Future tenses

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FUTURE TENSES FUTURE TENSES

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Transcript of Future tenses

Page 1: Future tenses

FUTURE TENSESFUTURE TENSES

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Simple FutureSimple Future

I will, I will…I will, I will…

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ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I will startI will start Will Will I start? I start? I I will not /won’twill not /won’t start start

You will start WillYou will start Will you start? you start? You You will not /won’twill not /won’t start start

He will start Will he start? He He will start Will he start? He will not /won’twill not /won’t start. start.

She will start WillShe will start Will she start? She she start? She will not /won’twill not /won’t start start

It will start Will it start? It will start Will it start? It It will not /won’twill not /won’t start. start.

We will startWe will start Will we start? We Will we start? We will will not /won’tnot /won’t start start

You will startYou will start Will you start? YouWill you start? You will will not /won’tnot /won’t start. start.

They will start Will they start? They They will start Will they start? They will not /won’twill not /won’t start. start.

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1. "Will" to Express a Voluntary 1. "Will" to Express a Voluntary ActionAction

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples: I will send you the information when I get it. I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. Will you help me move this heavy table? Will you make dinner? I will not do your homework for you. I won't do all the housework myself! A: I'm really hungry.

B: I'll make some sandwiches. A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.

B: I'll get you some coffee. A: The phone is ringing.

B: I'll get it.

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2. "Will" to Express a Promise2. "Will" to Express a Promise "Will" is usually used in "Will" is usually used in promises.promises.Examples:Examples:I PROMISE…I PROMISE… I I will callwill call you when I arrive you when I arrive If I am elected President of the If I am elected President of the United States, I United States, I will makewill make sure sure everyone has access to inexpensive everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance. health insurance.

I I will not tellwill not tell him about the him about the surprise party. surprise party.

II'll be'll be careful. Don't worry! careful. Don't worry! I I won't tellwon't tell anyone your secret. anyone your secret.

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3 "Be going to" to Express a 3 "Be going to" to Express a PlanPlan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a "Be going to" expresses that something is a plan.plan. It It expresses the idea that expresses the idea that a person intends to do a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not. plan is realistic or not.

Examples:Examples:

He He is going to spendis going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. (…at least his vacation in Hawaii. (…at least he intends to….)he intends to….)

She She is not going to spendis not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii. her vacation in Hawaii. A: When A: When areare we we going to meetgoing to meet each other tonight? each other tonight?

B: We B: We are going to meetare going to meet at 6 PM. at 6 PM. II'm going to be'm going to be an actor when I grow up. (…that is, I an actor when I grow up. (…that is, I

want to…)want to…) Michelle Michelle is going to beginis going to begin medical school next year. medical school next year. They They are going to driveare going to drive all the way to Alaska. all the way to Alaska. Who Who areare you you going to invitegoing to invite to the party? to the party? A: Who A: Who is going to makeis going to make John's birthday cake? John's birthday cake?

B: Sue B: Sue is going to makeis going to make John's birthday cake. John's birthday cake.

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4. "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express 4. "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Predictiona Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future. In the usually has little control over the future. In the following examples, there is following examples, there is no differenceno difference in in meaning.meaning.

Examples:Examples: The year 2222 The year 2222 will bewill be a very interesting year. a very interesting year. The year 2222 The year 2222 is going to beis going to be a very interesting a very interesting

year. year. John Smith John Smith will bewill be the next President. the next President. John Smith John Smith is going to beis going to be the next President. the next President. The movie "Zenith" The movie "Zenith" will winwill win several Academy several Academy

Awards. Awards. The movie "Zenith" The movie "Zenith" is going to winis going to win several Academy several Academy

Awards. Awards.

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ATTENTION: ATTENTION: No FutureNo Future in Time in Time ClausesClauses

Like all future forms, the Like all future forms, the Simple Simple Future cannot be usedFuture cannot be used in clauses in clauses beginning with time expressions such beginning with time expressions such as: as: when, while, before, after, by when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc.etc. Instead of Simple Future, Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used. is used.

