EE456 – Digital Communications · EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September...

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EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September 2015 EE456 – Digital Communications 1

Transcript of EE456 – Digital Communications · EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September...

Page 1: EE456 – Digital Communications · EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September 2015 EE456 – Digital Communications 1

EE456 – Digital CommunicationsProfessor Ha Nguyen

September 2015

EE456 – Digital Communications 1

Page 2: EE456 – Digital Communications · EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September 2015 EE456 – Digital Communications 1

Introduction to OrthogonalFrequency-Division Multiplexing

(OFDM)

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Page 3: EE456 – Digital Communications · EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September 2015 EE456 – Digital Communications 1

Spectrum of M -FSK

f1f Mf2f 3f 1Mf −

f∆

For FSK with N = 2λ frequencies, only one of N frequencies is activated overone symbol duration of Ts = λTb, where Tb is the bit duration. What frequencythat is activated over any symbol duration is determined by the mapping from λinformation bits to the frequency value.

FSK is not a spectral-efficient modulation scheme!

Why not using all the carriers to carry information at the same time since theyare orthogonal? This leads to OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing)technique.

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OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing)

Bandwidth N

NW N f

T≈ ⋅ ∆ =

0f 1Nf −1

f2

f

1

NTf∆ =

2Nf −

)( fH

2 /N

T

In OFDM, the spectrum is divided into overlapping but orthogonal subcarriers.Each sub-carrier is independently modulated by QAM. The minimum subcarrierseparation is 1/TN , where TN is the OFDM symbol length.

OFDM can be simply looked upon as a combination of amplitude, phase andfrequency modulation techniques.

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Key Features of OFDM

The data rate on each of the subchannels is much less than the total data rate,and the corresponding subchannel bandwidth is much less than the total systembandwidth.

The number of subchannels can be chosen so that each subchannel has abandwidth small enough so that the frequency response over each subchannel’sfrequency range is approximately constant. This ensures that inter-symbolinterference (ISI) on each subchannel is small.

The subchannels in OFDM need not be contiguous, so a large continuous blockof spectrum is not needed for high rate transmission.

The modulation formats on different subchannels need not be the same. In factone may adaptively choose different modulation schemes according to theinstantaneous quality of the subchannels.

The most attractive feature of OFDM is that its modulator and demodulator canbe efficiently implemented with DSP.

The main technical issues that impair performance of OFDM are frequency offsetand timing jitter, which degrade the orthogonality of the subchannels.

Having QAM signals transmitted simultaneously over all carriers makes thepeak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM signal significantly higherthan that of single-carrier QAM signal. This is a serious problem when nonlinearamplifiers are used.

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OFDM Viewed and Implemented as a Multiple QAM Systems

(2 )e n nj f tπ φ+

bitsInfor.

bpsb

r

( ) ( ) ( )s t h t t∗ + w

Nt kT=

(2 )e n nj f tπ ϕ− +

Detected

infor. bits

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Page 7: EE456 – Digital Communications · EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September 2015 EE456 – Digital Communications 1

Review of DFT/IDFT

Let x[n], 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1, be a DT sequence. The N-point DFT of x[n] is

DFT{x[n]} = X[i] ,

N−1∑

n=0

x[n]e−j 2πni

N , 0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1.

Given X[i], 0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1, the sequence x[n] can be recovered using the IDFT:

IDFT{X[i]} = x[n] ,1

N

N−1∑

i=0

X[i]ej2πni

N , 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1.

When N is a power of two, the DFT and IDFT can be efficiently performed usingthe fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT (IFFT) algorithms.When the discrete-time sequence x[n] is passed through a discrete-time lineartime-invariant system whose impulse response is h[n], the output y[n] is thediscrete-time convolution of the input and the channel impulse response:

y[n] = h[n] ∗ x[n] = x[n] ∗ h[n] =∞∑

k=−∞

h[k]x[n− k]

The N-point circular convolution of x[n] and h[n], both with length N , is

y[n] = h[n]⊗ x[n] = x[n]⊗ h[n] =

N−1∑

k=0

h[k]x[(n− k) mod N ].

Circular convolution in time leads to multiplication in frequency:

Y [i] = DFT{y[n] = x[n]⊗ h[n]} = X[i]H[i] , 0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1

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Example of Circular Convolution and FFT/IFFT in Matlab

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Implementation of OFDM with DFT/IDFT

st nT=

st nT=

IDFT

or

IFFT

Add

cyclic

prefix,

and

parallel-

to-serial

converter

p(t)

bits/secbr

[0]X

[1]X

[ 1]X N −

[0]x

[1]x

[ 1]x N −

⋮ ( )Qx tɶ

( )0cos 2 f tπ

( )0cos 2 f tπ

Remove

prefix,

and

serial-to-

parallel

converter

[0]y

[1]y

[ 1]y N −

[0]Y

[1]Y

[ 1]Y N −

FFT

or

DFT

P/S

Con

verte

r

p(t)( )Ix tɶ

( )0sin 2 f tπ

( )s t

( )tr

( )0sin 2 f tπ

[ ], [ 1], , [ 1]x x x Nµ µ− − + −ɶ ɶ ɶ⋯

( )p t−

( )p t−

[ ], [ 1], , [ 1]y y y Nµ µ− − + −⋯

(a) Transmitter

(b) Receiver

bits

M0-QAM

modulator

S/P

Converter

M1-QAM

modulator

MN-1-QAM

modulator

M0-QAM

demodulator

M1-QAM

demodulator

MN-1-QAM

demodulator

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How Does the Cyclic Prefix Work in OFDM?

