EKFE KARDITSAS Peiramata Xim Lykeiou 6 2009

.. .. .. .. ..

.... ....

.. .. .. .. ::

22 00 00 99

( )

.... . . 2441 079 170 - 1 fax: 2441 079 172 e-mail: [email protected] website: http://ekfe.kar.sch.gr

1

. (....) .

5 / / 43100 .: 24410 79170-1 & fax: 24410 79172

e-mail: [email protected] & [email protected] website: http://ekfe.kar.sch.gr

I S B N 9 7 8 - 9 6 0 - 8 9 7 1 5 - 8 - 5 1 : 2005 2 : 2005 3 : , 2007 :::

( )


2

, , 04 . . () .

, . ( ).

.... , .

.

( . 88167/7/4-7-2008/ : 2008-2009), .

...., .. 04, . . 241 . 261 . :

( ) .. r.. .. .. .. .. ( . 241) ( . 241) (

. 455-461) ( . 453-454) ( . 462-465) ( . 454) ( . 241) ( )

. 260 ( Fehling, Tollens . Lugol), . 258-259 ( ) pH , & .

( )


3

, . 445 451 , , , ... - . ( ), , .

, , (grude), P.I. - Pro Analysis (pure & extra pure), X HPLC. , , (. 2003-04), (. 2006-07), (. 2008-09) . . , . , . , 16 2009 .... .

( )


4

(( )) 11.. %w/w %w/v . 6 22.. . 7

4 . . .

33.. pH , , pH MultiLog . 8

5 . . .

44.. . 13 6 . . .

55.. . 15

7 . . .

(( ))

11.. - . 16 22.. . 17

1 () . . .

33.. . 19 3 . . .

44.. . 20 5 . . .

55.. . 22 6 . . .

(( ))

11.. . 24 1 . . .

22.. . 26 2 . . .

33.. ( ) . 28 3 () . . .

44.. . 29

( )


5

4 . . .

55.. . 32 5 . . .

(( ))

11.. . 33 1 . . .

22.. MultiLog . 36

2 . . .

11.. .. . 39 , .. .

22.. (..) . 44 ,

33.. . 46

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6

%w/w, %w/V : 1. (.130.0) 2. 100mL (.300.4) (.290.) 3. (.040.0) 4. (.180.1) 5. (.235.0) 6. (.250.0) 7. 100mL (.295.4) 8. 9. : 1. 2%w/w : - . 2g 2g . 200mL. 98g 98g . . 2. 3%w/V : - . 3g 3g . 200mL 50mL . . - 100mL , 100mL.

( )


7

: 1. (XH.580.0). , . . 2. HCl 1M (.455) 3. NH3 1M (OY.040) 4. CH3COOH 1M (.325) 5. 6. 7. 8. 100mL (.300.4) :

.

: . : 1. 100mL, 50mL . 10mL, 1g 40g . . 2. ( ) ( ) ( ).

( )

( )


8

pH , , pH MultiLog : 1. (.280.6) (.080.0) 2. 100mL (.300.4) 50mL (.300.3) 3. (.560.0) 4. (.550.0) 5. (.250.0) 6. pH 3, 5 11 7. (.730) (.790) 8. () ( , ) 9. MultiLog (Data Logger) , (.610.0) 10. pH (.800.0), (sensor cable) 11. / DB-Lab 3.2, : , ;

100mL CH3COOH 2, CH3COOH 100% (, , d=1,05g/mL, ). . - (0,2mol 0,2x60g=) 12g CH3COOH 100%. - 100mL. - 100mL.

100mL . NaOH 2, NaOH (, , ). - (0,2mol 0,2x40g=) 8g NaOH. - 100mL. - 100mL.

pH=4,745. - 100mL 50mL CH3COOH 2 (n= C1V1 =20,05=0,1mol) 25mL NaOH 2 (n= C2V2 =20,025=0,05mol). - 100mL . - : CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + 2 : 0,1mol 0,05mol - : -0,05mol -0,05mol 0,05mol : 0,05mol - 0,05mol

- CH3COOH 100mL C = 0.10.05

=0,5M.

