, X6ppnegr, 191Mop[, Kap],, 22-23,60-6 1, 62, 64,

65, 67, 73, 83, 93, 95, 97, 99,108-11i , 116-117, I r9-r21, r3l ,157, 179, 187

paplr,op6g, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21,26,32, 52-53, 88-89, 91, 95, 99,104, 107-126, 130-131, 135,136, 142-t43, 146, 165, r79,182, lgl

poplrop6E-),evrvLopog, 107, I 10,l l3, 134

Mor#, A).pnip, I 16ptxgoioropia, 30, 132-155, 164,

182.187-188Mtoe).6, Zr),,, 44,46, 80, 117, 156Mviprt Grooia), 152

M6ppoev, Teowop, 161Mncroel,op, fxaot6v, 158Mncrltiv, Ml1<tt1i., I 13Mnegx, 'Evtpouvt, 43Mnlopr,crpx, 47, 52, 56Mn),ov. Aoui. 44Mnorlgxlcrqt,ltaxopn, 18, 20, 28,

156, 186Mrougvtl6, lIa],", 26, 103, 165Mngaouvlvyx, Kqiotoqeg, 152-155Mnprow6),, @epvcv, 20, 78-8 1, 83-

84, 99, l l2, 135, 143

vcr(ropog, 87, 93-94, 234, 152-153,r72

Ncno),6rov, 40N6cr Olxovoprxrl Iorogio, 67-68, 130Nda llo],ru,oprzr1 loroqic, 30, 31,

r3t, r75, ll8, 180, r92N6or loroplxoi, HIIA, 18, 54, 55,

63-64veoxcrvllcrvrl cpu),ooogicr, 57, 60N6og loroplxwlrog, 25, 139, 176Neritcov, Ioaax, 2LNitoe, Oprlvtprl, 18-19, 22-23, 28,

157. 186. 190Nre Mcv, fl<o)", 132Nteprrwa, Zax, 23-24, 29, 724, 132,

159, 160, 167, t73-174, 11',7,191

NtLl.rcru, Bil.etrp (Wilhelm Dilthey),57 -59

Nropr, Mropig, 114-115Ntooro^yr6qoxu, <Duovt6g, 186Ntq6u[ev, ft614v lxoiol,al,58, 59,

6t- 76. r87Ntupnri, Zcop\, 78, 85, 89, 132,

r36-r37Ntugn6p, Epil,, 53, 54, 59, 64, 75

Oforicp, M6vo, 88, 168, 169, 170OLoxarlropa, 20, 29, 151-153

202 H DTOPIOfPAOIA 'TON

EIKO:TO AIONA EIPETHPIO

Owuooioug, 126, 180Oprrlyza u lxoo6t, Xoa(., 46Ouy'yqwr1 rcrogr,olgoqict, ll2-ll3

fldpoovE, TaLxor, 16f]l?"orrulv, 22flotrrovrxq r,oroEoypcrcpia, 89, 172,

I 15, 185flgoo8eutxoi Iotoprxoi, 54, 64Ilqoo6og, 1 r.66o r\S n., 17, 53, 64,

81, 120, 130, 135, 185, 192nqogoqntrl rotopio, 103, 104, 150-

r52Ilqoolcr, l'1 , 40, 43wgtotoex6uopqyivuoq, I4O- | 4l

qqroEnrl, 27, 160-161, 189Puxcrpvto, Nr6l6lvt, 67

)c,ptr6, PolE, 27, 165Xoptg, Zan-f[<r)", 28oqpelol,o{o, 83, 86, 113, 138, 139-

140,162,164, 176)rprriv, Qpcrvoouri, 54, 64, 75)tot, Tl6cv (Scott, Joan),29, 172-

r752xar,l.xil 10lxr1 gr,l,ooogia, 62)pr,0, Avrcp, 67)put, Kogl", 186)o6r.eu,xr1 loroqr,oypogicr, 88-89,

I 10, I I l , I 13- l 14, l5 l , 152Xopnoriir, Al.pn6p, 32, 116, 169)our16r,xr1 r,oroptoyga,cpla, 126)our1[u, lfto],, 115Xrr i l rv, 1 l l , 113, l5 l , 152Xr6ouv, Arbgevg, 91, 115, 129-133,

t56, t76-t77orQour,rouQcr),r.op6g, l2l, 159)roxg<itqE, 22, 23, 29, lO9Xroorip, (Depvtr.vcv vrc, 23, 159,

160,167Tq,w, Innol.dr, 44, 108

Tox6i|, Al,6lr,9 vr,e, 44, 156T6poov, 'EvTouogvt fL, 21, 100,

102, t l4, 115, 118-123, 136,138. 171

Ton6l.oxl, fi6qlu (Jerzy Topolski),t t2

T6uvpnl, Agvol.w, 187Toelool,o6oxrx,r; rotoqtolgccpic, l13

<De6g, Auo#v, 7 4-78, 8 1-83, 89Oeyegnpnevt, II<o1., 158geplvrcprog, 21, 29, l2l-125, 113,

174tDioep, Opr,tg, 93-94Oouxtir, MLo6tr, 28-29,80, 124, 131,

r45-t46, t4g, l5g-t60, 173-175,t9t-r92

@ouxouyuripcr, Qprivolg, 134, 178,185

<Dgavxcporiqtq, X1o),r1 rIE O., 28, 95,99

cpul.o (gender), 19, 125, l3l, 137,173. 180. 183

!Dug6, (Dgcrvooua, 32, 88, 116, 168-170, 18 1

Xor,vteyxeq, Mcrprlv, 28, 190Xctpnegp<rE, h,oripyxev, 97, 168Xcrvt, Auv (Hunt Lynn), 32, 168-

169, tt2, r7'7Xcrprrcprog, 171X6yxe)., 42-43,60-61, 62, lO9,

156-t57, 187X6ptoev, A),e[<ivreg, 186Xt).}., Kgiorocpep, ll4, 117Xi),rov, P6vrveii,l 14, ll7, 123Xroup, Nrer6r,vt, 39Xoew(6),egv, 6uvco'reicr, 46, 56, 93X6pnoptcoup, 'EQrx, l14, 118X6gxlcipep, Mo[, 28, 95,97,99,

191Xoucnt, Xeuv'rev, 14, 23, 24, 29,

132,143, 154, 156-157,182

Xorlpno),vt, Bil'e)"P cPov, 40

Xgoutrrtilg, Nr,xoi'at, 112,

gu1avcrl.uo4, '78, 84

160, 115

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Georg Iggers Η Ιστοριογραφία στον 20ο αιώνα

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