From b-quark Discovery to B-Meson Factoriesschubert/talks/0503-balice.pdf · 27 / 06 / 05 K. R....

27 / 06 / 05 K. R. Schubert, B-Meson Factory Highlights Balice / Krakow 1

title

( A very personal attempt to present

28 + ε years in history of physics )

Klaus R. Schubert, TU DresdenB-Factory Highlights, Balice/Krakow, 27/6/05

From b-quark Discoveryto B-Meson Factories


I Krakow

I K and B Mesons

I Weak Interactions

I Antimatter and Asymmetry


Dirac Anderson

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac(1902 – 1984)

(iγµ∂µ-m)ψ = 0, 1927Nobelpreis 1933

Carl D. Anderson(1905 – 1991)Positron 1933

Nobelpreis 1936


Weak Interactionsare so weak that everything is linear and simple

... in very good approximation, with very good precision.

Our favourite example: ψ = ψ1 K0 + ψ2 K0 with its linear time evolution

*

*

2

1

2221

1211

2

1

i/)(2/)(

,ikiikikik

kiikikik mmt Γ=Γ=−

==+⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛∂∂

+

+

µµµµ

ψψ

µµµµ

ψψ

M. Gell-Mann and A. Pais, PRL 97 (1955) 1387

CPT symmetry: µ11 = µ22 , CP symmetry (L. Landau 1957, A. Gatto 1957):

µ12 = µ21 up to phases ⇒ K1 = (√½, √½) and K2 = (√½, -√½),

both with fixed mass and with exponential decay law.

CP conservation also in weak decays ⇒

K1 decays into π+π- and K2 does not.


cplear graph

N

106

105

104

103

102

K → π+π−

1999

∆t / τ(KS)PRL 13(1964)138, Nobelpreis 1980

Val Fitch*1923

Jim Cronin*1931

Many great things happened 1964 ... The first single ring e+e- collider,B.Touschek‘s AdA at Frascati, produced its first collisions.Why was CPV discovered 1964? Since 1960, we observe „regeneration“,K2+A → K1+A. In 1963, Adair‘s group [Leipuner et al, PR 132(1963)2285]saw „anomalous regeneration“ in a hydrogen bubble chamber, with a rate„far greater than that anticipated from conventional mechanisms“.


Between 1964 and 1974

Lots of CPV measurements: π0π0, πeν, πµν, all with the same ε

1974 completion of the two-family St. Model in theory and experiment.

But no CPV: has a real quark-mixing matrix.

The K-M paper, ProgrTP 49(1973)652,

did not find much attention (outside Japan)

sVdVssVdVd

cscd

usud

⋅+⋅=′⋅+⋅=′

1975 discovery of the third family

by M. Perl at SLAC:

e+e- → τ+τ- → (µνν) (eνν)PRL 35(1975)1489

Martin Perl, *1927, Nobelpreis 1995

1975 Haim Harari invents the letters t and b, PL 57B(1975)265


7/1977:

PRL 39(1977)252

Be, Cu, Pt

Two-peak fithas much betterχ2 than one peakm = 9.44±0.03,10.17±0.05 GeV.

„Upsilon“ doesnot appearin this paper.


Naming the Upsilon:D.C. Horn et al (Lederman group), PRL 36(1976)1236p + Be → e+e- + X, Ep = 400 GeV

The 12 events at 6 GeV haveσB = (5.2 ± 2.0) 10-36 cm2 /nucleon.A Toy Monte Carlo gives P = 2%for a background fluctuation. „We are aware of the need for confirmation“.