- CH3COONa 100mL C= 0.10.05

=0,5M.

- Henderson-Hasselbach pH : pH=pka+log(C/C)=4,74+log(0,5/0,5)=4,745.

100mL HCl 0,1, HCl 37%w/w (, , d=1,18g/mL, ). .

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9

- 100g HCl 37%w/w 37g 37:36,46=1,015mol. 0,01mol (100x0,01):1,015=0,985g1g. - 1g HCl 37%w/w. - 100mL. - 100mL.

pH=3. - 100mL 1mL HCl 0,1. - 100mL. - 0,001, . pH=3.

100mL NaOH 0,1, NaOH (, , ). - (0,01mol 0,01x40g=) 0,4g NaOH. - 100mL. - 100mL.

pH=11. - 100mL 1mL NaOH 0,1. - 100mL. - 0,001, . pH=3 pH=11.

, 100mL , 200mL 2, 500mL 5, ...

(.440.0), (.430.0), (.420.0) (.450.0).

, . : 1. 50mL 5mL pH=3, pH=5 pH=11, .

1, pH=3, 2-3 . 2, pH=5, 2-3 . 3, pH=11, 2-3 .

pH , MultiLog. 2. ( 50mL) 5mL () .

1 2-3 , 2 2-3 . pH (8,3>pH>4,5). 2 2 1 (pH=5). pH , MultiLog.

1 2-3 , 2 2-3 . pH (pH>10).

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10

1 3 1 (pH=11). pH , MultiLog.

pH : , , (

, , ). ( )

, pH. ,

pH . pH : . ,

( pH 4, 7 10). . . .

: .

pH MultiLog : pH MultiLog /-1. . MultLog / DB-Lab 3.2. MultiLog . DB-Lab 3.2 , . , 1 pH, 50,

10/sec. ,

pH . 1 pH ultiLog

(Azax) 2 (Tuborg).

( )


11

( )


12

HHCCll NNaaOOHH

, , .

( )


13

: 1. (.280.6) 2. (.080.0) 3. ( ) (.260.0) 4. 1 :

, .

. : 1. , Cl. 2-3mL . NaCl (aq), AlCl3 (aq) HCl (aq) 2 . AgNO3 (aq) .

NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) AgCl ()

+ NaNO3 (aq)

AlCl3 (aq) + 3 AgNO3 (aq) 3 AgCl ()

+ Al(NO3)3 (aq)

HCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) AgCl ()

+ HNO3 (aq)

1 3 (aq) ( ). 2 3 (aq), ( 3). 3 , (, ). 2. , SO4 2 . 5mL H2SO4 (aq) 2 . BaCl2 (aq) .

BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 ()

+ 2 HCl (aq)

1 HCl (aq) , 2 3 (aq), . 3. , Al3+. 5mL AlCl3 (aq) 2 NaOH (aq) .

AlCl3 (aq) + 3 NaOH (aq) 3 Al(OH)3 ()

+ 3 NaCl (aq)

1 NaOH (aq), . 2 HCl (aq) . 3 3 (aq) .

( )


14

4. , Fe3+. 5mL FeCl3 (aq) 2 NaOH (aq) .