Equivalent

discrete-time channel

{ }0

[ ]n

h nµ

=

, [ ], [ 1], , [ 1],x x x Nµ µ− − + −ɶ ɶ ɶ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ , [ ], [ 1], , [ 1],y y y Nµ µ− − + −⋯ ⋯ ⋯

[ ], [ 1], , [ 1]x N x N x Nµ µ− − + −⋯ [0], [1], [2], , [ 1]x x x x N µ− −⋯⋯⋯ [ ], [ 1], , [ 1]x N x N x Nµ µ− − + −⋯

Append last symbols to the frontµ

Cyclic prefix (CP) of length µ Original signal sequence of length N

≈One has x̃[n] = x[n mod N ] for −µ ≤ n ≤ N − 1, which also means thatx̃[n− k] = x[(n− k) mod N ] for −µ ≤ n− k ≤ N − 1.

Given x̃[n] is the input of the channel (ignoring noise), the channel outputbetween 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1 can be computed as:

y[n] = x̃[n] ∗ h[n] =

µ∑

k=0

h[k]x̃[n− k] =

µ∑

k=0

h[k]x[(n− k) mod N ] = x[n]⊗ h[n]

where the third equality follows from the fact that, for 0 ≤ k ≤ µ,x̃[n− k] = x[(n− k) mod N ] for 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1.

Taking into account AWGN, the DFT of the channel output yields

Y [i] = DFT{y[n] = (x[n] + w[n])⊗ h[n]} = X[i]H[i] +W [i], 0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1,

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[ ], [ 1], , [ 1]x N x N x Nµ µ− − + −⋯ [0], [1], [2], , [ 1]x x x x N µ− −⋯⋯⋯ [ ], [ 1], , [ 1]x N x N x Nµ µ− − + −⋯

Append last symbols to the frontµ

Cyclic prefix (CP) of length µ Original signal sequence of length N

≈[0], , [ 1]y y N −

µ N

[0], , [ 1]y y N −

µ N

[0], , [ 1]y y N −

µ N

CP CP CPData block Data blockData block

[0], , [ 1]x x N − [0], , [ 1]x x N − [0], , [ 1]x x N −

An OFDM symbol is basically a super-symbol obtained by multiplexing manyM -QAM symbols in a complicated manner. The length of a super-symbol (TN )becomes longer and hence more resistent to multipath effect.

One can also use zero padding to create a guard interval between consecutiveOFDM symbols, hence avoiding ISI.

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Page 12: EE456 – Digital Communications · EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September 2015 EE456 – Digital Communications 1

OFDM System with the Equivalent Discrete-Time Multipath Channel

[0]X

[1]X

[ 1]X N −

[0]x

[1]x

[ 1]x N −

[0]y

[1]y

[ 1]y N −

[0]Y

[1]Y

[ 1]Y N −

[ ], [ 1], , [ 1]x x x Nµ µ− − + − [ ], [ 1], , [ 1]y y y Nµ µ− − + −

{ }0

[ ]n

h nµ

=

It was shown that the input of the IFFT block in the transmitter and the outputof the FFT block in the receiver is related by Y [i] = X[i]H[i] +W [i],0 ≤ i ≤ N − 1, where W [i] is Gaussian noise component.

The use of CP and IFFT/FFT decomposes the wideband channel H(f) into a setof narrowband orthogonal subchannels, each with a different QAM symbol.

The demodulator needs to know the channel gains H[i] to recover the originalQAM symbols by dividing out these gains: X[i] = Y [i]/H[i]. This process iscalled frequency equalization.

The benefits of adding a cyclic prefix come at a cost. Since µ symbols are addedto the input data blocks, there is an overhead of µ/N and a resulting data-ratereduction of N/(µ +N). The transmit power associated with sending the cyclicprefix is also wasted since this prefix consists of redundant data.

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16-QAM vs. “Constellation” of Time Samples (plotted with 4 randomOFDM symbols, i.e., 4×N = 64 samples)

−1 0 1

−2

−1

0

1

2

16-QAM of X [i], PAPR ≈ 2.55 dB

−0.5 0 0.5

−0.5

0

0.5

1

x[n], N = 16, PAPR ≈ 7.96 dB

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“Constellation” of Time Samples (plotted with 4 random OFDM symbols)for N = 64 and N = 128

−0.5 0 0.5

−0.5

0

0.5

1

x[n], N = 64, PAPR ≈ 11.91 dB

−0.5 0 0.5

−0.5

0

0.5

1

x[n], N = 128, PAPR ≈ 14.33 dB

The peak powers appear to be the same, but the average power of the rightconstellation is much smaller than that of the left one, giving rise to a higher PAPR.