Leon Ledermanat theJuly 1977 Budapest EPS Conference:


J/ψ and ψ(2S) in

Lederman‘s 1977 experiment:Christenson et al(Lederman group)PRD 8(1973)2016p + U → µ+µ- + XEp = 29.5 GeV

... and four years before ⇒


9/77 W.R. Innes et al(Lederman group)PRL 39(1977)1240p + Cu,Pt → µ+µ- + XEp = 400 GeV

9.4610.02

10.36

today


Two more highlights at Budapest 1977:

1) Dirac‘s lecture on 50 years of Relativistic Quantum Mechanics,

2) ... after Lederman‘s talk, H. Schopper (DESY): „ ... DORIS at DESY is the only e+ e- storage ring in the world which could produce ϒ and B mesonsafter an only small upgrade, ... let‘s do itand find some people ...“

Between September 77 and March 78:Transformation of the two-ring storage ring DORIS, U = 288 m)

into a single-ring machine (D. Degele, H. Nesemann, K. Wille ...)

with one bunch each, I = 15 mA, L ~ 1030/cm2/s.

Two interaction regions, three experiments: DASP, PLUTO / DHHM.

The DASP group (G. Wolf, B. Wiik ...) had moved completely to TASSO

at PETRA, PLUTO stayed for the ϒ search, DASP was taken by DASP-2.


The DASP-2 Collaboration:

formed by H. Schopper for ϒ and B physics. Starting from a 1976 study on

what to do with DORIS in PETRA times (W.Schmidt-Parzefall, K.Winter ...)

four groups by April 77, 15 physicists:

DESY (W.S-P, H.Schröder, C.W.Darden, H.D.Schulz ...)

Dortmund (W.Hofmann, D.Wegener)

Heidelberg (H.Albrecht, KRS)

Lund (L.Jönsson, ..)

The DASP detector,

unchanged by the DASP-2 group,

had two magnetic arms

and a non-magnetic

50%-of-4π central part:


First ϒ Formation at DORIS:

DASP-2 data from 17/4 to 5/5/78

with ~10/nb/point, publ. 9/5/78:

C.W.Darden et al, PL 76B (1978) 246

m=(9.457±0.010)GeV, RMS=7.6 MeV,

Γee = (1.3 ± 0.4) keV. 5th quark.

Scan based on a letter from W. Innes,

m(FNAL) = (9.458 ± 0.010 ± 0.100) GeV

Also seen by

PLUTO in May

and by

NaI-LeadGlass

in July.

m = 9.457 ± 0.010

DASP-2

NaI-PbGlass


ϒ‘ Formation in August 1978:(PLUTO now at PETRA)

ϒ = 13S1bb, |Q(b)| = e0/3

using van Royen - Weisskopfand potential models for Γee:

m(ϒ‘) = (10.016 ± 0.020) GeVΓee(ϒ‘) = (0.33 ± 0.10) keVΓee(ϒ) = (1.26 ± 0.11) keVBµµ(ϒ) = (2.1 ± 1.3) %Γtot(ϒ) = (60 ) keV+100

- 23


Topology Studies on the ϒ:

DASP-2, 1978

DASP-2, 1978

Upsilon does not decay into 2 q jets,

either into 3 g jets or phase space.

PLUTO could do this with B field:

PLUTO, 1979

but their final result came too late,

gluon was discovered 1979 at PETRA.


The Start of CESR at Cornell:

CLEO

CUSBFirst papers 4/1980 on ϒ‘‘ formation

CUSB

T.Böhringer et al, PRL 44(1980)1111 D.Andrews et al, PRL 44(1980)1108

m(ϒ‘‘) - m(ϒ) =

891 ± 1 ± 5 [CLEO]

889 ± 1 ± 5 [CUSB]

MeV


and soon the fourth ϒ in July 1980:

D. Andrews et al (CLEO), PRL 45(1980)219

m(ϒ4S) - m(ϒ) = (1112 ± 5) MeV

Γ(ϒ4S) = (19.8 ± 5.5 ± 5) MeV

G. Finocchiaro et al (CUSB), PRL 45(1980)222

Names ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S), ϒ(3S), ϒ(4S) since 1981

CLEO

[ Plot from

Steve Olsen,

Moriond

1982 ]

1981 first signal from B mesons:C. Bebek et al (CLEO), PRL 46(1981)84

K. Chadwick et al (CUSB), PRL 46(1981)88

CLEO

B(B → ℓ ν X,1982) = (12 ±2 )%

ϒ(4S) → ℓ X


Semileptonic B decays at CESR, PETRA, PEP:

[ from

Sheldon

Stone

LP83 at

Cornell ]

|Vub| << |Vcb|, |Vcb| = ?