FeCl3 (aq) + 3 NaOH (aq) 3 Fe(OH)3 ()

+ 3 NaCl (aq)

1 NaOH (aq) . 2 HCl (aq) . 5. , .

KI (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) AgI ()

+ KNO3 (aq)

KBr (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) AgBr ()

+ KNO3 (aq)

CuSO4 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Cu(OH)2 ()

+ Na2SO4 (aq)

FeSO4 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Fe(OH)2 ()

+ Na2SO4 (aq)

Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Ni(OH)2 ()

+ 2 NaNO3 (aq)

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Pb(OH)2 ()

+ 2 NaNO3 (aq)

( )


15

: 1. (.130.0) 2. 100mL (.295.4), 500mL (.295.8) 1000mL (.295.9) 3. (.040.0) 4. (.180.1) 5. (.235.0) 6. (.250.0) 7. 100mL (.300.4) 8. CuSO4.5H2O (.166) 9. :

2%w/w (2% , . 2g 98g ) 3%w/V (3% , . 3g 100mL ). : 1. CuSO4 0,1 :

. 2,5g CuSO4.5H2O

2,5g 2,5g CuSO4.5H2O. 100mL 50mL . 2,5g CuSO4.5H2O . 100mL

, 100mL.

CuSO4.5H2O 249,68.

2,5g CuSO4.5H2O 0,01mol249,68

2,5n == .

100mL 0,01mol CuSO4, 1000mL =0,01100

1000

0,1mol. 0,1. 2. CuSO4 0,1 :

100mL 500mL 1000mL. ,

M1V1=M2V20,1100mL=M2500mL 500mL

100mL0,1M2M

=

M2=0,02M M1V1=M2V20,1100mL=M21000mL 1000mL

100mL0,1M2M

= M2=0,01.

( )


16

: (.200.0) :

( C, , , , ) :

1. - 2. - 3. -- 4. CH4 5. CH3-CH3 6. CH2=CH2 7. CHCH 8. C5H10 9. O-H 10. -X 11. CH3 12. -C-O-C- 13. -COOH 14. CH=O 15. C-CO-C-

( )


17

: 1. (.280.6) 2. (.080.0) 3. 100mL (.300.4), 50mL (.300.3) 4. (.210.) 5. 25mL (.290.2) 6. (.250.0) 7. (.010) 8. (.122) 9. (.160) 10. (.510) 11. Bunsen (XH.005.0) 12. (.020.0) 13. 5mL (.355.5) 14. (.040.0) :

2Cr27, 2Cr27 (, , , ). - 10mL . - 2Cr27 . - 2Cr27 ( , ).

.

Fehling Tollens, , .

( )


18

: 1. 1mL ( ), 5mL 2Cr27 0,5mL 2S4 (95-97%). [2Cr27] [Cr2(S4)3] ( ) , . . 2. Cu ( CuO). 25mL . ( CuO Cu CH3CH2OH CH3CHO).

( )


19

: 1. (.280.6) 2. (.080.0) 3. 50mL (.300.3) 4. 10mL (.290.1) 5. 100mL (.295.4) 6. (.325) 7. (.730) 8. (.550.0) 9. (NaHCO3) 10. (.230) 11. (.040.0) 12. (.250.0) :

CH3COOH 1M, CH3COOH 100% (, , ). - 10mL 5,7mL . - 100mL .

. : 1. 10mL CH3COOH 1M 10mL . 2-3 . pH. 2. 20mL CH3COOH 1M 20mL . (Mg) ( 2) Mg . 3. 10mL CH3COOH 1M 10mL . NaHCO3 ( ) ( CO2) CH3COOH.

( )


20

: 1. (.280.6) 2. (.080.0) 3. 250mL (.300.6) 4. 25mL (.290.2) 5. (.130.0) 6. (.235.0) 7. (.250.0) 8. Bunsen (XH.005.0) 9. (.040.0) 10. (.020.0) 11. 5mL (.355.5) 10mL (XH.355.6) 12. (.090) 13. (.490) 14. 15. Tollens [ . 3 (.040) 2mL . AgNO3 (.280) 0,1 ] 16. Fehling (.910) [ Fehling (.911) Fehling (.912)] : , ;

Fehling, Fehling (, ) Fehling (, , ). - 1mL Fehling . - 1mL Fehling Fehling . - Fehling .

Tollens. . - 2mL AgNO3 0,1 . - 3 (26%) , Ag2O .

