Finding The Spin of the Proton Douglas Fields University of New Mexico.
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Transcript of Finding The Spin of the Proton Douglas Fields University of New Mexico.
Finding The Spin of the Proton
Douglas FieldsUniversity of New Mexico
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 2
Outline
• Review of Problem– Brief Review of Deep Inelastic Scattering– Spin “Crisis”
• Spin physics at RHIC– RHIC and PHENIX– Measurements of ΔG– “Measurements” of ΔL
• PHENIX upgrades and future measurements
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 3
Motivation
• Hadron Physics:– Understanding of the structure of the nucleon.– Understanding of nuclear interactions.– Tests of QCD.
• Standard Model Tests:– Use spin as a tool to test Standard Model
predictions.– Search for exotics (SUSY, PV…).
• Forget all of that– Spin is as fundamental as charge or mass!
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 4
Spin Effects
•Polarized pp elastic scattering at 197MeV.
•Ay ~ (NL – NR)/ (NL + NR)
•Shows that the strong (nuclear) force depends strongly on the spin orientation.
p
p
NL
NR
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 5
“Naïve Quark Model”• Protons are spin ½
objects composed of three spin ½ objects.
u
d
u
duuuuduududuudu
duuuudduuuduP222
18
1
singlet.color
only ric,Antisymmet symmetric. bemust Product symmetric. momentum,
angular noWith
)color()flavor()spin()space(
Since Quarks are fermions, total wavefunction must be antisymmetric
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 6
Strong Spin Dependence• Deltas are spin
3/2 objects composed of three spin ½ objects.
• Mass is ~300MeV greater than proton!
u
d
u
uudduuudu
P 3
1
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 7
Predictions• Baryon magnetic moments are
well predicted by the Naïve Quark Model
mu = md ~ 1/3mp
ms given by magnetic moment(but mu=4MeV, md=7MeV)?
q
qq m
Q
2
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 8
Caveat…• Quarks (and anti-quarks) only account
for ½ of nucleon momentum and it is dependent on at what scale you observe.•I like the fractal analogy:
•At low resolving power, one sees three quarks in the nucleon
•At higher resolving power, one sees more and more detail of what a quark is, namely a collection of quarks, antiquarks and gluons.
Resolving power (smaller scales)
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 9
What Does the Proton Look Like?• The distribution of partons in the
proton was not very well understood 10 years ago
• Today, the picture is different…
J.D. Bjorken, Collisions Of Constituent Quarks At Collider Energies SLAC-PUB-95-6949 (1995)
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 10
Probing the Proton• EM interaction
– Photon• Sensitive to electric charge2
• Insensitive to color charge
• Strong interaction– Gluon
• Sensitive to color charge• Insensitive to flavor
• Weak interaction– Weak Boson
• Sensitive to weak charge ~ flavor• Insensitive to color
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 11
• Longitudinal momentum fraction (x)• Transverse position (b)
• Intrinsic transverse momentum (kT)
• Correlations of above (x┴ x kT)
Missing Ingredients
P.H. Hägler, et. al.
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 12
Parton Distribution Functions• Quark Distributions
q(x,Q2)=
q(x,Q2)=
q(x,Q2)=
=
unpolarized distributionunpolarized distribution
helicity distributionhelicity distribution
transversity distributiontransversity distribution
g(x,Q2)=
g(x,Q2)=
No Transverse Gluon Distribution in 1/2
• Gluon Distributions
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 13
Sum Rules
• Momentum Sum Rule• Helicity Sum Rule:
• ΔΣ measured in DIS experiments and found to be small (0.1 – 0.3)…
q
q
G
1 1s = = +L
2 2 = u + d + s =
L
L
G =
GL G
polarization of quarks and antiquarks
polarization of quark orbital angular momentum
polarization of gluon orbital angular momentum
polarization of
, u u u .
gluons
where etc
1
0
1xq x xg x dx
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 14
“Spin Crisis”
05.027.0
12.060.0
123)(18 2
22
1
0
p1
QDFdxxg S
s
• “Not-so-Naïve” quark model and comparison to results
Predicted from EJSR
Measured in DIS
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 15
Not Really a Crisis…• Remember the more complicated
possibilities…
• But Leptons don’t scatter off gluons (at first order)
• How do we probe the gluons?