MAC

The B Lifetime Pioneers:

W. Bartel et al (JADE), PL 114B(1982)71 τ(b) < 1.4 ps

E. Fernandez et al (MAC), PRL 51(1983)1022

10-layer drift chamber with σ = 200 µm.

Definition of the impact parameter ↓ Results →

τ(b) = (1.8 ± 0.6 ± 0.4) ps

N. S. Lockyer et al (MARK-II), PRL 51(1983)1316

τ(b) = (1.2 ± 0.3) ps, |Vcb| = 0.053 ± 0.010 + 0.5- 0.4


Start of ARGUS in Feb.1983:

1 = Muon Chambers, 2 = Shower Counters3 = Time-of-Flight, 4 = Drift Chamber

5 = Vertex Chamber, 6 = Silicon Vertex Detector7 = Iron Yoke, 8 = Solenoid Coil

9 = Compensation Coils, 10 = Mini-β Quadrupoles

Design 1977, Proposal 1978

(W. Schmidt -Parzefall)

Construction 1980 - Sept.1982

Data Taking Feb.1983 - 1992

First Results Aug.83, LP83

m(ϒ2S) and ϒ(2S) → ϒ(1S)π+ π-

1st paper subm.10/83, publ.01/84

54 physicists

DESY - Dortmund - Heidelberg- IPP Canada - Kansas - Lund

- Moscow - South Carolina


Lmax (DORIS-2) ≈ 2 .1031/cm2/s ≈ 20 . Lmax (DORIS-1978)


First Year of ARGUS:ϒ‘ continuum ϒ‘ϒ(4S)

H. Albrecht et al, PL 134B(1984)137(13 + 1.6)/pb, B & mππ of ϒ‘→ ϒπ+π-

Compared to ψ‘→J/ψππ: Gluons have Spin 1

D. P. Barber et al, PL 135B(1984)4987 days of E-scan with depolarization,

e+e- → hadrons, m(ϒ‘) = (10023.1 ± 0.4) MeV

1983


all ϒ(4S) we could do:

K±

hadrons

µ±

e±[ plot from KRS,Int. Conf. on Neutrino PhysicsNordkirchen 1984 ]

ARGUS 1983

The Crystal-Ball group had strong

preference for ϒ(2S) running.

In 1984, preference moved to ϒ(1S)

because of their ζ(8.3) discovery.

[ unpublished ]

B = (9±2±2)%

ARGUS joined bb spectroscopy

ϒ(2S) → γ + χb0, χb1, χb2


The 3 well-known ARGUS papers in 1987:

Full B reconstruction, H. Albrecht et al, PLB 185(1987)218

m(B0) = 5278 ± 1 ± 3 and m(B+) = 5276 ± 1 ± 3

replacing the 1983 CLEO values 5274 ± 2 ± 2 and 5271 ± 2 ± 2 MeV

132 citations.

B0B0 Mixing, from 103/pb D*-µ+ν

H. Albrecht et al, PLB 192(1987)245 (D0→K+π-)

1 B0B0, (50 - 25.2) ℓ±ℓ±, (5 - 0.9)B0ℓ+ D*-µ+ν

χ(B0) = 0.18 ± 0.08, 1019 citations. (D-→K+π-π-)

B0 → D*-ℓ+ν, H. Albrecht et al, PLB 197(1987)452

B = (7.0 ± 1.2 ± 1.9)%, largest exclusive B (B) so far, 170 citations.


Total of 151 Journal Papers 1987 - 2000:

H. Albrecht et al, PLB 234(1990)409

b → u ℓ ν, |Vub/Vcb| =

0.10 ± 0.01 (ACCMM) - 0.18 ± 0.02 (ISGW)

290 citations. simultanuous with CLEO,

R. Fulton et al, PRL 64(1990)16

ARGUS1990

... and paper # 151 on the electric dipole moment of the τ lepton

H. Albrecht et al, PLB 485(2000)37, 9 citations.


Starting B-Meson-Factory Dreams:

ARGUS had never high priority in the DESY

programme, PETRA and CrBall had it easier.

