ERODE ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), … · Advanced Organic Chemistry - Fieser and Fieser....

ERODE ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), ERODE-9.

M.Sc. CHEMISTRY COURSE

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)

For students admitted during 2016-2017 and onwards

COURSE: M.Sc. BRANCH: CHEMISTRY EXAMINATIONS

SEMSUBJECT

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CORE/ELECTIVE/

PRACTICAL/PROJECT

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1 PCH-I CORE 1 Paper-I Organic Chemistry-I 5 3 5 25 75 1001 PCH-2 CORE 2 Paper-II Inorganic Chemistry-I 5 3 4 25 75 1001 PCH-3 CORE 3 Paper-III Spectroscopy, Group

Theory & Computer in Chemistry 5 3 5 25 75 1001 ELMH-1 ELECTIVE 1 Chemistry of Dyes and Technology of

Dyeing 3 3 4 25 75 1001 PPCH-1 PRACTICAL-1 Organic Chemistry-1 4 - - - - -1 PPCH-2 PRACTICAL-2 Inorganic Chemistry-1 4 - - - - -1 PPCH-3 PRACTICAL-3 Physical Chemistry-I 4 - - - - -

2 PCH-4 CORE 4 Paper-IV Organic Chemistry-II 5 3 5 25 75 1002 PCH-5 CORE 5 Paper-V Physical Chemistry-I 5 3 4 25 75 1002 PCH-6 CORE 6 Paper-VI Physical Methods in

Chemistry 5 3 5 25 75 1002 ELMH-2 ELECTIVE 2 Environmental Chemistry 3 3 4 25 75 1002 PPCH-1 PRACTICAL-1 Organic Chemistry-1 4 6 3 40 60 1002 PPCH-2 PRACTICAL-2 Inorganic Chemistry-1 4 6 3 40 60 1002 PPCH-3 PRACTICAL-3 Physical Chemistry-I 4 6 3 40 60 100

3 PCH-7 CORE 7 Paper-VII Organic Chemistry-III 5 3 5 25 75 1003 PCH-8 CORE 8 Paper-VIII Physical Chemistry-II 5 3 4 25 75 1003 PCH-9 CORE 9 Paper-IX Industrial Chemistry 5 3 4 25 75 1003 ELMH-3 ELECTIVE 3 Green Chemistry 3 3 5 25 75 1003 PPCH-4 PRACTICAL-4 Organic Chemistry-II 4 - - - - -3 PPCH-5 PRACTICAL-5 Inorganic Chemistry-II 4 - - - - -3 PPCH-6 PRACTICAL-6 Physical Chemistry-II 4 - - - - -

4 PCH-10 CORE 10 Paper-X Inorganic Chemistry-II 5 3 4 25 75 1004 PCH-11 CORE 11 Paper-XI Physical Chemistry-III 5 3 4 25 75 1004 ELMH-4 ELECTIVE 4 Nano Chemistry & Nano Technology

3 3 5 25 75 1004 PPCH-4 PRACTICAL-4 Organic Chemistry-II 4 6 3 40 60 1004 PPCH-5 PRACTICAL-5 Inorganic Chemistry-II 4 6 3 40 60 1004 PPCH-6 PRACTICAL-6 Physical Chemistry-II 4 6 3 40 60 1004 PCH-PV Project work - - 5 25 75 100

TOTAL 90 2200

PAPER CODE: PCH-1

1

SEMESTER I

PAPER-I ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I

UNIT - 1

Aromaticity : Introduction - Aromaticity of benzenoid and heterocyclic compounds. Nonbenzenoid aromatics - azulenes and ferrocenes (synthesis not necessary). Antiaromatic andnonaromatic compounds.

Kinetic and nonkinetic methods of study of reaction mechanisms - Kinetic methods primary andsecondary kinetic isotopic effects, non-kinetic methods-study of reaction mechanism-study ofintermediates, isotopic labelling, stereochemical studies and cross over experiments.Hammond’s postulate. Kinetic and thermodynamic control.

Linear free energy relationship - Hammet equation (Taft equation not necessary).

UNIT - 2

Aromatic eletrophilic substitution reaction-Introduction-Arenium ion mechanism, ipsosubstitution. Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction such as halogenation, nitration,sulphonation and Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions. Orientation and reactivity.

Electrophilic substitution on monosubstituted and disubstituted benzenes. Typical reaction suchas Gattermann reaction, Gattermann-Koch reaction, Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction,Hofmann-Martius reaction, Jacobson’s reaction and Houben-Hoesch reaction.

UNIT - 3

Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution reactions and mechanisms: SN1, SN2, SNi mechanisms.Factors affecting nucleophilic substitution reaction-nature of the substrate, solvents, nucleophileand leaving group, Neighbouring group participation, non classical carbocations. Ambidentnucleophiles and ambident substrates. Stereochemistry of nucleophilic substitution reactions.Substitution at vinyl carbon, allylic carbon and bridgehead carbon. Typical substitution reactionsuch as Von-Braun reaction, Claisen condensation and hydrolysis of esters.

UNIT - 4

Elimination reactions : Introduction - E1, E2, Ei, E1CB, mechanisms, Stereochemistry ofelimination reaction. Elimination Vs substitution. Typical elimination reaction such as Chugaevreaction, Hofmann degradation, Cope elimination, Carbenes and Nitrenes-structure, generationand reactions.

UNIT - 5

Stereoisomerism - Configurational and conformational isomerism: Introduction, definition andclassification. Molecular representation (Wedge, Sawhorse Projection, Fischer projection,Newmann projection formula). Basic requirements of optical isomerism. Optical isomerismexhibited by few nitrogen and sulphur compounds - the role of nitrogen inversion.Configurational nomenclature: D and L, R and S and E&Z (olefins) nomenclatures.

2

Conformations of acyclic and cyclic molecules-Conformations of ethane and 1,2-disubstitutedethanes. Conformation of cyclohexane mono and disubstituted cyclohexane (conformationalequilibrium). Reactivity of cyclohexane derivatives - Esterification reaction, and Chromic acidoxidation of cyclohexanol and reduction of cyclohexanes with hydrides. Configurations andconformations of fused polycyclic systems - decalin, perhydrophenanthrene,perhydroanthracene.

REFERENCES:

1. Advanced Organic Chemistry - Jerry March, Pearson Education, 2nd edition.

2. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry - S. M. Mukherji, S.P.Singh, Macmillan

publications, 1984.

3. Organic Reaction Mechanisms - V. K. Ahluwalia, Rakesh Kumar Parashar, Alpha

Science International, 2011.

4. Organic Chemistry Vol I & II - I. L. Finar, Pearson Education(5th edition).

5. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds - Eliel and Alinger, UBS Publishers Ltd.

6. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds - Nasipuri, New Age International Pvt. Ltd

Publishers.

7. Organic Chemistry - R. T. Morrision and Boyd, Pearson Education(6th edition).

8. Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism - P. S. Kalsi, New Age International

Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

9. Advanced Organic Chemistry - Francis A. Carey and Richard J. Sundberg - Plenum

publisher, Newyork.

10. Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry - E. S. Gould, Holt - Dryden, New York

1959.

11. Advanced Organic Chemistry - Fieser and Fieser.

12. Current Topics in Organic Chemistry Vol. I - Fieser and Mary Fieser - S. Chand & Co,

Madurai.