GLG qL+ 2
1 =
2
1 = s
G GG
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 16
RHIC Spin
BRAHMS & PP2PP
STAR
AGS
LINACBOOSTER
Pol. H- Source
Spin Rotators(longitudinal polarization)
Solenoid Partial Siberian Snake
Siberian Snakes
200 MeV Polarimeter AGS Internal Polarimeter
Rf Dipole
RHIC pC PolarimetersAbsolute Polarimeter (H jet)
AGS pC PolarimetersStrong AGS Snake
Helical Partial Siberian Snake
PHOBOS
Spin Rotators(longitudinal polarization)
Spin flipper
Siberian Snakes
PHENIX
PHENIX Detector
•Central Arms:||<0.35, =2900
Charged particle ID and tracking; photon ID. EM Calorimetry.Muon Arm:1.2<||<2.4Muon ID and tracking.
•Global DetectorsCollision triggerCollision vertex characterizationRelative luminosityLocal Polarimetry
•Philosophy:– High resolution at the cost of acceptance– High rate capable DAQ– Excellent trigger capability for rare events
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 17
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 18
“Measurements” of ΔG• Example:
– choose channel with high statistics– p + p → π0 + X– Complicated mixture of amplitudes– Compare with:
gqgq G
G
q
q
qqqqq
q
q
q
gggg G
G
G
G
1
expLLY B
N N N NA
P P N N N N
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 19
Solution• Factorization between hard and soft physics
– Example: q + g → π0 + X
Dp
p
Hard Physicsσ ~ momenta and helicities
• Soft:– q(x), Δq(x), D(z)
• Hard:– NLO pQCD cross-
sections – spin dependent
• Missing ingredients: – Δg(x)– beam polarization
Soft Physicsfrom universalfits to data
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 20
Status of Ingredients
• Status of Pol. PDFs (2004)
• Valence quark fairly well determined from DIS
• ΔG and sea quarks poorly known
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 21
pQCD Check• Next step: Measure
cross-section as a test for perturbative QCD at
• Run 6, pushes 0 cross-section to 20 GeV/c.
• Agreement with pQCD over broad range of pT.
• Does this mean that QCD works for spin sorted in this same range?
.200GeVs
pp0 X : PRD76,051106
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 22
Where Are We So Far?• Factorization between hard and soft physics
– Example: q + g → π0 + X
Dp
p
Hard Physicsσ ~ momenta and helicities
• Soft:– q(x), Δq(x), D(z)
• Hard:– NLO pQCD cross-
sections – spin dependent
• Missing ingredients: – Δg(x), P – beam
polarization
Soft Physicsfrom universalfits to data
☺ ☺ ☺
☺
☺
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 23
π0 ALL
• Put all ingredients into a NLO pQCD calculation with assumed values of ΔG, Monte Carlo the results with the detector acceptance, and compare to data to determine allowed values of ΔG.
arXiv:0810.0694
From ALL to G (with GRSV model)
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 24
arXiv:0810.0694
Compare ALL data to curves (produce 2 vs G)
1.0:error.expSyst. )3(2.0and)1(1.02.04:errorStat. 2.0
8.022]3.0,02.0[
GeVG x
GRSV
Generate g(x) curves for different (with DIS refit)
1
0)( dxxgG
Calculate ALL for each G
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 25
Update to Pol. PDFs
• Using the π0 results from PHENIX, one can recalculate allowed values of the pol. PDFs.
• Much improved limits on ΔG.
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 26
ΔL
• ΔG is appearing to be small (although it may be enough to solve the Spin Crisis)
• What is next?• ΔL…• Theory tells us it should be there
anyway.– Anomalous magnetic moment– Sivers Effect
q
1 1s = = +L
2 2 GL G
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 27
Sivers Effect
TT
TTT
NTTT kPS
kPSkxfkxfSkxf
)(),(
2
1),(),,(
•Non-Zero Sivers function means that there is a left/right asymmetry in the kT of the partons in the nucleon
•For a positive Siver’s function, there will be net parton kT to the left (relative to direction of proton, assuming spin direction is up).SP
kT,qp
p
FSI : SIDISISI : Drell-Yan
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 28
How can you get a net kT?