For us outsiders, Cornell seemed to

be an ideal place where B mesons

had highest priority. Dreams that

Europe could need a Cornell-like Lab

started spring 1985, my first public talk

was at U Zurich on 28 Nov.1985.

In May 1986, I organized a „Heavy Hadron“

symposium with 130 participants, the main

goal was collecting arguments for a BMF.


Last Dayof the 1986 Symposium:

5 GeV e+ + 5 GeV e-, L > 5 .1032/cm2/s

double ring, 24 bunches each, c = 480 m.


The storage-ring idea goes back to B. Touschek and R. Wideroe 1941.

The first e-e- storage-ring collider was built by G. O‘Neill et al. at Stanford,

1959. First experiment (Moeller scattering) with B. Richter et al. 1965.

Electron-Positron Storage Rings (1)

The first e+e- storage-ring collider was built by B. Touschek et al,

at Frascati, single ring, AdA, 1961. First collisions 1964.

Bruno TouschekAustrian Theoretician

(1920 - 1978)

AdA

today


Electron-Positron Storage Rings (2, uncomplete)

physicsLcirc. (m)E (GeV)activeLocationRing2.52 * 0.251961-62

1962-64Frascati IOrsay F

AdA

? - 1965Novosibirsk SUVEPP12 * 0.81965-75Orsay FACO, DCI2 * 0.51965-75Novosibirsk SUVEPP22 * 1.5Frascati IADONE

ψ, τ, D2 * 41972-SLAC USASPEAR

χ(B0),Vcb,Vub2 .10312882 * 3.5

2 * 5.51973-771978-92

DESY DDORISDORIS2

Cornell USACEA3701975-Novosibirsk SUVEPP4

gluon23002 * 171978-DESY DPETRAY(4S), B, Vub1.3 .10337682 * 679-2002Cornell USACESR

τ(b)22002 * 141980-SLAC USAPEP30202 *321987-KEK JTRISTAN

5 .10302402 * 2.21989-Beijing CNBEPC2.4 .1031267002 * 4689-2002CERN CHLEP


The SIN/PSI Project (1)

proposal not only funded by PSI-CH, butalso by BMBF-D and IN2P3-F.


PSI Proposal Authors:

25 experimental institutions fromSwitzerland, Germany, France, Poland

and Crystal Barrel for the 2nd Interaction region


The PSI Project 1988:

double ring, c = 648 m, 2*10 bunches,synchrotron injection, I1 = I2 = 500 mA,Ldesign = 1033/cm2/s [at UCLA Jan 87: 3 .1033]

„Theoretically, more is possible, butbased on long e+e- storage-ring experienceone cannot guarantee these high values“

4 = SiVxD5 = Precision Tracking Ch.6 = Main Tracking Ch.7 = RICH8 = CsI9 = Coil for 1.5 T

10 = Muon Chambers11 = Iron


Early Studies at KEK:

KEK internalJuly 1986

Summer 1988 ?

Ldesign = 4 .1032/cm2/s


More Studies:In addition to the PSI and KEK proposals, the followingpostulates, wishes, studies, and plans (all e+e-) were presented on the„Linear-Collider BB-Factory Conceptual Design Workshop“, UCLA Jan.87:

D. Cline,„We need a BB Factory in the 1990s with L ≥ 1034, and this can only bedone with a new type of machine, and we will establish a working group.“

U. Amaldi and G. Coignet, Supercond. Linac with 1033(Y4S) and 1034 (bb).J. Wurtele and A. Sessler, Linac with 1033 on the Y4SE. Bloom, „NPEP“ with two E-symmetric rings in the PEP tunnel, 2 .1033.

