Energy Maneuvering
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Transcript of Energy Maneuvering
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
4 : Climb and Turn Performance
or how nimble is the aircraft ?
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
The rate of climb (ROC)
The rate of climb (ROC) is the rate at which an aircraft increases its altitude
Climb records
h (km) time (s) ROC (m/s)
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Climb model
γ : flight path (climb) angle
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Resolving forces parallel and perpendicular to flight path (velocity V)
T – D – W sinγ = m dV/dt
L – W cosγ = m V dγ/dt
The climb rate is then
dh/dt = V sinγ
=
or(T – D) V =
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
The climb equation
(T – D) V = dh/dt + d [V2 / (2g) ] / dtW
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Specific energy
The quantity on the rhs of the climb equation can be written as :
dh/dt + d [V2 / (2g) ] / dt
=
=
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Energy perspective
Hence the climb equation is actually an ‘energy” equation
Ps = dhe/dt
The time to transit from one energy state to another is given by :
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Example : F104 Ps curves
How to fly from energy state A to state B as fast as possible ?
A
B
Source : NASA TN D6398
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Comparison F4H-1 vs F15A
F4H-1 2 x J79-GE-2A turbojets
thrust = 2 x 10,350 lb ( 2 x 4,693 kg)
MTOW = 54,600 lb (24,761 kg)
T/W =
F15A 2 x F100-PW-100 turbofan
thrust = 2 x 25,000 lb (2 x 11,250 kg)
MTOW = 56,000 lb (25,200 kg)
T/W =
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Energy-Maneuverability Theory
• Developed by USAF Col John Boyd at Georgia Tech in 1962
• Thesis :
• Proved that the F-4 could not out turn a MiG-21 except at low altitude and high speed
• E-M theory was applied to the design of the F15 and F16
USAF Col John Boyd 1927-1997
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Sustained level turn
Conventional aircraft change heading by banking
i.e. tilt the lift force so that the horizontal component provides the centripedal force for circular motion.
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Sustained level turn model
φ
L cosφ =
L sinφ =
Resolving forces in the vertical and horizontal directionsL
φ: : bank angle
dχ/dt : turn rateW = mg
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Define the load factor n = L/W
= 1 / cosφ ( n > 1 )
Dividing the 2 force equations
V/g dχ/dt = tan φ
=
=
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
The turn equation is :
dχ/dt = (g/V) √ ( n2 - 1 )
The turn radius is :
R = V / dχ/dt
= V2/ ( g √ ( n2 - 1 ) )
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Example : Turn envelope
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Exercise : Performance
estimation
Assuming A has a corner velocity of 450 kts at a load factor of 8, what’s the turn radius and turn rate ?
Assuming B is flying at the same speed, what’s the load factor and turn rate for B ?
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Turn at maximum load factor
Question : What’s the bank angle ?
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
load factor n = ⇒ bank angle =
airspeed V = 450 kts = 450*0.5151 = 232 m/s
turn rate =
=
=
=
turn radius = V / turn rate
=
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
RA = V2 / (g √ (nA2 – 1 ) )
RB = V2 / (g √ (nB2 – 1 ) )
load factor nB =
=
turn rate =
=
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Comparison of turn rates
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
Bottom Line
High turn rates require high load factors
Notes :
G. Leng, ME Dept, NUS
V-n Diagram