• Nice conceptual picture from D. Sivers (talk given at UNM/RBRC Workshop on Parton Orbital Angular Momentum).
• Summary:– Sivers effect requires
orbital motion.– Is process dependent.
• I would like to just follow this conceptual picture to see where it may lead.
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 29
Sivers Effect
No Sivers Effectwithout interactionwith absorber.
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 30
Fields Effect• Think of rotating (longitudinal) water balloons,
or…
Origin of Jet kT
Another Possibility:• Spin-correlated transverse momentum – partonic
orbital angular momentum• Can examine the helicity dependence of each term:
Di-hadron pT
kT
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 31
2 2 2 2T T T Tdi hadron initial hard frag
k k k k
Net transverse momentum of a di-hadron pair in a factorization ansatz
• initial – e.g., fermi motion of the confined quarks or gluons, initial-state gluon radiation…
• hard – final-state radiation (three-jet)…• frag – fragmentation transverse momentum jT
2
2
2
0
0
1
T initial
T hard
T frag
k
k
kQ
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 32
Like Helicity(Positive on Positive Helicity)
Central Collisions
Smaller
Peripheral Collisions
Larger
Integrate over b, leftwith some residual kT
Measure jetPeripheral Collisions
Larger
2Tk
2Tk
2Tk
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 33
Un-like Helicity(Positive On Negative Helicity)
Peripheral Collisions
Smaller
Central Collisions
Larger
Integrate over b, leftwith some differentresidual kT
2Tk
2Tk
Integrating over Impact ParameterDrell-Yan pair production in polarized p+p collisions.(Meng Ta-Chung et al. Phys. Rev. D 1989)
kTRkPR
kTR
kPR
Like Helicity
Un-like Helicity
),(),()( 222 bpbpbp ttt
TPTRPRTRPRTPt kkkkbp cos);,,(22
2
Averaging over D(b):
Integrating over impact parameter b:
TRPRR
Rt
kkk
kp
22 9.1
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 34
Measuring jet kT – di-hadron correlationo- h± azimuthal correlation
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 35
Trigger on a particle, e.g. o, with transverse momentum pTt. Measure azimuthal angular distribution w.r.t. the azimuth of associated (charged) particle with transverse momentum pTa. The strong same and away side peaks in p-p collisions indicate di-jet origin from hard scattering partons.
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 36
How does PHENIX measure kt?
• Zero kT
• Non-Zero kT
Intra-jet pairs angular width : near jT
Inter-jet pairs angular width : far jT kT
Drawings by A. Zimmerman
near
far
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 37
Jet Kinematics
For details, see:Phys. Rev. D 74, 072002 (2006)
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 38
Correlation Function• Red – real (raw Δφ)• Blue – background (mixed events)
Fit Function
• Blue – real (raw Δφ)• Red – Fit from above
equation
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 39
2
22
22
2/3
2/
2/3
2/
21
2
sinexp
/22
cos
)0(1
out
Ta
outTaout
Taaway
awayo
mixreal
p
p
ppErfp
p
d
dN
d
dNCGausCC
d
dN
Nd
dN
Spin sorted dihadron correlations
Fit Results• Red – Like helicity (++ & --)• Blue – Unlike helicity (+- & -+)
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 40
Need <zt> and xh
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 41
<k2T> asymmetry results are not sensitive to this xh and <zt> values – only needed to set the scale.
^
xh and <zt> are determined through a combined analysis of the π° inclusive cross section and using jet fragmentation function measured in e+e- collisions. Ref. PRD 74, 072002 (2006)
^
kT results for unpolarized case
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 42
jT = 607.5 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst) MeV
kT = 2.88 +/- 0.02 (stat) +/- 0.12 (syst) GeV
Preliminary Results
• Take the difference Like – Unlike helicities.
• Normalized by beam polarizations.
• <j2T > asymmetry small (-6 ± 6 MeV out of ~607 MeV for unpolarized).
• <k2T > asymmetry also
small (-8 ± 90 MeV out of ~2.9 GeV for unpolarized).
