_Expe1iments i1l WaterVeloci蚊Mea㎜rement im...

9
RepoIt of the Natiom1Rese趾ch Cente-fo正1)is副ste正hevention,No,27,Ma正ch1982 556,332.6 Measurement ofWater Movement thro㎜gh Soi _Expe1iments i1l WaterVeloci蚊Mea㎜rement im Pom By Ma㎝ki Tominaga* 肋肋伽1Rθ∫ωκ乃α〃ε・伽〃舳θ1〃ωθ附ゴo〃,切α・ Abstl=act Experiments aエe descエibed for measurement of water ve1ocity in p sinusoida1 heat conduction.The thθoエetica1consideエations in (Tominaga,1976a,b)are summ肛ized趾st.In these papefs,two methods velocity measuエement were deve1oped and the mechanisms of heat co m釦ia we正e discussed-n this pape正,theseエesults aエe combined for m porous media,and expe正iments肛e conducted on the basis of these t clusions.The wate正ve1ocities in these experiments a正e about O.09- 肛e tme ve1ocities in the spaces among soi1partic1es.G1ass bead media in these exper㎞ents.The正esu1ts conespond with the theoエe we11.Seve互a1stIong points of the phase-diffeエence method are discuss IeSu1tS. 1. P1=eface In two ear1ier papers(Tomimga,1976a,b),the theoreticaユcon urement of waterve1ocity in porous media were・deve1oped.The phase-difference method were proposed from the so1ution of the when a sinusoida1heat sign釦is induced.Then,the princip1e of porous media was deve1oped for app1ication of these methods to t in porous media.In the fo11owing sections,these theoエetica1con and experiments on waterve1ocity measurement by the phase- media are described. θ K α K/s α kg/m3 c J/(kg・K) λ J/(m・s・K) K:λ/αc m2/S S O m/S Nomenc1ature temperature temperature input density specific heat therma1conductivity therma1diffusivity time Ve1OCity *Rainfall Laboratory 一183一

Transcript of _Expe1iments i1l WaterVeloci蚊Mea㎜rement im...

Page 1: _Expe1iments i1l WaterVeloci蚊Mea㎜rement im …dil-opac.bosai.go.jp/publication/nrcdp/nrcdp_report/PDF/...2.1 Energy equations Two methods presented in the first paper(Tominaga,1976a)are

RepoIt of the Natiom1Rese趾ch Cente-fo正1)is副ste正hevention,No,27,Ma正ch1982

556,332.6

Measurement ofWater Movement thro㎜gh Soi1

_Expe1iments i1l WaterVeloci蚊Mea㎜rement im PomusMediト

       By

Ma㎝ki Tominaga*

肋肋伽1Rθ∫ωκ乃α〃ε・伽〃舳θ1〃ωθ附ゴo〃,切α・

Abstl=act

   Experiments aエe descエibed for measurement of water ve1ocity in poエous media using

sinusoida1 heat conduction.The thθoエetica1consideエations in two ear1ief papers

(Tominaga,1976a,b)are summ肛ized趾st.In these papefs,two methods for soi1-water

velocity measuエement were deve1oped and the mechanisms of heat conduction in po正ous

m釦ia we正e discussed-n this pape正,theseエesults aエe combined for measu正ement in

porous media,and expe正iments肛e conducted on the basis of these theoエetical con.

clusions.The wate正ve1ocities in these experiments a正e about O.09-1.56mm/s,whicl1

肛e tme ve1ocities in the spaces among soi1partic1es.G1ass beads皿e used as pomus

media in these exper㎞ents.The正esu1ts conespond with the theoエetica1considemtions

we11.Seve互a1stIong points of the phase-diffeエence method are discussed based on these

IeSu1tS.

1.  P1=eface

    In two ear1ier papers(Tomimga,1976a,b),the theoreticaユconsiderations for meas-

urement of waterve1ocity in porous media were・deve1oped.The amp1itude method and the

phase-difference method were proposed from the so1ution of the heat conduction of f1uids

when a sinusoida1heat sign釦is induced.Then,the princip1e of heat conduction in the

porous media was deve1oped for app1ication of these methods to the ve1ocity of water f1ow

in porous media.In the fo11owing sections,these theoエetica1considerations are summarized

and experiments on waterve1ocity measurement by the phase-differencemethod in porous

media are described.

θ   Kα   K/s

α  kg/m3c   J/(kg・K)

λ   J/(m・s・K)

K:λ/αc

        m2/S

オ    S

O  m/S

Nomenc1ature

     temperature

     temperature input

      density

     specific heat

     therma1conductivity

therma1diffusivity

time

Ve1OCity

*Rainfall Laboratory

一183一

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Repo正t of the Nationa1Research CenteエfoエDisasteエPエevention,No.27,Maエch1982

suffix

KHR

イm2/S

m

d m

ω

φ

S∫’

γゾ立

rad/s

rad

ratio of8=to8,simu1taneous1y,κtoγ *

forf1owingmedium

for stationaηmedium

apparent therma1diffusivity in porous media

heat capacity ratio of f1owing medium to the mixed media

distance from the origin of axis to the measuring point

(in the amp1itude method)

inte岬a1between the measuring Points

(in the phase-difference method)

angu1ar frequency of input temperature

phase-difference二■’

mmmm

area of c1osed sul=face8

area occupied by materia1ゴon cIosed surface8

vo1ume of c1osed surface8

vo1ume occupied by materia1ゴin8

2. Summary of theoretica1c011sidemtions

2.1 Energy equations

   Two methods presented in the first paper(Tominaga,1976a)are obtained from an

energy equation of f1uid f1ow in which there are no obstructions to the f1ow.The energy

equation in this case is as fo11ows=

              ∂θ一■.(K7θ)一レ・(θ。)十仙     (1)              ∂f

    In porous media,water f1ow is obstructed by the porous structure and heat conduc-

tion through it adds another inf1uence to the conduction of water itse1f.The resu1ting

formu1ation in the second paper(Tominaga,1976b)is as fo11ows:

              ∂θ     一                 二7・(K7θ)一7・(Hθリ)十ω          (2)              aτ

where:

                             T

                      K= _

                            αC

                            α.アC∫~

                      H=   _                              αC

                      λ = λ∫!V∫十λ8!V、

                      α・=α∫・∫ル十α、・。凡

   The ratios of vo1ume仰=巧・/γand that of area仰=8ゴ/8in the second paper are proved

to be equa1and are expressed by lVi in this paper.This was shown in the paper(Tominaga,

1980a).

2.2Methods for ve1ocity measurement im pomus media

    Considering the resu1t of the second paper,the mechanism of heat conduction in

porous media resemb1es that of the first paper under constant water ve1ocity.Therefore,

the two methods in the first paper can be rewritten for measurement in porous media.

一184一

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Measuエement ofWateエMovement thエough Soil-M.Tominaga

2.2.1 Amp1itude method

o=τRH(1州B+κ) (3)

where:

λ=lnθ。。    θ。。     B=1n    C:lnθ_x,      θ_Y’

θ十。

θ一Z

   θ。。,θ一。are the amp1itudes of the sinusoida1heat response measured at points+R,

吠ontheXcoordinate,whenpointheatsourceissetattheorigin.   θ。。,θ一。andθ。。,θ一。are obtained in the same way.

2.2.2 Phase-difference method

                            l  ♂     一・φ2                  11川■2=H・(φ・ω」4Kゴ・)   (4)

    If two phase-differencesφ1andφ2are respective1y known in response to the two dif-

ferent angu1ar frequenciesω11andω20n input in regard to the same ve1ocity,then the

therma1diffusivity can be e1iminated.

                            ♂ ω、2 ω、2 ω、Lω、2                   11ol12=  (,十 ,一 一,)  (5)                            H’  φ、   φ,   φ、2一φ,

                    アー♂ 、1 (ω1;一ω・;)  (・)

                            4φ,一φ,2φ、 φ呈

3. Experiments with the phase4ifferen㏄method

    It is very difficu1t to know the therma1diffusivity of soi1after the buria1of the sensor-

ing e1ements in practica1app1ications.Therefore,the phase-difference method is more

va1id when the direction of f1ow is known in advance,In this section,experiments with

the ph互se-difference method are presented.