3

PAPER CODE: PCH-2

SEMESTER IPAPER - II INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - I

UNIT - I

Inorganic chains-catenation-silicate minerals, Rings-Borazines-Phosphonitrilic compounds,sulphur-Nitrogen ring compounds-Cages-Boranes-Wade’s theory-closo, nido and arachnostructure-carboranes, clusters-Metal clusters-dinuclear, trinuclear, tetranuclear, hexanuclearclusters, organometallic clusters.

UNIT - II

Metallic State-Free electron and band theories-Non stoichiometry-Point defects in solids-Schottky-Frenkel defect-Linear and Dislocation effects.

Electrical properties of solids-Superconducting elements-Critical temperature-Persistentcurrents-thermoelectric properties-Magnetic properties [perfect diamagnetism]-Meissner effect.

UNIT - III

Experimental methods : Cloud chamber, Nuclear emulsion, Bubble chamber. Proportionalcounters - G.M counters, Scintillation counters.

Particle accelerators - Cyclotron, Bevatron, Synchrotron, Betatron.

UNIT - IV

Nuclear chemistry : The nucleus-sub atomic particles and their properties, binding energy- n/pratios in stable and metastable nuclei-different types of nuclear forces-liquid drop model- shellmodel.

Modes of radioactive decay: α, β, γ decay, electron capture, nuclear isomerism-internalconversions.

UNIT - V

Nuclear reactions - Q-value, coulombic barrier, cross section, different types of nuclearreactions-projectile capture-particle emission, spallation, fission, fusion-theories of fission, useof fission products-fissile and fertile isotopes - U-233, U-235, Pu-239, Th-232, atomic powerprojects in India, stellar energy, synthetic element- application of radio isotopes-hot atomchemistry.

REFERENCES:

1. Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry - Emelius and Sharpe, ELBS, London.

2. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry - R. Gopalan, University Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.

3. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry - F.A. Cotton and G.Wilkinson - Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd.

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry - Sathya Prakash, S.Chand&Co.

4

5. Physical Chemistry - W.J. Moore, USB Publishers Distributors Ltd Madras.

6. Source book of Atomic Energy - Samuel Glasstone, Krieger Publishing Company (1979).

7. Essential of Nuclear chemistry – H.J. Arnikar, New Age International Pvt. Ltd

Publishers.

8. Nuclear Chemistry – U.N. Dash, Sultan Chand & Sons.

9. Principles of Physical Chemistry – Puri, Sharma, Pathania, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand &

Co.

10. Modern Inorganic Chemistry - R. D. Madhan, S. Chand Publishing.

QUESTION PAPER PATTERN

SECTION – A (10×2 = 20 Marks)Answer All Questions. (Two Questions from each unit)

SECTION – B (5×5 = 25 Marks)Answer All Questions.(Two Questions from each unit. Either or type.)

SECTION – C (3×10 = 30 Marks) Answer any Three Questions out of five questions.(Minimum One Question from each unit )

5

PAPER CODE: PCH-3

SEMESTER IPAPER - III

SPECTROSCOPY, GROUP THEORY AND COMPUTER IN CHEMISTRY

UNIT - I

Ultra - Violet spectroscopy

Introduction - The absorption laws-instrumentation-formation of absorption bands-theory ofelectronic spectroscopy - types of electronic transition - chromophores - auxochromes-absorptionand intensity shifts-types of absorption band-solvent effects - Woodward Fieser rules forcalculating absorption maximum in dienes-Poly-enes and poly-ynes - α,β unsaturated carbonylcompounds - acyl-benzenes - applications of UV spectroscopy in keto-enol tautomerism -geometrical isomerism - equatorial & axial conformers and hydrogen bonding.

UNIT-II

Infra red spectroscopy

Introduction - Theory - molecular vibrations - force constant - Vibrational frequency- Number offundamental vibrations - Modes of vibrations of polyatomic molecules - finger print region -Factors influencing vibrational frequencies - description of double beam IR spectrophotometer -applications of IR spectroscopy in keto - enol tautomerism - hydrogen bonding - geometricalisomerism Raman Spectroscopy

Raman effect- Rayleigh’s Frequency-Raman frequency-Stokes and anti Stoke’s lines.Applications of Raman spectroscopy in geometrical isomers - ring size of cyclo alkanes - olefinicfunctional group and difference between Raman spectra and IR spectra

UNIT - III

Symmetry elements and symmetry operations: Definition of identical and equivalent elements-symmetry operations and symmetry elements-Rotation axis of symmetry- reflections insymmetry planes-inversion center - improper rotations-rotation reflection axis-effect ofperforming successive operations (commutative and non-commutative)-inverse operations.

Groups and their basic properties: Definition of a group-basic properties of a group-Definition ofabelian group-isomorphic group-similarity transformation and classes-group multiplicationtables-symmetry classification of molecules into point groups (schoenflies symbol only)-Difference between point group and space group.

UNIT-IV

Definition of reducible and irreducible representations - irreducible representation as orthogonalvectors - direct product rule - The great orthogonality theorem and its consequences(statementonly, proof not needed) - determination of the characters for irreducible representation of C2v

6

and C3v point groups using the orthogonality theorem -calculation of binary co-ordinates in thecharacter tables for C2v and C3v point groups-calculation of character values of irreduciblerepresentation per unshifted atom for each type of symmetry operation-determination of totalCartesian representation- determination of direct sum from total Cartesian representation.

Group theory and vibrational spectroscopy-vibrational modes as basic for group representation-symmetry selection rules for IR and Raman spectra (Mutual Exclusion principle)-classificationof vibrational modes.

UNIT - V

Introduction to computers and computation in chemistry

Basic structure and functioning of computer with PC as an illustrative example - memory - I/Odevices - secondary storage-computer languages - introduction to UNIX and WINDOWS - datacommunication concepts: LAN, WAN and e-mail internet concepts - computer virus.

C-Programming:Introduction tokens, constants, variables, operators and expressions, input and output operators,if statement, THEN, DO, FOR, LOOPS, ARRAYS - one and two dimentional, user definedfunctions. Selected C programs for simple chemical problems - conversion of temperature Celcius /Kelvin, calculation of pH of a buffer solution, electronegativity of an atom, normality, molarityand molality of solution.

REFERENCE:

1. Elementary Organic Spectroscopy - Y. R. Sharma, S. Chand, 1980.

2. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis - Gurdeep R. Chatwal & Sham K.Anand,Himalaya publishing house, Mumbai.

3. Organic Spectroscopy - W. Kemp, Narosa publishing house, New Delhi

4. Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry - R.S. Drago, Saunders College Publishers.

5. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy - C. N. Banwell, Mc graw - Hill publishing

company Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds - Silverstein, Bassler and Morril -Wiley 1991.

7. Chemical Applications of Group Theory - F. A. Cotton, Wiley – India, New Delhi.

8. Simple Approach to Group Theory in Chemistry - S. Swarnalakshmi, Universities press,2008.

9. Group Theory in Chemistry - V. Ramakrishnan & M. S. Gopinathan, Vishal publications,New Delhi.

10. Symmetry and Group Theory for Chemists - N. N. Dass, Asian Books Private Ltd., NewDelhi.

7

11. Introduction to Computers – S.Jain, UBS Publishing Distributers Ltd Madras.

12. Computers in Chemistry - K. V. Raman, Tata Mc graw - Hill Publishing Company Ltd.New Delhi.

13. Fundamentals of Computers - E. Balagurusamy and Deenadialu, Tata Mc graw HillPublishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.