Examples:Examples: When When you you will arrivewill arrive tonight, we tonight, we will go out for dinner. will go out for dinner. Not CorrectNot Correct

When you arrive tonightWhen you arrive tonight, we will go , we will go out for dinner. out for dinner. CorrectCorrect

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1.1.Why are you holding a piece of paper? Why are you holding a piece of paper? B: I B: I ………………………..………………………..(write) a letter to my friends (write) a letter to my friends back home in Texas. back home in Texas.

2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! 2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!

B: I B: I …………………………………………(get) you a cup of coffee. That will (get) you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up. wake you up.

3. A: I can't hear the television! 3. A: I can't hear the television! B: I B: I ……………………….……………………….(turn) it up so you can hear it. (turn) it up so you can hear it.

4. We are so excited about our trip next month to 4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We France. We ……………………………..……………………………..(visit) Paris, Nice and (visit) Paris, Nice and Grenoble.Grenoble.

5. Sarah 5. Sarah ……………..……………..(come) to the party. Oliver (come) to the party. Oliver ………………………………………………(be) there as well. (be) there as well.

Will / Be Going To Will / Be Going To

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6. Ted: It is so hot in here! 6. Ted: It is so hot in here! Sarah: I Sarah: I ………………………………………………………………(turn) the air-conditioning on. (turn) the air-conditioning on.

7. I think he 7. I think he …………………………….…………………………….(be) the next President of (be) the next President of the United States. the United States.

8. After I graduate, I 8. After I graduate, I ……………………..……………………..(attend) medical (attend) medical school and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a school and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all my life.doctor all my life.

9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our 9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people. four people. B: That man at the service counter B: That man at the service counter ……………………………..……………………………..(help) you. (help) you.

10. As soon as the weather clears up, we 10. As soon as the weather clears up, we …………………………………………………………………………(walk) down to the beach and go swimming. (walk) down to the beach and go swimming.

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Simple Present / Simple FutureSimple Present / Simple Future

1. 1. Today after I Today after I …………………..…………………..(get) out of class, I (get) out of class, I ………………….………………….(go) to a movie with some friends. (go) to a movie with some friends.

2. When you 2. When you ………………..………………..(arrive) in Stockholm, call my (arrive) in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He friend Gustav. He ……………………..……………………..(show) you around the city (show) you around the city and help you get situated. and help you get situated.

3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you 3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you ………………….………………….(graduate) ? (graduate) ? B: After I B: After I …………………………………………(receive) my Master's from Georgetown (receive) my Master's from Georgetown University, I University, I ………………….………………….(go) to graduate school at UCSD in (go) to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I San Diego. I …………………..…………………..(plan) to complete a Ph.D. in (plan) to complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science. cognitive science.

4. If it 4. If it ……………..……………..(snow) this weekend, we (snow) this weekend, we ……………………………………(go) (go) skiing near Lake Tahoe. skiing near Lake Tahoe.

5. Your father 5. Your father ……………………….……………………….(plan) to pick you up after (plan) to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He school today at 3:00 o'clock. He …………………………..…………………………..(meet) you (meet) you across the street near the ice cream shop. If something across the street near the ice cream shop. If something happens and he cannot be there, Ihappens and he cannot be there, I……………………….………………………. (pick) you (pick) you up instead. up instead.

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6. If the people of the world 6. If the people of the world ………………….………………….(stop, (stop, not) cutting down huge stretches of rain forest, not) cutting down huge stretches of rain forest, we we ………………………..………………………..(experience) huge changes in the (experience) huge changes in the environment during the twenty-first century. environment during the twenty-first century.

7. If Vera 7. If Vera ………………..………………..(keep) drinking, she (keep) drinking, she ……………..……………..(lose, eventually) her job. (lose, eventually) her job.

8. I promise you that I8. I promise you that I………………….…………………. (tell, not) your (tell, not) your secret to anybody. Even if somebody secret to anybody. Even if somebody …………………….…………………….(ask) (ask) me about what happened that day, I me about what happened that day, I …………………….…………………….(reveal, not) the truth to a single person. (reveal, not) the truth to a single person.

