UNIT 1: WE THE PEOPLE

Lesson One: Introductory Issues

ABC The English Alphabet A [ei] B [bi:] C [ci:] D [di:] E [i:] F [ef] G [di:] H [eit] I [ai] J [dei] K [kei] L [el] M [em] N [en] O [ou] P [pi] Q [kju:] R [:] S [es] T [ti:] U [ju:] V [vi :] W ['d blju:] X [eks] Y [wai] Z [zed]

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Phonetic Transcription English Sounds

[i :] he [hi:] = el [:] girl [g:l] = fata [] pair [p]=pereche

[] fat [ft] = gras

[:] car [k:]=masina

[:] tall :l] = inalt

[t [] cup [c p] = cana [] she [i:] = ea [j] you [ju:]=tu, voi

[] morning [] three [ri:] [] this ['m :ni]= = trei [is]=acesta, dimineata aceasta [d] John [d n] [] pleasure [t] chair [ple]=placere [t]= scaun

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Lesson TwoMeeting and GreetingEveryday Greetings and Farewells

"Good morning."

"Good afternoon."

"Good evening."

"Good night."

"Goodbye" "So long" "See you soon" "Hello" "Hi"

"How do you do" "How do you do" Hello, how are you? Im fine thank you and you? Im fine, too.

Special Greetings 00.01 - 1st January"Happy New Year!" "Happy "Merry

Christmas." Christmas."

"Happy Easter."

"Good Luck!"

Have a nice day! Have a evening! "HappyBirthday" Happy Anniversary! nice

"Congratulations!" done!"

"Well

"Get well soon."

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Read and practise: Dialogue 1 Tom: Jenny: Tom: Jenny: Dialogue 2 Jim: Ann: Jim: Ann: Jim: Ann: Jim: Dialogue 3 Mary: Sally: Mary: Sally: Mary: Dialogue 4 Mike: Paul: Mike: Paul: Dialogue 5 Jill: Sam: Jill: Sam: Jill: Hello, Sam! Hello, Jill! How are things with you? Everythings fine, thanks. OK then, bye. Bye, Sam. Hi, how is it going? Pretty good. OK, bye. Bye Bye. Good morning! Good morning! How are you doing? Im very well, thank you and you? Im fine, too. Hi Ann, how are you? Im fine thanks and you? Not very well Im afraid. Oh, sorry to hear that. Thats OK. Bye, Jim. Bye, Ann. Hello, Jenny! How are you today? Hello, Tom! Im fine thank you and you? Im very well, thank you. Good-bye, Jenny! So long, Tom!

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Lesson ThreeSituation A

Introducing People

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I'm John. I'm Jackie. I'm John Kennedy. I'm Jackie O'Neill.

(Use first name in informal situations) (Use full name in business and formal situations)

(It's) nice to meet you. (It's) nice to meet you, too. (It's) nice meeting you. (It's) nice meeting you, too. (It's) good to meet you. (It's) good to meet you, too. (Its) good to see you. (Its) good to see you, too. Im glad to meet you. Im glad to meet you, too. Situation C

Situation B

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This is my friend, Jack. Hi Jack. I'm Linda Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you too.

A: Have you two met each other? B: No, we haven't. A: Ben, this is Carol. Carol this is Ben. (B and C smile and shake hands.) B: Nice to meet you Carol. C: Nice to meet you too, Ben.

1. Practice: 5

a) introduce yourself to your desk mate; b) introduce your friends to each other. Remember to smile (and use handshakes where appropriate). 2. Frame an introducing dialogue using the expressions given above:

Sample Dialogues - Who are you? Dialogue 1 Good evening! Good evening! Excuse me. Are you Sally Brown? No, Im not. Im Betty Smith. Oh, sorry. Thats OK. Dialogue 2 Who are you? Im Paul Pack What is your name? My name is Tom Blake Dialogue 3 Whats your name? My names Sandra Reed Whats yours? Nicole Brown. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too.

Dialogue 4 Are you John Smith? Yes, I am. Im glad to meet you. I am Tom Peterson Nice to meet you Tom.

Dialogue 5 Are you Ann Brown? No, Im not. Im Mary Brown. Ann is my sister. Oh, Im sorry Its OK.

Lesson FourPersonal Information6

- What is (Whats) your name? - My name is .. - How old are you? I am (Im) .. years old.

- Where are you from? - I am (Im) from Romania. - What is (Whats) your address? - I live in ,nr. .. .. street.

GRAMMAR SECTIONThe Personal Pronoun Persons I II III Singular I [ai] = eu You [ju:] = tu He [hi:] = el She [i:] = ea It [it] = el, ea (things& animals) Plural We [we] = noi You [ju:] = voi They [ei] = ei, ele

The Present Tense of the Verb TO BE TO BE = A FI Affirmative Form Long Forms Short Forms Am I? Interrogative Form Negative Form Long Forms Short Forms

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I am You are He is She is It is We are You are They are

Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Youre Theyre

Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they?

I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not You are not They are not

Im not You arent He isnt She isnt It isnt We arent You arent They arent

Countries and Nationalities

Where are you from? I'm from San Diego, California. Where are you from? I'm from Canada. Where is Mr. Sung from? He's from Korea. He's Korean. Where is Miss Salazar from? She's from Portugal. She's Portuguese. Where are Mr. and Mrs. Avellaneda from? They're from Argentina. They're Argentinean. Are you English? No, I'm not English. I'm American. Is Miss Flagstad Norwegian? No, she isn't Norwegian. She's Danish. Are Mr. and Mrs. Sen Vietnamese?8

No, they aren't Vietnamese. They're Malaysian.

!!! INFO BOX The word 'Nationality' is not often used in spoken English. It is a formal and official word and it appears more frequently in written English. You will find the word 'Nationality' is used a lot in the travel industry and for immigration. We almost never say: What is your nationality? We usually say: Where are you from? OR Where do you come from? To tell someone your nationality you DON'T say: My nationality is Chilean. You say: I'm Chilean

COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES Country United Kingdom Germany France Italy Spain Russia Denmark Belgium Greece Hungary Ireland Norway9

Flag

Nationality British German French Italian Spanish Russian Danish Belgian Greek Hungarian Irish Norwegian

Sweden Switzerland Poland

Swedish Swiss Polish

EXERCISES: 1. Fill in the blanks with: am, are, is. a) I.......... Romanian. b) ......... she from Italy? c) You .......... my best friend. d) They ......... from England. e) He ......... not from France. f) They ........ not Greek. g) ...... he Italian? h) ...... it Turkish? 2. Choose the right answer: 1. He's from Brazil. He's ___. a. Brazilish b. Brazilian c. Brazilese 2. I'm from Colombia. I can speak ___. a. Spanish b. Colombian c. Colombish 3. We're from Italy. We're ___. a. Italien b. Italian c. Italiun 5. Pablo is from Mexico. He's ___. a. Spanish b. Mexican c. Mexian

2. She's from Russia. She can speak ___. a. Russia b. Russy c. Russian 4. My friend is from Korea. He can speak ___. a. Korish b. Korean c. Koreanese 6. Martha is from the United States. She's ___. a. American b. United Statian c. United Statianese 7. My father is from China. He can speak ___. a. Chiny b. Chinish c. Chinese 8. Pierre is from France. He can speak ___. a. Franchise b. Francese c. French 10

3. Translate into English De unde este el?......................................................................................................... Ea este spaniola.......................................................................................................... Este ea din Anglia....................................................................................................... Ei nu sunt greci........................................................................................................... De unde sunteti voi?................................................................................................... El este Italian, nu este francez.................................................................................... Esti tu portughez sau Brazilian?................................................................................. 4. Practise the dialogue, choose different countries and nationalities: Where are you from? Im from Roamnia. Im Romanian.

Where do you come from?

I come from Romania.

Lesson FiveDescribing PeopleName: Tom Peterson From: England Age: 40 Height: 1m 82 Weight: 85 kg

Name: Ana Ionescu From: Romania Age: 35 Height: 1m 72 Weight: 60 kg 11

1. Talk to your mate: Where is Tom / Ana from? How old is Tom / Ana? Whats Toms / Anas height? How tall is Tom / Ana? Whats Toms / Anas weight? How heavy is Tom / Ana? 2. Describe the man and the woman: Tom: - tall and thin -a handsome man - small green eyes; - short black hair; - an oval face. Ana: - tall and thin - a pretty woman - big blue eyes; - long blond hair; - a round face. He / She is from ................ He / She is ............. years old. He / She is ....... tall. He / She is ........ kg.

3. Look at the images below and describe the people

long straight hair long wavy hair short curly

Use the clues: Tom Sally Dan Alice blonde woman brunet man beard man mustache man tall and slim tall and thin short and

Model:

Sally is tall and thin. She has got long wavy hair. She is a blonde woman. Tom ________________________________________________________ Dan ________________________________________________________ Alice _______________________________________________________

What is he/she like?12

What is Ann like?

Ann is a young woman. She is tall and thin. She has got long brown hair and big blue eyes. Shes very pretty.

What is Tom like?