100mL AgNO3 0,1, AgNO3 (, , , ). - 1,7g AgNO3. - 100mL 50mL . - 1,7g AgNO3 . - 100mL , 100mL.

( )


21

Fehling Tollens . . : Tollens 1. 5mL 0,5g 1, 0,5g 2 0,5g 3. . 2. 1 2mL Tollens. 250mL, . , Ag ( ) . . 3. Tollens 2 3 . ( ) ( ). Fehling ( ) 4. 5mL 0,5g 1, 0,5g 2 0,5g 3 . 5. 1 2mL Fehling. , (Cu2O). Fehling . . Fehling Tollens. 6. Fehling 2 3 . .

( )


22

: 1. 250mL (.300.6) 2. Bunsen (.005.0) 3. (.015.0) 4. (.020.0) 5. 100mL (.290.4) 6. (.170.0) 7. (.235.2) 8. (.190.0) 9. (.010) 10. (.450) 11. (0.540) 12. : , ;

100mL 30%w/V. - 30g . - 100mL 50mL . - 30g 100mL .

100mL . Cl. - 100mL 36g ( 20 C Cl 36g 100mL ) 100mL . : 1. 250mL 5mL 10mL .

( )


23

2mL OH. Bunsen (). . 2. 15 40mL . . 3. (50-55mL) . . 4. , . .

( )


24

: 1. 250mL (.310.6) 2. (.030.1) 3. 250mL (.290.6), 500mL (.290.8) 1000mL (.290.9) 4. 250mL (.295.6), 500mL (.295.8) 1000mL (.295.9) 5. (.130.0) 6. (.210.) 7. (.450) 8. (.455) 9. (.250.0) 10. (.040.0) :

1000mL Cl 0,5M, HCl 37%w/w (, , d=1,18g/mL, ). . - 41,75mL HCl 37%. - 1000mL. - 1000mL.

500mL NaOH 0,5, NaOH (, , ). - 10g NaOH. - 500mL. - 500mL.

: ) 1g 1C 1cal ) 1g 1C 0,2cal.

( ) ( ).

MultiLog. - MultiLog /-1. - . - MultiLog . - MultiLog PORT (INPUT-1 Voltage), SENSOR ( Temperature), RANGE ( -25 110). - Rate 10/sec Samples 20 50. - MultiLog. : 1. NaOH . - 250mL .

( )


25

- 200mL , , 1 . - 2g (0,05mol) NaOH . - , 2 . - , Q=mc. 2. NaOH Cl 0,5M. - 250mL . - 200mL Cl 0,5M, 1 . - 2g (0,05mol) NaOH . - , 2 . - () , Q=mc. 3. Cl 0,5 . NaOH 0,5M. - 250mL . - 100mL Cl 0,5M, 1 . - 100mL NaOH 0,5M, , 2 . - () , Q=mc.

( )


26

: 1. (.280.7) 2. (.080.0) 3. 250 mL (.315.6) 4. (151.0) 5. 3 0,02 6. 2SO3 0,4%w/w (.185) 7. 250mL (.295.6) 8. 250ml (.300.6) 9. Cl 1M (0.455) 10. (.130.0) : , ;

250mL 3 0,02M, 3 ( ) - 1,07g 3. - 250mL. - 250mL.

2SO3 0,4%w/w ( ) - 1,26g 2SO3. - 250mL 50mL . - 1g . . 150mL . 250mL. - 10mL HCl 1M. - 250mL. :

. , , .

3, , B.

pH , . : 1. . - . - 1 10mL B 10mL . .

( )


27

- 2 10mL B 9 mL 1mL . . - 3 10mL B 7 mL 3mL . . - 4 10mL B 5mL 5mL . . 3 . 2. . - 10mL 10mL 2 . . . . 3. :

20 C

(mL)

(mL)

(mL)

(s) 10 0 10 17 9 1 10 20 7 3 10 25 5 5 10 32

( , )

61 C ( )

(mL)

(mL)

(mL)

(s) 10 0 10 8 9 1 10 10 7 3 10 13

( )


28

( ) : 1. (.280.8) [ ] 2. (.080.0) 3. (.235.0) 4. (.465) 5. (.105) 6. [ ] 7. (.260.0) 8. (.040.0) :

. : 1. 1g nO2 22. 22 2 ( , ). 2. 10mL 22 nO2. ( ). nO2 ( ) .

