Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

32
Evalua&ng plague and smallpox as historical selec&ve pressures for the CCR5Δ32 HIVresistance allele Alison P. Galvani & Montgomery Slatkin University of California, Berkeley Proceedings of the Na1onal Academy of Sciences, 100(25), 1527615279. 2008

Transcript of Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Page 1: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Evalua&ng  plague  and  smallpox  as  historical  selec&ve  pressures  for  the  CCR5-­‐Δ32  HIV-­‐resistance  

allele  

Alison  P.  Galvani  &  Montgomery  Slatkin  University  of  California,  Berkeley  

Proceedings  of  the  Na1onal  Academy  of  Sciences,  100(25),  15276-­‐15279.  2008  

Page 2: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

CCR5

Ø   CCR5  is  a  chemokine  receptor  in  leucocytes,  e.g.  macrophages  

Ø   involved  in  inflammaNon  processes  

Ø   located  at  the  surface  of  the  membrane    

Page 3: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

CCR5-­‐Δ32

Ø   MutaNon  of  CCR5    

 -­‐>  Receptor  Protein  stays  in  the  cytoplasma    Ø   recent  origin:  esNmated  700a    

Page 4: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

CCR5-­‐Δ32  –  Distribu&on  in  Europa

Page 5: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

CCR5-­‐Δ32  –  Distribu&on

Ø   high  frequency  in  Europa:    Homozygote:  1%    Heterozygote:  10%  

Ø   low  frequency  in  Africa,  Asia,  middle  east  and  in  naNve  American    populaNons  

 HIV  can  not  be  responsible  for  frequencies    

 -­‐>  first  scienNfic  descripNon  in  1983  

Page 6: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

CCR5-­‐Δ32  and  resistance

Ø   CCR5  is  the  gateway  for  HIV  to  enter  immune  system  cells  in  the  primary  phase  

Ø   CCR5-­‐  Δ32  -­‐>  Protein  is  not  expressed  at  the  cell  surface    

Homozygote:  almost  complete  HIV-­‐Resistance    Heterozygote:  parNal  resistance  and  slower  disease  progression    à  Strong  selecNon  for  CCR5-­‐Δ32  where  HIV  is  frequent  

Page 7: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Bubonic  plague

1346-­‐1352:  «Black  death»  pandemic      25-­‐40%  of  Europes  populaNon  died  

 Series  of  smaller  epidemic  outbreaks  

   total  mortality  <  5%    1665-­‐1666:  «great  plague»  pandemic  

   15-­‐20  %  of  Europe's  populaNon  died  Decline  to  eradicaNon:  1667  England,  1722  France,  1750  enNre  Europe  

Page 8: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Bubonic  plague  –  spread  during  «Black  death»

Yersinia  pesNs  

Page 9: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Bubonic  plague

Ø   used  as  the  explanaNon  for  high  CCR5-­‐Δ32  in    Europe  and  it’s  distribuNon  

Ø   widely  accepted,  despite  the  lack  of  evidence    à Represents  the  classic  example  for  «historical  selecNon  on  a  clinically  important  locus»  

 

Page 10: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

smallpox

Page 11: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

smallpox

Ø   Variola  major  /  Variola  minor  

Ø   smallpox  occurred  frequently  (recently  eradicNonned)  Ø   childhood  disease:  most  likely  before  the  age  of  10  

               weaker  immune  system  Ø Hight  case  fatality/mortality:  30%  

Page 12: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Aim  of  the  study

Ø   HIV  cannot  be  responsible  for  high  frequencies    Ø   highly  accepted  hypothesis:    

 selecNve  pressure  from  bubonic  plague  is  responsible    

 but….      

Page 13: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Aim  of  the  study

But…    

 …  there  is  no  evidence  for  plague  hypothesis  -­‐>  we  test  it    

 …  plague  is  transmijed  via  flea  reservoir    

 …  plague  induces  strong,  but  episodic  selecNon  

Page 14: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Aim  of  the  study

Small  pocks  might  be  the  reason  for  the  high  frequency:    Ø   human  to  human  transmission  Ø     conNnuous,  weak  selecNon  Ø     geographic  distribuNon  would  fit  bejer  

   -­‐>  Small  pox  are  more  consistent  

Page 15: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Aim  of  the  study

   

Which  disease  is  more  likely  responsible  for  the  high  CCR5-­‐  Δ32  frequency?  