Tom is an old man. He is short and fat. He has got a white beard and grey curly hair. He has got green eyes. Hes a good man. Bill and Bob are little boys. They are twins. They have got curly dark hair and big blue eyes. They are very cute.

What are the boys like?

4. Now fill in the box: Whats your friend like?

5. About you: Whats your name? How old are you? Where are you from? What are you like? 6. Synonym phrases: ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ...........................................................................................

a woman with blue eyes a man with curly hairMake changes as suggested above:

a blue eyed woman a curly haired man

1. This woman has green eyes. / This is ........................................... 2. That man has black hair. / That is ................................................. 13

3. She is a girl with fair hair. She is a .............................................. 4. Tom is a boy with dark eyes. Tom is ............................................

GRAMMAR SECTIONTO HAVE = A AVEA Affirmative Form Long Forms Short Forms I have Ive You have Youve He has Hes She has Shes It has Its We have Weve You have Youve They have Theyve Interrogative Form Negative Form Long Forms Have I? I have not Have you? You have not Has he? He has not Has she? She has not Has it? It has not Have we? We have not Have you? You have not Have they? They have not TO HAVE GOT = A AVEA Affirmative Form Long Forms Short Forms I have got Ive got You have got Youve got He has got Hes got She has got Shes got It has got Its got We have got Weve got You have got Youve got They have got Theyve got Interrogative Form Have I got? Have you got? Has he got? Has she got? Has it got? Have we got? Have you got? Have they got? Negative Form Long Forms I have not got You have not got He has not got She has not got It has not got We have not got You have not got They have not got 14 Short Forms I havent got You havent got He hasnt got She hasnt got It hasnt got We havent got You havent got They havent got Short Forms I havent You havent He hasnt She hasnt It hasnt We havent You havent They havent

The Definite and Indefinite Article The Definite Article The [] in words beginning with a consonant (the boy, the car) or a semivowel e, o, u, w, y (the European, the one, the university, the week, the year); - [i] in words beginning with a vowel (the economist, the activity) or silent h (the honour, the hour). The Indefinite Article A [] in words beginning with a consonant (a book, a teacher) or a semivowel (a European); An [n] in words beginning with a vowel (an animal) or silent h (an hour).

The NumeralSymbo l 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 30 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 Cardinal Numeral One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Twenty Twenty-one Twenty-two Thirty Thirty-five Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety Symbol The 1st The 2nd The 3rd The 4th The 5th The 6th The 7th The 8th The 9th The 10th Ordinal Numeral The first The second The third The fourth The fifth The sixth The seventh The eighth The ninth The tenth The eleventh The twelfth The thirteenth The fourteenth The fifteenth The sixteenth The seventeenth The eighteenth The nineteenth The twentieth The twenty-first The twenty-second The thirtieth The thirty-fifth The fortieth The fiftieth The sixtieth The seventieth The eightieth The ninetieth

The 21st The 22nd The 30th

The 100th

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100 500 1,000

A (one) hundred Five hundred A (one) thousand

The hundredth The five hundredth The thousandth

Lesson SixProfessions and TradesTo earn their living, people have to work. The occupations requiring a special training and learning are called professions. The persons of different professions are all brainworkers. The medical profession, for example, includes physicians, surgeons, general practitioners, oculists, dentists, therapists, pharmaceutical chemists, nurses etc. The profession of law comprises lawyers, prosecutors, judges, notaries. Economists are specialists in economic problems, for instance, accountants keep records. Journalists write articles in newspapers. The teaching profession includes schoolmasters, teachers, lecturers, professors. The engineering profession has many branches: civil, mechanical, electrical, etc. Office workers and secretaries are employed by companies, banks or education institutions. The occupations, which require skilled work with the hands, are called trades. The building of a house means employing bricklayers, carpenters, joiners, plumbers, electricians, painters, glaziers, locksmiths. Factories employ welders, weavers, and blacksmiths. Agriculture needs farmers. People engaged in trade are tradesmen, merchants and shop assistants. Word box

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EXERCISES: 1. Answer the questions a) What are professions? ..................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... b) What are trades? ..................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... c) What other professions and trades can you mention? ..................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... 2. Match: Teachers Doctors Shop Assistants Economists Pharmaceutical chemists Pharmacy assistants Workers Lawyers Accountants Masons 3. Answer the questions: a) Where does a teacher work?................................................................................. b) Where do economists and accountants work?....................................................... 17 help people get better; heals people work in a trade company teach pupils or students work in a shop and sells goods work in a factory keep records build houses work in a pharmacy work in a court

c) What does a brick layer build?............................................................................. d) What do pharmacy assistants do?........................................................................ e) What does a doctor do?...................................................................................... 4. Speaking activity: Work on the model:

Model: Arent you a teacher? No, Im not. Im a studenta doctor, a pharmacist, an economist, an engineer, a worker, an accountant, an office worker, a surgeon, a physician, a nurse, a pharmacist assistant, a

!!! Question TagsTo be & to have

Dan is a doctor, isnt he? Yes, he is. Hes a good doctor.

Ann is not a student, is she? No, shes not a student. Shes a teacher.

Mary and Doris are not workers, are they? No, they arent. They are nurses. You have English today, havent you? Yes, I have. Angela has an English book, hasnt she? Yes, she has. Tom has not a son, has he? No, he hasnt. He has a daughter.

EXERCISE: Write the correct question tag.

a) Dan is your friend,......................? 18

b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k)

Mary is a pharmacy assistant,........................? Your wife is a nurse,...........................? Your husband isnt a manager,.....................? Your son isnt a schoolboy,........................? Your children are not home,.......................? Your colleagues are in the office,........................? They have English today,..........................? You have not an old house,........................? The girl has a headache,.........................? The boy hasnt toothache,.......................?

What is this?What is this? This is a medicine. What kind of medicine is it? Its an antibiotic. What is that? That is a cough syrup. Its a new product. What are these? These are ointments. What are they for? They are against rheumatism. What are those? Those are pills. They lower temperature. Look, this is medicinal tea. Its good for fever, too. These tablets are pain killers and those drops are for sore throat.

GRAMMAR

Demonstrative Pronouns and AdjectivesNr. Here Sg. THIS (acesta, aceasta) Pl. THESE (acetia, acestea) There THAT (acela, aceea) THOSE (aceia, acelea)

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This is a medicine. This medicine is against fever. That syrup is expensive. These tablets prevent from high blood pressure. Those women are pharmacists. Translate : 1. Acesta este un medicament........................................................................................ 2. Acelea sunt produse farmaceutice............................................................................. 3. Este acesta un unguent?............................................................................................. 4. Este aceea o pudr?................................................................................................... 5. Acesta nu este un sirop de tuse................................................................................. 6. Acele injecii nu sunt pentru copii.............................................................................. 7. Nu este aceast pastil un analgezic?......................................................................... 8. Nu sunt acele medicamente pentru dureri de cap?.....................................................

The Plural of Nouns (regular plural)A. To form the plural most words add -s ending to the singular form. [s]/[z]/[ts]/[dz] Sig Book School Cat Friend Pl. books schools cats friends

B. Nouns ending in s /ch /sh / z / x, add -es to form the plural. [iz] Bus buses Watch watches Dish dishes Buzz buzzes Box boxes C. Nouns ending in y form the plural according to the next rules: Vowel + y = ys Day days

Consonant + y = ies 20

Lady

ladies

D. Nouns ending in o form the plural according to the next rules:Consonant + o = oes

Tomato

tomatoes

Exception: piano pianos, radio-radios, photo-pdotos; Bamboo bamboos Tatoo tatoos

Vowel + o = os

E. Nouns ending in f or fe form the plural turning f into v and adding-es: Sg. Half Life Exceptions: roof roofs cliff cliffs chief chiefs pl. halves lives

Nouns with Irregular Plural

Singular man woman women child foot tooth goose mouse mice louse ox

Plural men

children feet teeth geese

lice oxen

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Exercise: Put into the plural next sentences 1. The boy goes to school by bus. 2. The child is sick. 3. My classmate has a new bag. 4. The young woman is my teacher. 5. The tall man is the manager. 6. The leaf is yellow. 7. There is a mouse in my room. 8. This is my country. 9. Father has a new watch. 10. What is in the box?

Lesson SevenRelatives: Grandparents = grandmother + grandfather Parents = mother + father Parents-in-law = mother-in-law + father-in-law My Family

My first name is Richard and my surname is Smith. Im 40 years old and I am a doctor. My family consists of four members: my wife, my daughter, my son and myself. My wife, Grandchildren = grandson + granddaughter Helen, is a nurse. Shes 36 years of age. She is tall and thin. She has black hair and blue eyes. Helen is a pretty woman Children = indeed. son + daughter Michael, our son, is a schoolboy. He is 14 years old. Mary, our daughter, is a schoolgirl and shes about 10. = Stepson + stepdaughter Stepchildren I have parents and parents-in-law, too. They have retired on pension. Son-in-law I also have two brothers and a sister and my wife has only a sister, called Jane. She is my sisterDaughter-in-law in-law. My brothers are my wifes brothers-in-law. We have five nephews and three nieces. I am their Brother uncle and my wife is their aunt. Our children have eight cousins.Sister Brother-in-law Sister-in-law Spouses = husband + wife Uncle Aunt Nephew Niece

Stepparents = stepmother + stepfather

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My Family

1. Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Who is Richard?.......................................................................................................... What is Richard?......................................................................................................... Who is Helen? What is she?....................................................................................... Who are Michael and Mary?....................................................................................... How old are they?....................................................................................................... What are they?............................................................................................................ Who is Jane?...............................................................................................................