8

PAPER CODE: ELMH-1

SEMESTER I ELECTIVE - I

CHEMISTRY OF DYES & TECHNOLOGY OF DYEING

UNIT - I

Colour and constitution

Relationship of colour observed to wavelength of light absorbed-terms used in colour chemistry-chromophores, auxochromes, bathochromic shift, hypsochromic shift. Quinonoid theory andmodern theories - Valence bond theory and Molecular orbital theory.Forces involved in dyeing of different fibres - methods of dyeing with different dyes.

UNIT - II

Synthesis of specific dyes and uses

Orange IV, Diamond Black F, Metanil Yellow, Tartrazines, Direct deep Black, EriochromeBlack-T, Eriochrome Red B, Celliton Scarlet B, Congo Red, Malachite Green, Methylene Blue,Safranine T, Acid Magenta, Cyanin Green G, Alizarine, Benzanthrone, Indigo, Copperphthalocyanine, Sulphur Black - T.

UNIT - III

Pigments for Textile Coloration

Pigments - Introduction-Properties of pigments-Relation between particle size and Tinctorialstrength-Disadvantage and Advantage of Pigment Application-Chemical Nature of Pigment-Orange, Red, Blue, Green, Violet, Black Pigments.

Application of dyes in other areas - Leather, Paper, Medicines, Chemical Analysis, Cosmetics,Colouring Agents, Food and Beverages.

UNIT - IV

Methods of Printing - Handblock-Screen-Roller or Machine Printing-Style of Printing- Direct-Discharge-Resist. White Resist-Coloured Resist-Discharge-White Discharge-ColouredDischarge-Pigment Printing-Binders. Fixers, Thickeners used, Steaming & after treatments.

Printing Process

Polychromatic Dyeing - The Dye Weave Technique-Flow form Technique-Automatic ScreenPrinting Machine-Fabric Detaching & Drying-Rotary Screen Printing Machine (DiscriptionOnly) Preparation of Rotary Screen, Galvano Screens-Transfer Printing-Advantages andDisadvantages of Transfer Printing .

9

UNIT - V

Mineral Colour:

Principle of Dyeing of Mineral kakhi by Developing Method-Preparation of Pad liquor andDyeing-Dyeing Procedure.

Oxidation Colour:

Introduction - Aniline Black Dyeing using Padding Mangle-Various Steps of Oxidation ofAniline to Aniline Black.

Phthalocyanin dyes:

Dyeing of Phthalogen blue-Dyeing Process.

FBA (Fluorescent Brightening Agent)

Definition - Example-Mechanism-FBA for Cellulosic Fibres-Use of Tinopal-BV, 2B, 4BM,RBN, GS&SP, BST, 2RT, & BHT.

REFERENCES:

1. Synthetic dyes - Gurdeep R. Chatwal - Himalaya publishing house, New Delhi.

2. Organic Chemistry Vol-I - I. L. Finar - Pergamon press, London.

3. The Chemistry of synthetic dyes Vol - I, II, III, IV - K. Venkatraman, LB Publishers,

Bangalore.

4. An introduction to synthetic drugs and dyes - P. P. Singh & Others, Higgin Bothams

5. An introduction to synthetic drugs - E. S. Rao - Higgin Bothams

6. Chemistry of Dyes and Principles of Dyeing – Shenai, Sevak Publications - Bambay.

7. Text book of Fiber Science and Technology - S. P. Mishra, New Age International

Publishers.

8. SSM Institute of Textile Technology - R. Gobalakrishnan, Kasinathan, Bagyam.

9. Industrial Chemistry - B. K. Sharma – Krishnaprakasan media Pvt. Ltd. Meerut.





10

PAPER CODE: PCH-4

SEMESTER IIPAPER - IV

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - IIUNIT - I

Molecular Rearrangements: Introduction-Nucleophilic, Electrophilic and Free radicalrearrangements, migratory aptitude - Wagner Meerwein Rearrangements, NeberRearrangements, Baeyer Villeger Rearrangements. Rearrangements to electron deficientnitrogen and oxygen-Dienone phenol, Favorski, Fries, Wolf, Benzidine and Stevens.

UNIT - II

Concerted reactions: Pericyclic reactions-Introduction, Classification, FMO method, Woodward- Hofmann rule, Huckel - Mobius method for electrocyclic, cycloaddition and sigmatropicrearrangement. Correlation diagram for electrocyclic and cycloaddition reactions. Cope, Claisen& di-π methane rearrangement.

UNIT - III

Organic Photochemistry: Introductory theory of light absorption, photophysical processes-Jablonski diagram, energy transfer photochemical reaction of ketones-Norrish type I and type IIreactions. Paterno-Buchi reaction and cis, trans isomerisation. Oxidations and reductions: Mechanisms-Oxidation of olefins, alcohols, glycols, ozonolysis andaromatization reaction and Sommelet reaction. Reduction reactions and selectivity in reduction.Reduction reactions involving metal hydrides (LiAlH4 and NaBH4). Reduction of nitrocompounds, carbonyl compounds and aromatic compounds. Typical reactions such as Birchreduction, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner and MPV.

UNIT - IV

Addition reactions: Electrophilic and Nucleophilic addition to double and triple bonds-hydration,hydroxylation, Michael addition, Hydroboration and Epoxidation. Addition to carbonylcompounds: Mannich reaction, Dieckmann, Stobbe, Knovenagel, Darzen, Wittig, Thorpe andBenzoin reactions.

UNIT - V

Steroids: Introduction, synthesis and methods of determining the structure of cholesterol,ergosterol, equilenin, estrone, testosterone and progesterone.

REFERENCES

1. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry - S.M. Mukhergee and S.P. Singh MacmillanIndia Ltd.

2. Organic Reaction Mechanism - Ahluwalia - Narosa Publishing House, Chennai.3. Photochemistry & Pericyclic Reaction - Jagathamba Singh & Jaya Singh, New Age

International Pvt. Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi.

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4. Advanced Organic Chemistry - Jerry March, Pearson Education.5. Modern Molecular Photochemistry - N.J. Turro, Madura Enterprise, Madras.6. Organic Chemistry Vol I & II - I.L. Finar, Pearson education 5thedition7. Organic Reactions and Reagents - J.N. Guntu and R. Kapoor, Pearson Education.8. Organic Reaction and Orbital Symmetry - Gilchrist & Storr - S. Chand & Co Madras.9. Orbital Symmetry Correlations in Organic Chemistry - Entwistle.10. Orbital Symmetry - Lehr and Marchand.11. Organic Reactions and Mechanism - P.S. Kalsi- New Age International Pvt. Ltd.,

Publishers, New Delhi.12. Molecular Reactions and Photochemistry - C.H. Debuy and O.S. Chapman.13. Organic Chemistry - J. M. Coxon and B. Halton.




SECTION – C (3×10 = 30 Marks)Answer any Three Questions out of five questions.(Minimum One Question from each unit )

12

PAPER CODE: PCH-5

SEMESTER IIPAPER - V

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - IUNIT - I

Failure of classical mechanics and the success of quantum theory in explaining black bodyradiation, heat capacities of solids, photoelectric effect and the hydrogen atom spectrum.(derivation of planck’s distribution law and Einsteins heat capacity equation not needed).

de-Broglie matter waves, Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

The time dependent and time independent Schrodinger wave equations - Born interpretation ofthe wave function. Requirements of the acceptable wave function. Algebra of operators, sumand product of operators, commutator, linear operators, eigen functions, Eigen valuescorrespondence between physical quantities in classical mechanics and operators in quantummechanics. Hamiltonian operators, Angular momentum operator. Quantisation of Angularmomentum and its spatial orientation Average (expectation) values. Postulates of quantummechanics.