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Communication Services using OFDM

Wireless Wireline

IEEE 802.11a, g, n (WiFi) Wireless LANsADSL and VDSL broadband accessvia POTS copper wiring

IEEE 802.15.3a Ultra Wideband (UWB) Wireless PANMoCA (Multi-media over CoaxAlliance) home networking

IEEE 802.16d, e (WiMAX), WiBro,PLC (Power Line Communication)

and HiperMAN Wireless MANsIEEE 802.20 Mobile BroadbandWireless Access (MBWA)DVB (Digital Video Broadcast) terrestrial TVsystems: DVB -T, DVB -H, T-DMB, and ISDB-TDAB (Digital Audio Broadcast) systems:EUREKA 147, Digital Radio Mondiale,HD Radio, T-DMB, and ISDB-TSBFlash-OFDM cellular systems3GPP UMTS & 3GPP@ LTE (Long-Term Evolution),and 4G

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Multipath Problem in High-Speed Wireless Transmission

��� ������ ����� �� ����

� � � ���� ������

Example: Consider the symbol rate of 106 symbols/sec ⇒ The receiver expects aspecific symbol within a window of 1 µs. If multi-path delays the signal by more than1 µs (easily happen in real propagation environment), then the receiver will alsoreceive the symbol in the next symbol period, causing inter-symbol-interference (ISI),hence severe performance degradation.

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Application Example of OFDM: Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) Standards

The IEEE 802.11a Wireless LAN standard, which occupies 20 MHz of bandwidthin the 5 GHz unlicensed band, is the first version of 802.11 family that is basedon OFDM. Modulation choices are BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM. Themaximum bit rate is 54 Mbps.

The 802.11g standard is virtually identical, but operates in the smaller and morecrowded 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM band.

IEEE 802.11ac, released in December 2012, also operates in the 5 GHz band. Ituses a wider RF bandwidth (80 or 160 MHz), multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) technology (up to 8 MIMO streams), high-density modulation (up to256 QAM) and could deliver a maximum data rate close to 7Gbps (on eight256-QAM channels, each delivering 866.7Mbps).

The latest development of 802.11 standard is 802.11ad, which operates in thetri-band 2.5/5.0/60 GHz.

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The 802.11a StandardN = 64 subcarriers: 48 are for data, the outer 12 are zeroed to reduce adjacent channelinterference, and 4 carriers used as pilot symbols for channel estimation and synchronization.The CP has µ = 16 samples. The length of each OFDM symbol is 80 samples.The transmitter gets periodic feedback from the receiver about the packet error rate, anduses this information to pick an appropriate error correction code and modulation scheme.The error correction code is a convolutional code with one of three possible code rates:rc = 1/2, 2/3, or 3/4. The modulation types are BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM.The bandwidth B (and sampling rate 1/Ts) is 20 MHz. There are 64 subcarriers evenlyspaced, therefore the subcarrier bandwidth is:

BN =20 MHz

64= 312.5 KHz.

Since µ = 16 and 1/Ts = 20MHz, the maximum delay spread for which ISI is removed is

Tm < µTs =16

20 MHz= 0.8 µsec,

The symbol duration per subchannel is

T(+CP)N

= TN + µTs = (N + µ)Ts = 80Ts =80

20 × 106= 4 µsec

The data rate per subchannel is log2 M/T(+CP)N

. Thus, the minimum data rate for thissystem, corresponding to BPSK (1 bit/symbol), an r = 1/2 code, and taking into accountthat only 48 subcarriers actually carry information data, is given by

(rb)min = 48 sub. ×1/2 bit

coded bit×

1 code bit

sub. symbol×

1 sub. symbol

4 × 10−6= 6Mbps

The maximum data rate corresponds to 64-QAM and r = 3/4 code:

(rb)max = 48 sub. ×3/4 bit

coded bit×

6 code bit

sub. symbol×

1 sub. symbol

4 × 10−6= 54Mbps

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Page 19: EE456 – Digital Communications · EE456 – Digital Communications Professor Ha Nguyen September 2015 EE456 – Digital Communications 1

Multipath Channels Simulated in the OFDM Lab (Fs = 32 MHz)

0 5 10 150

0.5

1

1.5

Frequency (MHz)

Magnituderesponse

Echo delay = 0, Echo gain = 0

0 5 10 150

0.5

1

1.5

Frequency (MHz)

Magnituderesponse

Echo delay = 8, Echo gain = 0.5

0 5 10 150

0.5

1

1.5

Frequency (MHz)

Magnituderesponse

Echo delay = 16, Echo gain = -0.33333

0 5 10 150

0.5

1

1.5

Frequency (MHz)

Magnituderesponse

Echo delay = 32, Echo gain = -0.25

For a single-echo channel where the echo delay is d samples and the echo gain is α,the squared magnitude frequency response is |H(ejω)|2 = (1 + α2) + 2α cos(dω).

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