2. Write about your family: How many members does your family consist of? What are their names? How old are they? What are they?

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GRAMMAR The Genitive Case I. The Prepositional Genitive Of Genitive

It is rendered by means of the preposition of. Of = a, al, ai, ale Word Order: Possessed Thing + Of + Possessor The colour of the dress (culoarea rochiei) The windows of the room (ferestrele camerei) !!! It is used when the possessor is expressed by: - nouns designating beings: the book of the student; - nouns designating things: the door of the room. II. The Synthetic Genitive s Genitive

It is rendered by means of s or only .

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Word Order: Possessor + s/ + possessed thing !!! Generally, it is used when the possessor is expressed by nouns designating human beings: the girls books; my mothers sister; the childrens room

Bills pen;

EXERCISES 1. Fill in the gaps: My mothers mother is my My fathers father is my My aunts son is my .. My husbands sister is my . My brothers daughter is my . My wifes father is my .. My sister-in-laws son is my.. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Translate into English: Sora mamei mele e matusa mea................................................................................. Ei sunt bunicii mei...................................................................................................... Tatal sotului meu e socrul meu................................................................................ Baiatul unchiului meu e varul meu.............................................................................. Fiica mea e nepoata surorii mele.................................................................................. Cumnata mea e sora sotului meu................................................................................ Fiul tatalui meu e fratele meu....................................................................................... Nepoata mamei mele e verisoara mea.......................................................................... Fratele tatalui meu e unchiul meu................................................................................

Lesson Eight

My Best FriendSometimes, in early childhood, we happen to meet a special person who becomes out best friend. My best friend is Alice, a friendly 20-year-old girl. She is very pretty. She has got long dark hair, big blue eyes, a small nose and a small pointed chin. She is not very tall but not short either and she is quite slim. She likes sport and casual clothes, so I usually see her wearing jeans and a T-shirt or sweater. She is a very nice person and has a great sense of humor. Whenever I am upset her jokes cheer me up. She is very agile. She always finds a solution to every problem. Shes a reliable person. I can always count on her. She is honest and gives me the best advice. We attend the same medical school but different courses. She is in the 2 nd year and studies child care and Im in the 1st year and study pharmaceutics. I know I can rely on her. She helps me with my assignments and shes always beside me when Im in trouble. We have almost the same hobbies. We both enjoy music. She likes playing the guitar and I like playing the piano but we both love singing. We like going to the cinema but sometimes can't agree on which movie to see. Sometimes we just walk around, trying to find a new area of the city to explore. We both like traveling, reading, and swimming. We use to spend our holidays together. 25

Tasks: Answer the question: 1. How old is Alice? ................................................................................................................................... 2. How is Alice like? ................................................................................................................................... 3. What is Alice? .................................................................................................................................. 4. Which are Alices hobbies? .................................................................................................................................. What are your hobbies? Choose from the box below:watching tv chatting travelling shopping gardening swimming knitting going sightseeing dancing

reading

watching movies

collecting stamps

listening to music

hiking in the woods lying in the sun walking in the park

going to a picnic learning foreign languages climbing mountains painting repairing things cooking practicing sports

Remember Like + Verb - ingATTRIBUTES, TRAITS, QUALITIES... People can be...

shy

bold sad cautious

sensitive successful bad smart silly kind violent friendly

strong tolerant angry

weak good rational calm

lazy naughty sly cute nice pessimistic coward

hard-working happy intolerant merry optimistic arrogant stupid 26 brave

enthusiastic pathetic helpful

Exercises:1. Fill in the blanks with the right words in the box above Tania likes picking up new friends. She is very................................. Mike is a ................ baby, he smiles and giggles. My brother is quite ................ . He never makes his bed. My friend hopes to win the contest. She is ........................................ My boy doesnt enjoy meeting new people because he is very ................................ Why are you so dirty, boy? Dont be so ............................... I like spending my time with grandma. Shes a .......................... and ...................... woman. You are always ........................... . Will you please calm down? Soldiers are ...................... and............................ men 2. Find antonyms in the box above.

GRAMMAR

The Adjective ComparisonI. The Regular Adjective Comparison

I.1. Short Adjectives POSITIVE Long Short Big Fat Thin Pretty Busy COMPARATIVE ( mai) Longer Shorter Bigger Fatter Thinner Prettier Busier 27 SUPERLATIVE (cel mai) The longest The shortest The biggest The fattest The thinnest The prettiest The busiest

I.2. Long Adjectives POSITIVE Beautiful Interesting Dangerous Examples : This street is long. That street is longer than this. My street is the longest in town. My house is beautiful. Your house is more beautiful than mine. Her house is the most beautiful in the street. II. Irregular Comparison COMPARATIVE Better Worse More Less / lesser Later / latter Farther SUPERLATIVE The best The worst The most The least The latest / the last The farthest COMPARATIVE (mai ) More beautiful More interesting More dangerous SUPERLATIVE (cel mai) The most beautiful The most interesting The most dangerous

POSITIVE Good / well Bad / ill Much / many Little Late Far Examples:

This pill is good for relieving pain. That pill is better for headaches. This pill is the best for relieving toothache.

Exercises:1. Read and Translate: Tom is 40 years old. Ana is 35 years old. Tom is older than Ann. He is 5 years older than her. Ana is 1.72 m tall. Tom is 1.82 m tall. Ana is 10 cm shorter than tom. 2. Write opposite words: tall, short, little, fat, thin, old, big, young, heavy, beautiful, light, ugly; .............................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28

...................................................................................................................................................................... ......

3. Put the word in brackets in its right form a) b) c) d) e) Mom is (short)................ than dad. Mary is (tall) ...................than Janny. Granny is (fat).................in the family. She is (beautiful)..................girl in the classroom. Are you (busy).............than your mate?

4. Translate into English a) Sunt injeciile mai scumpe dect pastilele? .. b) Acest medicament este cel mai scump dintre toate. .. c) Pastilele efervescente sunt mai eficiente. .. d) Siropul acesta este mai dulce dect acela. .. e) Unguentul nu este mai ieftin dect pastilele. .......................................................................................................................................... 5. Put next words in the right place:Younger, fatter, the most beautiful, taller, best, more;

Mary is my. friend. Shes 25 and Im 30. Shes 5 years..than me. Im 50 kg and shes 55. Mary is 5 Kilos.than me. She is 1.60 m and I am 1.72 m. Im 12 cm..than her. Mary is ..girl I know. Shes .attractive than me.

Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives Personal Pronouns & Possessive Adjectives SUBJECT PRONOUNS I HE SHE IT OBJECT PRONOUNS (See notes below) ME HIM HER IT 29 POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES + NOUN MY ears HIS ears HER ears ITS ears POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS MINE HIS HERS ITS

WE YOU THEY

US YOU THEM

OUR ears YOUR ears THEIR ears

OURS YOURS THEIRS

Exercises: 1. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Alfred and Henry are in ............... car. Gertrude is cleaning ............... teeth. Tom is drinking ............... drink. Is this ............... hamburger? I am working on ............... homework. Please give the dog ............... bone now.

2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 1. 2. 3. 4. That is Clara's shoe; that's ................ This is Jennifer and Tom's home; it's ................ That is Peter's car over there; it's ................ "Whose money is this? Is it ...............?" "No, it's not ..............., because I don't have any."

3. Fill the gaps with the right possessive pronouns or adjectives: a) Is this car yours? No it isnt b) She has a new dress. .. dress is blue. c) He is a doctor. job is interesting. d) We have a house in this street. Thats .. e) They have a red car. This is .. 4. Translate: a) Meseria mea este interesanta.................................................................................... b) Acea geanta este a mea............................................................................................ c) Prietenul ei este inalt............................................................................................... d) Acest stilou este al ei.............................................................................................. e) Gradina lor este mare.............................................................................................. f) gradina de pe partea dreapta este a lor.................................................................... g) Casa noastra este noua............................................................................................ h) Masina cea alba este a noastra.................................................................................

Expressing Permission, Requeats, Ability and Possibility May & CanLook at the pictures below. What do you think they express: permission, ability or possibility?

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She: He:

Good morning! Can/ May I help you? Yes, please. Can/ May I ask you a favour?

Hello, Doris! Can I talk to Jim?

Im Bob. I can play the violin. Im Alice. I can dance. My names Theresa. I can ski.

- Can I help you? - I can do it. Im Tom. I can speak English.

Hellooo! Can you hear meee?

Dialogue 1 Ann: Teacher: Sorry Im late. May I come in, please? Of course you may. Come in and have a seat. 31

Ann: Teacher: Tom: Teacher: Dialogue 2 Sam: Mary: Sam: Mary: Sam: Dialogue 3 Jill: Sally: Jill: Sally: Jill: Sally: Jill: Sally: Jill: Sally:

Thank you. Can you open the window, Tom? Yes, of course. Can I clean the board, too? Im on duty today Yes, please.

