Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive...

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Evolution of massive binary stars Norbert Langer (Bonn University) ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 1

Transcript of Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive...

Page 1: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Evolution of massive binary stars

Norbert Langer (Bonn University)

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 1

Page 2: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

mass ↑ −→ our ignorance ⇑

G stars√

low chance to bebinary productMoe

M ≃ 0√

high internal

stability (β = 1)√

B fields ubiquitous

O stars√

high chance to bebinary productSana

self-evaporate√

at verge ofinstability

(β → 0)√

B fields sporadicAlecian

massive stars are so relevant√

SNe, GRBs, NSs, BHs√

determine state of ISM√

dominate chemical evolution

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 2

Page 3: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Rotational mixing: early BV stars

Brott, Evans, Hunter et al. 2011, A&A, 530, A116

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 3

Page 4: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Overshooting: Galactic sHRD

600 stars: distance- and reddening-independent

Castro, Fossati, Langer, Simon-Diaz, Schneider, Izzard, 2014, A&A, 570, L13

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 4

Page 5: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Mass loss rates

Bestenlehner, Gräfener, Vink et al., A&A 570, A38Gräfener, Vink, de Koter, Langer, 2011, A&A, 535, A56

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 5

Page 6: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Binary evolution

tides√

mass transfer√

common envelopeevolution

merger

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 6

Page 7: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Tidal friction

Massive stars: radiative envelopes⇒ radiative damping → dynamical tide Zahn 1975, A&A, 41, 329

But: (shear-induced) turbulent viscosity maydominate

Toledano, Moreno, Koenigsberger, Detmers, Langer 2007, A&A, 461, 1057Moreno, Koenigsberger, Toledano, 2005, A&A, 437, 641

→ closer to tides in convective envelopes Zahn 1977, A&A, 57, 383

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Page 8: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Tidally dominated MS evolution

de Mink, Cantiello, Langer, Pols, Brott, Yoon, 2009, A&A, 497, 243

massive merging BHs! de Mink, Mandel, 2016, MNRAS, 460, 3545Marchant, Langer, Podsiadlowski, Tauris, Moriya, 2016, A&A, 588, A50

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Page 9: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Tidal spin-up of WR stars

Detmers, Langer, Podsiadlowski, Izzard 2008, A&A, 484, 831

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Page 10: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Mass transfer: rejuvenation?

Petrovic, Langer, van der Hucht, 2005, A&A, 435, 1013

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Page 11: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Spin-up!

de Mink, Langer, Izzard, Sana, de Koter, 2013, ApJ, 764, 166ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 11

Page 12: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Spin-up!

Ramirez-Agudelo, Sana, de Mink, et al., 2015, A&A, 580, A92

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Page 13: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Mass stripping → SNe Ibc

Yoon, Woosley, Langer, 2010, ApJ, 725, 940

Goetberg

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 13

Page 14: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Merger: > 20%: where are they?

e�ectivelysingle

envelopestrippingenvelopestripping

merge

accretion & spin up or CE

accretion & spin up or CE

~29%

~24%

~14%

~33%

Sana, de Mink, Koter, Langer, et al., 2012, Science, 337, 444

Ohlmann et al., in prep.Glebbeek, Gaburov, Portegies Zwart, Pols, 2013, MNRAS, 434, 3497

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Page 15: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

HD 148937 O6.5f?p: a smoking gun?

Langer, 2012, ARAA, 50, 107Leitherer, Chavarria-K., 1987, A&A, 175, 208

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Page 16: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Merger productsMS merger: blue stragglers Mathieu

Petermann, Langer, Castro, Fossati, 2015, A&A, 584, A54Schneider, Podsiadlowski, Langer, Castro, Fossati, MNRAS, 2016 457, 2355

post-MS merger: blue supergiant

Justham, Podsiadlowski, Vink, 2014, ApJ, 796, 121Braun, Langer, 1995, A&A, 297, 483

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Page 17: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

B-field decay

Fossati, Schneider, Castro, Langer, Simon-Diaz, Mueller, de Koter, Morel, Petit, Sana, Wade, 2016, A&A, 592, A84ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 17

Page 18: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

B-field decay: mass dependent

Potter, Chitre, Tout, 2012, MNRAS, 424, 2358Fossati+ 2016

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Page 19: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Common envelope evolution: models

established for low-mass stars (CVs, ...)not much known for massive stars ...

theoretically, even low mass CE ejection difficult

Ohlmann, Röpke, Pakmor, Springel, 2016, ApJ, 816, L9Clayton, Podsiadlowski, Ivanova, Justham, arXiv170508457

massive stars: unclear core/envelope boundaryenvelope binding could be large, but also verysmall (LBV) Kruckow, Tauris, Langer, Szecsi, Marchant, Podsiadlowski, 2016, A&A, 596, A58

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Page 20: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Common envelope evolution:observations

CEE occurs in massive binaries!√

15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with Porbit < 1.2 d

Antoniadis, Breton, Champion, ApJ, arXiv:1706.09438Tauris, Kramer, Freire, Wex, Janka, Langer, Podsiadlowski, Bozzo, Chaty, Kruckow, van den Heuvel,

ultra-stripped supernovae Tauris, Langer, Podsiadlowski, 2015, A&A, 451, 2123

LMBHBs? Fragos, McClintock, 2015, ApJ, 800, 17

However: no CEE in Galactic WR binaries!Shara, Crawford, Vanbeveren, Moffat, Zurek, Crause, 2017, MNRAS, 464, 2066

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Page 21: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

M − LEddington relation

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 21

Page 22: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

M − LEddington relation

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 22

Page 23: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

M − LEddington relation

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 23

Page 24: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

M − LEddington relation

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 24

Page 25: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Very massive star models

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

log(

L/L ⊙

)

Teff [kK]

60 M⊙

70 M⊙

80 M⊙

100 M⊙

150 M⊙

200 M⊙

300 M⊙

400 M⊙

500 M⊙

HD limit

ZAMS

Köhler, Langer, de Koter, de Mink, et al. 2015, A&A, 573, A71

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Page 26: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Inflation

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

log

dens

ity [g

m/c

c]

Radius [R⊙

]

86.41M⊙

eqb. model, log Teff=4.24 K, log (L/L⊙

)=6.27

Inflated envelope

Menv=10-3 M⊙

Density inversion

Sanyal, Grassitelli, Langer, Bestenlehner, 2015, A&A, 580, A20

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Page 27: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

The Galactic sHRD

600 stars: distance- and reddening-independent

Castro, Fossati, Langer, Simon-Diaz, Schneider, Izzard, 2014, A&A, 570, L13

ESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 27

Page 28: Evolution of massive binary stars · Common envelope evolution: observations CEE occurs in massive binaries! √ 15 NS-NS binaries, 7 with P orbit < 1.2d Antoniadis, Breton, Champion,

Summary

stellar models: the higher the mass, the larger theuncertainty

uncertainties in single star physics affects binaryevolution model: mixing and mass loss

rejuvenation of mass gainers?√

spin-up of mass gainers!√

merger: B-field?√

B-field decay in massive stars√

CE-evolution occurs massive stars√

CE-evolution occurs in VMS?√

VMS: inflation & LBV mass lossESO Garching, July 5, 2017 – p. 28