( )


29

: 1. (.280.6) 2. (.080.0) 3. 250mL (.300.6) 4. 10mL (.290.1) 5. 100mL(.295.4) 6. (.040.0) 7. (.180.1) 8. (.235.0) 9. (.130.0) 10. Bunsen (XH.005.0) 11. (.260.0) 12. (.020.0) 13. (.122) 14. (.570) 15. (.450) 16. (.455) 17. (.166) 18. (.540) 19. (.250.0)

: , ;

100mL 2Cr27 0,1, 2Cr27 (, , , ). - 2,94g 2Cr27. - 100mL. - 100mL.

( )


30

100mL 2Cr4 0,1, 2Cr4 (, , , ). - 1,94g 2Cr4. - 100mL. - 100mL.

100mL HCl 1, HCl 37%w/w (, , d=1,18g/mL, ). . - 100g=(100:1,18)mL=84,75mL HCl 37% w/w 37g 37:36,46= 1,015mol. 0,1mol (84,75x0,1):1,015=8,35mL. - 100mL 8,3mL HCl 37%w/w. - 100mL.

100mL NaOH 1, NaOH (, , ). - (0,1mol 0,1x40g=) 4g NaOH. - 100mL. - 100mL.

100mL CuS4 0,1, CuS452 (, , , ). - 2,5 g CuS452. - 100mL. - 100mL.

. : 1. . - . - 1 5mL 2Cr27 0,1, . - 2 5mL 2Cr4 0,1, . - 3 4 1mL 2Cr27 0,1 1 . - 3 ( ) NaOH 1 ( Cr42-, ). HCl 1 . - 4 ( ) HCl 1 . NaOH 1 . - 5 6 1mL 2Cr4 0,1 2 . - 5 ( ) NaOH 1 . HCl 1 . - 6 ( ) HCl 1 ( Cr272-, ). NaOH 1 . 2. . - 10mL . CuS4 0,1 () 2g NaCl. . - (5mL ) ( ).

( )


31

- 1 . [ : CuS4

+ NaCl CuCl2

+ Na2S4.

.] - ( ) .

( )


32

: 1. 10mL (.290.1) 2. (.280.7) 3. 0,1 (0.166) 4. (0.168) 5. 3 (0.160) 6. 1cm2 (0.510) 7. 1cm2 (0.580) 8. 2cm (0.230) 9. 1cm2 (0.380) :

1. .

. : 1. . Cu, Fe, Mg Zn. 2. 10mL CuS4 0,1 5 . , , .. , , , . 3. ZnSO4 0,1M. 4. H2SO4.

( )


33

: 1. 100mL (.290.4) 1000mL (.290.9) 2. 100mL(.295.4) 1000mL (.295.9) 3. 10mL (.355.6) 25mL (.360.2) (.010.0) 60cm (.030.2) 80cm (.030.3), (.020.0) (.040.0) 4. 250mL (.300.6) 50mL (.300.3) 5. (.170.0) 6. X (.180.4) 7. (.040.0) 8. (.560.0) 9. (.130.0) 10. CH3COOH, HCl, NH3, NaOH 2 11. (.250.0) 12. , : , ;

1000mL CH3COOH 2, CH3COOH 100% (, , d=1,05g/mL, ). . - (2mol 2x60g=) 120g CH3COOH 100%. - 1000mL. - 1000mL.

1000mL HCl 2, HCl 37%w/w (, , d=1,18g/mL, ). . - 100g=(100:1,18)mL=84,75mL HCl 37%w/w 37g 37:36,46= 1,015mol. 2mol (84,75x2):1,015=167mL. - 1000mL 167mL HCl 37%w/w. - 1000mL.