May I help you with your luggage? Yes, please. I cant carry it anymore. But can you wait a minute? I have to give a phone call. Sure. Thats OK. Im ready we can go now. Lets go.

Isnt it a bit cold today? Yes, it is and it might rain. You might be right. The sky is overcast. Can I borrow your umbrella? Sure. Thanks. Where are you going? I can give you a lift. No, thank you. I prefer waking. I want to drop in several shops on my way home. OK then, enjoy your shopping. Thanks.

Fill in the next dialogues: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: Can I.....................................................................................? Yes, please. May I....................................................................................? No, thank you. .............................................................................................? No, Im sorry. Im busy tonight. .............................................................................................? Of course I can.

CanCan is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to: talk about possibility and ability make requests ask for or give permission Structure of Can subject + can + main verb The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"). subject auxiliary verb 32 main verb

+ -

I He

can cannot can't

play play

tennis. tennis.

?

Can

you

play

tennis?

Notice that: Can is invariable. There is only one form of can. The main verb is always the bare infinitive. The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"). We cannot say: I cant to play tennis Use of Can 1. Possibility and Ability We use can to talk about what is possible, what we are able or free to do: She can drive a car. John can speak Spanish. I cannot hear you. (I can't hear you.) Can you hear me? Normally, we use can for the present. But it is possible to use can when we make present decisions about future ability. A. Can you help me with my homework? (present) B. Sorry. I'm busy today. But I can help you tomorrow. (future) 2. Requests and Orders We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something. This is not a real question - we do not really want to know if the person is able to do something, we want them to do it! The use of can in this way is informal (mainly between friends and family): Can you make a cup of coffee, please. Can you put the TV on. Can you come here a minute. Can you be quiet! 3. Permission We sometimes use can to ask or give permission for something: A. Can I smoke in this room? B. You can't smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden. (Note that we also use could, may, might for permission. The use of can for permission is informal.) Could Could is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use could to: talk about past possibility or ability make requests Structure of Could subject + could + main verb The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"). subject auxiliary verb 33 main verb

+ -

My grandmother She

could could not couldn't

swim. walk.

?

Could

your grandmother

swim?

Notice that: Could is invariable. There is only one form of could. The main verb is always the bare infinitive. The main verb is always the bare infinitive. We cannot say: I could to play tennis.

Could: Requests We often use could in a question to ask somebody to do something. The use of could in this way is fairly polite (formal): Could you tell me where the bank is, please? Could you send me a catalogue, please? May / might 1.1. May - permission We can use 'may' to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used very often in modern spoken English. May I borrow your pen? May we think about it? May I go now? 1.2. May - possibility We use 'may' to suggest something is possible It may rain later today. I may not have time to do it today. Pete may come with us 2. Might We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something. Often we read that 'might' suggests a smaller possibility that 'may', there is in fact little difference and 'might is more usual than 'may' in spoken English. She might be at home by now but it's not sure at all. It might rain this afternoon. I might not have time to go to the shops for you. I might not go. Exercises: 1. Fill in with can /cant or may/may not. a) ............ you help us, please? b) ........... hold this box, its too heavy. c) .......... I open the window? Its to warm in here. 34

d) You ................ leave this room. You have to stay here. e) I............... come to you today, Im too busy. f) He ............ speak English but he ............. speak French. g) .......... you hear me? h) The ............. be late fot this class. 2. Translate into Romanian a) b) c) d) e) f) You can take this medicine twice a day.___________________________________ Can I take this syrup?_________________________________________________ I cannot take medicines containing sugar._________________________________ You can see two little tablets on the table._________________________________ Can you prepare this ointment?__________________________________________ Can you get a prescription?_____________________________________________

3. Translate into English a) Poti veni la noi azi, te rog? ................................................................................................. b) Pot pleca acasa acum?......................................................................................................... c) Eu stiu sa conduc masina.................................................................................................... d) Pot sa incerc bluza aceasta?............................................................................................... e) Nu te pot ajuta acum.......................................................................................................... f) Nu pot sa vad nimic, este prea intuneric............................................................................ g) S-ar putea sa ninga azi...................................................................................................... h) Ai putea sa ma suni mai tarziu?......................................................................................... i) Nu as putea sa-ti spun cu exactitate...................................................................................

Lesson Nine

There is / There are...One: More: There is [()r`iz] = exista, este, se afla/gaseste There are [()r`a:] = exista, sunt, se afla/gasesc

There is a book on the table.

There are three books on the table. Read: - Excuse me, is there a pharmacy nereby? - Yes, of course. There isnt in this street but theres one just round the corner. Go along this street about 20 metres and then turn right. There are two clothing stores on the right side and next comes the pharmacy. 35

- Thank you very much! - Youre welcome.

Lets Talk!Is there a book on the desk? Yes, there is. No, there isnt Are there glasses in the cupboard? Yes, there are. No, there arent. Is there anybody home? Are there many students in the classroom?Is there?

Are there?

My City

I live in a big and beautiful city. There are lots of new and old buildings in my city. There are many parks and playgrounds for children, 5 shopping centres, about 20 schools, 6 highschools, 3 universities, 4 hospitals, 3 museums, 3 libraries, a theatre and an opera hall and what not. My house lies in the Southern area of the city, in a new residential district. Here, there is a big supermarket where we do our shopping. Next to it there is a new restaurant and a gas station. Opposite the supermarket there is my school and a kindergarten. Our street is a long and wide one. On both sides there are only new houses. At one end there is a large and beautiful park with a playground for kids. At the other end there is a new church surrounded by a lovely garden.

Jenny:

Ben:I live in the centre of a small mountin town. Our block of flats is opposite the hospital. Next to the hospital there is a small park. Behind the park there is a general store and a school. Opposite the school there is the Town Hall and the library. Near the school there is also a cinema and a fast food.

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There are only two main streets and several narrow ones. My town is crossed by a small mountin river. At one side, my town is bordered by a wood. So the air is always fresh here.

INFO!HERE (aici) (acolo) BEHIND ON THE RIGHT THERE

ON THE LEFT

IN FRONT OF

In = in On = pe At = la Behind = in spatele Above = deasupra Opposite = vis-vis In front of = in fata Near = langa

Tasks: 1. Fill in with the appropriate word: I live in a .......... city. There are ......... new residential districts and ......... old ones. There are ............ schools and kindergartens. In my district there is a ........... school. Opposite the school there is a big ....................... . On the left, next to the school there is a .............................. . There are many new .................... in my district. We have recently moved ............... . 2. About you: a) Is your city a big or a small one?........................................................................................ b) How many residential districts are there in your city?........................................................ c) How many schools are there in your city?.......................................................................... d) Are there any shopping centers in your city?..................................................................... e) Is there a theatre in your city?...........................................................................................

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UNIT 2: HEALTHY LIFE

Lesson oneMy Daily ProgrammeI wake up at 7 oclock every morning. I get out of bed, put on my slippers and go to the bathroom. Into the bathroom, I have a bath or a shower, brush my teeth, dry myself on a towel and comb my hair. After that, I go back into my room and get dressed. Next I go into the kitchen where I have breakfast. At 8 oclock, I leave for my job. I work in a pharmacy; Im a pharmacist assistant. At work, I arrange medicines on shelves, help the pharmacist prepare medicines, powders or ointments. Sometimes, I sell customers products. At 5 oclock in the afternoon, when the programme is over I go back home. At half past five, I have lunch with my family. Then, I wash the dishes and do the house. Next I take a short rest or if necessary I go shopping. In the evening, I knit, watch TV, read a book or a magazine and listen to some music. Sometimes, especially on weekends, we have guests, pay our friends a visit, go for a walk, to the cinema, theatre, or to the restaurant. On weekdays, we usually have dinner at 8 oclock in the evening. Generally, we go to bed at half past eleven. Vocabulary Daily [deily] = zilnic To wake up [t weik p] = a se trezi To put on = a-ti pune Slippers [slipz] = papuci de casa Bathroom [ba:rum] = baia To brush [t br ] = a peria Generally = in general Towel [taul] = prosop Teeth [ti:] = dinti To comb [coum] = a (se) pieptana then [en] = apoi, dupa aceea, atunci theatre [it] = teatru to walk [w:k] = a (se) plimba, a pasi, a merge pe jos pharmacy [f:msi] = farmacie pharmacist = farmacist assistant [`sistnt] = asistent, ajutor to knit [nit] = a tricota

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Hair [h] = par Remember! In the morning At noon In the evening have breakfast have lunch have dinner

I have breakfast at 7 in the morning but Tom has breakfast at 8. We have dinner at 7 PM but Alice has dinner at 8 PM. The moments of the day are:In the morning At noon = dimineata

= la amiaza

In the afternoon = dupa amiaza In the evening At night = seara = noaptea

Exercises I. Answer the questions: 1. What time do you get up in the morning? ............................................................................................................................................. 2. Where do you have breakfast? ............................................................................................................................................. 3. What time do you live for your job? ............................................................................................................................................. 4. What do you do at work? ............................................................................................................................................ 5. What time is your programme over? ............................................................................................................................................ 6. What do you usually do in the evening? ............................................................................................................................................ II. Talk about your daily program. III. Work on the model: 7 AM / 8 AM: 7.30 AM / 8.30 AM: 8 AM / 9AM: 1 PM / 2 PM: 3.30 PM / 4 PM: 7 PM / 8 PM: 10 PM / 11 PM: I get up at 7 AM but my mate gets up at AM.