9. She 9. She ………………………………………………(make) some major changes in her (make) some major changes in her life. She life. She ………………………………………………(quit) her job and go back to (quit) her job and go back to school. After she school. After she ……………………..……………………..(finish) studying, she (finish) studying, she …………………….…………………….(get) a better-paying job and buy a (get) a better-paying job and buy a house. She is going to improve her life! house. She is going to improve her life!

10. Tom 10. Tom ………………………(………………………(call) when hecall) when he…………………….……………………. (arrive) (arrive) in Madrid. He in Madrid. He ………………………….………………………….(stay) with you for two (stay) with you for two or three days until his new apartment or three days until his new apartment ……………………………..……………………………..(be) available. (be) available.

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Future ContinuousFuture Continuous

I ‘ll be waiting for you……I ‘ll be waiting for you……

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ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I will be waiting I will be waiting Will Will I be waiting? I I be waiting? I will not /won’twill not /won’t be waiting be waiting

You will be waiting WillYou will be waiting Will you be waiting ? You you be waiting ? You

will not /won’twill not /won’t be waiting be waiting He will be waiting Will he be waiting? He He will be waiting Will he be waiting? He

will not /won’twill not /won’t be waiting be waiting

She will be waiting WillShe will be waiting Will she be waiting ? She she be waiting ? She will not /won’twill not /won’t be waiting be waiting

It will be waiting Will it be waiting? It will be waiting Will it be waiting? It It will not /won’twill not /won’t be waiting be waiting

We will be waiting Will we be waiting ? We We will be waiting Will we be waiting ? We will not /won’twill not /won’t be waiting be waiting

You will be waiting Will you be waiting ? YouYou will be waiting Will you be waiting ? You will not /won’twill not /won’t be waiting be waiting

They will be waiting Will they be waiting? They They will be waiting Will they be waiting? They will will not /won’tnot /won’t be waiting be waiting

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1. Interrupted Action in the Future

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the futureshorter action in the future. Remember this can be . Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in a real interruption or just an interruption in time. time.

Examples:Examples: I I will be watchingwill be watching TV TV when she when she arrivesarrives tonight. tonight. I I will be waitingwill be waiting for you for you when your bus when your bus arrivesarrives.. He He will be studyingwill be studying at the library tonight, so he at the library tonight, so he

will not see Jennifer will not see Jennifer when she when she arrivesarrives..

Notice in the examples above that the interruptions Notice in the examples above that the interruptions ((marked in italicsmarked in italics) are in ) are in Simple Present rather rather than than Simple Future. This is because the . This is because the interruptions are in interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot , and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.use future tenses in time clauses.

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2. Specific Time as an 2. Specific Time as an Interruption in the FutureInterruption in the Future

In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.time as an interruption.

Examples:Examples: Tonight at 6 PMTonight at 6 PM, I , I am going to be eatingam going to be eating

dinner.dinner.((I will be in the process of eating dinner…) I will be in the process of eating dinner…)

At midnight tonightAt midnight tonight, we , we willwill still still be drivingbe driving through the desert.through the desert.((We will be in the process of driving through We will be in the process of driving through the desert…)the desert…)

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3. Parallel Actions in the 3. Parallel Actions in the FutureFuture

When you use the Future Continuous with two When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that idea that both actions will be happening at both actions will be happening at the same timethe same time. . The actions are parallel.The actions are parallel.

Examples:Examples: I I am going to be studyingam going to be studying and he and he is going to is going to

be makingbe making dinner. dinner. Tonight, they Tonight, they will be eatingwill be eating dinner, dinner,

discussingdiscussing their plans, and their plans, and havinghaving a good a good time. time.

While Ellen While Ellen is readingis reading, Tim , Tim will be watchingwill be watching television.television.Notice "is reading" because of the time clause Notice "is reading" because of the time clause containing "while."containing "while."

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REMEMBER:REMEMBER: No FutureNo Future in Time in Time ClausesClauses

Like all future tenses, the Future Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such beginning with time expressions such as: as: when, while, before, after, by when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc.etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used. is used.