UNIT - II

Particle in one dimensional box, quantization of energy, normalization of wave function.Orthogonality of a Particle in one dimensional box wave function. Illustration of the uncertaintyprinciple and correspondence principle with reference to Particle in one dimensional box.Particle in three dimensional box, Separation of variables.

Solving of Schrodinger equation for one dimensional harmonic oscillator, Harmonic oscillatormodel of a diatomic molecule-Illustration of the uncertainty principle and correspondenceprinciple with reference to harmonic oscillator.

Rigid rotor model of a diatomic molecule. Solving of Schrodinger equation for a rigid rotor,.

UNIT - III

Schrodinger equation for H-atom (or H-like species) separation of variables (solving of radialequation is not needed but nature of solution should be given) Energy levels. Radial factors ofthe H-atom wave functions, orbitals and orbital shapes. Probability density and radialdistribution functions. The most probable distance of electron in 1S orbital of H-atom.

Electron spin. The He-atom and the Pauli principle, Anti-symmetric nature of the wavefunctions, Slater determinants. Approximate wave function of many electron atoms need forapproximation methods-The perturbation theory (first order only)-application of the perturbationmethod to He-atom-The variation method-application of variation method to He-atom.

13

UNIT - IV

Proton NMR SpectroscopyIntroduction - The NMR Phenomenon-Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, description ofPMR instrument-Chemical Shift and its measurement-factors affecting chemical shifts - spin-spin coupling, spin-spin splitting, chemical shift equivalences and magnetic equivalences -heteronuclear coupling in PMR-deuterium exchange double resonance-shift reagents-applications to organic compounds.

UNIT - V

Introduction - 13C-Natural abundance, Operating frequency - Chemical shift equivalence - factorsaffecting chemical shifts-broad band and off resonance decoupling. Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE).

REFERENCES:

1. Quantum Chemistry - R.K. Prasad, New Age International Pvt. Ltd. Publishers, NewDelhi.

2. Quantum Chemistry – Donald A. Mc. Quarie, University Science Books 2007(2nd

edition).3. Quantum Chemistry - Ira. N. Levine, Allyn and Bacon IC. 4. Physical Chemistry - Ira.N. Levine, Allyn and Bacon IC.5. Organic Spectroscopy - W. Kemp, Macmillan.6. Introduction to Spectroscopy - D.L. Pavia and G.M. Lampman, Thomson/Brooke Cole -

Haryana.7. C-13 NMR Spectroscopy - Abraham and Loftus, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.8. Organic Spectroscopy - Jagmohan - Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (2nd edition).9. Organic Spectroscopy - P. S. Kalsi, New Age International Pvt Ltd. Publishers (6th

edition).10. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds - Silverstein Bassler and Morrill.11. NMR Spectroscopy - Basic Principles, Concept and Applications in Chemistry - Harald

Gunther, Wiley - India, New Delhi.





14

PAPER CODE: PCH-6

SEMESTER IIPAPER –VI

PHYSICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY

UNIT – I

Mass spectrometry

Principles of mass spectrometry - resolution - description of single focusing and double focusingelectron impact mass spectrometers, ion - cyclotron analyzer - presentation and analysis ofspectra - determination of molecular formulae - nitrogen rule - isotope abundance analysis - metastable ions and peaks - molecular ion peaks - fragmentation processes - symbolism (scissiononly) - even and odd electron ions - scission with rearrangement - retro Diels - Alderrearrangement - McLaffertty rearrangement - double bond and or ring equivalents implied froma formula - fragmentation associated with functional groups. Saturated aliphatic and aromatichydrocarbons - aldehydes and ketones - carboxylic acids, esters, alcohols, ethers and halides.

UNIT – II

Mossbauer spectroscopy

Principles - Mossbauer spectrometer - isomer shift - quadrupole interactions - nuclear zeemansplitting - simple applications to iron and tin compounds.

ESR spectroscopy

Introduction - Principles - instrumentation(Block diagram only) – zero field splitting, Hyperfinesplitting - Kramer’s degeneracy - g values - applications.

UNIT – III

Circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion - basic principles - basic principles of O.R.D.and C.D. - cotton effects - octant rule - axial halo ketone rule - application of O.R.D and C.D.

Turbidimetry and Nephelometry - applications only.

Thermal analysis: Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanningcalorimetry(DSC) - basic principles - thermogravimetric analysis.

UNIT – IV

Electron spectroscopy

ESCA (XPS): Principles, chemical shifts – description of SCA spectrometer, X - ray sources,sample analysis, detectors and recording devices – applications. Auger electron spectroscopy(AES) and ultra - violet photo electron spectroscopy (UPS/PES) – principles and applications.

X - ray diffraction - interaction of X - rays with matter - absorption - scattering & diffraction(Bragg’s equation) - fluorescence - applications of X - ray diffraction - only to structure ofcrystals, polymer characterization, determination of cis, trans isomerism and linkage isomerism.

15

UNIT – V

Chromatography – Introduction - definition - types.Paper chromatography - principle - RFconcept - types - descending - ascending & radial chromatography - simple applications.Thinlayer chromatography - introduction - superiority over other techniques. Experimentaltechniques - applications - isolation of alcohols, alkaloids, amino acids, separation of inorganicions only.

Advanced techniques

HPLC - principle - instrumentation (block diagram only) - column efficiency & selectivity - applications to separation of sugars in pepsi, triglycerides from fatty acids. GLC - principle - instrumentation (block diagram only) - types of column - retention volume - applications to separation of CO2, helium & hydrogen and analysis of gaseous mixture. Comparison of HPLC and GLC.

REFERENCES:

1. Elementary Organic Spectroscopy - Y. R. Sharma, S. Chand, 1980.

2. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis - Gurdeep, R. Chatwal & Sham, K. Anand,Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.

3. Analytical Chemistry - G.D. Christian, Wiley - India, New Delhi ( 6th edition).4. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry - D.A. Skoog and D.M. West, Cengage learning -

New Delhi (8th edition).5. Principles of Instrumental Analysis - D.A. Skoog, F.J. Holler & S.R. Crouch, Cengage

learning, New Delhi (6th edition).6. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis - B.K. Sharma, Krishna Prakashan

Media,2000.7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis - H.H. Willard, L.L. Merit, J.A. Dean, CBS Publishers

& Distributers.8. Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry - R.S. Drago 9. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis - H. Kaur, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2001.10. New Path Ways in Inorganic Chemistry - Ebsworth.11. Calculations of Analytical Chemistry - S. B. Hamilton- S. Chand & Co - Madras.12. Inorganic Chemistry – U.N. Dash.





16

PAPER CODE: ELMH-2

SEMESTER IIELECTIVE - II

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT -I Air Pollution

Air pollution - Introduction - definition - air quality standards (WHO) - sources, monitoring andcontrol of hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen. Particulate pollution- fog -smog (London smog, Los angel’s smog) - nature of its presence in atmosphere - its control -green house effect and ozone layer depletion.

UNIT - II

Thermal pollution - Introduction - sources of thermal pollution - thermal effects of man and his environment - control of thermal pollution.

Noise pollution - Introduction - sources of noise pollution - measurement of noise - effects of noise pollution - prevention and control of noise pollution.

Radioactive pollution - Introduction - sources of radioactive pollution, prevention and control - case studies - Chernobyl - Narora mishap.