The days of the week39

Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday

The months of the year

The four seasons

Spring

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Spring is a nice season. It is usually warm and sunny. In early spring it often rains and the wind blows. But in May the weather gets warmer and the sun shines bright. In spring the trees are in full bloom, the flowers bloom, too and the grass is green. Summer is a wonderful season. It is hot and sunny. Sometimes, it rains heavily and may be thunderstorms. Days are longer and nights are shorter. It is the season of vacations. We go to the seaside or in the mountains. Autumn is a nostalgic season. The temperature is lower. It is cloudy, windy and rainy. In the morning and in the evening its foggy. The weather is cold and wet. The yellow leaves of the trees fall down. Winter is a cold season. The weather is very cold. There are many frosty days. Its cloudy and foggy. It snows and freezes. Days are shorter and nights are longer. People go skiing, skating, sledging and enjoy winter holidays.

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Telling the Time12 9 3 3 9 12 3 9 4 6 It is 3 oclock. Its 3 oclock sharp. 6 Its half past 3. Its three thirty. 6 Its a quarter to 4. Its three forty-five. 12 3

12 1 9 3

6 Its 25 minutes past 1. What time is it? 1.10 ___________________________________ 5.30___________________________________ 4.15___________________________________ 12.20__________________________________ 7.50___________________________________ 8.45___________________________________ 6.25___________________________________

1 minute = 60 seconds 1 hour = 60 minutes 1 day = 24 hours 1 week = 7 days 1month = 4 weeks 1year = 12 months 1 decade = 10 years 1 century = 100 years

!!!Attention: clock watch Its five oclock. There is a clock on the wall. I have a beautiful wrist watch on my hand. My grandfather has an old pocket watch.

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1 millennium = 1000 years

What time is it?Whats the time by your watch? Its half past 10. Half past 10? I think your watch is wrong. I left home at a quarter past 10 and it takes me only 5 minutes to get here on foot. So, it must be 20 mins. past 10. My watch is 10 mins. fast, then. I set it yesterday because it was 10 mins. slow. I like being on time for meetings.

Usefull expressions: What time is it? Whats the time? Whats the time by your watch? Could / Can you tell me the time, please? Would you tell me what time it is? Is your watch right? I think my watch is right. I think my watch is wrong.

GRAMMAR

The Simple Present TenseExamples: a) I get up at 9.00 am. Definition: The Simple Present Tense shows actions that are repeated or habitual, states, statements that are always true b) I like coffee. c) The sun sets in the west. Affirmative form: S + verb (+-s if the vb. ends in a consonant or -e -es if the vb. ends in -o, or -s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -x, - z, -zz., for the 3rd person singular); 42

e.g.

I read We come They go You watch

He reads She comes She goes He watches.

!!! Writing problems: -if the vb. ends in -e, adds -s in the 3rd person singular, (to come he/she/it comes); -if the vb. ends in vowel + y, adds -s in the 3rd person singular, (to say he/she/it says); -if the vb. ends in consonant + y, replaces y with i and adds -es in the 3rd person singular, (to try he/she/it tries). Interrogative form: e.g. Do/Does(3rd pers. sg.) + S +verb?

Do I go? Does he go? S + Do not (dont)/Does not (doesnt) +verb (3rd pers. sg.)

Negative form:

e.g.

I do not come / I dont come He does not come / He doesnt come

Exercises 1. Put in the 3rd person singular next sentences: a) I wake up at 7 AM. / He b) You have lunch at 1PM. She c) We go to work at 7.30AM. He.. d) They have a shower every day. She.. 2. Put in the interrogative and negative next sentences: a) I read the newspaper every day. b) Tom goes to school every day. c) They take a walk every evening. d) We have lunch at 12 AM. e) Jane writes a letter to her friend. 3. Translate into English: a) Eu plec la serviciu la ora 7 dimineata. b) Dan ia micul dejun la 8 AM. c) Fratele meu citeste o carte in fiecare zi. 43

d) Ei au o farmacie mare. e) Este sora ta farmacista?

Lesson Two

Clothes and FootwearMen's Clothes

suit(s)

shirt(s)

tie(s)

Women's Clothes

dress(es)

blouse(s)

skirt(s)

tanktop(s)

Uni-Sex

coat(s)

jacket(s)

t-shirt(s)

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trouser(s)

jean(s)

short(s)

jumper(s) pullover(s)

cardigan(s)

sweatshirt(s)

glove(s)

mitten(s)

Baby Clothes

romper suit(s)

nappy (nappies)

Holiday/Leisure Clothes

swimming trunk(s)

bikini(s)

swimsuit(s) swimming costume(s) bathing costume(s)

Nightwear

nightdress(es) nightie(s)

pyjama(s)

dressing gown(s)

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Underwear Mens

boxers

y-fronts

Ladies (Lingerie)

pant(s) bra(s) knicker(s)

stocking(s)

tight(s)

Uni-Sex

vest(s)

Footwear

shoe(s)

sandal(s)

boot(s)

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wellington(s)

slipper(s)

sock(s)

Accessories

belt(s)

handbag(s)

headscarf (headscarves)

scarf (scarves)

glasses

sunglasses

watch(es)

glove(s)

hat(s)

hanger(s)

Jewellery

bracelet(s) ring(s)

necklace(s) earring(s)

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Parts of clothes

Naturally Speaking Does it fit?It's too big. It's too loose. It's too long. It's too small. It's too tight. It's too short.

Dialogue Sally has gone shopping with her friend Lucy. She is looking for a new dress for her birthday party. Sally is trying on a dress. Sally: Well Lucy, what do you think? 48

Lucy: Sally:

Mmm, it's nice, but I think you need a slightly bigger size. The top is gaping. I think this is the only one. I'd better ask an assistant. Excuse me? Do you have this in a size 14? Oh dear, it's just a bit too tight. Oh no. Red's just not my colour.

Shop assistant: I'm afraid everything in the sale is out on display. Sally: Sally: Shop assistant: Later... Sally: It fits like a glove. What do you think Lucy? Lucy: It looks really nice. I guess red suits you after all. http://www.learnenglish.de/vocabulary/clothes.htm Shop assistant: I think we have a size 14 in red.

It's not bright red, it's a nice dark red. Here it is. Why don't you try it on? There's a changing roo free over there.

At the ShopMay I help you? Yes, I'm looking for a pair of trousers. What colour would you like? Black. And what size are you? I'm not sure. Can you measure me? [measures customer] You're 34" waist. How about these? What material are they? Wool. Have you got anything in cotton? Yes, these. Can I try them on? Of course. The fitting room's over there. [tries trousers] They're a little long. Have you got anything shorter? These are shorter. I'll take them.

EXERCISES 1. Look at the picture from a shoe shop. What are the shoes marked by the numbers? Write each number next to the type of shoe which it marks.

49

50

highheels trainers flip flops man'sshoes walking boots

sandals wellington boots moccasins slippers winter boots

2. You need to match the clothes with parts of the body.

Clothes sleeves shoes leggings gloves baseball cap belt scarf

Parts of the body neck legs hands head waist feet arms

3. Look at the picture below. In the white boxes write the names of the clothes shown by the numbers.

51

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

4. What do you usually wear... in winter? in summer? when its cool? when you go to a party? at the office? when you go on a trip? 5. Ask questions: Whose... ? Whose dress is this? Its my moms dress.

dress, skirt, shirt, T-shirt, trousers, blouse, jumper, sweater, jacket, coat, shorts, shoes, sandals, boots, slippers, hat, cap, scarf, gloves, socks, jeans; moms, dads, Toms, Marys....; 6. Practice Task 1Put on your. Take off your

Put on your jumper!

Take off your shoes! 52

Task 2What colour is the dress? Its red.

dress, skirt, shirt, T-shirt, trousers, blouse, jumper, sweater, jacket, coat, shorts, shoes, sandals, boots, slippers, hat, cap, scarf, gloves, socks, jeans;

Task 3: Practice the dialogues: C: S: C: S: C: S: S: C: S: C: S: C: Id like a white shirt, please. What size? Size 40, please. Here you are. Thank you. Youre welcome.

May I help you? Id like a pair of trousers, please What size are you? 42. In size 42, we have brown, black and dark green. Brown is great.