Examples:Examples: While I am going to be finishingWhile I am going to be finishing my my homework, she is going to make homework, she is going to make dinner. dinner. Not CorrectNot Correct

While I am finishing my homeworkWhile I am finishing my homework, , she is going to make dinner. she is going to make dinner. CorrectCorrect

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Simple Future / Future ContinuousSimple Future / Future Continuous

1. 1. Sandra:Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us? Where is Tim going to meet us? Marcus:Marcus: He He …………………….…………………….(wait) for us when our train arrives. I (wait) for us when our train arrives. I am sure he am sure he …………………....…………………....(stand) on the platform when we pull (stand) on the platform when we pull into the station. into the station. Sandra:Sandra: And then what? And then what? Marcus:Marcus: We We …………..…………………..………(pick) Michele up at work and go out to (pick) Michele up at work and go out to dinner. dinner.

2. 2. Ted:Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry When we get to the party, Jerry …………………………………………(watch) TV, Sam (watch) TV, Sam ……………………….……………………….(make) drinks, Beth (make) drinks, Beth ……………………….……………………….(dance) by herself, (dance) by herself, and Thad and Thad ………………..……..………………..……..(complain) about his day at work. (complain) about his day at work. Robin:Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things. Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things. Ted:Ted: I am absolutely positive they I am absolutely positive they ………………………..………………………..(do) the same (do) the same things; they always do the same things. things; they always do the same things.

3. 3. Florence:Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who …………………………………………(wash) all of those? (wash) all of those? Jack:Jack: I promise I I promise I …………………………..…………………………..(do) them when I get home from (do) them when I get home from work. work. Florence:Florence: Thanks. Thanks. Jack:Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes …………………………….…………………………….(sit) in the cabinets. (sit) in the cabinets.

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Simple Present / Simple FutureSimple Present / Simple Future / /Present Continuous / Future Present Continuous / Future ContinuousContinuous

1. 1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I ……………………………………(watch) TV as well. (watch) TV as well.

3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) 3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) paperwork andpaperwork and…………….………….…………….…………. (talk) to annoying customers on the (talk) to annoying customers on the phone, I phone, I …………………….…………………….(lie) on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you (lie) on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous? jealous?

4. We (hide) when Tony 4. We (hide) when Tony ……………………………………………………(arrive) at his surprise (arrive) at his surprise party. As soon as he opens the door, weparty. As soon as he opens the door, we……………………..…………………….. (jump) out (jump) out andand……………………………….………………………………. (scream) , "Surprise!" (scream) , "Surprise!"

5. We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If 5. We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you you ………………………….………………………….(come) over while we (come) over while we ……………………………………………………(work) out, we (work) out, we will not be able to let you into the house. Just to be safe, will not be able to let you into the house. Just to be safe, wewe………………………………….…………………………………. (leave) a key under the welcome mat so you (leave) a key under the welcome mat so you will not have to wait outside. will not have to wait outside.

6. While you 6. While you ………………………..………………………..(study) at home, Magda (study) at home, Magda …………………………….…………………………….(be) (be) in class. in class.

77. When you . When you ……………………….……………………….(get) off the plane, I (get) off the plane, I ……………………………………………………………………(wait) for you. (wait) for you.

8.8. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when wewe………………………………………………………… (wake) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) . (wake) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) .

10. If you 10. If you ……………………………………………………(need) to contact me sometime next week, I (need) to contact me sometime next week, I ……………………………..……………………………..(stay) at the Sheraton in San Francisco. (stay) at the Sheraton in San Francisco.

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FUTURE PERFECTFUTURE PERFECT

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ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I will have startI will have started ed Will I have start Will I have starteded? I will not/ ? I will not/ won’t have startedwon’t have started

You will have startYou will have starteded Will you have startWill you have started ed You won’t You won’t have startedhave started

He will has startHe will has starteded Will he have startWill he have starteded? He ? He won’t have staredwon’t have stared

She will has startShe will has starteded. Will she have started? She . Will she have started? She won’t have started won’t have started

It will has startIt will has starteded WillWill it have started? It it have started? It won’t havewon’t have started started

We will have startWe will have starteded Will we have started? We won’t Will we have started? We won’t havehave started started

You will have startYou will have starteded Will you have started? You won’t Will you have started? You won’t havehave startedstarted

They will have startThey will have starteded. Will they have started? They won’t . Will they have started? They won’t have started have started

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1. Completed Action Before Something in the 1. Completed Action Before Something in the Future Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will something will occur before another action in the future ORoccur before another action in the future OR that that something something will happen before a specific time in the future.will happen before a specific time in the future.

