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POXPMENE OYE TH YIKH OMH TH YH KAI TOY YMANTO A'

E I . BK I

ATPA 2002

POXPHMENE OYE TH YIKH OMH TH YH KAI TOY YMANTO A' EIAH TH YIKH TOIXEIN MATIIN

IANNH . BEPAO K I APITEIH ETH K T IANNH APENIO EENH ABAA TYPORAMA , TYPORAMA / 2001 ISBN: 9605381265 K : 61/1 Copyright 2001 & , 26222 : (061) 314094, 314206 : (061) 317244 . 2121/1993, .

K 1

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, , , E .................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 O : M M! T ;..............................................................................................

13 16

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H ........................................................................ 18 T Rutherford (1911) ................................................................................................ 20 ............................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................

25 26 28 30 34 36 37

O T N !

...................................................................................................................... .................................................................................. ...............................................................................

K N

H N

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A

K 2

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, , , E .................................................................................................................................... 41 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 O ....................................

43

H Yukawa ...................................................... 44 T . ............................................... 45 Yukawa ........................................................................................................ 48 T () H ...............................................................................................

49 51

...........................................................................................................................

O H ! ................................... 55

6

E

2.8 2.9

N T

..................................................................... ................................................

56 60 63 67

M

2.10 T

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2.11 T

2.12 Y ; ............................................................................................................ 69 ................................................................................................................................................................................... ..............................................................................................................................................................................

71 73

A

K 3

T

, , , E .................................................................................................................................... 75 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 T ..............................................................................................

77

X T ........................................................................................ 83 E K ..........................................................

85 87 91

.........................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

A ......................................................................................................................................... 94 .......................................................................................................................................................

96

................................................................................................................................................................................ 100 A ........................................................................................................................................................................... 102K 4

, , , E ................................................................................................................................ 105 4.1 O ........................................................... 107 4.1.1 T .............................................................................

107

EPEXOMENA

7

4.1.2 T .................................................................................... 107 4.1.3 T 4.2 E...........................................................................................

109 110

....................................................................................................................................................

4.2.1 E Van der Graaf ................................................................................................ 111 4.2.2 .........................................................................................................

113

4.2.3 K ............................................................................................................. 114 4.2.4 E (E) .................................................... 118 4.3 4.4 ...................................................................................................................... 119 A.......................................................................................................................................................

123

4.4.1 A (Scintillation Counters) ..................................... 123 4.4.2 A ......................................................................................................... .............................

127 127 129

4.4.3 () Spark Chambers 4.4.4 A TPC

.......................................................................

4.4.5 A Cherenkov .......................................................................................................... 130 4.4.6 A ....................................................

133

4.4.6.1 ............................................................. 133 4.4.6.2 ............................................ 135 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 136 A ........................................................................................................................................................................... 138K 5

N

, , , E ................................................................................................................................ 141 5.1 5.2 5.3 H H ...................................................

143 144

.............................................................................

H ................................................................. 146

8

E

5.4

T ......................................................................................................... 148 5.4.1 H ................................................................................................. 149 5.4.2 H ......................................................................

152

5.4.3 H ....................................................................... 152 5.5 H H () 5.5.1 H ........

155 157

...............................................................................

5.5.2 .......................... 158 5.6 5.7 H .............................. 159 T ..............................................................................................

161

................................................................................................................................................................................ 164 A ........................................................................................................................................................................... 165K 6

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, , , E ................................................................................................................................ 167 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 ..................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................

169 170

T (GSW)

........................................................................... 174 .......................................................................................... 177 6.4.1 M (GUT)..................................................

177

6.4.2 Y (SUSY) ........................................................................... 180 6.4.3 Y () 6.5........................................................................................... ...............................................

181 182

................................................................................................................................................................................ 189 A ........................................................................................................................................................................... 190 A A A ............................................................................................... 191

EPEXOMENA

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B .................................................................................................................................................................. 208 B ...................................................................................... 208 : ..................................................................

209

E ................................................................................................................................ 211 E ..................................................................................................................................

217 220 221

.......................................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................

K

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, , , . , . .. , (, .), . . 1.1 44 , ( ) 1044 [1]! ( . 1.1). , ( . 1.2). ( ), 1075 ( ). 1.1

() 10 cm = 1025 km = 1012 ly[2]30

1028 cm = 1023 km = 1010 ly 1023 cm = 1018 km = 105 ly 2 1012 cm = 2 107 km 7 1010 cm = 7 108 m = 7 105 km 7 1010 cm = 7 108 m = 7 105 km 2 102 cm = 2 m 106 cm 108 cm 1012 cm = 10 fm[3] ~ 1013 cm = 1 fm 1016 cm = 103 fm

[1] , 9 10. 3.5 102 350 . [2] 1 ly = (1 ) = 3.0 108 m/s 3.15 6107s = 951015 m 101 6m [3] 1 fm = 1013 cm.

14

K 1: E

1021

1010

104

104

103

103() 1.1

1023 cm()

102 cm()

103 cm()

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mA E >> mB .

AKHEI

103

() : *2 = 2 E (1+cos) RA A = = e 30 GeV p = 820 GeV = 0. *; 10. , p e+ 0. . 11. + p n + + + , + + p p + + + 0, + + p p + + + + + , + + p + + + + + 0 + p. m12 , . , . ; ; ;

. :) ( ) ) () ) ().

4

. : , , . T , .. .

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106

K 4 :

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Cherenkov ()

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4.1

107

4.1 [1]

q m . u B F = q E + c FB (q>0) B FE q0) FB (q 0, . . F ( ) . 4.2

F

q>0

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B N u p B B S

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()

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[3] K I.. B H. T, , , 1990. T ..

4.1

109

(. 4.2). . Gauss cm. , , 1 statvolt 300 V. B r q pc = e 300 V gauss cm e B r q (pc) = 300 eV gauss cm e 4.1 (5) . B r q 1 gauss = 104 T (tesla), 1 cm = 102m (pc) = 3.00 108 eV T m e : p = 0.3 GeV B r q c T m e (4.6) 4.1 = 1 km q = e 500 GeV/c. ; Tesla (T) . . .4.1.3

(4.5)

. (). . 4.3. . q > 0 . . () C C. (. 4.3).

110

K 4 :

E

4.3

. ( ). F q > 0. CC ( ).

S S

FC

N N

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4 . 2

111

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. 4.4 . , , Volt, . 106 V. 4.2 ; . 4.5 ; Van der Graaf[5] (. 4.5). 2 107 V. . (. 4.5b), Van der Graaf (V = 1.1 107 V).

4.5

Van der Graaf. . .[5] D. Haliday and R. Resmik, , T II.

112

K 4 :

4.5b

Van der Graaf . . , , .

Z , = (|q| + Ze) V q ( q = e). 4.4 1.4, ; ; . (4.7)

Van der Graaf , , . dN/dt . = 100 = 0.1 mA = 104A . 4.5 , = 100 ;

H Van der Graaf . . Widere (1928) Lawrence (1931). Van der Graaf . ... , , , .

4 . 2

113

. 4.6

4.2.2

. (. 4.6).

~+ + + + + +

e, . , . () ( ). , . 1u 1 L= = (4.8) 2 f 2 (f) () . , , . T , . T V0 n , [6] = n q V0 (4.9)

. . , , ., , , .