Lesson threeMealsMeals in England differ from meals in other countries. Breakfast, which is served at about 8 oclock in the morning, is a substantial meal. It consists of fruit juice, porridge or corn flakes with milk and sugar, ham and eggs or a slice of meat or ham, tea or coffee, bread and butter with marmalade or jam. The usual time for lunch is one oclock. While in our country the midday meal is the main meal of the day, consisting of several courses, in England, lunch is a frugal meal. For lunch, the English generally have sandwiches, hamburgers, sausages, meat, poultry or fish and a salad, followed by a cup of black coffee. They have tea, the third meal of the day, at 5 oclock in the afternoon. The English like their tea, strong with milk. With their tea, they may have bread and butter with jam and cakes. In England the main meal of the day is dinner, which is served at about 7 oclock, when all the members of the family are back home. The first course is a soup. For the main course they may have some fish, poultry or meat with potatoes and vegetables. Next come a fruit pie, a pudding or a fruit salad, cheese and biscuits followed by black or white coffee. 53

When the midday meal is the main meal of the day it is called dinner and the evening meal is called supper. For supper, the English generally have a cup of tea with some sandwiches or sometimes an omelette, ham, sausages, bacon and fruit. Vocabulary Meal [mi:l] = masa, mancare To differ from [dif] = a diferi de Other [] = alt/a, alti/te Milk = lapte Sugar [ug] = zahar Slice [slais] = felie Meat [mi:t] = carne Tea [ti:] = ceai Several [sevr()l] = mai multi/multe cateva/cativa Course [k:s] = fel de mancare Sausage [ssid] = carnat Cheese [tI:z] = branza Supper [s p] = cina, supeu Exercises I. Answer the questions: 1. At what time is breakfast served in England? 2. What does it consist of? 3. What do you have for breakfast? 4. What is the usual time for lunch? 5. What do the English have for lunch? 6. At what time do they have tea? 7. What do they generally have with their tea? 8. Which is the main meal of the day in England? 9. What does it consist of? 10. What do you have for dinner? II. What do you have for? Breakfast: Lunch: Dinner: fruit juice [fru:t du:s] = suc de fructe corn flakes [fleiks] = fulgi de porumb ham and eggs = ochiuri cu sunca [hmnd`egz] bread and butter = paine cu unt [bredn`b t] followed by [floud bai] = urmat de fruit pie [fru:t`pai] = placinta cu fructe bacon [beicn] = slanina poultry = carne de pasare fish = peste cake [keik] = prajitura. soup [su:p] = supa

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Dishes & Cutlery Plate Glass Cup Dish Spoon Teaspoon Fork & Knife I put the food into a plate. I pour water into a glass. I put some coffee into a cup. The salad is into a dish. I eat the soup with a spoon. I eat the fruit salad with a teaspoon. I eat the steak with fork and knife.

What is a plate made of?

A plate is made of china.

Practise:

Glass Cup Spoon

Glass China Stainless steel

Lets Talk! A)Do you have some water, please? Yes, I do. Here you are!

Do you have any fruit?

Yes, of course.

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Do you have any vegetables?

No, Im sorry, I dont.

Practise with: tea, coffee, fruit syrup, soup, sweets, soft drinks;

B) - Do you want some tea? - Yes, please ! - Do you want some coffee? - No, thank you. Practise with: milk, mineral water, beer, wine, orange juice, hot chocolate; C)I want some, please. I dont want any.

Practise with: fruit juice, still water, beer, cake, chocolate, salad, meat. D) Work on the model: I want a cup of coffee and my friend wants some tea

1. I some milk / Tom water 2. I a glass of juice / Mary a coffee 3. I an apple / my mom grapes 4. I a banana / my sister an orange 5. I an icecream / my brother a cake E) Ask and answer:Where can you buy medicines? At the chemists.

- a loaf of bread - a jar of jam - a kilo of apples - a carton of milk - a bottle of beer - a can of cola - a kilo of meat - a magazine

- at the pharmacy - at the market - at the supermarket - at the butchers - at the dairy - at the bakers - at the newsagents

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Dialogue

How much?

How many.?

- How much tea shall I drink? - About 2 or 3 cups a day. - How much medicinal tea shall I buy? - You need 3 packets. - How much sugar sall I put in it? - No sugar! - Shall I take any medicines? - Of course. These are your pills. - How many pills a day? - Wait a minute, I write on them. 3 pills a day. - How many days? - 10 days. - 10 days? Isnt it pretty much? - No, thats the treatment. Lets Talk! 1. Put the right word in the right place How much............... do you want? How many ............... do you want?salt, water, apples, syrup, tablets, money, needles, boxes, tea,

2. Practice A)Have fruit got any vitamins? Have fruit got any fats? Yes, they have.

No, they havent.

Have vegetables got any vitamins? Has meat got any proteins? Have grapes got any sugar? 57

B)What does it taste like?

It tastes sweet. It tastes salty. It tastes sour. It tastes bitter

What does it smell like?

It smells lovely. It smells horrible. C) Match: A lemon tastes An orange tastes The seawater tastes A grapefruit tastes D) Work on the model:What does a lemon taste like? It tastes sour.

sweet sour bitter salty

Chocolate / sweet Salt / salty Pepper / hot Candy / sweet Coffee / bitter

E)I like coffee I dont like tea. She likes vegetables she doesnt like meat.

Fish / poultry Apples / pears Oranges / lemons Fruit juice / beer Ham / bacon

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GRAMMARExpressing Necessity, Obligation and InterdictionExpressing Necessity Im hungry. I must eat something. I need some food Hes thirsty. He must drink something. He needs some water. I dont have money. I must work hard. I need a job. She is ill. She must stay at home. She needs special care. Expressing Obligation Its late. We must go. I want to pass the exam. I must study more. Expressing Interdiction You mustnt smoke here! You mustnt take this medicine!

Exercises I. Put in the interrogative and negative next sentences:He must read this book. Must he read this book?

1. They must visit the town. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2. Ann must prepare a cake. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 59

3. My grandma must take this pill. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 4. The cat must drink some milk. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 5. My father must read the newspaper. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ II. Translate into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Eu trebuie sa iau medicamentul. Nu trebuie sa fumezi aici... Trebuie sa mananc tot?.. Diana trebuie sa faca o scurta plimbare. Trebuie sa citesc ziarul..

III. Fill in with: must, mustnt, need, neednt. When we have got flu, we ........ stay home. Flu is a contagious disease. We ........ lots of fluids because high temperature makes our body lose water. Hot tea ........ be the best choice. We ............ drink cold or sparkling drinks. We ............ eat fruit and vegetables as they are rich in vitamins. We .......... take antibiotics unless any complications arise. We ............ take medication for lowering fever, cough, runny nose and sore throat.

UNIT 3 MEDICAL FIELD

Lesson oneThe Human BodyOne of the first things you need to know when working in English is the parts of the body. You will need to learn the names of the internal (inside the skin) and external body parts. You will also need to learn the words for the functions of each of these body parts. Here are the basics to get you started. Head Inside the head is the brain, which is responsible for thinking. The top of a person's scalp is covered with hair. Beneath the hairline at the front of the face is the forehead. Underneath the forehead are the eyes for seeing, the nose for smelling, and the mouth for eating. On the outside of the mouth are the lips, and on the inside of the mouth are the teeth for biting and the tongue for tasting. Food is swallowed down the throat. At the sides of the face are the cheeks and at the sides of the head are the ears for hearing. At the bottom of a person's face is the 60

chin. The jaw is located on the inside of the cheeks and chin. The neck is what attaches the head to the upper body. Upper Body At the top and front of the upper body, just below the neck is the collar bone. On the front side of the upper body is the chest, which in women includes the breasts. Babies suck on the nipples of their mother's breasts. Beneath the ribcage are the stomach and the waist. The navel, more commonly referred to as the belly button, is located here as well. On the inside of the upper body are the heart for pumping blood and the lungs for breathing. The rear side of the upper body is called the back, inside which the spine connects the upper body to the lower body. Upper Limbs (arms) The arms are attached to the shoulders. Beneath this area is called the armpit or underarm. The upper arms have the muscles known as triceps and biceps. The joint halfway down the arm is called the elbow. Between the elbow and the next joint, the wrist, is the forearm. Below the wrist is the hand with four fingers and one thumb. Beside the thumb is the index finger. Beside the index finger is the middle finger, followed by the ring finger and the little finger. At the ends of the fingers are fingernails. Lower Body Below the waist, on left and right, are the hips. Between the hips are the reproductive organs, the penis (male) or the vagina (female). At the back of the lower body are the buttocks for sitting on. They are also commonly referred to as the rear end or the bum (especially with children). The internal organs in the lower body include the intestines for digesting food, the bladder for holding liquid waste, as well as the liver and the kidneys. This area also contains the woman's uterus, which holds a baby when a woman is pregnant. Lower Limbs (legs) The top of the leg is called the thigh, and the joint in the middle of the leg is the knee. The front of the lower leg is the shin and the back of the lower leg is the calf. The ankle connects the foot to the leg. Each foot has five toes. The smallest toe is often called the little toe while the large one is called the big toe. At the ends of the toes are toenails.