Examples:Examples: By next November, By next November, I will have receivedI will have received my promotion. my promotion. By the time he By the time he getsgets home, she home, she will have cleanedwill have cleaned the entire the entire

house. house. I won’t have finishedI won’t have finished this test by 3 o'clock. this test by 3 o'clock. Will she have learnedWill she have learned enough Chinese to communicate enough Chinese to communicate before before

she she movesmoves to Beijing? to Beijing? Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the by the

time he time he leavesleaves this afternoon. this afternoon. By the time I By the time I finishfinish this course, I will have taken ten this course, I will have taken ten

tests. tests. How many countries How many countries will you have visitedwill you have visited by the time you by the time you

turnturn 50? 50? Notice in the examples above that the reference points Notice in the examples above that the reference points

((marked in italicsmarked in italics) are in ) are in Simple Present rather than rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clausesclauses

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2. Duration Before Something in the 2. Duration Before Something in the

FutureFuture

We use the Future Perfect to show that We use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until something will continue up until another action in the future.another action in the future.

Examples:Examples: I I will have beenwill have been in London in London for for six six monthsmonths by the timeby the time I leave. I leave.

By MondayBy Monday, Susan , Susan is going to have hadis going to have had my book my book for a week. for a week.

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REMEMBER: No Future in Time ClausesREMEMBER: No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such beginning with time expressions such as: as: when, while, before, after, by the when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etctime, as soon as, if, unless, etc. . Instead of Future Perfect, Present Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used. Perfect is used.

Examples:Examples: I am going to see a movie I am going to see a movie when I I will will have finishedhave finished my homework. my homework. Not CorrectNot Correct

I am going to see a movie I am going to see a movie whenwhen I I have have finishedfinished my homework. my homework. CorrectCorrect

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FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

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ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I will have beenI will have been fish fishinging Will I have been fish Will I have been fishinging ? I ? I won’t have been fishwon’t have been fishing ing

You You willwill have been fish have been fishinging Will you have been fish Will you have been fishinging? You won’t ? You won’t have been have been fishfishinging

He will have beenHe will have been fish fishinging Will he have been fishWill he have been fishinging? He won’t ? He won’t have been have been fishingfishing

She She willwill have been fishhave been fishinging Will she have been fish Will she have been fishinging? She won’t ? She won’t have been fishhave been fishinging

It It willwill have been fish have been fishinging Will it have been fish Will it have been fishinging? It ? It won’t have been fishwon’t have been fishinging

WeWe willwill have beenhave been fishfishing ing Will we have been fish Will we have been fishing?ing? We won’t We won’t have been fishhave been fishinging

YouYou willwill have beenhave been fishfishinging Will you have been fish Will you have been fishinging? You won’t ? You won’t have been fishhave been fishinging

They They willwill have been fish have been fishinging Will theyhave been fish Will theyhave been fishinging? They won’t ? They won’t have been fishhave been fishinging

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1 1 Duration Before Something in the Duration Before Something in the FutureFuture

We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.reference point in the future.

Examples:Examples: They They will have been talkingwill have been talking for over an hour for over an hour by the timeby the time Thomas Thomas arrivesarrives. . She She is going to have been workingis going to have been working at that company for three years when at that company for three years when

it finally it finally closescloses. . James James will have been teachingwill have been teaching at the university for more than a year at the university for more than a year by by

the timethe time he he leavesleaves for Asia. for Asia. How long How long willwill you you have been studyinghave been studying when when you you graduategraduate? ? We We are going to have been drivingare going to have been driving for over three days straight for over three days straight when we when we

getget to Anchorage. to Anchorage. A: A: When you When you finishfinish your English course, your English course, willwill you you have been livinghave been living in New in New

Zealand for over a year?Zealand for over a year?B: No, I B: No, I will not have been livingwill not have been living here that long. here that long.

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in marked in italicsitalics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is ) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.future tenses in time clauses.

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2 Cause of Something in the 2 Cause of Something in the FutureFuture

Using the Future Perfect Continuous before Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect.to show cause and effect.

Examples:Examples: Jason will be tired when he gets home Jason will be tired when he gets home because he because he will have been joggingwill have been jogging for over for over an hour. an hour.

Claudia's English will be perfect when she Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she returns to Germany because she is going to is going to have been studyinghave been studying English in the United English in the United States for over two years. States for over two years.

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Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous If you do not include a duration such as "for five If you do not include a duration such as "for five

minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Future English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the future. before something in the future. Study the examples Study the examples below to understand the difference. below to understand the difference.

Examples:Examples: He will be tired because he He will be tired because he will be exercisingwill be exercising so so

hard.hard.This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment because he will be exercising at that exact moment in the future. in the future.

He will be tired because he He will be tired because he will have been will have been exercisingexercising so hard. so hard.This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he will just have exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.finished.

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REMEMBER No Future in Time ClausesREMEMBER No Future in Time ClausesLike all future forms, the Future Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous cannot be usedcannot be used in in clauses beginning with time expressions clauses beginning with time expressions such as: such as: when, while, before, after, by when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etcthe time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. . Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous is used. Present Perfect Continuous is used.

Examples:Examples: You won't get a promotion until you You won't get a promotion until you will have been workingwill have been working here as long as here as long as Tim. Tim. Not CorrectNot Correct

You won't get a promotion until you You won't get a promotion until you have been workinghave been working here as long as Tim. here as long as Tim. CorrectCorrect

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Future Perfect / Future Perfect ContinuousFuture Perfect / Future Perfect Continuous

1. 1. By the time we get to Chicago this evening, we By the time we get to Chicago this evening, we ………………………………………………(drive) more than four hundred miles. We (drive) more than four hundred miles. We are going to be exhausted. are going to be exhausted.

2. When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she 2. When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she ………………………..………………………..(study) German for over two years. She (study) German for over two years. She should be able to communicate fairly well while should be able to communicate fairly well while she is in Austria. she is in Austria.

3. I have not traveled much yet; however, I 3. I have not traveled much yet; however, I ……………………….……………………….(visit) the Grand Canyon and San (visit) the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States. Francisco by the time I leave the United States.

4. By the time you finish studying the verb tense 4. By the time you finish studying the verb tense tutorial, you tutorial, you …………………………………………(master) all twelve tenses (master) all twelve tenses including their passive forms. including their passive forms.

5. Drive faster! If you don't hurry up, she 5. Drive faster! If you don't hurry up, she ……………………..……………………..(have) the baby by the time we get to (have) the baby by the time we get to the hospital. the hospital.

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6. I came to England six months ago. I started my 6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I to Australia, I …………………..…………………..(study) for nine months (study) for nine months and I and I ……………….……………….(be) in England for exactly one year. (be) in England for exactly one year.

7. Margie just called and said she would be here 7. Margie just called and said she would be here at 8 o'clock. By the time she gets here, we at 8 o'clock. By the time she gets here, we ……………..……………..(wait) for her for two hours. (wait) for her for two hours.

8. Frank just changed jobs again. If he keeps this 8. Frank just changed jobs again. If he keeps this up, he up, he ………………….………………….(change) jobs at least four or five (change) jobs at least four or five times by the end of the year. times by the end of the year.

9. Come over to my house around 9 o'clock. By 9. Come over to my house around 9 o'clock. By then, I then, I …………………..…………………..(complete) my history essay and (complete) my history essay and we can go see a movie. we can go see a movie.

10. In June, my grandmother and grandfather 10. In June, my grandmother and grandfather …………………..…………………..(be) married for fifty years. (be) married for fifty years.