Page 16: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Methods

PopulaNon  geneNc  model  framework    

 -­‐>  including  temporal  pajerns    -­‐>  including  age  dependence  of  the  diseases  

Page 17: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Methods

Ø   55  age  classes,  each  1  year:              x  Ø   survival  probability  for  all  age  classes:          µ(x)  Ø   Number  of  offsprings  from  females  for  each  age  class    m(x)    Survival  and  fecundity  based  on  empirical  data  and  esNmaNons  from  the  19th  century  in  europa      

           

Page 18: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Methods

Example  of  a  age-­‐structured  modell  (without  geneNcs)    

Page 19: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Methods

Ø   historic  progression/temporal  pajern  of  the  diseases  is  also  included            EsNmaNons  based  on  historic  data  

 Ø   addiNonal  mortality  for  infected  individuals  for  each  age  class  

         EsNmaNons  base  on  historic  data  

Ø   disNncNon  between  homozygote  and  heterozygote    based  on  Hardy-­‐Weinberg  because  of  the  sufficient  populaNons  size  

Page 20: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Methods

Ø   Model  run  for  28  generaNons  (~25  years  per  generaNon)  

à   The  two  diseases  are  comparable,  because  p0  (frequency    of  CCR5-­‐Δ32)  is  the  same  for  both  

Important:  average  selecNon  coefficient  per  generaNon    

 

Page 21: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Results  -­‐  Dominance/Homozygot

 splague  =  0.18    ssmallpox    =  0.24    à     >  10x  higher  CCR5-­‐Δ32  frequency  over  700  years  

à   result  fits  perfectly  for  smallpox  à   Burbonic  plague  not  capable  of  sufficient  evoluNonary  pressure  

   CCR5-­‐Δ32  frequency  maximum  at  1%  during  presence  of  plague  

   

Page 22: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Results  –  incomplete  Dominance/Heterozygot

AssumpNon:  50%  resistance  -­‐>  case  fatality  halved    

 splague  =  0.09    ssmallpox    =  0.17  

 

à   bubonic  plague  sNll  not  capable  of  reaching  p(0)  à   smallpocks  need  1135  years  to  reach  p(0)  

 -­‐>  fits  with  other  predicNons  about  the  age  of  CCR5-­‐Δ32      [700,  1400]a  

à   Longer  Nmespan  reduces    splague  even  further  to  0.06  because  of  it’s  restricted  temporal  range  

   

   

Page 23: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Results

Page 24: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Interpreta&on

Ø   bubonic  plague  kills  more  people  per  Nme  than  smallpox  Ø   smallpox  killed  much  more  people  over  Nme  

Ø   smallpocks  affect  young  people  and  therefore  remove  non  CCR5-­‐Δ32  individuals  faster  from  reproducNon  

Ø   plague  cannot  be  responsible  in  any  case  

Page 25: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Interpreta&on

Ø   Micro  satelite  analysis  esNmate  CCR5-­‐Δ32  to  be  1400  years  old  Ø   smallpox  do  exist  over  2000  years    

 higher  Nmespans  strengthen  the  support  for  small  pox    Ø   mutaNon  occured  first  in  north  europa  with  disperal  to  the  south  

 consistant  with  smallpox    inconsistant  with  plague  

 

Page 26: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Interpreta&on

Ø   disappearance  of  smallpox  meet  occurence  of  HIV      -­‐>  no  decline  in  CCR5-­‐Δ32  frequency  

 Ø   smallpox  and  HIV  use  the  same  mechanism  to  enter  leucocyte  Ø   plague  uses  very  different  pathways  

Page 27: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Conclusion

CCR5-­‐Δ32  may  also  have  negaNv  fitness  effects      Result  could  also  mean,  that  heterozygots  are  100%  resistant    Responsible  for  the  current  CCR5-­‐Δ32  frequency  has  to  be  a  disease  with  high  case  fatality  and  con=nuity.    

Page 28: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Is  this  knowledge  applicable? Hüjer,  G.,  Nowak,  D.,  Mossner,  M.,  Ganepola,  S.,  Müßig,  A.,  Allers,  K.,  ...  &  Thiel,  E.  (2009).  Long-­‐term  control  of  HIV  by  CCR5  Delta32/Delta32  stem-­‐cell  transplantaNon.  New  England  Journal  of  Medicine,  360(7),  692-­‐698.        Stem-­‐cell  transplantaNon  from  a  homozygote  CCR5-­‐Δ32  donor  to  a  HIV  paNent    

 -­‐>  Stem-­‐cells  transplanted  once    -­‐>    no  severe  effects  from  the  intrusion  

Page 29: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Is  this  knowledge  applicable?

Stem-­‐cell  transplantaNon  from  a  homozygote  CCR5-­‐Δ32  donor  to  a  HIV  paNent    Results:  PCR-­‐assay            

Page 30: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Is  this  knowledge  applicable?

Stem-­‐cell  transplantaNon  from  a  homozygote  CCR5-­‐Δ32  donor  to  a  HIV  paNent    Results:  Number  of  T-­‐Cells              

Page 31: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Is  this  knowledge  applicable?

Results:            

SCT:      Stem  cell  transplantaNon    HAART:      highly  acNve  anNretroviral  therapy  

Page 32: Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures ...

Is  this  knowledge  applicable?

Stem-­‐cell  transplantaNon  from  a  homozygote  CCR5-­‐Δ32  donor  to  a  HIV  paNent    Results:      Successful  transplantaNon  of  stemcells    No  acNve,  replicaNng  HIV  detectable  azer  20  months    PaNent  disconNnued  anNretroviral  therapy    PaNent  remained  vital