UNIT - III

Water Pollution: Introduction - WHO standards - Definition of water pollution - water pollutants- physical and chemical pollution of water - ground water pollution - harmful effects of groundwater pollution - surface water, river water and sea water pollution, oil pollution of water. Effectsof oil pollution in marine water - Radio active materials in water. Case studies - Itai - Itai disease- Minamatta disease - Acid rain.

UNIT - IV

Complete physico chemical examination of water: collection of samples - colour - conductivity -pH - turbidity - total solids (DS, TSS) - alkalinity by titrimetry - hardness (temporary andpermanent hardness). Flame photometric estimation of sodium and potassium. Estimation ofsulphate and chloride. Estimation of heavy metals - iron, copper, chromium, lead, nickel andcadmium. Dissolved oxygen - BOD - COD - total kjeldhal nitrogen.

UNIT - V

Treatment of Industrial Effluents: Primary treatment: Screening Sedimentation - Equalization -Neutralization - Coagulation. Secondary treatment: Aerated Lagoons - Tricking Filtration -Activated sludge process - Oxidation - Ditch - Oxidation Ponds - Anaerobic digestion. Tertiary

17

Treatment: Evaporation - Reverse osmosis - Dialysis - Ion exchange - chemical precipitation byactivated carbon treatment. Tolerance limits for Industrial Effluents.

REFERENCES:

1. Environmental Chemistry - B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House, Meerut (6th Edition).2. Environmental Chemistry - A.K. De, New Age International Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi (6th Edition).3. Physico Chemical Examination of Water Sewage and Industrial Effluents - N.

Manivasakam, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.4. Chemistry for Environmental Engineers - Sawyer, C.N. and P.L. McCarty, Mc Graw Hill,

1978 (5th Edition).5. Industrial Effluents - N. Manivasakam.6. Water Pollution –P.K. Goel, New Age International Publishers. 7. Engineering Chemistry II - P.C. Jain and Monika Jain, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company,

Delhi (15th Edition).8. An Introduction to Environmental Pollution - B.K. Sharma, H. Kaur, Goel Publishing

House, Meerut.9. Aquatic Chemistry - Stumm, W. And J.J. Morgan - Wiley Interscience 1972.10. Engineering Chemistry – A. Ravi Krishnan, Shri Krishna Publications, Chennai.11. Engineering Chemistry – S.S.Dara, S.Chand Publishers.





18

PAPER CODE: PCH-7

SEMESTER IIIPAPER - VII

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - III

UNIT - I

TERPENOIDS: Isolation and classification of terpenoids-structural elucidation and synthesis ofZingiberene, Eudesmol, Juvenile hormone, Abietic acid and Caryophyllene.

UNIT - II

ALKALOIDS: Introduction-isolation of alkaloids, structural elucidation and synthesis ofmorphine. Reserpine, Quinine, Atropine, and Glaucine.

UNIT - III

PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS: Classification and characteristics of proteins synthesisof polypeptides, oxytocin, enzymes and coenzymes. Structure of RNA and DNA and theirbiological importance.

HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS: Structure, synthesis and reactions of flavones,isoflavones, purines (Adenine and Guanine) and anthocyanins (Cyanin and Pelargonin).

UNIT - IV

REACTIONS AND REAGENTS: Reactions in organic synthesis-Oppenauer oxidation.Barbier-Wieland degradation, Barton reaction, Jones oxidation and Vilsmeier reaction.

REAGENTS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: Preparation and synthetic applications of-DDQ(2,3-Dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-1, 4-benzoquinone), DBU (1,5-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undecene-5),DCC (Dicyclohexylcarobodiimide) and crown ethers.

UNIT - V

FREE RADICAL REACTION: Introduction - structure, stability and geometry of freeredicals. Generations of long lived and short lived free radicals. Characteristics of free radicalreactions-subtitutions-additions and eliminations, rearrnagements of free radicals. Typicalreactions such as Sandmeyar, Gomberg, Pechmann, Ullman, Pschorr and Hunsdiecker reactions.

REFERENCES:

1. Organic Chemistry Vol. I & II – I.L. Finar, Longman Group Ltd.

2. Organic Chemistry Reactions and Reagents - O.P. Agrawal, Krishnaprakashan Media

Pvt. Ltd, Meerut.

3. Chemistry of Natural Products - P.S. Kalsi, Kalyani Publishers/Lyall BK Depot.

19

4. Organic Chemistry of Natural Products – Vol I & II, Gurdeep R.Chatwal, Himalaya

Publishing House.

5. Organic Reaction Mechanism – Ahluwalia, Narosa Publishing House, Chennai.

6. Guide Book to Organic Synthesis - R.K. Mackie and D.M. Smith, J.Chem.Educ 1983.

7. Organic Reactions and Reagents - J.N. Guntu and R. Kapoor.

8. Introduction to Heterocyclic Compounds – Acheson, Ruby book sellers, Madras.

9. Principles of Heterocyclic Chemistry - Katritsky.

10. Alkaloids - S.W. Pelletier.





20

PAPER CODE: PCH-8

SEMESTER III

PAPER - VIII

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - II(Thermodynamics)

UNIT - I

Thermodynamics and non-ideal systems: Chemical potential and the definition of fugacity.Determination of fugacity of gases by graphical method and from equations of state, variation offugacity with temperature. Fugacity and the standard state for non-ideal gases. Fugacitycoefficient. Fugacity and mixture of non-ideal gases, chemical equilibrium involving non idealgases.

Definition of activity. Activity coefficient, Temperature coefficient of activity, standard states.Applications of activity concept to solutions. The rational and practical approaches. Use ofactivity of solvent from colligative properties, determination of activity of solute. Use ofactivities in the formation of reaction potentials.

UNIT - II

Third law of thermodynamics: Probability and third law, need of third law, Nernst heat theoremand other forms stating third law. Thermodynamic quantities at absolute zero. Statisticalmeaning of third law and apparent exception.

Mathematical introduction: Theories of permutation and combination. Laws of probability,Gaussion distribution.

UNIT - III

Classical Maxwell-boltzmann statistics: Maxwell distribution law for molecular velocities andmolecular speeds in a ideal gas. Velocity and speed distribution functions. Experimentalverification of Maxwell distribution law, Evaluation of average speed, most mean square speedand most probable speed from distribution law. Distribution function in terms of the kinetics ofan ideal gas. The principle of equipartition of energy and the calculation of heat capacities ofideal gases. Limitations of the principle of equipartition of energy.

Quantum Statistics: Maxwell-boltzmann statistics, Thermodynamic probability,Thermodynamic probabilities of systems in equilibrium, Boltzmann expression for entropy,Stirling’s approximation. States of maximum Thermodynamic probability, Legrangianmultipliers. Thermodynamic probabilities of systems involving energy levels. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law, evaluation of alpha and beta in M.B. distribution law.

UNIT - IV

Partition function: Partition function - definition, justification of nomenclature Microcanonicaland Canonical ensembles. Molecular Partition function and Canonical function. The relationbetween the total Partition function of a molecule and the separate Partition functions.

21

Translational Partition function, Rotational Partition function. Effect of molecular symmetry onrotational partition function. Ortho and para hydrogen. Vibrational Partition function. ElectronicPartition function. Evaluation of thermodynamic properties E, H, S, A, Cv and Cp frommonoatomic and diatomic ideal gas molecule Partition function.

Thermodynamic properties of polyatomic ideal gases. Calculation of equilibrium constantsreactions involving ideal gases from partition functions.

