Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) &...

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Fotonica 3D

Transcript of Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) &...

Page 1: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Fotonica 3D

Page 2: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

TE gapTM gap

( )zyx HEE ,,

( )zyx EHH ,,

•Interconnessioni nella direzione di E

•Alto contrasto di indice

Ricetta per un band gap completo: caso 2D

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band gap

ω

0 π/a

sinπ

ax

cosπ

ax

ε(x) = ε(x+a)a

ε1 ε2 ε1 ε2 ε1 ε2 ε1 ε2 ε1 ε2 ε1 ε2

x = 0

Splitting della degenerazione:state concentrated in higher index (ε2)

has lower frequencyAggiungiamo una

piccola anisotropia

ε2 = ε1 + ∆ε

Air band

Dielectric band

Bang gap si apre al bordo della FBZ

Richiamo esempio 1D

Page 4: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Bang gap si apre al bordo della FBZ

band gap

ω

Γ X

Air band

Dielectric band

M

Se sistema anisotropo

non c’è sovrapposizione

di gap.

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Bang gap si apre al bordo della FBZ

band gap

ω

Γ X

Air band

Dielectric band

M

Se sistema isotropo

c’è sovrapposizione di gap.

Page 6: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi
Page 7: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Reticoli cubici

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FBZ

FCC ha FBZ

più simmetrico

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FCC non ha PhC band gap

Page 10: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

fcc (face-centered-cubic)

with two “atoms” per unit cell.

• Same FBZ of fcc

• Closer packing

Diamond PhC with band gap

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Page 12: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Diamante ha PhC band gap

overlapping Si spheres

Page 13: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Diamante ha PhC band gapa

a43.0

4

3=

Page 14: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Diamante ha PhC band gapa

a43.0

4

3=

Interconnessioni

Page 15: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Diamante ha PhC band gap

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•PhC band gap è raro

•Per ogni reticolo c’è un valore di soglia del

contrasto di indice sopra il quale si apre il gap

•Soglia inferiore se sistema ha FBZ poco isotropa

•Il gap cresce con il contrasto

•Esistono valori ottimali (raggio sfere, lunghezza

tubi).

Regole generali per un PhC 3D

Page 17: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Inverse Opalsfcc solid spheres do not have a gap…

…but fcc spherical holes in Si do have a gap

Infiltration

sub-micron colloidal spheres

Template(synthetic opal)3D

Remove

Template

“Inverted Opal”

complete band gap

~ 10% gap between 8th & 9th bands

small gap, upper bands: sensitive to disorder

[ figs courtesy

D. Norris, UMN ]

Page 18: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Inverse-Opal Photonic Crystal[ fig courtesy

D. Norris, UMN ]

[ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ]

Page 19: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Inverse-Opal Band Gap

good agreement

between theory (black)

& experiment (red/blue)

[ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ]

Page 20: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Elementi unitari per un PhC 3D

Molti gradi di libertà

Spot Vein

Page 21: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

First PCBG

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Yablonovite

Page 23: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Yablonovite

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New diamond-like fcc crystal

(Topology is very

similar to 2000

layer-by-layer crystal)

Page 25: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

New diamond-like fcc crystal

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Layered structure

rod layer

hole layerhole layer

Vertical cut

vein

spot

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Layer-by-Layer Lithography

• Fabrication of 2d patterns in Si or GaAs is very advanced

(think: Pentium IV, 50 million transistors)

So, make 3d structure one layer at a time

…inter-layer alignment techniques are only slightly more exotic

Need a 3d crystal with constant cross-section layers

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A More Realistic Schematic

[ M. Qi, H. Smith, MIT ]

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The Woodpile Crystalan earlier design:

(& currently more popular)

[ K. Ho et al., Solid State Comm. 89, 413 (1994) ] [ H. S. Sözüer et al., J. Mod. Opt. 41, 231 (1994) ]

Up to ~ 17% gap for Si/air

(diamond-like, “bonds”)

[ Figures from S. Y. Lin et al., Nature 394, 251 (1998) ]

Page 30: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

The Woodpile Crystal

Page 31: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Other diamond-like fcc crystal

There is a gap

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PAD

PCD

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microcavities waveguides (“wires”)

Defects in 3D PhC

Page 34: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Example

rod layer

hole layerhole layer

Vertical cut

vein

spot

Page 35: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

PhC

Difetto di punto in un taglio verticale

Page 36: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

PhC

Difetto di punto in un taglio orizzontalero

d la

ye

r

rod

la

ye

r

Air defect

rod

la

ye

r

Dielectric defect

Page 37: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Difetto di aria (monopolo)

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Difetto di dielettrico (dipolo)

Page 39: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Difetto di linea

Air defectro

d la

yer

ayer

Taglio verticale Taglio orizzontale

Page 40: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Difetto di linea

Page 41: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Difetto di linea

Page 42: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Fotonica su slab

Page 43: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Cono di

luce

Modi guidati

Slab omogenea

Entro il cono di luce

Oltre il cono di luce

zkkc2

//2

+=ω

2

2

//2

//c

kikck z

ωω −=→<

//2

2

2

// kc

kck z −=→≥ω

ω

Page 44: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

1

2sinn

ni >θ

Rappresentazione modi guidati:

Confinamento 1D della luce

onda evanescente

onda evanescente

Slab

Confinamento 1D

della luce dovuto ad

“index guiding”

Page 45: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Diagramma a bande 2D

Page 46: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Diagramma a bande 2D + cono di luce

Page 47: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Diagramma a bande slab

Confinamento

2D nel PBG e 1D

da index guiding

Page 48: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Diagramma a bande slab

Page 49: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Guide d’onda slab

Page 50: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Guide d’onda slab

Page 51: Fotonica 3D - Studenti di Fisica · Inverse-Opal Band Gap good agreement between theory (black) & experiment (red /blue ) [ Y. A. Vlasov et al., Nature 414, 289 (2001). ] Elementi

Guide d’onda slab

Più confinamento con riflessione PCB