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 43
• The small asymmetry in jT verifies our assumption that the third term is suppressed.
• The second term may be constrained from current knowledge of the π0 ALL.
Interpretation
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 44
2
2
2
0
0
1
T initial
T hard
T frag
k
k
kQ
• The first term can be related in the “Meng conjecture” to partonic transverse momentum:
where cij give the initial state weights and Wij give the impact parameter weighting.
• Since PYTHIA studies show that the final state studied here is dominated by gg scattering (~50%),
• We can interpret this as a constraint on the gluon orbital angular momentum.
• Consistent with previous (Sivers) measurements, and complimentary, since one naïvely needs no initial or final state interactions.
Interpretation
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 45
2 ij ij i j i jT T T T Tinitial
i j
k c W k k k k
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 46
What Next?
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 47
PHENIX VTX Detector Upgrade
• Main physics goal to discriminate heavy-flavor production via displaced vertices.
• I would like to use it to better determine jet kT.
• Needs simulation and study.
Summary
• We have an analysis tool – di-hadron azimuthal correlations - that allows us to measure kT.
• We are studying this in helicity-sorted collisions to see if there is a spin-dependent, coherent component of kT.
• In our kinematic range, we find jT RMS = -6 ± 6 MeV, and kT RMS = -8 ± 90 MeV.
• While this is consistent with other measurements related to gluon OAM, the connection to parton OAM needs theoretical guidance!
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 48
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 49
Summary
• Our group has made significant contributions to the RHIC Spin program and to the PHENIX experiment.
• We are currently leading the investigation of an interesting, albeit speculative, physics analysis.
• We will continue significant contributions to the PHENIX upgrade plan with an eye on our research thrust.
• I look forward to an invigorated nuclear/particle group with the addition of active theorists.
Backups
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 50
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 51
How do you measure the quark spins?
k k/
X
q
~ l-q elastic scattering
Leading order diagram.
+ Radiative corrections
+ NLO corrections
+ Higher twist…
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 52
eμ Elastic Scattering
e-(p1,s1)
e-(p2,s2)
-(p3,s3)
-(p4,s4)
),( q
Initial State Potential Final State
Probability to happen:
2State InitialPotentialState Final
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 53
Feynman Prescription…
2k
gi
),( 44 spu
),( 33 spu
ie
),( 11 spu
ie
),( 22 spu
EM coupling strength e
EM coupling strength e
M
Q
M
Q
kkkddQ
d
22sin22cos
1
2sin4
22
2
22
42
2
2
2
Electric interaction
Magnetic interaction
2sin22cos1
2sin42
12
242
2
2
2
WWkkkddQ
d
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 54
Now, for e-quark scattering• eq scattering
• Now, assume:
• So that,
iiii
i
m
Q
m
Qee
kkkddQ
d
22sin242cos
1
2sin4
22
2
2222
42
2
2
2
Modified by the quark fractional
chargeModified by the
quark mass
xMmxpp ii and,
MxQeW
MxQ
xM
QeW
ii
ii
2
242
22
2
22
22
1
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 55
Step towards protons…• Sum over quark flavors and integrate
over x weighted by f(x), the probability to have momentum fraction x:
)(),(
)()(),(
2)(
12
1
222
2
1
0
22
2
xFQMW
xFxxfeQW
MxQexdxfW
iii
ii
•Electric STRUCTURE Function
•Magnetic STRUCTURE Function
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 56
Structure Functions
MQx
where
xgqGM
xgqGM
xFqW
xFq
2
,
)(),(
)(),(
)(),(
)(),(MW
then,fixed, ratio with their
large become and Q when limit, scalingBjorken In the
2
22
22
12
12
22
2
12
1
2
• Structure functions in the scaling limit
Spin independent
Spin dependent (= 0 when sum over spins)
This is related to the elastic scattering off parton with momentum fraction p = xP
February 4, 2009 LANL P-25 Seminar 57
Nosecone Calorimeter
Tungsten absorber
Pb absorber
Pad readoutStripixel readout
Cu skin
15 m
m
15 m
m
• Main physics goals to measure γ-jet events and isolate muons from W-decay
• I would like to use it to better determine jet kT.
• Needs simulation and study.