UNIT - V

Heat capacities of solids: Einstein’s and Debye’s theories of Heat capacities of solids.

Bose-Einstein and Fermi - Dirac statistics: Bose Einstein distribution law Entropy of Bose-Einstein gas, Planck’s distribution law for black - body radiation Fermi-Dirac distribution law.Entropy of a Fermi - Dirac gas. Heat capacity of the electron gas and heat capacity of metal:Helium at low temperature. Negative absolute temperature.

REFERENCES

1. An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics - Rastogi and Misra, Vikas Publishing

House.

2. Physical Chemistry - Atkins & Julio De Paula, Oxford University Press, Delhi.

3. Thermodynamics for Chemists - S. Glasstone, Affiliated East West Press Pvt Ltd.

4. Statistical Thermodynamics - M.C. Gupta, New Age International Pvt. Publishers, New

Delhi

5. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory & Statistical Thermodynamics - Lee, Sears and

Salinger - Addison Wesley Publishers.

6. Advanced Physical Chemistry - Gurdeep Raj, Krishna Prakashan Media.




SECTION – C (3×10 = 30 Marks)Answer any Three Questions out of five questions.(Minimum One Question from each unit

22

PAPER CODE: PCH-9

SEMESTER IIIPAPER - IX

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT - I

Fuels: Introduction - fuel - definition - calorific value - classification of fuels - properties of fuels- petroleum: classification of petroleum - origin of petroleum - resources in India - Cracking ofpetroleum: Thermal cracking - catalytic cracking - knocking - chemical structure and knocking -octane rating. Improvement of anti- knocking characteristics of fuel. Non petroleum fuels.Benzol and power alcohol.

Nuclear Fuels: Nuclear reactor, Breeder reactor, Disposal of radioactive waste.

UNIT - II

Sugar Industry

Sugar: Introduction, Manufacture of cane sugar, Extraction of juice, Purification of juice,Defection, Sulphitation and Carbonation, Concentration or Evaporation, Crystallisation,Separation of crystals, Drying, Refining, Grades, Recovery of sugar from molasses, Bagasse,Preparation of cellotex, Manufacture of sucrose from beet root, Testing and estimation of sugarindustry in India.

Fermentation: Introduction, Historical, Conditions favourable for fermentation Characteristicsof enzymes, Short account of some fermentation processes, Alcohol beverages, Manufacture ofbeer, Formation of wort, Fermentation of molasses, Preparation of wash, Distillation, Alcoholfrom waste sulphite liquor, Manufacture from cellulose material, Manufacture from hydrocarbongases, Importance of power alcohol as fuel.

UNIT - III

Glass: Introduction - physical and chemical properties of glass - Raw materials - methods ofmanufacture: Formation of the Batch material, melting, shaping, Annealig and finishing.

Cement: Manufacture and setting of cement.

Ceramics: Manufacturing process - Application of colours to the pottery - Earthenwares andstonewares.

UNIT - IVPaints and Pigments:

Pigments: Introduction - Requirements of a pigment - Typical inorganic pigments -Applications, Paints: Classification of paints - Constituents of paints - setting of the paint -Requirements of a good paint - Emulsion paints - Latex paints - paint removers - Varnishes -Solvents and thinners.

23

UNIT - V

Plastic Technology, Production of ethenic polymers(polythene), PVC, Polyvinyl acetate,polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile. Production of polycondensationpolymers (phenol - formaldehyde, Urea - formaldehyde and epoxy resins) and their uses.

REFERENCES:

1. Industrial Chemistry - B.K. Sharma, Krishana Prakasan Media Pvt. Ltd., Madurai.

2. Engineering Chemistry - D. Sharma, Paragon International Publishers.

3. Engineering Chemistry - P.C. Jain & Monika Jain, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.

4. Engineering Chemistry - Dipika Jaspl, Arti Malviya, Narora Publishing House, New

Delhi.

5. Text Book of Engineering Chemistry - R, Gopalan, D. Venkappayya and Sulochana

Nagarajan, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.

6. Outlines of Chemical Technology - M.G. Rao & M. Sitting, UBS Publishers Ltd.

7. Shrive Chemical Process Industries - G.T. Austin, Mathura Enterprises, Madras.

8. Industrial Chemistry - B.N. Chakarbarty (1991). 9. Riegels Hand Book of Industrial Chemistry – Kent, S.Chand & Co, Madras.





24

PAPER CODE: ELMH-3

SEMESTER IIIELECTIVE - III

GREEN CHEMISTRY

UNIT - I

Introduction to Green Chemistry: Definition - The Need for Green Chemistry - Goals ofGreen Chemistry - Limitations/obstacles - The Progress of Green Chemistry.

Principles of Green Chemistry: Introduction - Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry-synthetic methods - Designing a chemical synthesis.

UNIT - IIConcept of Atom Economy: Rearrangement Reactions - Addition Reactions - SubstitutionReactions - Elimination Reactions.

The Concept of Selectivity: Chemoselectivity - Regioselectivity - Enantioselectivity -Diastereoselectivity.

Green Solvents: Supercritical carbon di oxide - Ionic liquids as green solvents - Use of water assolvents - Organic synthesis in solid phase - Energy requirements should be recognised for theirenvironmental and economic impacts and should be minimised - Mode of supplying energy to areaction - Use of Microwaves - Use of sonication -Substances and the form of a substance usedin a chemical process minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases,explosives and fires.

UNIT - III

Designing a Green Synthesis

Choice of starting materials - Choice of Reagents - Choice of Catalysts - Biocatalysts - polymersupported catalysts - Choice of solvents.

Examples of Green Synthesis

Synthesis involving basic principles of Green Chemistry - Synthesis of adipic acid - Syntheis ofcatechol, BHT, methylmethacrylate, urethane, benzyl bromides, acetaldehyde, citral, ibuprofenand paracetamol..

25

UNIT - IV

Microwave assisted reactions

Introduction - Microwave assisted reactions in water - Microwave assisted reactions in organicsolvents - Microwave assisted solvent-free reactions (solid state reactions) -- with suitableexamples in each class.

Ultrasound assisted reactions

Introduction - Esterification - Saponification - Substitution reactions - Alkylations - Oxidations -Reductions - Coupling reactions - Cannizzaro reaction - Strecker synthesis - Reformatskyreaction - Conclusion.

UNIT - V

Future Trends in Green ChemistryIntroduction - Oxidation reagents and catalysts - Biomimetic, multifunctional reagents -Combinatorial green chemistry - Proliferation of solventless reactions - Non-covalentderivatization - Green chemistry in sustainable development - Green Chemistry versusEnvironment.

REFERENCES:

1. An Introduction to Green Chemistry - V. Kumar, Vishal Publishing House, New Delhi,First Edition, 2007.

2. Organic Synthesis - Special Techniques - V.K. Ahluwalia & R. Aggarwal - NarosaPulishing House, 2006.

3. New Trends in Green Chemistry, Anamaya Publishers - V.K. Ahluwalia & M. Kidwai -New Delhi, 2006.

4. Green Chemistry; Environmentally Benign Reactions - V.K. Ahluwalia & Kidwai - AgeBooks India, 2005.





26

PAPER CODE: PCH-10

SEMESTER IV PAPER - X

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY

UNIT - I

Theory of Coordination compounds - V.B Theory, Crystal field theory - spectrochemical series -Molecular orbital theory - pi bonding - Magnetic behaviour of the transition metal ions.

