EVOO:BenefitsBeyondHeartHealth

Dr JoannaMcMillan

αTocopherolsTotalPolyphenols

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ExtraVirginOliveOil

OliveOil(refinedblend)

RiceBranOil VegetableOil CanolaOil VirginCoconutOil

αTocopherols TotalPolyphenols

AntioxidantLevelsinCommonOils Squalene ContentofCommonOils

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ExtraVirginOliveOil

OliveOil(refinedblend)

RiceBranOil VegetableOil CanolaOil VirginCoconutOil

Phenolics inEVOOThereareatleast36differentphenolics identifiedinEVOO.Theycanbegroupedasfollows:• Phenolicacids• Phenolicalcohols• Secoiridoids• Hydroxy-isocromans• Flavonoids- furtherdividedintotwosubgroups;flavonesandflavanols• Lignans

MainPhenolspresentincommonoils

0.0020.0040.0060.0080.00

100.00120.00140.00160.00

Hydrotyrosol

Tyrosol

VainillicAcid

Vainillin

P-CoumaricAcid

HydrotyrosolAcetate

DDOA

DDLA

DLA

Pironesinol

CinnamicAcid

1-AcetoxiPinoresinol

Luteolin

AOA

Apigenin

ALA

LevelsofPhenolics varieswith…• Olivetreecultivar

• Geographicregion

• Ageoftheolivetree– onestudyfoundhigherlevelsintrees6-7yearscf.youngertreesor4-5years

• Agriculturaltechniquesusede.g.irrigation

• Thedegreeofripeningoftheolivesatharvest

• Theprocessingtechniquesused

• Storage– time&light

EffectofHeat

• Heatingevoo doesdestroysomeofthephenolics

• BUTmostoflossiswithrepeatedheatingofoil– only20-30%lostin

1st frying,but70-80%lostby8th frying(Int JFoodSci Nutr.2002Jul;53(4):351-63)

• Furthermorethephenolics presenthelptoprotecttheVitaminE

presentduringcooking(JAgric Food Chem.2001May;49(5):2532-8)

TotalPhenolsinVegiescookedwithdifferentmethods

0

1

2

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6

Raw Deepfried Sautéed Boiled Boiled(W/O)

potatoeseggplanttomatopumpkin

FoodChemistry188(2015) 430–438

• ThecompoundresponsibleforthepepperytasteofEVOO• Worksinsimilarwaytoibuprofen– inhibitorofcyclo-oxygenase (COX)enzymei.e.reducesformationofpro-inflammatoryprostaglandins

• 50gofevoo/dè 10mgoleocanthal equivalenttolowdoseofibuprofen

• Oleocanthal mayhelpinflammatorydiseasesincludingosteoarthritis– lowerincidenceoftheseinMediterraneanpopulations

• ImplicatedinreducedincidenceofAlzheimer’sdiseaseinMediterranean(Int.J.Mol.Sci.2010)

• Levelshigherinearlyharvestoils

Oleocanthal EffectsofEVOOonBiomarkersofHealth• êIL-6,CRP– inflammationmarkers

• êoxidised LDL

• êinDNAdamage

• éHDL&TC:HDL

• éplasmaantioxidantactivity(andê inmarkersofoxidativestress)

• Inhibitionofcellproliferationinleukemiacells,coloncancercelllinesandbreastcancercelllines

• Protectsneuronsinbrainfromdeterioration(relatedtooleocanthal)

EVOO&ChronicDiseaseRiskfactor Effect ofEVOO Disease

Bloodpressure êb.p. Heartdisease&stroke

HDL é Heart disease

LDL Maylower Heartdisease

LDLoxidation ê Heartdisease

Bloodclotting ê Heartdisease

Oxidationgeneral ê Heartdisease, cancers,osteoporosis

Inflammation ê Heartdisease,cancer,arthritis

Blood insulinlevels ê Insulin resistance Type2diabetes,heartdisease,cancers

Bloodglucoselevels ê Heart disease,cancers

PersonalcorrespondenceA/ProfMaryFlynn

Int.JMol.Sci.2010,11

EVOO&WeightControl

• SUNstudy=Ahigherbaselineconsumptionofoliveoilwas

associatedwithalowerlikelihoodofweightgain

• “ahighamountofoliveoilconsumptionisnotassociatedwithhigherweight

gainorasignificantlyhigherriskofdevelopingoverweightorobesityinthe

contextoftheMediterraneanfoodpattern”

EVOO&WeightControl

• Cross-sectionalpopulationstudyinSpain– 4572men&women

• Thosewhoconsumedoliveoilcomparedtosunfloweroilhad:

• 38%lowerriskofobesity

• 51%lowerriskofimpairedglucoseregulation

• 47%lowerriskofhypertriglyceridemia

• 60%lowerriskoflowHDL

Eur JClin Nutr 2013;67:911-6

• 2-yeartrial• Randomlyassignedmoderatelyobese

subjectsto3diets:lowfat,restricted-calorie;Mediterranean,restricted-calorie;low-carb,non-restrictivecalorie

NEngl JMed2008;359:229-241

WeightLoss Country- and sex-specific associations between the mMDS and BMI (A) or WC (B) in EPIC-PANACEA participants.