(LINAC) . . (RF) (f 100 MHz = 108 s1). . M 1947 Magnetron Klystron [6] HM .

114

K 4 :

. (. 8), . , LINAC, . LINAC, , . 1 MeV. 4.6 = 1 MeV; Y = K 2 + 2mK / (K + m) ()

L = c/(2f) = . , . = (1 2/c2)1/2 =mc2 . 4.7 LINAC Stanford 20 GeV. 10 cm 0.5 MV, ; (1MV = 106V)

4.2.3 K

E LINAC . 500 GeV 75 km! . . Lawrence Berkeley 1930. . , . A . erkeley Mcmillan[7] Veksler 1945. . 4.7.[7] M , K. II, .

4 . 2

115

E

(donut) R K RF A

4.7

.

i . . (4). . RF = 2f. ( .) (). , R . , Ei 2 - (mc ) , i = 1, ..., N c 2

pi =

(4.10)

RF , i = pi p c2 = i mg Ei (4.11)

=

2 R 2 REi = ui pi c2

= 2 p c2 = i T REi (4.12)

116

K 4 :

(5) = pi c q r (4.13)

T RF . = n = n c pc , n = 1, 2, R E (4.14)

. |p|c = E [8] =n c R , B = pc , n = 1, 2, q r (4.15)

. (15) , . , . FERMILAB , 1000 GeV, (booster) LINAC 8 GeV. i. i i. (15). f f . i f . , . . ( ). , ( Maxwell), P= 2 e2 6 2 [( ) ( )2], P = 3 c (4.16)

[8] Y , ( ), .

4 . 2

117

=

u c

1 d = a =c dt c

(4.17)

(a = ). ( a = 2/R) 4 1 | |2 ( )2 = 2 (12) = 2 R 4 R2

(4.18)

P= = pc E = 2 E mc2 3 e2 c

4

4 R2

(4.19)

( . 38, . 3). : P= 2 e 2 c E pc 3 R2 mc 2 E 4 4

(4.20)

2 P= 2 e c E 3 R2 mc 2 4

(4.21)

4 . 4.2 , . . (21) mp P( e) = P( p) me 4

1012

(4.22)

, , LINAC. . LEP CERN, -

118

K 4 :

100 GeV, 27 km. (. 11) = 2RE/pc2, () W = PT = 4 3 4 3 e2 E R mc 2 e2 E R mc 2 4

E pc

(4.23)

4

W= W=

( 4 a )2 E 43R m

(4.24)

4.8 LEP ( 4.5 km) 100 GeV. 1012 ;

Bremsstrahlung. , . ( ) (, .).4.2.4 ()

. 2.4 . . (LINAC ) . RF. , . , . , . (). 4.1.

4 . 3

119

4.1

. , SLAC . ( GeV) e+ (32) + e (32) e+ (50) + e (50) e+ (60) + e (60) e+ (100) + e (100) p (450) + p (450) p (1000) + p (1000) e (100) + p (820) e (50) + p (8000) p (7000) + p (7000) (cm2 s1) 3.71031 3.51029 1.11031 1.11031 6.01030 1.01031 1.01032 2.01032

TRISTAN, Tokyo SLAC, Stanford, USA LEP, CERN, LEP II, CERN, SPS pp , CERN, Tevatron, Fermilab, HERA, , LHC, CERN*,

* . 2005. 4.9 . (;) ;

LHC, , (.. iggs) .4.3

. , . . , [9]. , . b (barn) 1b = 1 barn = 1024 cm2 = 100 fm2 (4.25)

[9] K D.H. Perkins, E ( ).

120

K 4 :

= 100 GeV mb (~ 50 mb = 5102b). 1 GeV 108b 10b 104b

(1b = 106b). 1.4. (. 4.8).dS 4.8

= dN/dtdS n n = . dt

, n , dV dN = ndV , dt dt dS. dV = dtdS, dN = n dtdS dN = n dS dt S = (4.26)

dN = n S dt + C + D, A B , S . A S = N, , dN/dt = nA (+ C+D)=L L = nA . cm2 s1. , () nA = NA NA = lS VA (4.29) (4.28) (4.27)

4 . 3

121

l S . = | |, : N A N B u AB ( ) l S L= l = 2R, = 2 = 2 R = 4 f R 2N A N B f S k N N L = 2k A B f S L= (4.31) (4.30)

(4.31a) 4.10

S = 1 mm2, NA = 1012, NB = 1012, f = 104 Hz k = 100. ; . , . = ST, NB = IB ST = 1/f () L = 2k IA IB S f = ( ). L = 2k I2 S , I = IA = IB f (4.32)

L ~ 1031 cm2 s1 (e+ , e) L ~ 1032 cm2 s1 ( p , p) O . ( . 20) 1 dN A nA = (4.33a) S dt

122

K 4 :

, m m = mp, mp . = mB r V r S lB = B B = B m p AB m p AB m p AB (4.33b)

(28), (33a) (33b) dN A r B l dt m p AB

L= 4.3

()

(4.34)

2 1012 1 m = 0.084 gr/cm3. ; . (34) = 1, mp = 1.7 1024 gr 4.11 2 18 ; 0.065 gr / cm 3 2 L = 2 1012 s1 10 cm = 1.7 10 -24 gr L = 7.73 1036 cm2 s1.

. . , . . . , -

4.4 A

123

, . . , 10 8 CERN FERMILAB, 103s 1011 . . , . . . , , , . der Meer 1970 . [10].4.4 A

, . . ( , .). , , ! ( ), ( , .). . . : , , , , , (PC), Cherenkov () . ( 2.5) , , . , , ( , , .).[10] K S. V an der Meer CERN/ISR, P.O. (7231) (1972).

124

K 4 :

. [11] . , . m= E 2 - p2 (4.35)

A, , ( q (. 5). (). , , , L. = 1 = L 1 L 2 (4.36)

p1 p 2 = 2 ( ). E1 E2 2 2 2 p p 2 + m1 - p1 p2 + m2 E2 = L 2 1 p2 p1 p2

E = L 1 p1

(4.37)

, , . p1 p2 = p, = L p2 2 ( m1 - m2 ) 2 2 2 2 p1 + m1 + p2 + m2

=

L 2 2 ( m1 - m2 ) p2

(4.38)

2 2 m1 - m2 =

2 DT p 2 Lc

(4.39)

, ( 2.7).

[11] K .., Perkins, F.H. .

4.4 A

125

4.4.1 (Scintillation Counters)

H , , , ()[12] . . , e+ e, . 4.8 4.2.

Dynode 1 Dynode 2

2000 V 1 2 4.8

...

13 14

Dynode 13 Dynode 14

.

14 10 9. , ( . 4.8). , Ep . , ph @ 3 eV (@ 4.000 ). ph , ph = Ep E ph ph (4.40)

. col cath

[12] H Sir Wlliam Crook 1903 ZnS . M Geiger Marsden, .

126

K 4 :

, ne = Ep E ph ph col cath (4.41)

H col . ph = 0.02, col = 0.1 cath = 0.1. 1 cm (.. MeV) p = 1.5 MeV. M , ne @ 100 . (l) ph 0.1 ne 500. . (41) , ne . . . = 1/ = 330 nsec (1 nsec = 109s). (l) , = 250 ns. , . 1 + 2 1 2. 4.2

. ( ) 0.28 0.38 2.1 1.0 0.7 (ns) 3 4.6 250 32 10 GeV). (10 ns) ( ). : .4.4.6.1

bremsstrahlung ( 4.2.3.) e+ e. To . 4.15.