UNIT - II

Electronic spectra of complexes: Term symbols for 3d block elements and their ions.Characteristics of d-d transitions and selection rules. Weak and strong field limits, energy leveldiagrams - Orgel and Tanabe - Sugano diagrams. John Teller distortions and spin - orbitcouplings. Nephelauxetic effect, Charge transfer spectra.

UNIT - III

Stability of complexes - Thermodynamic and Kinetic stability - stepwise and overall formationconstants. Factors affecting the stability of complexes. Determination of stability constants -Polarographic, Potentiometric and Photometric methods.

Metal carbonyls - methods of preparation, properties and structure of Iron carbonyls.

Carbonyl halides (Vaskas compound) - preparation, properties and structure.

Zeise salt, Metallocenes (ferrocene only) - preparation, properties, structure and bonding.

UNIT - IV

Macrocyclic ligands - Types - Porphyrins - Corrins - Schiff base, Crown ethers, Cryptates and itscomplexes.

Metal ions in biological systems - essential and trace elements - Na, K, Na+/K+ pump -Biologically important complexes of iron - Haemoglobin, Myoglobin, Iron - Sulphur proteins,cytochrome (Cytochrome C), Mg (Chlorophyll), Co (Vitamin B12), Zn - carbonic anhydrase,carbox peptidase, fixation of nitrogen.

UNIT - V

Substitution reactions in square planar and Oh complexes. Trans effect - redox reactions.

Homogeneous catalysis by coordination compounds: Hydroformylation, carboxylation ofmethanol, hydrogenation of unsaturated organic compounds.

27

REFERENCES:

1. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity (4th Edition) - James E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter and Richard I. Keiter - Pearson Education Pvt, Ltd.

2. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5 th Edition) - F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Wiley India, New Delhi, 1988.

3. Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry (4th Edition) - H.J. Emeleus and A.G. Sharpe - UBS publishers Ltd. 1989.

4. Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry - R.S. Drago, Affiliated East - West press, 1978.

5. Organometallic Chemistry - R.C. Mehrotra and A. Singh, New Age International Pvt. Publishers - New Delhi.

6. Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry – Wahid U.Malik, G.D. Tuli, R.D. Madan, S.Chand & Company.

7. Bioinorganic Chemistry – Asim K. Das, CBS Publishers & Distributers.

8. Concise Coordination Chemistry – R.Gopalan, V. Ramalingam,Vikas PublishingHouse.





28

PAPER CODE: PCH-11

SEMESTER IV PAPER - XI

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - III(Reaction Kinetics and Electrochemistry)

UNIT - ITheories of reaction rate: Arrhenius theory, Hard-sphere collision theory of gas-phase reactions.Activated complex theory or absolute reaction rate theory (ARRT) for ideal gas reactions (interms of partition function). Relation between activated-complex theory hard -sphere collisiontheory. Thermodynamic formulation of activated complex theory and kinetic isotopic effect.

UNIT - IIReactions in solution: Comparison between gas phase and solution reactions. The influence ofthe solvent on the reactions between ions. Effect of dielectric constant on free energy ofactivation and function of frequency factor. Influence of ionic strength on rates of reactions insolution. Significance of volume and entropy of activations.

Study of fast reactions:Flow methods, Pulse methods, Relaxation methods. Shock- tube method, NMR method.

UNIT - IIIHomogeneous catalysis: Specific and general acid-base catalysis. Bronsted catalysis law.Hammet acidity function. Enzyme catalysis (single substrate reaction only). Michaelis - Mentonlaw. Influece of pH and temperature on enzyme catalysis.

Surface phenomenon and heterogeneous catalysis : Adsorption and free energy relation atinterfaces. Gibbs adsorption isotherm. Physisorption and chemisorption. Adsorption isotherm(Freundlich & Langmuir). Kinetics of heterogeneous catalysis. Langmuir - Hinshelwood andLangmuir - Rideal - Eley mechanisms.

UNIT - IVInterionic attration theory, Deby - Huckel - Onsager equation. Falkenhagen effect. Wieneeffect. Activity and activity co-efficient. Ionic strength. Debye - Huckel limiting law and itsapplication .

Theories of double layer. Helmholtz -Perrin - Gouy chapman - Stern theories.

UNIT - VElectrolytic oxidation and reduction. Voltametry and polarography. Current - voltagerelationships. The dropping mercury electrode. Diffusion current. Factors affecting diffusioncurrent. Half - Wave potential. Applications of polarography. Amperometric titrations.

29

Fundamental principles of coulometric methods. Constant current and controlled potentialmethods. Primary and secondary titrations - simple applications.

REFERENCES:

1. Chemical Kinetics - K.J. Laider, Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd.2. Chemical Kinetics - Gurdeep Raj, Krishna Prakasan Media Pvt. Ltd., Meerut.3. Elements of Physical Chemistry - P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press. 4. Physical Chemistry - W.J. Moor, Prentice Hall of India.5. Kinetics and Mechanism - A.A. Frost and R.G. Pearson, Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd.6. Introduction to Electrochemistry - S. Glasstone, Affiliated East West Press Pvt Ltd.





30

PAPER CODE:ELMH-4

SEMESTER IVELECTIVE - IV

NANO CHEMISTRY AND NANO TECHNOLOGY

UNIT - I

1.1 Introduction

Nano and Nature - Our Technologies and the World we live in - Nano—The Beginning.

1.2 Investigating and Manipulating Materials in the Nanoscale

Introduction - Electron Microscopies - Scanning Probe Microscopies - Optical Microscopies forNanoscience and Technology - X-Ray Diffraction.

UNIT - II

2.1 Fullerenes

Introduction - Discovery and Early Years - Synthesis and Purification of Fullerenes - MassSpectrometry and Ion/Molecule Reactions - Chemistry of Fullerenes in the Condensed Phase -Endohedral Chemistry of Fullerenes - Orientational Ordering - Pressure Effects - Conductivityand Superconductivity in Doped Fullerenes - Ferromagnetism in C60 TDAE - Optical Properties -Some Unusual Properties.

2.2 Carbon Nanotubes:

Introduction - Synthesis and Purification - Filling of Nanotubes - Mechanism of Growth -Electronic Structure - Transport Properties - Mechanical Properties - Physical Properties -Applications - Nanotubes of other materials.

2.3 Nanoshells

Introduction - Types of Nanoshells - Properties - Characterization - Applications.

UNIT - III

3.1 Nanobiology

Introduction - Interaction Between Biomolecules and Nanoparticle Surfaces - Different types ofInorganic materials used for the synthesis of hybrid Nano-bio Assemblies - Applications of Nanoin Biology - Nanoprobes for Analytical Applications - A new methodology in Medical Diagnosisand Biotechnology - Current Status of Nanobiotechnology - Future Perspectives of Nanobiology.

3.2 Nanomedicines

Introduction - Approach to developing Nanomedicines - Various kinds of Nanosystems in Use -Protocols for Nanodrug administration - Nanotechnology in Diagnostic Applications - Materialsfor use in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications - Future Directions.

31

UNIT - IV

4.1 Nanosensors

Introduction - Definition of a Sensor - Nanosensors—Nanoscale organization for sensors -Characterization - Perception—Nanosensors Based on Optical Properties - Nanosensors Basedon Quantum Size Effects - Electrochemical Sensors - Sensors Based on Physical Properties -Nanobiosensors - Smart Dust—Sensors of the Future.