P. Oddone,„Detector Physics“Group Summary


A revolutionary paper:Nucl.Phys.B 281(1987)41

315 citations

parts of the argumentsare already inBigi and SandaNucl.Phys.B193(1981)85


and lots of workshops:

Jan.87 UCLA (D.Cline), Linear-Collider BB-Factory Workshop

July 87 Berkeley, SSC Detector Workshop,

here I learned a lot from Bj, including his view of the

CKM unitarity conditions and

His writeup in the Proc. does not reference this to Bigi and Sanda.

Sept.87 SLAC (E.Bloom, A.Fridman), B-Meson Factory Workshop

Wille: PSI, Bloom: NPEP→SBF

(sym.Y4S, boosted Y4S, sym.continuum),

Cline: Linac, Amaldi: Linac,

Berkelman: CESR upgrade.

( ) ( )anglethat 2sinKJ/B S ∗=→⋅ ψAA

pq


and lots of work and lots of talks:

KRS, April 88, Colloquium Basel KRS, July 88, ICTP Series ThPh 5(1989)523

and slowly Bigi-Sanda‘s consequence for CP(Y4S→BB) was digested:Boosted Y4S are needed because the CP asymmetry is in t1-t2and not in t1+t2. Even perfect SVx resolution gives no effect in t1+t2.

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen find this very paradox.

t 1+ t 2

t1- t2

I.Dunietz and T.Nakada, Z.Ph. C36(1987)503

Snowmass Workshop June/July 1988

R.Aleksan et al, SLAC-PUB 4678 (1988)


On the asymmetry, SLAC was faster than PSI :Series of workshops at Snowmass, SLAC, and Caltech. The WriteupSLAC-353 (Oct.89) has 40 authors (D.Hitlin, Y.Nir, P.Oddone, J.Dorfan ...)

7 + 4 GeV, optimized byT.Nakada and T.Ruf

9 + 3.1 GeV

The machine paper, SLAC-352, also appeared Oct.89


The KEK Asymmetric B-Factory evolved in 1989/90Documents: Task Force Report on Physics and Detectors: KEK-90-23

on Accelerator Design: KEK-90-24

3.5 + 8 GeV, L ≥ 1 .1034/cm2/s, either 1.4 km new tunnel or TRISTAN.

The PSI project did not find approval and moved intoCERN‘s ISR Tunnel 1990. T. Nakada et al, CERN 90-02

In 1991, there were 7 B-Factory plans ready (6 still alive):

3.3 m765 m3 .10338 + 3.5Cornell3.6 m2300 m3 .10339.3 + 3DESY4.2 m714 m5 .10336.5 + 4.3Novosibirsk3 m963 m10348 + 3.5CERN

0.6 m3020 m10348 + 3.5KEK1.3 m2200 m3 .10339 + 3.1SLAC

dbunch = 10 mc = 648 mL =1033/cm2/sE = 7+4 GeVPSI


You all know the rest of the story:In October 1993, the two houses of the US parliament stopped the

construction of the SSC. In the same session, they approved the

„presidential initiative“ of a B-Factory at SLAC and not the Cornell plan.

Great success for Jonathan Dorfan, who - together

with many others - worked for this project with his full

initiative and finally convinced B. Richter that this is

the right project for SLAC.

The BABAR group started Dec.1993. TDR ready in 95.

July 98: Collisions in PEP-II, May 99: Events in BABAR

July 2000:1st 15 BABAR results at Osaka,Oct.2000:PEP-II reaches 3 .1033

July 2001: sin2β ≠ 0 with > 4σ, at LP01 Rome, together with BELLE.

and the success story of KEKB is equally impressive.


equally, until September 2002:

and my wishesat the end:Many more successful years

for KEKB and BELLE,

for PEP-II and BABAR,

and a grand successor

for the continuation of

their common programme!

From b-quark Discovery to B-Meson Factoriesschubert/talks/0503-balice.pdf · 27 / 06 / 05 K. R....

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Transcript of From b-quark Discovery to B-Meson Factoriesschubert/talks/0503-balice.pdf · 27 / 06 / 05 K. R....