1000mL NH3 2, NH3 26%w/w (, , d=0,9g/mL, , ). . - 100g=(100:0,9)mL=111,11mL NH3 26%w/w 26g 26:17= 1,53mol. 2mol (111,11x2):1,53145mL. - 1000mL 145mL NH3 26%w/w. - 1000mL.

1000mL NaOH 2, NaOH (, , ). - (2mol 2x40g=) 80g NaOH. - 1000mL. - 1000mL.

, 1000mL, 100mL 10, 200mL 5, ...

( )


34

(.440.0), (.420.0), (.450.0) (.430.0). : 1. pH=4,74. - 100mL 50mL CH3COOH 2 (n=C1V1= 20,05=0,1mol) 25mL NaOH 2 (n= C2V2 =20,025=0,05mol). - 100mL . - : CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + 2

: 0,1mol 0,05mol - : -0,05mol -0,05mol 0,05mol

: 0,05mol - 0,05mol

- CH3COOH 100mL C= 0.10.05

=0,5M.

- CH3COONa 100mL C= 0.10.05

=0,5M.

- Henderson-Hasselbach pH : pH=pka+log(C/C)=4,74+log(0,5/0,5)=4,74. - pH . 2. pH=9,26. - 100mL 50mL NH3 2 (n=C1V1=20,05 =0,1mol) 25mL HCl 2 (n= C2V2 =20,025=0,05mol). - 100mL . - : NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

: 0,1mol 0,05mol - : -0,05mol -0,05mol 0,05mol

: 0,05mol - 0,05mol

- NH3 100mL C= 0,10,05

=0,5M.

- NH4Cl 100mL C= 0,10,05

=0,5M.

- Henderson-Hasselbach pH : pH=pkb+log(C/C)=4,74+log(0,5/0,5)=4,74 pH=14-pOH=14-4,74=9,26. - pH . 3. pH . - 25mL 1 1mL HCl 2. pH . - pH 25mL , . , , 1mL HCl 2 pH, . - pH . - 25mL 1 HCl 2 pH . mol HCl

( )


35

1L . mol . - , HCl NaOH. , , .

( )


36

MultiLog : 1. (.010.0) 2. (.030.X) 3. (.040.0) 4. (.020.0) 5. 50mL (.360.3) 6. 250mL (.300.) 250mL (.310.6) 7. (.180.2) 8. 50mL (.290.3) 250mL (.290.6) 9. NaOH 0,1M (.450) 10. 11. 12. (.790) 13. (.125.0) 14. MultiLog (Data Logger) , (.610.0) 15. pH (.800.0) (sensor cable) 16. (.650.3) 17. / DB-Lab 3.2, :

100mL NaOH 0,1, NaOH (, , ). - (0,01mol 0,01x40g=) 0,4g NaOH. - 100mL. - 100mL. : 1. . 250mL 5mL

250mL. 50mL , 2 .

50mL 0,1, .

0,1 , .

, , . VmL .

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + 2. mol CH3COOH NaOH 1:1.

( )


37

Ta VmL mol410V1000mL

VmL0,1mol = . mol

CH3COOH 50mL . 5mL 5V10-4mol CH3COOH, . 5V10-460g=3V10-2g.

% 0,6V%w/V, 100mL

Vg0,65mL

100mLg210V3=

.

2. MultiLog. 50mL

, . , , , pH ( ) . 0,1. MultiLog

1. /-1 . 2. /-2 pH. MultiLog / DB - Lab 3.2.

3. . 4. . 5. 1 -25C 125C (1 3). 6. 2 pH. 7. 1/10s. 8. 50 100.

9. . pH . , , . 10. .