4.2 Molecular Nanomachines

Introduction - Covalent and Non-covalent Approaches - Molecular Motors and Machines -Molecular Devices - Single Molecule Devices - Practical Problems with Molecular Devices.

UNIT - V

5.1 Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Introduction - From the First Industrial Revolution to the Nano Revolution - Implications ofNanoscience and Nanotechnology on Society - Issues—An Outlook - Nano Policies andInstitutions - Nanotech and War-Nano Arms Race - Public Perception and Public Involvement inthe Nano Discourse - Harnessing Nanotechnology for Economic and Social Development -Conclusions.

REFERENCES:

1. Nano The Essentials - T. Pradeep, Tata-McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, NewDelhi, First Edition, 2007.

2. Nanotubes and Nanowires - C.N.R. Rao and A. Govindaraj, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2005.

3. Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscope - C.J. Chen, Oxford University Press, 1993.





32

PAPER CODE: PPCH-1

PRACTICAL - I

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - I

Analysis of two component mixtures, separation and characterisation of compounds.

Preparations involving one stage of the following:

Nitration, Acylation, Bromination, Hydrolysis, Diazotisation and Oxidation.

REFERENCE:

Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry - B.B. Dey and M.V. Sitaraman

33

PAPER CODE: PPCH-2

PRACTICAL - II

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - I

Qualitative analysis employing semimicro methods and spot tests of mixtures of common cationsand anions of the following less familiar elements.

Thallium, Tungsten, Selenium, Tellurium, Molybdenum, Cerium, Thorium, Titanium,Zirconium, Vanadium, Beryllium, Uranium and Lithium.

Note: A minimum of six inorganic mixtures, each of two common and two rare elements shouldbe analysed by a student.

ESTIMATIONS:

Estimation of magnesium, Calcium, Zinc and Nickel by EDTA method.

REFERENCES:

1. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis - G. Svehia, VI Edition, Orient Longman.

2. Inorganic Semimicro Qualitative Analysis - V.V. Ramanujam, National Publishing, 1971.

3. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis - J. Basset, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery and J.Mendham, ELBS, IV Edition, 1985

4. Experimental Inorganic Chemistry - W.G. Palmer, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, London,1972.

5. An Advanced Course in Practical Inorganic Chemistry - D.N. Grindley, Butter Worths,1964.

34

PAPER CODE: PPCH-3

PRACTICAL - III

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - I

Thermodynamics:A. Heat of solution from solubility.B. Heat of solution by calorimetry.

Molecular weight determination by

1. Freezing point depression of solvent(benzene and water) by Beckman method 2. By rast method.

Distribution of activity and activity coefficient by distribution method. Distribution coefficient and determination of equilibrium constant.

Properties of matter

Variation of viscosity of liquids with temperature.

Determination of refractive index (Unknown composition of a mixture of liquids).

Heterogeneous equilibria.

Thermal analysis of binary systems forming compounds with congruent melting points.

Three component system (chloroform-acetic acid-water).

Electromotive force

Determination of standard potential (Cu, Zn, Ag)

Evaluation of thermodynamic quantities from EMF data (Daniel cell).

Determination of pH and pKa values using hydrogen and quinhydrone electrodes andglass electrode (pH meter); potentiometric acid base titrations.

Determination of formal redox potential of a redox system, redox titrations.

Determination of instability constant (of silver ammine complex) and its dependence on temperature.

Determination of solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt (concentration cell andchemical cell).

Determination of activity coefficient by EMF data.Precipitation titration of a mixture of halides.

REFERENCES:

1. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry, J.B.Yadev, Goel Publishing House, 1981.

35

2. Practical Physical Chemistry - Palit and De3. Basic Principles of Practical Chemistry -V.Venkateswaran, A.R. Kulandaivelu and

R.Veeraswamy, S. Chand and Sons, 1997.

36

PAPER CODE: PPCH-4

PRACTICAL - IV

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II

Estimation of Phenol, Aniline, Ethyl methyl ketone, Glucose.

Analysis of oils (Reichart-Mieisel value, iodine value, saponification value and acetyl value).

Extraction and estimation of active constituents:

a. Lactose from milk, b. Caffeine from tea, c. Nicotine from tobacco extract, d. Citric acid orascorbic acid from a tablet or from a natural source.

Preparation involving Two stages of the following

1. Preparation of p-Nitro aniline from acetanilide.

2. Preparation of Benzanilide from Benzophenone.

3. Preparation of Anthraquinone from phthalic anhydride.

4. Preparation of 1,3,5 - Tribromobenzene from Aniline.

5. Benzilic acid from Benzoin.

6. m-Nitroaniline from Nitrobenzene.

7. Acetylsalicylic acid from Methyl Salicylate.

REFERENCE:

1. Vogel’s Practical Organic Chemistry

2. Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry- B.B.Dey and M.V.Sitaraman.

37

PAPER CODE: PPCH-5

PRACTICAL - V

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II

Quantitative analysis:

Quantitative analysis of mixture of Copper and Zinc, Iron and Nickel, Copper and Nickel,Copper and Magnesium, Iron and Magnesium.

Preparations:

Lead tetra acetate, Dipyridinium hexachloroplumbate, Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ortho andpara hydroxy phenyl mercuric chloride, Potassium cupric chloride, Chrome alum, Trithio ureacopper(I), Potassium trioxalato aluminate(III), Potassium trioxalato chromate(III), Potassiumtrioxalato ferrate(III), Hexamine cobalt(III) chloride, Chloro pentammine chromium(III), Chloroaquo pentammine chromium(III) nitrate, Tetrammine copper(II) sulphate, Ammoniumhexachloro stannate(IV).

REFERENCES:

1. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, - G. Svehia, VI Edition, Orient Longman.

2. Experimental Inorganic Chemistry - W.G. Palmer, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., London,1972.

3. An advanced course in Practical Inorganic Chemistry - D.N. Grindley, Butter Worths, 1964.

38

PAPER CODE:PPCH-6

PRACTICAL - VI

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - II

Conductivity experiments:

Determination of

1) Equivalent conductance of a strong electrolyte and the verification of Debye-HuckelOnsager law.

2) Verification of Ostwald dilution law and Kholrausch law for weak electrolytes.

Conductometric determination of Pka of a weak acid.

Hydrolysis constant of aniline hydrochloride.

Determination of solubility of sparingly soluble salt.

Conductometric Titrations: Acid base and precipitation titrations (including mixture of halides).

Colorimetric estimation using Beer - Lambert law (Copper,Nickel).

Dropping mercury cathode - Half wave potentials and estimation by differential method ofCadmium, Copper, Zinc and Lead.

Chemical Kinetics:

1. Evaluation of Arrhenius parameters using acid hydrolysis of an ester.

2. Base catalysed hydrolysis of an ester conductometrically.

3. Rate of reaction between persulphate and iodide ions study of salt effects over the

persulphate-iodide reaction.

4. Study of rate of polymerization of monomer solutions by viscosity.

Evaluation of

1) Catalytic constant of a strong acid for the iodination of acetone or hydrolysis of an ester.

2) Catalytic constant of a weak acid and verification of Bronsted catalysis law.

Adsorption experiments: Adsorption of oxalic, acetic, formic acids on activated charcoal-Freundlich isotherm-surface area determination.

REFERENCE:1. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry - J.B.Yadav, Goel Publishing House, 1981.2. Practical Physical Chemistry - Palit and De3. Basic Principles of Practical Chemistry - V.Venkateswaran, A.R. Kulandaivelu and

R.Veeraswamy, S. Chand and Sons, 1997.

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