3.1Mode1of the pomus media

    As a mode1fortheporousmedia,fineg1assbeadsabout0.2mm indiameterwereused.

They were packed in a transparent acry1ite pipe,which is shown in Photo1・a,The spaces

between partic1es were fi1led with water in order to regard on1y the g1ass beads as the

stationary medium.In this case,the water was the onIy f1owing medium.

〃∫and〃30f the experimenta1pipe were as fo11ows:

                          ル=O.360

                          /V8=0.640

0ther parameters of these experiments were about as fo11ows:

λ=0,851J/(m.s.K)

砺=2.97x1o6J/(m3・K)

τ=λ!死=2.87x10I7(m2/s)

H=0.508

These were obtained from a pub1ished data tab1e(Chrono1ogica1Tab工e of Science,1979).

一185一

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Repoエt of the Nationa1Research Center foエDisasteエP正evention,N〇一27,March1982

喝一、

、圭

、濃ポ

’笥.

一 ・曲拙蟻鎖=1、≡識

b  !  1,Ph・t・1・Th…p・・im・・t・1pip・・(・)O・t・id・・i・w.(b)H・・t・工.(・)CC-th・m・…pl・・.

    Taking the axis1ine of the experimenta1pipe ias one-dimentiona』coordinate,spira1

Nicrome wire which was5Ω曲as used as the point heat source(shown in Photo1・b).

Three sets of C-C(Copper-Constantan)thermocoup1es were used as the detectors of heat

response(shown㎞P110to1-c). Their outputs were tota1ed together to get1arge output

signa1s.Four measuring points were set aユong the axis1ine,one upstream from the point

heat source and the others in downstream(see固g.1).

3.2 Considemtion of the spatia1interva1betwee1l measuring points

   When the heat input is app1ied to any materia1,spatia1frequency appears in that

materia1、

・・、。古、τγV而戸・1・・2ω211伽112 (・)

where:

                       8=spatia1frequency[1/m]

A㏄ording to the samp1ing theorem,the spatia1interva1must be restricted by the fo11owing

equatiOn:

                             1             (8)                       d<                         一29.

where:

       gc=spatia1frequency corresponding to the cut-off frequency of input∫c

When the measuring points are set at fixed1ocations,∫、is determined by the fo11owing

equatiOn,inVerSe1y.

/。く(享2・1■牙音!12(9)

一186一

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Measuエement ofWater Movement thエough Soi1-M.Tominaga

th甘mo ooop18

TCl            TC2 TC3 TC450  30 →      ,) 20 20

⊥一一ウf10W  ⑩一 一 ①一「 N

←一一一一150      1叩           150h6at肌

①N

[mm]

Fig.1The expeエimenta1pipe for measuring wateエ

     ve1ocity in pomus media and1ocations ofCC・thermocoup1es.

    This re1ation assures that the phase shift in the frequency concemed is not1arger than

πbetween the two measuring pcints.In these experiments,the frequencies were chosen

according to Eq.9.The phase-differences were obtained by using the measured va1ues of

heat response taken at points TC2and TC4.

3.3 Measurement of the simsoidal heat response

    Sinusoida1heat responses were measured to confirm the boundary conditions

presented in the first paper(Tominaga,1976a),in which the response is sinusoida1when

sinusoida1heat input is induced.Four frequencies with periods of50,1OO,200and500s

were used for two ve1ocities of about o.67and2.44mm/s.Input and response signa1s were

respective1y transformed by Fourier’s ana1ysis formu1a in order to obtain the fundamenta1

harmonies,The errorεbetween the true sinusoida1heat signa1,which is the fundamenta1

harmonic,and the actua1heat signa1was ca1cu1ated by the fo11owing equation.

                         1 冗                 ε= 万、~、(θザわ…ω1j)2/ろ   (10)

where:

        5=amp1itude of the fundamenta1harmonic(K)

        θ=actua1temperature signa1(K)

        ち=meaSuring time(S)

        〃=number of data

        ω:angu1ar frequencies of the fundamenta1harmonic(rad/s)

    This gives the root mean square error deviates from the true sinusoid釦heat signa1.

Substituting the induced.sign』s and the measured signa1at TC2intoEq.10respective1y,

the errors were0,012_0,031for the input and0,011_0,026for the response(see Tab1e

1)。This means that the responses cou1d be taken as the sinusoidaユwaves.The amp1itudes of

heat responses were under5K,so that the heat responses were not disturbed by any noise

except heat input.Photo2shows an examp1e of the sinusoida1heat response.

一187一

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RepoIt of the Nationa1Research CeηteI fo正Disaste正Prevention,No.27,MaIch1982

■一 1- 1 1 I 』 』 」.■ , I  l  l  .     □  1  1  1        1  1  1  1  1

1Ex.75 = L■

■二 1■

一?

一二■

■1

二 =

一1nput1

止  1』■  _10V」   =

o ~

一害”

■■

一TC3u ■]

■  二

≡■

L

1L=orで≠=

二■

二一 ■■■ _ TC2三 ■

■ ■

_二二「

1 ■

■■

■ ■■ ■

1.4mV■

^三三

1.o

■ ■ ■ ■ ■

j■1

Il、

■■

■U ■

二■ ■TC4 1L 一

o ”

/ ■ _ 一二 _  ■_二 =  ■

■L■ 、

’L岨≡o

■一一;…三三一三三■; ■=二 .

■= ’=■■

■■

二_ 二 .o

三■

言,一,.

  、■ }。・…{1・。・1。”・、岬     {o  官・ 【 ・?●’・・,千【‘,1 ’ ? ^ 0●

.   1,. ,.I. .・.・.・.

』’』

Photo2

・?・川川1【

An examp1e of measu正ed heat signa1in Iesponse to sinusoidal heat input.

l  l 1 1 ■一.1 一.1.一..

;二

■ 三 15V 二Ex.93 ■ _■

1 ■

■ [

input  1

三二二二■1’

■1■ =

胆 ~

一・1:ニニ■三LTC3 ≡」 1 1

三 ≡=■一一三

1. 1. 一==三■

=二

■_’二

⊥■■…・1ム

士■

TC2 ■

^①

三■ 二三=

三 二一』T LL■

… 止1一

岬 叩}

÷=二

09mV一■

o 唖^

■ ■1一  _

■一

Tα■、■

■団

1

_」

■■

200s 二 ■

        C                    C                    O         !^沽 ㍗…山…f一一㍗三^.           1   ■       I   -   l   1 ’ 1   ■   1   ■   ■   ■   I   ■   ■   l   l   .   l   l   l   1   1   ■   一   ’   一   一o

.ユ.・

Photo 3 An example of measured heat signal in正esponse tosqu班e wave heat input一

一188一

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Measu正ement ofWater Movement th正ough Soi1一一M.Tominaga

Tab1e1  E正正oIs in sinusoid釦heat正esponse.

Exp。 No、 Calibrated Period of ∈ of ‘ of

vs(m㎜/s) Input (S) Input Output TC2

72 0.6フ1 50.8 O.01165 O.01582

73 O.664 101.8 0.01178 0.01929

74 O.6フ3 201.0 0.01695 O.01052

フ5 O.677 506.2 O.01644 O.01165

フ6 2.474 49.4 O.01292 01020167フ 2.480 101.5 O.01312 O.02599

フ8 2.426 202.O 0.02643 0.01239

79 2.420 489.2 O.03110 O.01184

Tab1e2 Experimenta1conditions and measu正ed va1ues.

Exp・ No. Calibrated Period of Vp (mm/s) 一K

(・10■1m王ノ。)

V昌(m㎜ノs) Input(s) Φ1(rad) Φ3(rad) by Eq一(5) by Eq.(6)

88 O.085 2000 2.2046 5.0002 一〇.102 2.199

87 O.087 1000 3.5658 8.2134 O.127 1.590

86 O.298 1000 1.7015 4.6324 0.286 3,173

84 O.338 200 6.0436 15.7919 0,398 1.608

85 0.342 500 2,894フ 7.0354 0.323 3.919

93 O.542 500 1.8558 4.8893 O.520 6,522

92 0.556 200 4.0969 lO.0872 O,575 4.633

95 O.769 500 1,313フ 3.56フO O.741 ユO.842

94 0,788 200 2.9567 7.7682 O,815 6.522

91 1.092 100 4.0816 11.1451 1.194 5,404

90 1.100 200 2.1323 5.7986 1.141 10.182

81 1.4フ6 100 3.0606 8.6304 1.602 7.391

83 1.485 500 O,66フ2 1.8611 1146フ 34.329

82 1.568 200 1.4904 4.0959 1.637 19.350

80 1.564 50 5.5623 16.7528 1.781 1.013

89 1.678 200 1.4083 3.9463 1.739 18,509

3.4 Ve1ocity measurement using squ趾e waves

    Considering the resu1ts obtained in the above section,square waves were used as the

heat inputs because the two phase differences which correspond to the sinusoid釦heat

inputs of different angu1ar frequencies can be taken from the response of square wave.

According to the resu1ts ofthe phase-difference method,the inf1uence ofapparent therma1

diffusivity K can be e1iminated by Eq.5.Therefore,the square wave method is rather

practica1,for a precise sinusoida1heat input is difficu1t to induce and therma1diffusivity is

difficu1t to ascertah.In these experiments,two phase differences in regard to the funda-

menta1harmonic and the third higher harmonic were extracted from the response of square

wave.P11oto3showns an examp1e of the response of square wave.The experimenta1

rea1uts are shown in Tab1e2and in Fig.2.Ve1ocities shown in Fig.2are often observed in

sand or1oamy soi1s,which have1arge space between soiユpartic1es.The expehmenta1resu1ts

correspcnd we11with the theoretica1considerations. Therefore,the phase-difference

method is proved to have sufficient accuracy for measuhng direct1y the ve1ocity of water

in aCtua1SOi1、

                                   一189一

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Repo工t of the Nationa1Resea工ch Center for Disaster P工evention,No.27,Ma工ch1982

ε。…■

 1.5

メ.5

.?

.6                       /!O                             !O  ◎  霊                 ◎ノO.5L

・4.ξ          ノOO

・3=    。イ

・2…  〆 く     /

.1 〆O  /   ^・。・・帥tm・舳“・肚ily乃.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 ,7 .8 .9 1.O

Fig.2Expeエimenta1Iesu1ts ofWate工Ve1OCity meaSu工ement inpoエous media.Vp is obtained by

the phase-difference method,and

Vs is the tota1vo1ume of f1ow

divided by the sectiona1 a工ea of

the expeエimenta1pipe.Ca1ibエated

ve1ocity is shown outside the co-

ordinates.The dashed1ine showsequa1 va1ues of the ca1ib工1ated

Vp and the ca1ibrated Vs.

O    .5    1Vp

1.5

[mm/・コ

4. Conc1usion

    Methods of ve1ocity measurement using sinusoida1heat conduction are presented.The

heat energy equation is shown,on which the two methods are deve1oped.Next,the energy

equation in porous media which inc1ude a f1owing medium and a stationary medium is

shown.A㏄ording to the resu1tant equation,heat conduction in porous media is simi1ar to

that in simp1e f1uids.Experiments in ve1ocity measurement in porous media,made of the

g1ass beads,were conducted by the phase-difference method.The ve1ocity used in these

experiments were ol09-1.56mm/s.The resu1ts show the practica1va1idity of this method.

The phase-difference method has some strong points for fie1d use as fo11ows:

(1)The so1is not contaminated chemicaユ1y and the inf1uences of therma1diffusivity can

    be e1iminated by this method.Therefore,a1ong term and continuous measurement in

    the fie1d can be performed because samp1ing the actua1soi1is unnecessary.

(2)The va1ue of the temperature itse1f does not need to be measured.There is usua11y a

    time lag between the true temperature and the measured va1ue,and therma1or

    e1ectric noises disturb the measurement.In spite of these obstructions,the response

    is not inf1uenced by high frequency noises and fo11ows the varying therma1signa1pエe-

    cise1y,because the objective ve1ocity is sma11in va1ue and it needs to use a1ong period

    of input frequency.This is a strong point in fie1d use.

(3)The soi1-water ve1ocity can be measured direct1y in the ground.It is common to use

    the coefficient of permeabiユity to ascertain the movement of water in soi1.However,

    the coefficient varies with the soiユーwater content,and the gradient of the tota1head in

    the soi1is difficu1t to know.Genera11y,on1y one figure can be acceptab1e in use.

    Using the method presented,a greater accuracy can be attained and even the per-

    meabi1ity can be eva1uated.

Acknowledgement

    The writer wishes to express hearty thanks to Dr.Yajiro Morita and Dr.Akira

Kobayashi,Professors of Tokyo Institute of Techno1ogy,and Dr.Takeo Kinosita,

Director of’the Fiエst Research Division,Nationa1Research Center for Disaster Prevention,

for their suggestive and va1uab1e comments and discussions on preparing this paper.

一190一

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Measurement ofWateエMovθment th正ough Soi1-M.Tominaga

                    I{eferenCeS

1) Tominaga,M。:Measurement ofWaterMovement through Soi1

  -Water ve1ocity measurement using sinusoida1heat input一,

  Report of the Nationa1Research Center for Disaster Prevention,Nol16(1976a),

  PP.97/104.

2) Tominaga,M。:Measurement ofWater Movement through Soi1

  _Mathematica1deve1opment of heat conduction in porous media_,

  Report of the Nationa1Research Center for Disaster Prever1tion,No.16(1976b),

  PP105/111.

3) Tominaga,M.:Experimentson Rain Infi1trationinSoi1(2)

  一Mathematica1deve1opment of specific resistance of mixed materials for measure-

  ment of soi1-water content_

  Report of the Nationa1Research Center for Disaster Prevention,No.23(1980a),

  PP.131/139.

4) Tokyo Astronomica10bservatory:Cエono1ogica1Tab1e of Science(1979),Maruzen.[In

  Japanese.】

5) Tominaga,M.and Kinosita,T.:Ana1ysis of Sinusoida1Heat Conduction of Porous

  Media and Its App1ication to Measurement of Soi1-water Ve1ocity,Transactions of the

  society of Instrument and contro1Engineers,vo1118,No.2(1982),PP.173/179.

  [In Japanese.]

                        (Manuscript received November16.1981)

             土中の水分移動量の測定

              一多孔質物質中の流速測定実験一

                 富 永 雅 樹*

               国立防災科学技術センター

 正弦波状温度入力を利用した多孔質物質中の真の流速の測定実験にっいて述べている.最初に

測定方法に関する既発表の理識(富永,1㎝6a,b)をまとめている.多孔質物質中での熱伝導方

程式は純粋流体中での熱伝導方程式とよく似た形をしており,純粋流体中での正弦波状温度入力

に対する応答の振幅および位相差に着目する2種の測定法がほとんどそのままの形で多孔質物質

中の流速測定にも利用できる.次にガラス粒を用いて多孔質物質を構成し上記の理論の妥当性を

検証している.一般に熱伝導系の1点に正弦波状温度入力を加えると空間的にも周波数が現われ

るので,まず入力周波数と空間的サソプリソグ間隔について考察を行なっている.さらに正弦波

状入力を加えたときの応答が正しく正弦波になることから境界条件の妥当性を確認し,最後に方

形波状温度入力に対する応答から多孔質物質中の流速測定を行っている。方形波入力に対する応

答からはフーリェ解析により基本波と第3高周波に対する位相差を抽出できるので,位相差に着

目する流速測定法によれば温度拡散率の影響を除去でき実際の応用に適している.実験での流速

範囲はO.09-1.56mm■sで理論との良い一致を見た.

・降雨実験室

一191一