( )


38

( )


39

.. ( ): 1. 100mL (.290.4) 1000mL (.290.9) 2. 100mL(.295.4) 1000mL (.295.9) 3. 10mL (.355.6) 4. 250mL (.300.6) 50mL (.300.3) 5. (.170.0) 6. (.180.4) 7. (.040.0) 8. (.235.) 9. (.130.0) 10. (.250.0) 11. , 12. 13. (.240.) (.245.) :

(.440.0), (.430.0), (.420.0) (.450.0).

(.490.0) , .

, Sigma-Aldrich (. 210 9948010, fax 210 9943831, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_Interest/Europe_Home/Greece.html).

% %w/w ( %..), .

, .. 1L ~ 1,19Kg, .

.. d204=1,18 20C 1,18Kg/L ( g/mL) 4C.

, . . . 100% : C2H4O2 : 60.05 d204: 1,05

250mL 1L ~ 1,05Kg

( )


40

37% : HCl : 36.46 d204: 1,18

250mL 1L ~ 1,19Kg

95-97% : H2SO4 : 98.08 d204: 1,83

250mL 1L ~ 1,84Kg

65% : HNO3 : 63.01 d204: 1,40

250mL 1L ~ 1,40Kg

26% : NH3.2 : 17.03 + 2 d2020: 0.892-0.910 -

1L 1L ~ 0,91Kg

99.8% (v/v) : C2H6O : 46.07 d204: 0.792 : absolute (), denaturated with 1% methylethylketone ( )

2,5L 1L ~ 0,788Kg

30% : H2O2 : 34.02 d204: 1,11 : extra pure ()

500mL 1L ~ 1,11Kg

: NaCl : 58.44 : extra pure ()

50g

( )


41

: aOH : 40.00 : Purified ( )

250g

: KI : 166.01 : extra pure ()

50g

: KBr : 119.01 : extra pure ()

50g

: AgNO3 : 169.88 : extra pure () -

10g

: Pb(NO3)2 : 331.20 : extra pure () - -

50g

7H2O : FeSO4.7H2O : 278.02 : extra pure ()

50g

()6H2O : FeCl3.6H2O : 270.30 : granulated (), pure ()

100g

5H2O : CuSO4.5H2O : 249.68 : crude () -

100g

( )


42

6H2O : AlCl3.6H2O : 241.43 : extra pure ()

50g

6H2O : Ni(NO3)2.6H2O : 290.81 : extra pure ()

50g

2H2O : BaCl2.2H2O : 244.28 : extra pure ()

250g

: K2Cr2O7 : 294.19 : technical ( )

100g

: K2CrO4 : 194.20 : extra pure () T

100g

(IV) : MnO2 : 86.94 : extra pure ()

100g

FEHLING : : ()

1L

FEHLING : II: ,

1L

( )


43

0.1%.. : C14H14N3NaO3S : 327.34

4X100mL

1%.. : C20H14O4 : 318.33

4X100mL

D(+)-.2 : C6H12O6.H2O : 198.17 : extra pure ()

100g

( )


44

(. .) . ., . : 1. . 2. , . 3. ( ). . 4. . , , ( ....) (.. 1 , ...):

(. , . , . , . , . )

1, 2, 3, 4

(. , . , . , . , . ) 1, 2, 3, 4

(. , . , . , . , . , . )

1, 2, 3, 4

(. , . ) 2

(. , . , . , . )

2, 3, 4

(. , . , . , . ) 1, 2

(. , . , . , . )

2, 3, 4

(. , . , . , . , . , . , . )

( )


45

1, 2, 3

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(. , . )

2, 3

(. , . ) 2 , 3

(. , . )

2 , 3 , 4

(. , . ) 2 , 3 , 4

(. , . , . )

2

(. , . , . ) 2

(. , .-. , . , . )

1 , 2

(. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . )

2

(. - , . , . , . , . ) 1 , 2

2 [ ] (. 421-465)

( )


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ISBN 978-960-89715-8-5

EKFE KARDITSAS Peiramata Xim Lykeiou 6 2009

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