Vocabulary Human [hju:mn] = uman, omenesc Body [bdi] = corp, trup Head [hed] = cap Toes [touz] = degete de la picior Limb [lim] = membru (mana, picior) Inside [insaid] = inauntru, interior Brain [brein] = creier Muscle [m sl] = muschi Bone [boun] = os Skeleton [skelitn] = schelet Arm [a:m] = brat Leg [leg] = picior Finger = deget Hand [hnd] = mana (cu palma) Foot [fut] = laba piciorului Heart [h:t] = inima Lungs [l s] = plamani Liver [liv] = ficat Stomach [st mk] = stomak sensory [sensri] = sensorial eye [ai] = ochi sight [sait] = vaz, vedere ear [i:] ureche hearing [hiri] = auz mouth [mau] = gura tongue [t ] = limba taste [teist] = gust nose [nouz] = nas smell = mioros skin = piele lash [l] = geana eyebrow [aibrau] = spranceana neck = gat link = legatura

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Kidneys [kidniz] = rinichi

Answer the questions: 1. Which are the main parts of the human body? 2. Where is the brain situated? 3. Whats inside the body? 4. Which are the sensory organs? 5. What protects the eyes? 6. Which are the main organs inside the body? Exercises 1. Complete these words: He_d, ne_k, hea_t, ki_ney, h_nd, f_ _ t, l_v_r;

2. Match the words with their right definitions: Doctor Nurse Patient Medicine Hospital Eyes Stomach Read & LearnHe knows me.

a) the person who assists the doctor; b) a sick person in a hospital; c) a pill for sick people; d) a building where sick people stay in; e) the person who takes care of sick people; f) the organ digesting food; g) organs helping us see;

Give me a pill.Tell her the time. Ask him question. Give us an idea. a

I meet you. He loves her. She hates him. I like it.

Now fill in the gaps: 62

Hes my doctor. I go to _____ . She is my friend. I tell _____ my problems. We like our friends. We visit _______ every week. It is my dog. I like ______. I am his wife. He loves _______.

Lesson twoPain and AcheWhen the head hurts us, we say we have a headache. But when we have an injury at arm or leg and it hurts us, we say we have a pain in the arm or a pain in the leg. When the stomach hurts us, we may have heartburns. Be careful, heartburns are not pains in the heart. When we have toothache we must go to the dentists. If we watch TV or work on computer for a long time, our eyes are sore. If weve got flu, we have sore throat, runny and stuffy nose and muscular pains. Pain Pain is a feeling triggered in the nervous system. Pain may be sharp or dull. It may come and go, or it may be constant. You may feel pain in one area of your body, such as your back, abdomen or chest or you may feel pain all over, such as when your muscles ache from the flu. Pain can be helpful. Without pain, you might seriously hurt yourself without knowing it, or you might not realize you have a medical problem that needs treatment. Once you take care of the problem, pain usually goes away. However, sometimes pain goes on for weeks, months or even years. This is called chronic pain. Sometimes chronic pain is due to an ongoing cause, such as cancer or arthritis. Sometimes the cause is unknown. Fortunately, there are many ways to treat pain. Treatment varies depending on the cause of pain. Pain relievers, acupuncture and sometimes surgery are helpful. Vocabulary Pain [pein] = durere Ache [eik] = durere continua To hurt [h:t] = a durea Headache [hedeik] = migrena Injury [ind3ri] = rana Heartburn [ha:tb:n] = arsura la stomac Toothache [tu:eik] = durere de dinti Sore [s:] = durere Flu = gripa Throat [rout] = gat (int.) Runny = care curge Stuffy [st fi] = infundat Pain = a feeling of physical suffering caused by injury or illness Her symptoms included abdominal pain and vomiting. Are you in (= suffering from) pain? She was in constant pain. These tablets should help to ease the pain. I felt a sharp pain in my foot. He's been suffering various aches and pains for years. Ache = a continuous pain which is unpleasant but not strong As you get older, you have all sorts of aches and pains. 63

I've got a dull (= slight) ache in my lower back. Used in combinations with parts of the body to mean a continuous pain in the stated part: earache/headache/toothache/backache I've had a stomach ache all morning Pang = a sudden sharp feeling, especially of painful emotion He felt a pang of jealousy when he saw that. We hadn't eaten since yesterday and the hunger pangs were getting harder to ignore. Stitch = a sharp pain in the side of your stomach or chest, often caused by not breathing enough when running or laughing I got a stitch after running for the bus. Twinge = a sudden short feeling of physical or mental pain I felt a twinge in my knee. He was feeling twinges from a calf injury after 20 minutes of the game. I admit I felt a twinge of guilt as we left. Throes = when experiencing or doing something which is difficult, unpleasant or painful Birth throes Death throes Look on the model and talk:

a headache earache a stomachache toothache heartburns Whats the matter with her/him?

Whats the matter with you?

Ive got a headache

He/Shes got a cold

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The Skeleton of a Human

Lesson Three65

What is he? What is he doing? What is he? Hes a surgeon. What is he doing? He is operating a patient. Whats she? Shes a nurse. What is she doing? She is helping the doctor.

Whats he? Hes a dentist. Whats he doing? He is filling up a tooth cavity.

Whats this? This is a syringe. What is it containing? Its containing a medicine.

Exercises 1. Look at the pictures! What are they doing?

____________ ____________

_______________ _______________

____________ ____________

______________ ______________

____________ ____________

_____________ _____________

______________ ______________

______________ ______________

2. Work on the model: Is he reading a book? / playing in the garden. No, he isnt. He isnt reading a book. Hes playing in the garden. a) Are you watching a film? / listening to music. b) Is she going shopping? / going to the doctors. c) Are they talking? / working. d) Is he repairing the car? / driving a car. e) Are you eating a cake? / drinking a fruit juice. 66

1. Finish next sentences: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) What are they talking about? They are talking about What is he doing? He ....................... Where is she going? She is ...................... Where are they staying? They...................... What is the boy listening to? The boy ..................... What is the father watching? He is ...................... What are they talking about? They....................... What is the doctor doing? He...................... Where is the nurse going?........................

GRAMMAR

The Continuous Present TenseDefinition: It shows an action in full progress in the moment of speaking. S + To Be (present tense) + Verb ing. To Be (present tense) + S + Verb ing? S + To Be (present tense) + not + Verb ing. Affirmative form I am talking You are talking He / She is talking We are talking You are talking They are talking Short Forms: I am talking = Im talking Im not talking You are talking = Youre talking You arent talking He is talking = Hes talking He isnt talking Interrogative form Am I talking? Are you talking? Is he/she talking? Are we talking? Are you talking? Are they talking? Negative Form I am not talking You are not talking He/She is not talking We are not talking You are not talking They are not talking

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Lesson fourAt the DoctorsDoctor: Patient: Doctor: Patient: Doctor: Patient: Doctor: Patient: Doctor: Next, please! Good morning, doctor! Good morning! Come in and sit down, please. Whats the matter with you? My names John Smith. I feel sick; I think Ive got a cold. Lets see whats about. Open your mouth. Oh, you have tonsillitis. I have a sore throat indeed. You must be running a temperature. Do you have headaches? Yes, I have an awful headache and my eyes are sore. Youve got flu, Mr Smith. You must take care of you and treat this sickness seriously. You must stay indoors, drink hot tea and much fruit juice, eat lemons and oranges and follow this treatment. Here you are a prescription; some tablets to lower temperature, some drops for throat, syrup for cough and nose drops. You must follow my directions. Take these tablets twice a day, after meals, two spoonfuls of syrup three times a day, suck four cough drops and drip three drops into each nostril when needed. Thank you very much, doctor. Good-bye! Get better! Good-bye!

Patient: Doctor:

Vocabulary Ti sit = a sedea Down = jos Tonsillitis [tnsi`laities] = amigdalita Nostril [nstrl] = nara Mouth [mau] = gura Indeed [in`di:d] = intr-adevar Sickness = boala to lower = a scadea spoonful [spu:nfl] = continutul dintr-o lungura to drip = a picura drops = picaturi, dropsuri Useful Expressions Whats the matter? = care-i problema? Lets see whats about = sa vedem despre ce-i vorba; Here you are = poftim Get better! = fa-te bine

Answer the questions: 68

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Whats the patients name?..................................................................................... Whats the matter with him?................................................................................... Which are his simptoms?........................................................................................ Whats the diagnisis?.............................................................................................. Whats the treatment?.............................................................................................

ReadingDoctor's Diagnosis

Physician

Your test results have come in. I'm afraid the prognosis isn't good. You have a long road to recovery. We have several options to discuss. The blood test came back negative. The transfusion was a success. It looks like you're ready to go home.

Patient

I don't understand what this means. Am I going to need surgery? Is it good news or bad? When will the tests results come in? How long do I have to stay in the hospital? What is the success rate? Are they going to run more tests?

Sample ConversationDoctor: Hi Jessica. How are you feeling today? Patient: A bit better. Doctor: That's good to hear. Are you still feeling nauseous? Patient: No, I haven't felt sick to my stomach since you switched my medication. Doctor: Great. Say, your test results came in this morning. Patient: It's about time. Is it good news or bad? Doctor: I guess it's a bit of both. Which do you want first? Patient: Let's get the bad news over with. Doctor: Okay. It looks like you're going to need surgery to remove the tumour from your leg. After the operation you're going to have to stay off your feet for at least three weeks. That means no soccer. Patient: I was afraid you were going to say that. Doctor: Now for the good news. The biopsy shows that the tumour is benign, which means it's not cancerous. We're going to take it out anyway just to be on the safe side. Patient: Wow, that's a load off my mind. Thanks Doctor.