Dora Romaguera et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:1728-1737

©2009 by American Society for Nutrition

Acuteeffectsofhighfatmeal

BritishJournalofNutrition(2004),91,245-252

DoesEVOOinducegreatersatiety?

FoodFunct 2015;6:204-10

• Oleoylethanolamide (OEA)isabio-activecompoundderivedformoleicacid– knowntoplayroleininducingsatietyviagutsignalling

• 15volunteerson3occasionsgiven30gbread+30mlsunfloweroilvshigholeicsunfloweroilvsvirginoliveoil

• MeasuredOEA&appetiteratingsfor2h– EIover24hrs• OEAwassignificantlyhigherafterthehigholeicsunfloweroil&VOOmeals&EIwasless

AnnInternMed(2014)160:1-10

EVOO&Type2Diabetes

• SpanishstudyPREDIMED• 3541menandwomenwithoutdiabetesbutathighCVrisk• RandomlyassignedtoMeddiet+EVOO,Meddiet+nuts,control(lowfat)diet– meanfollowup4.1yrs

• 40%reductionindiabetesratesinEVOOgroupcomparedtocontrol(18%reductioninnutsgroup)

AJCN2015102:479-486

OliveOil&Type2Diabetes

• 59,930womenNurses’HealthStudy&85,157womenfromNHSII• Freeofdiabetes,CVD&canceratbaseline• 22yearsoffollowup• Thosewhoconsumedmorethan1tb (8g)ofoliveoil/dcomparedtothosewhoconsumednone=10%lowerriskoftype2diabetes

• Lowermagnitudeofeffectduetooliveoilratherthanevoo?PlusPREDIMEDwasinterventionwithaddedevoo

Risk of type 2 diabetes associated with substitution of 8 g olive oil for equivalent amounts of other fats and salad dressings in both cohorts pooled (NHS and NHS II) (n = 145,087).

Marta Guasch-Ferré et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:479-486

©2015 by American Society for Nutrition

EVOO&Cancer• EpidemiologicalevidencelinkingMediterraneanDietwithlowerincidenceofcertaincancersincludingbreast,colon&skin

• InvitroEVOOphenolics potentantioxidants&chemoprotective

• Squalene concentratesinskinwhereprotectscellsfromUVdamage

• FryinginEVOOreducestheHCAsproduced– protectiveagainstcoloncancer

• EPICstudyshowedinverseassociationbetweenoliveoilconsumption&highmammographicbreastdensity(H-MBD)

• 25ml/dofEVOOshowntoreduceDNAoxidation(FASEBJ.2007,21)

Oliveoil&MedDietonCancerRiskSummary

• Reducedincidenceofsomecancers• ModestornoassociationofMUFAwithdecreaseinbreastcancerrisk,whileriskincreaseswithSFA-richdiets

• Delayedbreastcancerprogression• Modulationoftheexpressionofgenesinvolvedincellproliferation&differentiation

• Protectiveeffectagainstoxidativestress• Antiinflammatory &immunomodulatory effects

OliveOil&HealthConsensusReportSpain2008

CurrentPharmaceuticalDesign,2011,17,769-777

EVOO&BloodPressure

EVOO&BloodPressure

• Dailyuseofatleast2tb EVOOcanlowerbloodpressure• EVOOwithhigherphenolcontentprovidesgreaterbenefit• Futurestudiesneededtoexaminespecificphenols

Flynn&Wang2015UCDavisOliveCentreReport

Summary• EVOOistheonlyoilwithsignificantlevelsofphenols• Beneficialeffectsdueinparttofattyacidcomposition,butdifferenceswithrefinedoliveoilsshowthephenolsplaymajorrole

• Benefitsincludeweightmanagement,bodycomposition,cancerrisk,inflammatorydiseasesincludingarthritis,CVD,bloodpressure,type2diabetes,Alzheimer's&possiblyosteoporosis

• Undoubtedlypartofbenefitcomesfromconsumingevoo aspartofMeddietpattern

Flynn&Wang2015UCDavisOliveCentreReport