Gamma ray

Adesyifa MaulidaAyu Lintang Cahyani

Bahtiar RifaiCarolus Ivander

Definition Gamma rays (often denoted by the

Greek letter gamma, γ) is an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay.

Inventor Figures

In the end of 1890, Bacquerel discovered radioactivity inadvertently. He covered the uranium salt by using thick black paper and put it on the photographic plate. And then he put it into the drawer without exposed it to sunlight first. A few days later he found that the photographic plate became dark. He speculated that the radiation is stronger than the X ray.

Antoine Henri Becquerel

Gamma ray is discovered by French chemist and physicist, Paul Ulrich Villard  in 1900 while studying the radiation emanating from Radium, Polonium and Uranium. He finds that gamma-ray can not be deflected by magnetic fields.

Inventor Figures

Paul Ulrich Villard

In 1914, Ernest Rutherford and Edward Andrade showed that gamma rays were a form of electromagnetic radiation by measuring their wavelengths using crystal diffraction. The measured wavelengths were similar to those of X-rays and are very short. It was Ernest Rutherford who named gamma rays.

Inventor Figures

Edward Neville da Costa Andrade Ernest Rutherford

Frequency• Gamma rays typically have frequencies above 10 exahertz (or >1019 Hz), and therefore have energies above 100 keV

Wavelength• Gamma rays typically have wavelengths less than 10 picometers (10−12 meter), which is less than the diameter of an atom.

• Gamma rays are electromagnetic wave which have the highest frequency and the shortest wave

• This wave has the big energy and can through metal and concrete

Electromagnet Spectrum

Characteristic of gamma ray

Radiation of short wavelength and high frequency

Not deflected in a magnetic field

The greatest energy The strongest

penetration

ELECTRON–POSITRON ANNIHILATIONElectron–positron annihilation occurs when an electron (e−) and a positron (e+, the electron's antiparticle) collide. The result of the collision is the annihilation of the electron and positron, and the creation of gamma ray photonse− + e+ → γ + γ

Radioactive decay

An excited nucleus can decay by the emission of an α or β particle. The daughter nucleus that results is usually left in an excited state. It can then decay to a lower energy state by emitting a gamma ray photon, in a process called gamma decay.

Gamma Rays and X-rays They act somewhat like a particle at

times in that they occur as small "packets" of energy and are referred to as "photons."

They differ in their origin. Gamma rays originate in the nucleus. X-rays originate in the electron fields surrounding the nucleus or are machine-produced.

Sources• Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from

naturally occurring radioisotopes such as potassium-40, and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Some rare terrestrial natural sources that produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, are lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, which produce high energy emissions from natural high-energy voltages. Gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high-energy electrons are produced. Such electrons produce secondary gamma rays by the mechanisms of bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation. A large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth's atmosphere and must be detected by spacecraft. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission such as occurs in nuclear reactors, and high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion

Application

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

C o m p t o n G a m m a R a y O b s e r v a t o r y

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope

Preserving of sorghum

Mutasi Gen

Preserving of Sorghum

First • Sorghum seed counted 400 seeds / dose

Second• Perform radiation using gamma rays at a dose of 0,100,200,300,400, ..., 1000 Gy with gamma

irradiator chamber (4000-A)

Third• M1 seed seeding seedling done in tub

Fourth• Sowing the seed that has been irradiated in a manner aligned (1 line = 1 dose)

Fifth• After 1 week sprouts calculation

Sixth• Week 2 transpalanting process is carried out to obtain the M1 plants

Seventh• Management of planting soil tillage is done with perfect technique.

Eighth• Harvesting is done 15 weeks after planting.

Fermi Gamma-ray Space TelescopeThis animation tracks several gamma rays

through space and time, from their emission in the jet of a distant blazar to their arrival in Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT). (video)

Gamma Camera Gamma Camera Equipment is a tool

used in nuclear medical depiction, to see and analyze or diagnose overview of the human body by detecting the radiation beam from a radio isotope that is inserted into the patient's body

First,patient are given clinical management base on the case he felt,

then the patient will be placed on the patient table , detector will be directed to the organ examined

. The detector will detect particle radiation that emitted by the isotope that accumulate in the organs .

Pulse electricity generated by the detector will be amplified by the amplifier circuit early

the pulse energy that correspond to the weight of the isotopes are passed , by engineering logic is formed into a signal pulse signal Z. X , Y and Z was generated , is fed to the input interface module imaging to be converted into digital signals that can be understood by software acquisitions on the computer . The results of the data recording will be imaged by acquisition software Medic view be patient organ image , then the image of this organ performed using analysis , image data processing , file storage , reporting and sending files to physicians and other parts for further treatment .

Gamma Ray Container Scanner

Gamma Ray Container Scanner

• This device contains radiation source in which there are cobalt-60, and able to emit radiation at 0.75 curies which can penetrate up to 15–18 cm of steel

• The radiation is caught by the a vertical tower of gamma detector and then translated by VACIS (Vehicle and Cargo Inspections) software application into an image

• The image has an extention .tif and can be annotated by a voice file that has and extention .wav

• And then the image will be analyzed by image analyst

Conclusion• Gamma rays are an energetic form of electromagnetic

radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation. Gamma rays are the rays that have the most powerful of emerge power in comparison with alpha and beta rays, gamma rays are so light that has a wavelength higher than the other beam.

References

• https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/gamma.htm

• http://www.epa.gov/radiation/understand/gamma.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%E2%80

%93positron_annihilation• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray