Fundamental laws 1

mCÄmNÐúlbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³GKÁisnIkm<úCa

er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI ³

er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI KWCaFatumYyEdlmanlT§PaBRbqaMgTl;eTAnwgGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ enAkñúgesoKVIGKÁisnI ehIymanxñatrgVas;Ca GUm ()

nigmannimµitsBaØa tageday R.er:sIusþg;GKÁisnI

KWmanlT§PaBeFVIeGayGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ kñúgesoKVIGKÁisnI ERbRbYleTAtamtMélrbs;er:sIusþg;enaH. dUecñHer:sIusþg;EtgEt RbqaMgCanic©eTAnwgdMeNIrkarrbs;crnþ eTaHbItic b¤eRcIneTAtamlT§PaBrbs;va .1- c,ab;GUm ³

c,ab;GUm)anEcgfa ³ TMnak;TMngrvagcrnþ tg;süúg nig er:sIusþg; KWGaMgtg;sIuetRsUbedayeRKOgTTYlmYyERbRbYleTAtam³

- tg;süúgenAelIeKalrbs;va- er:sIusþg;rbs;eRKOgTTYl

/tt/file_convert/55c9cedabb61eb0d0d8b4876/document.doc25

V

+

-

R

A

mUldæanRKwHGKÁisnI

(Fundamental Laws)

mUldæanRKwHGKÁisnI

(Fundamental Laws)


- ebIsinCaeyIgbegáIntg;süúgenAelIeKaleRKOgTTYl cMnYn 2 dg edayTukeGaytMéler:sIusþg;enAdEdl eBlenaH GaMgtg;sIuet crnþekIneLIg 2 dgEdr KWfa GaMgtg;sIuetsmamaRteTAnwgtg;süúg .

- pÞúymkvijebIeyIgbnßytMéler:sIusþg;Bak;kNþal ehIyTukeGaytg;süúgenAefr eBlenaHeyIgsegáteXIjfa GaMg tg;sIuetekIneLIg 2 dg mann½yfa GaMgtg;sIuet crnþRcas; smamaRteTAnwger:sIusþg; .

kñúgkrNITaMg 2 xagelI eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa ³

TMnak;TMngTaMgGs;enH KWCac,ab; GUm


GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ smamaRt eTAnwgtg;süúg

U

RI


2- er:sIusþg;énExScMlg³RKb;ExScMlgTaMgGs;EdlykmkeRbIR)as;kñúgvis

½yGKÁisnI suT§EtmantMél er:sIusþg;kñúgrbs;va EttMélenaHtUc rW FM KWGaRs½y eTAnwgRbEvgExS nigRbePTénExScMlgenaH EdlkñúgenHeyIgsMedAeTAelIPaBcMlgrbs;va ¬er:sIusÞIvIet¦ EdlGaRs½yeday RbePTénExScMlgenaH EdleKykmkplitCaExScMlg .

elah³FatuEdlcMlgGKÁisnI)anl¥ KWelah³EdlmaneGLicRtugesrIeRcIn EdlkñúgenaHman ³ Tg;Edg Cu ,R)ak; Ag , nig GaluymIj:Úm Al ,

ehIyPaBcMlgrbs;vamantMélxus²Kña .

= 1.6 × 10-8

= 2.6 × 10-8

CaTUeTAelah³PaKeRcIn KWcMlgcrnþGKÁisnI)anl¥ . Tg;Edg Caelah³EdlcMlgGKÁisnI)anl¥CageK ehIyRtUv)aneKykmk eRbIR)as;eFVICaExScMlgeRcInCageKEdr ehIybnÞab;mkKW GaluymIj:Úm .

ExScMlgEdll¥ KWExScMlgEdlmaner:sIusþg;tUc Edler:sIusþg;enaHsmamaRteTAnwgrUbmnþ ³

R =



Edl R : tMéler:sIusþg;kñúgrbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCa GUm ()

L : RbEvgrbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCaEm:Rt m

S : muxkat;rbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCaEm:Rtkaer: (m2)

³ er:sIusÞIvIetrbs;ExScMlg manxñatKitCa GUmEm:Rt (m)

dUecñHtMéler:sIusþg;ExS KWGaRs½yedayRbEvgExS muxkat;ExS nigRbePTelah³ EdleKykmkeFVICaExScMlg .



a). er:sIusþg;rbs;ExScMlgsmamaRteTAnwgRbEvg

vas;er:sIusþg;énExScMlgBIrRbePTdUcKña muxkat;b:unKña b:uEnþRbEvgxusKña .

R2 L2

eK)an =R1 L1

b).

er:sIusþg;énExScMlgRcas;smamaRteTAnigmuxkat;rbs;va

vas;er:sIusþg;ExScMlgBIrEdlmanRbePTdUcKña RbEvgesµIKña b:uEnþmanmuxkat;xusKña . eK)an


--

L1

V

R1

A

+R

L2

V

R2

A

+R

- -

V

S2

A

+R

V

S1

+R

A


R1 S2

=R2 S1



c). er:sIusþg;GaRs½ynigRbePTrbs;ExScMlgktþaEdlTak;TgeTAnigRbePTExScMlg

RtUv)aneKehAfa er:sIusÞIvIet (). er:sIusÞIvIet KWCaer:sIusþg;enA 0oC rbs;RbEvgExS nig rbs; xañtmuxkat; .

srubesckþImker:sIusþg;rbs;ExScMlg ³- GaRs½yeTAniger:sIusÞIvIet - smamaRteTAnigRbEvgrbs;va- Rcas;smamaRteTAnigmuxkat;rbs;va

R =

R KitCa KitCa m

S KitCa m2

vas;er:suIsþg;énExScMlgBIrmuxkat;dUcKña RbEvgdUcKña b:uEnþRbePTExSxusKña .

eK)an R1 R2


A

R

R1

V

+

_

A

R2

V

+

_

R


eRBaH 1 2



3- er:sIusþg;ERbRbYleTAtamsItuNðPaB ³emKuNsItuNðPaB nwgbBa

¢ak;nUvkarpøas;bþÚrtMéler:sIusþg; enAeBlsItuNðPaBERbRbYl . >0

mann½yfaer:sIusþg;ekIneLIg ehIyebI <0 mann½yfa er:sIusþg;fycuH EtebI =0 mann½yfa er:sIusþg;mantMélefr KWminERbRbYleTAtamsItuNðPaB . tMélbMEr bMrYler:sIusþg;eTAtamsItuNðPaB mankñúgtaragxageRkam ³karERbRbYltMéler:sIusþg;edaysarsItuNðPaB eKeFVIkarKNnatamsmIkar³

er:sIusÞIvIetnigemKuNsItuNðPaBénGgÁFatucMlg

RbePTénelah³

enA 0o KitCa Ωm

R)ak; 1.5.10-8 0.0039

Tg;Edg 1.6.10-8 0.0039

mas 2.2.10-8 0.00377

GaluymIjÚm 2.6.10-8 0.004

s½gásI 5.7.10-8 0.004

sMelah³ s<an;÷ s½gásI

6.3.10-8 0.001

tg;Esþn 7.10-8 0.0039

Edk 10.10-8 0.0055

)aøTIn 11.10-8 0.00367

nIEkl 12.3.10-8 0.006

s<an; 18.10-8 0.005



sMN 20.10-8 0.0042

m:g;kaEns 42.10-8 0.00002

kugsþg;tg; 49.10-8 0

EhVr:UnIEkl 80.10-8 0.0009

)ar:t 94.10-8 0.009

kae)an 5000.10-8 -0.0004

or

Edl Rt : tMélersIusþg;eBlsItuNðPaBx<s; []

Ro : tMélersIusþg;eBlsItuNðPaB 200C []

: emKuNsItuNðPaB [ / 0C]

t : bMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB b¤ kMeNInsItuNðPaB


Rt = Ro + Ro ( t) Rt = Ro [1 + ( t)]


4- bgÁMúer:suIsþg; ³- er:sIusþg;CaesrI

- er:suIsþg;smmUl ³RsmmUl = R1 + R2 + R3

- GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat; er:sIusþg;nImYy²mantMélesµIKña esµIeTAnwgGaMgtg;sIuet srubkñúgesoKVI eyIgGacKNnatamc,ab;GUm³

I1= U1 / R1

I2= U2 /R2

I3= U3 /R3

I1 = I2 = I3 = I = UsmmUl /RsmmUl

- tg;süúgenAelIeKaler:sIusþg;mantMélxusKña cMENkÉtg;süúgRbPBmantMélesµIplbUktg;süúgelIeKal er:sIusþg;nImYy²URbPB = U1 + U2 + U3

tamc,ab; GUm³U1 = R1 . I1

U2 = R2 .I2

U3 = R3 .I3

eyIgRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³

R smmUl = R1 + R2 + R3 = U RbPB /I


A

V

R1

R2

R3

+

-


U1 + U2 + U3 R1 x I + R2 x I + R3 x I (R1 + R2 + R3) IR smmUl= = =

I I I

U RbPBR smmUl = R1 + R2 + R3 =

I



- er:sIusþg;tCaExñg ³

1 1 1 1 = + +

RsmmUl R1 R2 R3

+ GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþqøgkat;er:sIusþg;nImYy² mantMélxus²Kña GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþsrubkñúgesoKVI

I = I1 + I2 + I3 = U/R smmUl

+ tg;süúgelIeKalén er:sIusþg;nImYy² nImYy²mantMélesµIKña ehIyesµInigtg;süúgRbPB

URbPB = U1 = U2= U3

= R1I1 = R1I2 = R3I3

eyIgnwgbBa¢ak;fa³

1 I smmUl 1 1 1 = = + +

R smmUl U R1 R2 R3

eRBaH

U U U 1 1 1 + + U ( + + )

I I1+I2+I3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3= = =

U U U U


A

V R1 R2R3

+

-

V3V2V1


- RbsinebIkartCaExñgman- n er:sIusþg;dUcKña

-maner:sIusþg;Et 2 Kt; ehIymantMélxusKña

kMnt;sMKal;³

er:sIusþg;smmUlrbs;eRKOgTTYlEdltCaExñg Canic©CakalmantMéltUcCager:sIusþg;EdltUcCageKenAkñúgExñg

er:sIusþg;tcMruH


R1 R2

R3

R4-+


edIm,IKNnaer:sIusþg;smmUlkñúgkartMelIgrUbxagelI eKRtUvbMEbk ehIyeFVIkarpÁMút²Kña dUcxageRkam ³



1- er:sIusþg; R 1 nig R 2 tCaesrI

Re1-2 = R1 + R2

2- er:sIusþg; R e1-2 nig R 3 tCaExñg

+

3- er:sIusþg; R e1-2.3 nig R 4 tCaesrI

er:sIusþg;smmUl Re = Re 1.2.3 + R4


R4 Re 1.2.3

+ -

Re+ -

R3

-+R4

Re1-2


5- dg;suIet éncrnþ kñúgExScMlg ³

eKeFVIBiesaFn_

ExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;tUcekþA CagExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;FM .

ExScMlgTaMgBIrRtUv )anqøgkat;edaycrnþdUcKña . b:uEnþExStUcGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ qøgkat;kñúgmYyxñatépÞFMCagExSmuxkat;FM .

pleFob RtUv)anehAfa dg;sIuetcrnþ ( J )

dg;sIuetcrnþ EdlGacRTRTg;ExScMlgedayKµankMedAxøaMgRtUv )aneKehAfa dg;sIuet GnuBaØatiFMbMput .

dg;sIuet GnuBaØat FMbMputenHGaRs½yeTAelIFmµCatirbs;


[ A ]

[ mm2 ][ A/mm2 ]

A+

-

Freeo . nickel

R

Ferro-Nickel


ExScMlg nig l½kçx½NÐ énkarcuHRtCak;rbs;

ExScMlgnImYy² .sMKal;-dg;sIuetcrnþrbs;ExSTg;Edg

Jcu=(3, 4)A/mm2

- dg;sIuetcrnþrbs;ExSGaluymIjÚm

JAL=(2, 3)A/mm2

l½kçx½NÐénkarcuHRtCak;l½kçx½NÐénkarcuHRtCak;

rbs;ExScMlgGaRs½yelI ³- kartMelIgExS ³ kñúgxül; ¬ lMh ¦ /

kñúgbMBg; / kñúgcg¥Úr >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

- TMrg;énExScMlg ³ muxkat;Cakaer: / CactuekaN / CaExSrgVg; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.

- muxkat;énExScMlg ³


L L

S2

2d

dS1


muxkat;

épÞénkarcuHRtCak;

/

kalNaGgÁt;p©itExScMlgFMCagBIrdgenaH muxkat;rbs;vaekIneLIg 4 dg . dUecñHRkLaépÞxag ¬ épÞénkar

cuHRtCak; ¦ ekIneLIg 2 dg Edr .dg;sIueténcrnþGnuBaØat

mantMéltUcbMputcMeBaHExScMlgEdlmanmuxkat;FM .

6- GanuPaBGKÁisnI ³GanuPaBGKÁisnI GacKNnatam

brimaNGKÁisnI nig tg;süúg .


Q

U


W = Q.U

W : CafamBlGKÁisnI KitCa ( J )

U : tg;süúgelIeKaleRKÓgTTYl KitCa ( V ) v:ulQ : brimaNbnÞúkGKÁisnI KitCa KULM ( C )

b:uEnþ KWCaGaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ

dUecñH P = U.I P:

GanuPaBGKÁisnI KitCava:t; (W)

U: tg;süúg KitCav:ul (V)

I : GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ KitCaGMEB (A)

GanuPaBGKÁisnI GacRtUvvas;eday ³- v:ulEm:Rt nig GMEBrEm:Rt lT§pl P = U . I

- lT§plGanuPaBEdlcg¥úledayva:t;Em:RtesµI nwg U . I

etImanFatuGKÁisnIGVIxøHenAkñúgva:t;Em:Rt ?

/tt/file_convert/55c9cedabb61eb0d0d8b4876/document.doc44bUb‘Íntg;süúgtCaExñgdUcvu

V U

I P

_

+

R

WA


GanuPaBEdlRsUbedayeRKOgTTYlGacKNnatamGnuKmn_

- er:sIusþg;rbs;eRKÓgTTYl nig crnþqøgkat;va

P = U . I = RI . I = R.I2

P - W

U - V

7- famBlGKÁisnI ³kñúgRbB½n§ MKSA

famBlRtUv)aneKKitCah‘SÚl ( J )

W -JP -Wt -s

b:uEnþxñatenHmaneRbItickñúgrgVas;famBlGKÁisnI


P = R.I2

W = P . t

bUb‘ÍnGaMgtg;sIuettCaesrIdUcG


BYkGñkbec©keTsGKÁisnI)aneRbIR)as;xñatmYyepSgeTot

KWva:t;em:ag ( Wh )

va:t;em:agKWbgðaj famBlEdlsIuedayeRKOgTTYlkñúgGanuPaB 1W

dMeNIrkarkñúry³eBl 1h .

ed

eday

famBlGKÁisnIvas;tamrebobNa ?eKGacvas;famBlGKÁisnI)anedaymanCMnYy

BIva:t;Em:Rt nig RkUNUEm:Rt .

W = P . t


W = P . tW - Wh P - W t - h

W = P . t J W s

W = P . t Wh W h

1Wh = 3600J

1h = 3600s

t – [s]

_

+

R

W


karGnuvtþn_viFIenH eKmineRbIR)as;eTenAkñúgpÞHGtifiCn .

eKvas;famBlGKiÁsnIedayeRbIva:t;ema:gEm:Rt rWeKehAfanaLikasÞg; ¬Compter¦ .

famBlGKÁisnIesµI ³ W = P.t

W = UI.t

naLikasÞg;GKÁisnI GaRs½yeTAelI ³- tg;süúg U

- GaMgtg;sIuetcrnþ I

- ry³eBldMeNIrkarN_ t

bgÁMúrbs;va:t;ema:gEm:Rt ¬naLikarsÞg;¦


bUb‘Íntg;süúg

bUb‘ÍnGaMgtg;suIet


- el,ÓnrgVilrbs;fassmamaRt eTAnwgGanuPaBEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYl

- eTaHCael,ÓnrgVilya:gNak_eday k_enAEtsmamaRteTAnwgGanuPaBEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYlEdr .

famBlEdlGaRs½yeTAnwgmYyCMurbs;fasKWRtUv)aneKehAfa emKuNefrénnaLikasÞg;¬ C¦

famBlsrub W = C.n

Minuterie

RtUv)anKNnapÞal;edayfamBlsrubEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYl .

kart naLikasÞg;m:UNUhVa ¬1Ph¦


W- KitCa wh

C- KitCa wh/r.pm

bNaþj

Ph

NbnÞúkeRbIR)as;


edIm,IeCosvagkarlYcbnøM eKminRtUvRtLb;dMNrExScMlgTaMgBIr¬hVanigNWt¦ BIbNþajeLIy .

edaykareRbInaLikasÞg;etIeKGackMNt;GanuPaBEdlsIuedayeRKÓgTTYl)anya:gdUcemþc ? edIm,IkMNt;GanuPaBeRKÓgTTYl eKRtUvrab;cMnYnCMurbs;fas;naLikasÞg; ¬n¦kñúgry³eBl¬t¦ Edl bgðajedayRkUNUEm:Rt .

P =

P =


C KitCa Wh/r.pmn

cMnYnCMuénfas;rgVil

Fundamental laws 1

Education

Transcript of Fundamental laws 1