134

K 4 :

4.15

, x, y, , n (nX0,), 1 2 , 22, 23, 2n 0/2, 0/22, 0/2n. . 4.15 0. ( 4.3). 4.3

0 c. c . . . 1 2 6 11 26 82 c (MeV) 340 220 103 47 24 6.9 X0 (gr/cm2) 58 85 42.5 23.9 13.8 5.8 (gr/cm3) 0,065 2.3 2.7 7.7 10.4

4.3 gr/cm2. . l0 cm l0 = 0 / . (4.50)

4.4 A

135

4.12 4.3. (cm).

() = C,[13] C. , . : 1) [14] 0/C ( 5). 2) 0 ( 5). 3) () : / 0.05 (/1 GeV)1/2 . 4) , .. (Si O2 45% 55%). Coulomb . Cherenkov .4.4.6.2

(4.51)

, ... , .. 80 gr/cm2, 130 1gr/cm2 210 gr/cm2 (C), (Fe) (Pb) . . (~ 30%) . .

[13] e, EC . [14] K D.A. Perkins, 3, B, .

136

K 4 :

DE = 0.5 ( / 1 GeV)1/2 E

(4.52)

, , . Tesla . ( mm) ( 4.1). (RF cavities) , , ( 4.2). ( 2.4) , ( 4.2.5 4.2.6). , . , . , .. , . , , ( 4.3). . Cherenkov, (TPC) , , , , . . ,

YNOH

137

, . , . , , , ; , . . .

138

K 4 :

A 1. 0.5 km 20 GeV. . 2. : i) 106y ii) 103y iii) 1s iv) 106s v) 109s v) 1020s 3. ) . l0 = 1/n , n = / . i) 0 (gr cm2); ii) : C Al Fe Pb (b) 0.033 0.231 0.421 0.703 1.77 0 . ) Fe 10 9 200 GeV . = 7.9 gr/cm3 , = 1014b (E /1 GeV). 4. ) n = 0 2n , 0 = ) rc (t) = E0 exp - ln2 X0 t ( )

5. ) (> ) = 0/, dN = E0 dE E2 ) max = 0/C tmax = ln( E0 / EC ) ln2 X0 rc

AKHEI

139

6. . max tmax Pb ( 4.3. ), 0 = 100 GeV. : 5.

N

, 4, 30 . , , 3 . , .

5

, , . : , , ( ), ( ), b t , .

W+ W o , 0 W 0

, , , , -

GSW ( )

142

K 5 : N

t t

(, )

. (1) . . 5.5. , 5.6 5.7. . 6 1 .

5 . 1

143

5.1

K 3 -2 Fermi (1934) GF = 1.05 105 m p . H , , .. , e + n e + p. , .. Klein 1939, . : e ( . 2.9), d u, e e . W+ W (. 5.1a).e () W+ ve (v) u d ve (v) e () W+ ve (v) e () 5.1a

d W+ u

u d

.

. . V m V = g2/(q2 + m2) (5.1)

g , q m . (m = 0, g = e) e2 V = e2/q2 V = 4 1 ( ) r (5.2)

( Coulomb). : V =2 gw g2 q0 w ( ) 2 2 q 2 + mw mw

(5.3)

GF/ 2 . 2 gw G g2 2 2 = F mw = w 2 2 mw GF

(5.4)

144

K 5 : N

2 Y gw e2 = 4 ( )

2 mw =

4a 2 2 1.24 104 m p GF

(5.6)

mw 100 GeV. H . a= 2.0 10 1 GeV - fm hc 9.0 103 fm 100 GeV mw c 2 (5.7)

(r ~ 0.8 fm). T s = 1. , , m = 0, 1 ( , m = 1, ). . GSW ( 6.2) , Z0.5.2

196768 GlashowSalamWeinberg, GSW, K 6, 0. W+ W , (. 5.1), .v{ Z0 5.1b

v'{ v'{

v'{ Z0 v{

{ {

v{ Z0 v{

q q

l = e, , q = u, d.

v{

{' = { .. e p e p , . (. 5.1b) , . 0 ,

5 . 2

145

+ + + e + e

, ,

~

+ ~ + ~

(5.8) (5.9)

+ e ~ + e

( e, ). ( , ). + + ,~

+ + +

( W = m). 25%, 45% . CERN 1973 . . . 5.2. p 4 . 0. 0 , : + n + p + , + p n + 0 2 + + 0 + , e+e 2

5.2

CERN (1973) . . 4 e+ e 0.

146

K 5 : N

, , . GSW. , . 1983 CERN. , .5.3

GSW W 80 GeV/c2 0 90 GeV/c2. , . q 1 q 2 W , Z0 (. 5.3), q1 q 2 = ( ud ), ( du ) uu dd W+ , W 0 .p q1 q2 p W, Z0

5.3

. , 1/3 s 3 mw 250 GeV.

CERN 2 270 540 GeV, . . W+ l+ l, W l l , Z0 l l+ (5.10)

l = e, . , 1:107 . -

5 . 3

147

, . , W ( , ). : 1. . 2. . ( , .) 3. , , . 4. , . 0 . e e+ UA1 UA2 CERN 1983 (. 5.4). = (91.187 0.007) GeV/c2 = (2.490 0.007) GeV40 Events/2,5 GeV/c2 5.4

30 + 20

0 + e+ e Fermilab CERN. e+e

10 0 60

100

140 60 M(GeV/c2)

100

140

5.1 ; ;

148

K 5 : N

5.2 W+ f1 f2 W f 3 f 4 , f1 , f 2 , f3 , f 4 . ; . , . : 1. , 2. ( ). . ( UA1 ) mw = (80.41 0.10) GeV/c2 w = (2.06 0.06) GeV (5.13) (5.14)

3.2 1026s. , . 0. 0

l ll

+ -

, l = e, , (0.0838 0.0003) GeV.

( E 5.4.2) . 0 n in c = 0.166 GeV /2. Z i , 3 /2

( 5.4.2.).5.4

2.12 c, GSW. .

5 . 4

149

5.4.1

1974 . Brookhaven SLAC. 4 p + 2 He e+ + e + X

(5.15)

. e+ e 3.1 GeV. , . Brookhaven, (. 5.5) SLAC 3.095 GeV.104

ee+

103 5.5

102

101 3,00 3,05 3,10 3,15

e+ e SPEAR , J/. , , , . c c .

, 2 MeV!

150

K 5 : N

( ). = (69 15) keV = (4.8 0.6) keV ( ) (5.16b) (16a)

[15]. Gol

mc

2

=

70 KeV = 2.2 105 = 0.0022% 3.1 GeV

(5.16c)

, . . , , . , . , J/, J/ = cc . , , 1 1 ( 5.4), 1. 13S1, [16] (n = 1, l = 0, s = 1, J = 1). H o , . , n = 2, 3, 4 l = 0, s = 1, J = 1 , , , . 3.686, 3.770 4.040 GeV . ( 10 J/). J1 .

[15] O

t=

hGol

=

6.6 10 -19 keV sec = 10 -20 sec 69 keV

[16] e+ e. e+ ( 1.9).

5 . 4

151

1 1 . (D+ = cd , D = dc ) (D0 = cu , D 0 = uc ) . 1.902.0 GeV. (c s 2.12). () c( c ) . u( u ) c( c ). 5.3 .

D D0, D 0 , 1976. . 5.1 c = 1. D0. D0 K+ , D0 K + ; c s c s . c D0 s, D0 . . 5.4 + + D0 , D0

(5.17)

(5.18)

; ;

152

K 5 : N

5.5 D+ K + +, D+ K+ + ; ; D+ c=1.

5.4.2

, , SLAC 1975 Perl . 1.8 GeV ( 1.777 GeV) . ( ) . , ( ). . e+ + e + + + ~ + + + +

(5.20)

,

~ + +

(5.21)

( , ). 2.9 1013s, , . . 3.56 GeV (3.74 GeV). ( .) . , . , ~ , (2001)5.4.3

Lederman Fermilab 9.4 GeV

5 . 4

153

p + p + + , =

(5.22)

. , . , . b. ( , ). = bb (b b = 0) (5.23)

, 10.0 10.4 GeV . , b d s. , ( bu , ub , bd , db ) 5.2 GeV. 5.6 . d( d ) b( b ) 5 10 . . . + = ub = bu , b = 1 b = 1 , 5278.9 1.8 MeV 0 = bd B0 = db 5279 1.8 MeV = (1.65 0.04) 1012s (1.56 0.04) 1012s . (Q = + 2/3 e) t. ) , 1000 GeV, ) o , . b, , () t. CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab), , Fermilab. Fermilab p+ p t+ t +X (5.24)

154

K 5 : N

p

q q q q

t t

5.6

t t ( ) .

p

q q

p

. 5.6. 3 2 180 GeV 1080 GeV ( 1/3 ). t, t t + t b + b + W+ + W W+, W , ~ W+ l+ l , W q2 q1 W+ q1 q 2 , W l l

(5.25)

l = e, , q1 = u, c q2 = d, s, b t + t b + b + q2 + q1 +l+ l~ t + t b + b + q1 + q 2 +l l

l = e,

(26a)

T , b + b + q1 + q 2 b + b + q2 + q1 (5.26b)

3. (26a) (26b) 1:100 , . , , . CDF, , , ! . 1995, , t FERMILAB. mt 176 18 GeV/c2. H . mt = 180 12 GeV/c2.

5.5 ()

155

5.5 ()

[17]. : , , . , , . . , , . ; : r r , x x , y y , z z , .. = dr dr = = dt dt (5.28) (5.27)

. , .. , .. , 2 2 2 |r| |r| = ( x ) + ( y ) + ( z ) =

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = |r|

(5.29)

p = (12/c2) m (1()2/c2)2 m = m : = m c2 = m c2 (5.31) (5.30)

+1. 1. 5.1. 5.1

(r), p, (F), (j), () 1. (J), (U), ( (u), () .), () +1.

()

r

p

J

H

F

u

j

A

1

()

r 1

p 1

J 1

H 1

F 1

u 1

j 1

A 1

1

1

[17] ..

156

K 5 : N

L = r p . L I L = (r p) = ( r ( p) ) = r p = L (5.32)

A . = . : = ( ) = ( ( )) = (5.33)

1. Maxwell j , 1 1 . 5.7 5.1.

5.8 rr,,+l Ym (, ) (1)l, l l Ym (, +) = (1)l Ym (, )

(5.34a)

(5.34b)

5.9 Lorentz F=q (E + B) ;

. , , . (r, t). (r, t) (r, t) = (r, t) (5.35)

(r, t) (r, t). (r, t), (35) (r, t) (r, t), ,

5.5 ()

157

(r, t) = (r, t) (r, t) = y ( r, t ) +1 1 -y ( r , t ) (r, t) .

(5.36a)

(5.36b)

, J P, P , JP.5.5.1

l , E. 34b (1)l. , , . , x y 1 2 . = 1 2 (1)l12 l12 1, 2 1. . . : 1) ( 1/2) [17] . 2) () +1. (37). f = + 1 , f = e, , , u, d, s, c, b, t f = 1 , f = e+, +, +, u , d , s , c, b , t l m = ()l+1. (5.38) (5.37)

[17] T 0 . T ( Majorana).

158

K 5 : N

5.10 (l = 0) . o;5.5.2

, , , , . e e+, . , ( ) [18]. (e+ e) + . (37) = ()l = ()l * l = 1. = 1. . = . = e+e(1)0 = e+ e, e+ e = 1 q q = 1 0, , 1. (0) = 1, . (d) (d) n n To 1 (l = 0 l = 2). ( (5.39)

[18] ' .

5 . 6

159

). = ()l l . [19] l = 1. A l = 0 +1, 1 l (1)l+1. , , . . (.. 2.6, 2.2) l = 0. ( .. V.7.2). 1. () () ( ). 1. = 1.

+1. 1. 1. . , . [20]. 5.11 p p . ;5.6

, 1956 , T. D. Lee C. N. Yang, [21]. . [19] K Perkins ( 3). [20] K .. [21] K .. . V. 7.3.

160

K 5 : N

Wu Columbia o 1957. H ! Wu . 5.7. 60Co 5+ . (0.01) . . :60

Co (5+, .) 60i(4+) + e + e

1 2. 1 2 p1 p2. ( 5.1) x x, p p, J J . . 5.7. , , 1 = 2. , , J ( J 0 ), J J. 5.7

Wu et al. (60Co) J = 5+ . p1 p2. . , . , , p1||J , p2 ( J) .

I1 J p1 p2 I2 I p1 I1 J p2

I2

. . ( J) . . 5.8.

5 . 7

161

B e

.. v () 5.8

1,20 R 1,00 0,80 0 4

B

B 8 12 16

(min) ()

() . () K Wu et al. R . ( , ). , , , .

, ( ), . 8 . , , .5.7

1/2, , ms = 1/2. 5.9 +. (. 5.9).P P ( +) .

s (R) ( +1)

s (L) ( )

162

K 5 : N

, , ( ). , , c , . ; L (L); R (R); . Goldhaber 1958 m e + 152Eu (0+) 152 S* (1+) + e152

Sm (0+) +

m 152 S* 1+ .T 1s . . , , . m 152 S* (1+). e + 152Eu (0+) 152Sm (0+) + e + . 5.10

. () +1 +1. () 1 1.

Sm (1+). . : ms : 0 1/2 (e) 1 R () 1/2 (v) R ()

:

0 ()

ms:

1/2 e

1 L

1/2 v L

5 . 7

163

To (. 5.10). , , . 1 . . , , , ( ). ![22] , + 203Hg, , . Dirac. . . (lL) (qL) . GSW .

[22] E , ' .

164

K 5 : N

, , ( , ) . . , ( 5.1 5.2). . 5.1

(). . S = 1 . . u () d () s () c () b () t () 5.2

1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

Q 2/3 1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 2/3

S 0 0 1 0 0 0

c 0 0 0 1 0 0

b 0 0 0 0 1 0

t 0 0 0 0 0 1

I 1/2 1/2 0 0 0 0

I3 1/2 1/2 0 0 0 0

spin 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

. , Li =

L ( k ) = , i = e, , k = l , l , , ni+ l

l

(

k

L = Le + L + L ). e e

(MeV)/C2 0.511 < 5106 105.7 < 0.017 1.8103 0.31

Q

Le 1 1 0 0 0 0

L 0 0 1 1 0 0

L 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 0

AKHEI

165

A 5.1 q1 q2 c, q1, q2 = u, d, s . s12, I12, , I3 s . 5.2 p, , , :

p

; ; ; 5.3 (, , ) ~ K+ 0 + e+ + e

+ + + e+ + e~ 0 n + e + e

0 0 + e+ + e 5.4

Feynmann ~ e+ + e e + e , ~ e+ + e +

5.5 p p l = 0. 0; + ; 5.6 J 0. ;

166

K 5 : N

5.7 Feynman W+ W .

T

, , (GSW). , minimum , . , GSW , ( , , , ).

6

, , . : , , , ( ), , ( ) () .

, , , ( ), , , GS = SUC (3) SU (2) U (1), , , , , , Higgs,

168

E

Higgs, , , , Higgs, e gw (GUT), , , -

() , s, s, Higgsina (), , , Planck, , , , , .

. 6.1 . . E. (10) (14), 6.3. . 2 . 6.4 . , , , , 6.5, . 1 . . . GSW , , , t. , , . . , , .

6.1

169

6.1 [1]

[2]. . , (r, ), , (r, t) ( r, t) = e igS ( r , t ) (r, t) (6.1)

S(r, t) g = . . , .

y r, t ) x

(

=

igS ( r , t ) S y igS ( r , t ) igS r , t y e ( ) e y r , t ) = ig y + e x x x x

(

; x(r, t) Dx = igS r, t ig Ax (r, t ) e igS ( r, t ) (r, t) = e ( ) Dx (r, t) = x + ig (A x(r, t) A (r, t)] + ig x ig Ax x

ig AX(r, t) x

(6.2)

S r, t ) igS ( r , t ) y (r , t ) = e x ig Ax y (r, t ) x x S x Dy , Dz Dt . , Ax (r, t) = Ax (r, t) + e igS ( r, t ) (6.3)

(

[1] T . [2] K .. E I.. B, O, , 1990.

170

K 6: T

D = e igS ( r, t ) D , Dt = e igS ( r, t ) Dt (r, t) = (r, t) + S (r, t) (6.4a) (6.4b) (6.5)

S (r, t) = (r, t) (r, t) t Dt = D = ig A (r, t)

+ ig A0 (r, t) , A0 (r, t) = (r, t) t , g = e , axwell. (4). S (r, t), = (, ). . (4a) (4b) [3]. H . i Am = (i , i) i = 1, 2, n. . , , . , , , . .6.2 (GSW)

1. G. , GS = SUC (3) SUI (2) UY (1) (6.6)

3 . . n21 = 321 = 8 () g i = 1, 2, ... 8.[3] K I.. B, K H, E 2002.

6.2 (GSW)

171

221 = 3 . w 3. 3 W+, W W3 ( +1, 1 0 ) = 1. ( ). . Q = I3 + Y , Q = 2 (6.7)

(gi, W+, W, W3, ) = 0. G . g3, g2 g1 . 2. ( ). , , , 3 . GSW 15 . e - e L I = 1/2 Y = 1 diR, I= 0 Y = 2/3 . . . , . , . L R. L ( 5.5 5.6).O , e L eL , L d L u L , sL L , L L cL , bL t L eR

ui di L I = 1/2 Y = 1/3

uiR, I = 0 Y = 4/3 (6.8)

I = 0 Y = 2 i=r, g, b

172

K 6: T

(eR, uR .). () . R. 3. iggs Higgs T (s = 0), F 0 = - F = 1/2 = 1, F+ H = 0* -F = 1/2 = 1 (6.9)

( H . ).

6.1 (7) GSW. , Higgs ( Higgs GSW). : Higgs , , V = V (||) (6.10) 2 Higgs ||2, ||2 = + + |0|2 . = 0 , , , 0 u 2 = u = 2 0 (6.12) (6.11)

6.2 (GSW)

173

( 3 = (1/2), SUI(2). ( ) () . , . 3 ( SU (2)) ( U (1)) (3 + /2) = (3 + /2) < H > = 0 (6.13)

Q, . UEM (1), SU (2) U (1) UEM (1) (6.14)

. , . 6.1 . . , ; . 6.1.F < F. F > F.

6.1

z

z

y x () x ()

y

F , (a). F, ().

, , . F > F (F =

174

K 6: T

) . , . 6.2 . . ( ). < TC (TC = ) (), (, , ). . Higgs , , .6.3

iggs : W W+ mw = (1/2) g , g = g2 ( SU(2)) (6.15)

W3 , ( ) 0 : = sinw W 3 + cosw B tanw = Z0 = cosw W 3 sinw B g1 g = g2 g (6.16)

( U(1) ( . (14)) . . 0 mZ = mw/cosw w Weinberg. G , , (g3 = gs , g2 = g g1 = g gS ).

6.3

175

sin2w = 0.23124 0.0024 mZ = 1.14 mw.

(6.17)

Higgs + , 0 W+ , W 0 Higgs. W+ , W , W3 . 3 . Higgs. 0 . o , , GSW . ( ) e = g sinw e . W+ W gw = g 2 2 (6.19) (6.18)

5.1 g2 2 8mw = GF 2 (6.20)

. (15) 1 2u 2 = GF 2-1 = 21/4 GF / 2

(6.24)

= 260 mp = 244 GeV (18) g2 = e2/sin2w = 4 (/sinw), 4 a 8 sin q w pa 2 mw = 2 sin q w GF =1/ 2

GF 2

2 mw

(6.25)

= 81.9 mp = 77 GeV

176

K 6: T

. , 0 , . g () 3 Q . . SUC(3) . () . , U(1), , SUC(3), . gS = g3 ( ), ( ), 2.11). 1/2, Higgs, . , Higgs . , Higgs , . , ! Higgs , , . 2 (mF/) . . t . iggs. 6.2 Higgs . ; Higgs; Higgs; , ; .

. Majorana ( ) Dirac ( , 0).

6 . 4

177

. . . GSW [4]. . . Higgs . LHC;6.4

GSW . . 1 e g sinw = 0.48 g , gw g = 0.35 g (6.27) 2 2 . . . . ( gs, g g). . ( e/3). Higgs . . .6.4.1 (GUT)

GS , GS. , , . Higgs. .[4] Y Superkamikande I (1998) . Y . A , !

178

K 6: T

SU (5). 521 = 24 . 12 ( ) 12 . i , i = r, g, b 4/3 i , i = r, g, b +1/3 Yi X i . , g, G = g2/4. . 15 . 6.2

u X p u d ()

e d d 0 p

d Y u u ()

e u u 0

( Feynman) , p e+0 (o ). , (spectator). () d . p 0 . 6.3

d p u u () X

e u u 0 p

u u d () Y

e d d 0

Q, B, L . 6.2.

, , (L, lL, diR), i = r, g, b , (eR , diL , uiL , uiR), i = r, g, b. . K . . () G . ( . 6.2) p e+0, + .

6 . 4

179

i i Higgs . , , 1014 GeV, . . p KaG

M4 , G = 0.02 , 1 m5 p

(6.27)

1015 GeV 1030 y. . p 1032 y . > 1014 GeV (. 6.3.). , . ( ), GSW . ( ), . 6.4 . 6=.27 1030 y, = 1015 GeV.

1

s 6.3

w

102

1014

E

GeV

as, a aw. 1014 GeV .

180

K 6: T

6.4.2 (SUSY)

O GSW . ! u d. . , ( Dirac ;). a .

1. 12 1, 12 1/2, , gi , i = 1, 2. 8 W+, W W3 , B 1 g i , i = 1, 2. 8 W +, W W 3 , B 1/2 (6.28)

2. 15 1/2 15 0. u e d L e L s s u v e e d L L uR, d R, eR (29b) uR , dR , eR (29a)

0 ( s 3 ). 3. Higgs ( 0) Higgsina ( 1/2). . .. F 0 1 = 1 F1- F 0 H1= 1 F1 F + 2 = 2 0 F2 F + H2= 2 0 F 2 s=0 (30a)

s = 1/2

(30b)

( 2 1) 4. G (), 2, G 3/2.

6 . 4

181

. , , . 1000 GeV. T , , . , . LHC; ( SUGRA) . , . SUSY GUT. (SUSY GUT).6.4.3 ()

. . 1033 cm Planck ( 3.1) p 1.2 1019 GeV; 6.5-1 N Planck lp = M p Planck -1 tp = M p .

, , . . 10 . , . ! 10 4 . , , . . -

182

K 6: T

4 . , , . , . (SUSY GUT). , (duality) . . , . . . . Y, , (bulk) !6.5

, , , . , , , . , . , . [5]. , . , . . . ,

[5] .., K. 6.

6 . 5

183

, 3 e4 . , , t = 0 . , , , , , . ( ) . . ubble[6] = Hr , H 0.555 1010 yr 1 = 55.5 (km/s) Mpc1 r . 2 106 , r = 0.6 Mpc, = 55.5 (Km/s) Mpc1 0.6 Mpc = 33.3 km/s ; ; , , ; ; , , , . , , . : i) < 1, , ii) = 1, , iii) > 1, . . ; . = 1. , , 0.3. A [7] 1.0[6] 1 Mpc = 106 pc = 326 = 3.086 1016 m. [7] BOOMERANG MAXIMA 01 (Jaffe et al, Phys. Rw. Lett. 86, 3475 (2001))

184

K 6: T

, , . e4, . ( ) . . , . , b 0.1. . . H . , , ; . ( , , .). 40% . , . . . : . (HD), . (CDM) . HDM CDM 1:2. HDM . 0.1 CDM 0.3 ( ) = 0.6. + CDM + = 1. DM . 3 25 eV/c2. CDM (LSP), , 30 GeV/c2 . , , LSP ; . ,

6 . 5

185

, , , , . 109. . . , , ; , . , . . . . , . . , . . , , , .

186

K 6: T

. . . t = 0 . , . 0 < t < 1043 s 1019 GeV. 6.4, . . ; . , , , , , Higgs. , , . , , . , 1043 < t < 1035 s 1019 GeV 1014 GeV. ( ), . . 1035 < t < 1012 s 1014 1012 GeV. , . . . .

6 . 5

187

( 6.4) CP [8]. , , , . . . , , . ( ) Nb Ng 10 9

. 1012 < t < 106 sec. 102 1 GeV. , . , 106 < t < 1 sec, ( 1 GeV 1 MeV) , . , 1 < t < 3 s, ( 1 MeV 0.6 MeV) . 3 < t < 100 s. 0.6 0.1 MeV. He4. H , He4

[8] CP (P) (C) (), ( .. V.7.7).

188

K 6: T

. . . . 100 s < t < 105 yr. 180 s . () He4 (2 2 ) 75/25. Li7, He3 . . , . . . . = 2.728 , n = 412 cm3 , = 0.5 cm

6.6 = 0.5 cm. 105 yr . , , . .

YNOH

189

G. . ( GSW), . 12 (gi = 1, 2 ... 8, W+, W, Z0, ) gi . 15 . .. ne , eR e L u , i , uiR , diR , i = r, g, b di L

. Higgs . . Higgs . W = 80 GeV. , , . ( , , ). , , . ( ) (). !

190

K 6: T

A 6.1 , GSW ; ; 6.2 iggs, m;

A A A

1.1 = 1048g / (1.7 1024g) = 5.9 1071 : = (1044 / 1048) 5.9 1071 = 5.9 1067 : (1033 / 1048) 5.9 1071 = 1015 5.9 1071 = 5.9 1056 : 6 1027gr / 1.7 1024gr = 3.5 1051 ( = 56) ( . 1.4) 55.8m p = 55.8 mp 1.2 ( . 1.1) 4 R3 4.2 (1030)3 4.2 1090 cm3 3 = m/V = 1061g / 4.2 1090cm3 2.4 1030 g/cm3 V= n = (2.4 1030 g/cm3) / 1.7 1024g = 1.4 106 cm3 1.4 106 cm3. m3 n = 106 1.4 106 1.4 / m3 : V = 4 4 R3 3.14 (7 1010)3 1.4 1033cm3 3 3 = 1033g / (1.4 1033cm3) 6.7 g / cm3 1.3 . 1.3 , , d.

192

E

E 10 14 = 18 = 10 4 2GeV 10 2 104 GeV . 1.4 , . 1.5 1 ( ). 8, 8, 18, 18, 18, 32. . 1.6 = 47 ( . Mendelyev) = 20 MeV = 3.2 1012J. d= 1 2 47 1 2 47 2 94 e 9 109 (1.6 1019)2 m 4 e 0 T 4 e 0 T 3.2 10 12

d 6.8 1015m 6.8 fm. 1.7 : 1012 103m3 109m3 3 4 R3 = 109 m3 R = 10 9 4 3 3 R= 4 1.8 R = 1.1A1/3 fm 1/ 33

= 10 -12

1/ 3

m

10 m 6.2 101 103m 0.62 mm

A A A

193

R( Pb ) 207 = R(C ) 12 2.6 . 1.9

1/ 3

= (1.725 10)1/3 = 2.6

, . S = 0, 1. (p, e) 0 1/2. (p, e) 1, 1 1/2. 1.1076 32 Ge

1 1 = 3/2, 2 2

76 34 Se

+ e + e

32 = 3411 76 = 76+0+0 0 = 0+1+1

. 1.11 , , 1 1 1 . 2 2 p1 + p2 = p2 2 c p1 + (me c )2 + c p2 + (me c )2 = c p 2

p2 + (m c )2 + e 1

2 p2 + (me c )2 = (p1 + p2)2

p1 p2 = cos, p12 p22 (12) + (p12 + p22 + 2 p1p2) (mec)2 = 0 1 1 ( ). .

194

E

, , . , e+ + e e+ + e 1 + 2 . . c(|p1| + |p2|) = 2 mec2 p = mec c(|p1| + |p2|) = 2 mec2 p = mec p = 0.511 MeV/c p = 9.11 1031 kg 3 108 m/s |p| = 2.7 1022 kg (m/s) 2.1 ~ + + n p +

2 . . 2.2 e + n e + p~ e + p e+ + n

+ n e + p e /~ ~ ~ + p e+ + n e /

2.3 o , , . 2.4 :

A A A

195

p + p p + p + K+ + K S 0 0 0 0 S(K+) S(K) S(K) = S(K+)

p + K+ + S 0 0 S(K+) S( ) S( ) = S(K+) = S(K) ... p + p + K + K0 S 0 0 0 S(K) S(K0) S(K0) = S(K) = S(K+)

p + K + K0 + K + S 0 S(K+) S( ) S(K +) S(K +) S( ) = 3S(K +) ... 2.5 : p + p p + p + K+ + K 1 1 1 1 0 (K ) + 2 = 2 (K ) = 0

p + K p + K+ + K 0 ... 2.6 . ) n1 u n2 = 3n1 s d ( s d ). Q = q = n1 2 1 (3 n1) = n1 1 , n1 = 3, 2, 1, 0 e 3 3 1 0 1 0 ( K 0 ) ( K 0 ) = 0

Q = 2, 1, 0, 1 )

196

E

ud us Q =

1 2 + =1 3 3 1 2 = 1 3 3

du su Q =

uu , dd , ss Q = 0 2.7 Q = 3 + B 2 p: n: +: 2.8 Q = 3 + Y 2 p: n: K: : 2.9 2.5 Qmax = 2 |e| , Qmin = 1 |e| Qmax = 1 |e| , Qmin = 2 |e| 3 = 1 , 2 1 3 = , 2 3 = 1 , 2 =1, =1, =0, =1, S=0 Y=1 S=0 Y=1 1 1 =1=Q + 2 2 1 =0=Q 2 1 = 1 = Q 2 3 = 1 , 2 1 , 2 = 1 3 + = 1 3 + B 1 1 = =1=Q + 2 2 2 B = 1 + 1 =0=Q 2 2 2 .

3 = -

3 = 1 ,

=01+0=Q

1 + 2 1 S = 1 Y = 1 2 S = 1 Y = 0

3 = 1,

1 + 0 = 1 = Q

A A A

197

2.10 p=u u d Q = 1 S=0 I= 1 2 I3 = 1 2 I3 = + 1 J= 1 2 1 2 . 2.11 ud +1. +. T du 1, . ds = K0, sd , K 0 ... 2.12 .. 1) p: (u) = 2 , N(d) = 1 1 1 1 Q = 2 2 2 - 1 = 1 , 3 = (21) = , = (1+1) = 1 , S = 0 2 2 3 3 3 2) 0: (u) = 0 , N(d) = 1 , (s) = 1

S- =d d s

Q = 1

S=1

I=1

J=

3)

1 Q = 1 + 1 = 0 , 3 = (1) = 1 , = 0 , S = 1 (01) = 1 2 3 3 2 + : (u) = 2 , N(s) = 1 ...

Q = 2 2 1 = 1 , 3 = 1 (2) = 1 , = 1 (2+1) = 1 , S = [10] = 1 3 3 2 3 2.13

Y (B + S ) = = 2 2 1 1 = ( N ( u ) N ( u ) + N ( d ) N ( d ) + N ( s ) N ( s )) N ( s ) N ( s )) 2 3 = I3 + Y 1 1 1 N (u ) N (u ) + N (d ) N (d ) N (s) N (s ) 26 6 3

(

)

(

)

(

)

198

E

I3 +

Y 2

=

1 1 1 1 1 ( N ( s) N ( s )) + ( N ( u ) N ( u )) + ( N ( d ) N ( d )) 6 6 2 2 3

=

2 1 1 N (u ) N (u ) N (d ) N (d ) N (s) N (s ) 3 3 3

(

)

(

)

(

)

=Q. 2.14 M uu M u d M uu 2 2 2 4 2 e = e 9 3 3 2 1 8 4 - e 2 = - e 2 9 3 3 1 1 4 - - e 2 = 4 / 2 e 2 3 3 0 2 2 4 = 3 3 9

M ud

M dd 2.15

E ud uu ud dd , + 0 . 2.16 , , ... . 40 ( ) P23 = ur(1) ug(3) ub(2) = P23 = ur(3) ug(1) ub(2) = P23 = ur(1) ug(2) ub(3) = P23 = ur(2) ug(3) ub(1) = P23 = ur(3) ug(2) ub(1) = P23 = ur(2) ug(1) ub(3) = . P23 ++ = ++, P13 .

A A A

199

2.17 ++ (. 2.41) u S. 2.18 + (. 4.31) d S . 3.1 ) p = m [p] = [m] [] = L T1 : = 1, = 1, = 1 , [] = [p] = [m] = m = 1 ) F = ma [F] = [m] [a] = M L T2 , a = = 1, = 2, = 1 : L = m1, T2 = m2 [F] = m2 = 2 3.2 1 2 1 = = [GF ] cp [h]q Mr t r = 5. a priori. 1 = (L5 T 2 M)2 (L2 T 1 M)p (L T 1)q Mr 10 + 2 p + q = 0 p = 7, q = 4 4 p q = 1 2+p+r=0r=5 1t

=

1 2 5 GF mm h7 c4 2 192

3.3 1kg 1 26 1 kg = m p = 1.67 10 27 m p = 6.0 10 mp mp

200

E

-1 2 1 N = 1 kg 1m 1 s2 = 6.0 1026 mp 4.16 1015 m p (1/1.43)2 1048 m p 2

1 -1 2 = 6.0 4.76 107 me = 1.39 106 me 1.43 3.4 * = * = 2 GeV* K* = E1* + E2 = 2 E1* E1* = 1 GeV

K* = K* 3.5 e =

2 ( E1 + me )2 - p1 =

2 2 E12 + 2me E1 + me - p1

2me E1 K1 = K* / 2me K1 =

4 GeV2 4.000 GeV 0.511 10 -3 GeV

( K * )2 3102 GeV2 = = 9.1 107 GeV! -3 2me 0.5 10 GeV ( K * )2 3102 GeV2 = = 5.1 104 GeV 2m p 2 1 GeV

p = 3.6

* = 2 me ) ) k1 + k 2 + k 3 = 0 * = 2 k k = me

k1 k3 k2

k3

2 me = k1 + k2 + 2 me = k1 + k2 +

(k

1

+ k2

)

2

1 k12 + k2 + 2 k1k1 cos q

A A A

201

= 0 k1 + k2 = me ( k1 , k2 ) = 180 max (k1 , k2) = me k1 , k2 . 3.7 0 2 m = 2 | k | k = m/2 k = 135/2 eV k = 67.5 eV /ck

k

3.8 . 3.9 10 . 10/18 . 1034 , 1034 mp. 10 m = 1034 mp m = 1.8 1034 mp = 30.000 . 18 4.1 (/) = 4.2 , . . 4.3 = (1 + 8) 107 eV = 90 MeV 4.4 ) . 500 m 500 103 = 1.67 = 0.3 1Km 0.3

202

E

) /, (2e ). 4.5 1s q = 100 106 A = 104 cb N= 4.6 = P = E E 2 - m2 K+m = q e = 10 -4 dN = 6.25 1014 s1 1019 6.25 1014, 1.6 dt

( K + m )2 - m 2K+m

=

K 2 + 2 mK K+m

= 4.7

1 MeV 2 + 2 0.5 MeV 2 = 0.943 = 0.943 c 1 + 0.5 MeV

0.5 MeV = 5.0 104 GeV. : = 20 GeV = 4.0 104 4 5 10 GeV

R = 10 102 4.0 104m = 4 Km. 4.8-1 R = 4.5 103m = 1.64 1019 m p

4 W= 137

2

1 100 10 19 m p 0.5 10 3 3 1.64

4

= 8.41 103 2.03 1020 1.6 1021 = 6.83 101 mp W 0.64 GeV 1012 W = 0.64 1012 GeV = 0.64 1.6 1019 1012 10 J W = 1.02 102 J. 4.9 L = 2 102 4.10 1gr / cm 3 2 36 1 1 L = 2 1012 s1 10 cm 6.84 10 cm s 18 1.7 10 -24 1012 1012 104 s1 2 1032 cm2 s1 10 -2 cm 2

A A A

203

4.11 l0 (H) = 58 = 8.92 102 0.065 2.5 l0 (C) = = 18.8 ... 2.3

5.1 1t

= 2.49 MeV = 2.49 103 GeV

= 5.2

1 1 1 22 103 GeV1 = 6.97 1022s = 2.8 10 s 2.49 2.49 0.94

W + ud, W - du, W + cs, W - sc, W + e + ve , W - e - ve , W+ + v , W- - v ,

, , .. W+ ( uq ) ( qd ) b 0 +

W+ ( cq ) ( qs )

q = u, d, s, c

+ 0

...

D0 5.3 C = 1. Q=2 Q=1 Q=0 uuc (qq)1c (qq)0c ddc dsc ssc

D+ .

.

S=0 S=0 S=0 S=0 S = 1 S = 2

I=1 I=1 I=0 I=1 I = 1/2 I=0

I3 = 1 I3 = 0 I3 = 0 I3 = 1 I3 = 1/2 I3 = 0

J = 1/2 J = 1/2 J = 1/2 J = 1/2 J = 1/2 J = 1/2

5.4

204

E

c s , D0 K + - , + = us D0 = uc . 5.5 D+ = cd , D+ K + +, = su c s . 5.6 ub , db , bd , sb , bu , bs M: B: Q = 1 uub, ucb, ccb Q = 0 udb, usb, cdb, csb, ddb, dsb, ssb O sb bu csb cdb 5.7 dV = dx dy dz dv = dV J = ( ) , J = u ( ) 5.8 .z P Z B X x P Z A O A B Y y

s = 1 s=0 s = 1 s=0

c=0 c=0 c=1 c=1

b = 1 b=1 b=1 b=1

I=0 I = 1/2 I=0 I = 1/2

I3 = 0 I3 = 1/2 I3 = 0 I3 = 1/2

J=0 J = 1/2 J = 1/2 J = 1/2 ...

dq = dV J J = J ... =

A A A

205

xOy . = = = = + + = + 5.9 = = = =

F F = q (E) = F = = () =

5.10 i = f f ()l12 i = 1 f = f = 1 (1)l12 = 1 H l = 1 5.11 ) s: ( ) i = (1) (1) = 1, f = (1) (1) ()l12 l12 = 1 ) p: ( 1) i = (1) (1) (1) = 1 l12 = 0. 6.1 Y = 2 (Q I3) Higgs 1 Y = 2 0 - = 1 2 = 2 (1 0) = 2 2 1 1 =2 - = 2 3 3 2 4 =2 = 3 3 -1 2 =2 = 3 3

uR , cR , tR

dR , sR , bR

206

E

6.2 ) qR H qL 1 (q ) 1 = 1 R 3 3 (qR) = 4 3

Y: (qR) 1 ) qR

qR = uR , cR , tR H = 1 3 qL 1 3 eR 2 H lL 1 1 Y(qR) = 2 3 qR = dR , sR , bR

: (qR) 1 uR H qL dR H qL eR *0 eL , 0

(qR) + 1 =

uR 0 uL dR + uL eR + L

uR dL dR *0 dL eR *0 eL

u , 2 , uR uL , dR dL , eR eL ( )

6.3 . L . () = 2, L = 0 () = L = 1 6.4 = 1 (1015 ) 4 GeV 4 51061 GeV1 = 5106171015s = 3.51037s = 1030 yr 5 0.02 1 GeV 1 , 3

A A A

207

6.5 m p -1 0.94 -1 19 14 33 lP = M p = l p = 1.2 10 2.110 cm 1.610 cm MP tP = 6.6 2pcw

0.94 10197.01025s 5.51044s 1.2

l =

=

2pch 2pch 2p 1.97 10 -5 eV - cm = 0.5 cm. hw kT 8.6 10 -5 2.7 eV

h w h w = kT (k oltzmann).

208

E

B

1. . . . , , , A 2000. . 2. . o, , / , I 1996. . 3. D. H. Perkins, , T, , 1998. , , . 4. : D. Haliday and R. Resnick, , , . . , , 1976. . . . , , , , , 1990. 5. R. Cahn and G. Goldhaber, The Experimental Foundations of Particle Physics, Cambridge ,1989. 6. . Frauenfelder and E. M. Henley, Subatomic Physics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1990. 7. R. Martin and G. Shaw, Particle Physics, AdissonWesley, New York, 1992. 8. Review of Particle Properties, Phys. Rev. D50, 1173 (1994). , , . . 9. C. Rubbia, Experimental bservation of Internediale Vector osons W+, W, Z0, Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, (1985) 699. 10. S. Weinberg, The first three minutes, Basic books Inc. Publishers, New York, 1988, E , E, A 1991. .

, , .

THMA

209

A. Avogadro M Planck A Planck / / Compton / Rydberg hr Bohr / . Boltzmann StefanBoltzmann c 0 3.00108 m/s 1.26106 /2 8.851012 F/m 1.601019 c 1/137 6.021023mol1 9.111031kg = 0.511 MeV/c2 1.671027kg = 938 eV/c2 1.671027kg = 939 eV/c2 6.631034 JS 1.0541024JS 1.761011 c/kg 4.141515Jsc1 2.431012m 1.10107 m1 5.291011m 9.271024 J1 5.051027J1 1.411026J1 8.31 J K1 mole1 2.24 102 m3/mole 1.381023 J/ K 5.67108 J/m2 K4 6.671011 m3kg1s2 (1998) 2.9979458 () 4 107 () 8.854 187 817 () 1.602 177 39(49) 1/137.035 989 5(61) 6.022 136 7(36) 9.109 389 7(54) 1.672 623 1(10) 1.674920(11) 6.626196(50) 1.05457266(63) 1.7588028(54) 4.135708(14) 2.426059(19) 1.09737312(11) 5.2917715(81) 9.274096(65) 5.050951(50) 1.4106203(90) 8.31434(35) 2.24136(30) 1.380658(12) 5.67051(19) 6.67259(85)

0 =1/(0 c2)e NA me mp mn h h = h/2 e/me h/e e R a0 p R k GN

210

E

Fermi Weinherg W 0 I

GF/(hc)3 sin2w mW mZ s

1.17 GeV2 0.23 80 GeV/c2 91 GeV/c2 0.1 3.14 2.72 3.091016m = 2.26 ly 0.9461016m 1.991030kg 3.851026W 6.96108m (369.53.0) km s 1 6.38106m 6.36106m 5.971024kg 100 h0 km s 1 (Mpc)1 = h0 (9.98109y) 0.50