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Doctor: Don't get too excited. We still need to get to the bottom of all of this weight loss. Patient: I've probably just been so worried about this stupid lump. Doctor: These things often are stress related, but we're still going to do a few blood tests just to rule a few things out. Patient: Things like what? Cancer? Doctor: Actually, I'm thinking more along the lines of a food allergy.

Check your understanding 1 Why did the woman have to switch medication?

2

What bad news does the doctor give the patient?

3

What medical procedure did the patient already undergo?

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UNIT 4 PHARMACEUTICS

Lesson oneMedicine from the forest

Many little plants from the rain forests save thousands of lives every year. In the 1960s scientists discovered that they could use them to make a medicine that cures some kinds of cancer. People who live in the rain forests collect plants. They use the plants in many different ways. Sometimes they make medicines from these plants and use them when they are ill. Scientists go to the rain forests to pick medicinal plants. They study those plants in laboratories and make medicines from them. Then factories make lots of the new medicine to give to people who are ill. Vocabulary Forest = padure Rain forest = padure tropicala To discover = a descoperi To cure [kju:] = a vindeca Ill = bolnav Factory = fabrica Answer the questions: 1. Why are the plants from the rain forests so important? 2. Who study these plants? 3. What disease can the plants cure? Read the sentences below. Look at the underlined words. Try to guess their meaning. Doris has a headache. She must take a pain killer. Because I was ill I went to a doctor and he gave me some medicines. The medication I took was efficient. I cured quickly. That pill made me feel better. I take two tablets of this medicine once a day.

Lets talk!What do you take when you have?

A headache Earache A stomachache Flu A cough A cold A pain in your back Toothache

When I have a headache I take a pain killer.

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HomeopathyWhat are Homeopathics? Homeopathic remedies (also called homeopathics) are a system of medicine based on three principles: Like cures like For example, if the symptoms of your cold are similar to poisoning by mercury, then mercury would be your homeopathic remedy. Minimal Dose The remedy is taken in an extremely dilute form; normally one part of the remedy to around 1,000,000,000,000 parts of water. The Single Remedy No matter how many symptoms are experienced, only one remedy is taken, and that remedy will be aimed at all those symptoms. Similar principals forms the basis of conventional allergy treatment, where the allergic substance is given in a small dose, and in vaccines where an impotent form of the virus is given to bolster the immune system against that particular virus. Why use Homeopathics? Homeopathy is the second most widely used system of medicine in the world. Its growth in popularity in the United States has been around 25 to 50 percent a year throughout the last decade. This success is fueled by several factors: Homeopathy is extremely effective. When the correct remedy is taken, results can be rapid, complete and permanent. Homeopathy is completely safe. Even babies and pregnant women can use Homeopathy without the danger of side effects. Homeopathic remedies can also be taken alongside other medication without producing unwanted side effects. Homeopathy is natural. Homeopathic remedies are normally based on natural ingredients. Homeopathy works in harmony with your immune system, unlike some conventional medicines which suppress the immune system. (For example, cough medicines suppress the cough reflex, which is your body's attempt to clear the lungs) Homeopathic remedies are not addictive - once relief is felt, you should stop taking them. If no relief is felt, you are probably taking the wrong homeopathic remedy. Homeopathy is holistic. It treats all the symptoms as one, which in practical terms means that it addresses the cause, not the symptoms. This often means that symptoms tackled with Homeopathy do not recur. But there is a catch... Every silver lining has a cloud, and there are two main barriers to the effective use of homeopathy: Prescribing the right homeopathic remedy takes a little more time and patience than conventional medicine. Exactly the right remedy needs to be taken for your symptoms. There is no such thing as a standard homeopathic headache remedy (though, sadly that doesn't mean no such product is sold...). The remedy you take has to be matched to your particular headache - where it occurs, what brings it on, what type of pain it is, what aggravates it, what makes it feel worse, your state of mind and what other symptoms you experience. The sheer range of remedies in use can cause practical problems for an average sized pharmacy. If the right remedy is not one of 30 or so commonly used remedies, they can be difficult to obtain.http://abchomeopathy.com/homeopathy.htm

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Answer the questions: 1. What is homeopathy?

2. What principle is homeopathy based on?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of homeopathy?

Find a homeopathic remedy and talk about it:

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Lesson twoWhat did you do ?

- Hi, Jane! I received this package yesterday.

We were at a picnic last Sunday. The weather was fine. It didnt rain.

I worked hard yesterday. I finished all the work.

I was at the dentists last week. I had an awful toothache.

What did you do yesterday? I played with my dog yesterday.

Where did you go last evening? We went to the theatre last evening. The play we saw was very fascinating.

Exercises 74

What did you do yesterday?

I read a book.I watched TV.

Practise:went to the pharmacy; bought some medicines; took a walk in the park; prepared powders and ointments;

What did Ann do last summer?

Fill in with the right words:

Took photos

Last summer, Ann ______ a wonderful vacation. She _________ France. First, she _____ to Paris. She ________ by car and _________ many beautiful places. Ann _________ of different historical monuments.

Visited Saw Travelled

Work on the model: Where did Angela go yesterday? / to the pharmacy. Angela went to the pharmacy. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What did you buy last evening? / some pain killers. When did he go to bed last night? / at 12 pm. Where did they go last week? / to hospital. How did you spend your holiday? / visit England. What did he do last evening? / lay in bed.

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GRAMMAR

The Simple Past TenseDefinition: This tense shows an action started and ended in the past. -ed (regular vb.): Affirmative Form: S + verb -2nd form (irregular vb.): Interrogative Form: Did + S + verb (short infinitive)? to write - wrote to ask - asked

Did you ask? Did he write?

Negative form: S + did not/didnt + verb (short infinitive): I did not ask./I didnt ask.He did not write./He didnt write !!! WRITING PROBLEMS !!! Verbs ending in consonant preceded by short vowel, double the final consonant; To refer preferred To stop stopped To occur occurred Verbs ending in consonant + y change y into i and add ed; To try tried To study studied Verbs ending in vowel + y add ed no change produces; To play played To stay stayed Verbs ending in e, drop final e and add ed no double e; To live lived Verbs ending in l, double final l before adding ed; To travel travelled / (BE) - traveled / (AE) The Continuous Past Tense Definition: This tense shows: - actions going on at a certain time in the past - actions taking place at the same time - an action in the past that is interrupted by another action A.F. N.F I.F. S + was/were + vb-ing S + was/ were + not +vb-ing Was/Were + S + Vb-ing He was speaking. He was not speaking. Was he speaking?

Key words: at this time yesterday/ last........; when, while, as long as

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What will you do? - What will you become? - Ill become a pharmacist assistant. - Where will you work? - Ill work in a pharmacy. - What will you do at work? - Ill help the pharmacist. - Will you work in your town? - No, I wont. The pharmacy Ill work in is in the country. - And what will your sister become? - She will become a doctor. She likes helping people get better. - She will work in a hospital, I suppose. - Yes, she will. - Will she finish medical university next year? - No, this year. And she will be an intern for one year, at least. Read and translate next sentences I shall / will go to the chemists tomorrow. You will not become a phisician, youll become a chemist. She will buy some medicines. Will he go to the dentist tomorrow? We shall / will work in a pharmacy. Wont you work in a hospital? Wont they be interns for 3 years? Read & Practise:What will you do tomorrow?

I will go shopping.

Prepare medicines Play tennis Go swimming Go to the doctors Go to the chemists Clean the house

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Ask questions for next sentences: e.g. Where will Tom go? 1. Tom will go into town. 2. Ann will go to the seaside. 3. We shall go in the mountains. 4. They will go in the country. 5. Mary will leave tomorrow. 6. Our friends will come next week. 7. They will buy some medicines. 8. I will visit foreign countries.

Lesson threeAt the Chemists

May I help you?

Yes, Id like a painkiller.

Hello, how can I help you?

Id like a cough syrup.

Do you have a prescription?

Yes, I have. Here you are.

Lets Talk! You are at the chemists and you want to buy some medicines. Invent a dialogue between you and the pharmacist. Practice: a. Have you got paracetamol? b. Yes, we have. - Have you got tylenol? - No, we havent. Im sorry!Cough drops, Cough syrup, Aspirin,

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Exercises I. Match the words in column A to those in column B A Head Tooth Stomach Heart Ear Sore Running Stuffy II. III. B ache burns

Eyes Throat Nose

Make sentences with these combinations. Read & Practise:What would you like? Id like some nose drips.

A painkiller, cough drops, eye drips, an ointment, a powder, cough syrup;

At the pharmacy- Good afternoon! Can I help you? - Yes, lets hope so. Thanks God you speak English. - Well, just a little. What seems to be wrong? - Ive got an upset stomach, its pretty bad. Ive been up all night with it. And now Ive got a bad headache, as well. - I see... When did it first start? - When I went to bed, last night. - What did you eat? - Oh, I ate a new dish for dinner and it must be the problem... -Have you got diarrhoea? - Yes. I have to go every few minutes. - OK. Here you