A

610A-8-2

Or

10 -

20 -

30

40

50

60

610B-9-1610B-9-2 610A-8-3

610B-9-2610B-9-3

B610B-7-2

Crest610D-4-4

Trough610B-7-3

Crest610D-4-5

Trough

70

* 80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

10

20

30

40

50

60

α> 70o

H 8 0

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

Examples of visual similarity at two Site 610 holes. A. Correlation lines were picked at prominent con-tacts between layers of different color or lithology, such as the light-to-dark color contrast in the mid-dle of Section 610B-9-1. B. Correlation of glacial (dark) and intergiaciai (light) intervals from sedimentwave crest to wave trough on the Feni Sediment Drift. The beds were correlated using a combination ofvisual observations and biostratigraphic and paleomagnetic correlations (Ruddiman, Clement, andCameron, this volume). Note the high resolution of correlation between crest and trough holes as wellas the pelagic nature of sedimentation (Kidd and Hill, this volume). Few sedimentary structures indicat-ing significant current transport were observed at either Feni or Gardar Drift sites.

Initial Reportsof the

Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of theJOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

VOLUME XCIV, Part 1covering Leg 94 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger

Norfolk, Virginia, to St. John's, NewfoundlandJune-August 1983

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS

William F. Ruddiman, Robert B. Kidd, Jack G. Baldauf, Bradford M. Clement,James F. Dolan, Margaret R. Eggers, Philip R. Hill, Lloyd D. Keigwin, Jr.,Margie Mitchell, Isabelle Philipps, Frank Robinson, Sassan A. Salehipour,

Toshiaki Takayama, Ellen Thomas, Gerhard Unsold, and Philip P. E. Weaver

SHIPBOARD SCIENCE REPRESENTATIVE

Ellen Thomas

EDITOR

Susan Orlofsky

Prepared for theNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

National Ocean Sediment Coring ProgramUnder Contract C-482

By theUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

Scripps Institution of OceanographyPrime Contractor for the Project

This material is based upon research supported by the NationalScience Foundation under Contract No. C-482.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations ex-pressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

It is recommended that reference to the whole or to part of thisvolume be made in one of the following forms, as appropriate:

Ruddiman, W. F., Kidd, R. B., Thomas, E., et al., 19 Init.Repts. DSDP, 94: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office).

Thomas, E., 19 Late Oligocene to Recent benthic foraminifersfrom Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 608 and 610, northeasternNorth Atlantic. In Ruddiman, W. F., Kidd, R. B., Thomas, E.,et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 94: Washington (U.S. Govt. PrintingOffice), -

Effective Publication Dates of DSDP Initial Reports

According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the date ofpublication of a work and of a contained name or statement affecting nomenclatureis the date on which the publication was mailed to subscribers, placed on sale, orwhen the whole edition is distributed free of charge, mailed to institutions and in-dividuals to whom free copies are distributed. The mailing date, not the printeddate, is the correct one.

Mailing dates of the more recent Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Projectare as follows:

Volume 83—April, 1985Volume 84—May, 1985Volume 85—October, 1985Volume 86—November, 1985Volume 87—June, 1986Volume 90—January, 1986

Printed January 1987

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74—603338

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D. C. 20402

Stock number038-O0O-0O571-5

The world's first major oceanographic expe-dition took place between 1872 and 1876. Thisexpedition, aboard the H.M.S. Challenger cov-ering nearly 70,000 nautical miles and gatheringoceanographic data from 362 stations, expand-ed our knowledge of the ocean and provided asolid foundation for future studies in marine geo-logy. A century later, another vessel also namedChallenger continued to expand our knowledgeof the world's ocean and helped revolutionize ourconcepts of how the seafloor and the continentsform and change. The drilling vessel GlomarChallenger sailed the same waters as its historiccounterpart, seeking answers to new questionsconcerning the history of our planet and the lifeit supports. The continued advancement ofknowledge about the fundamental processes anddynamics of the earth is leading to a greater un-derstanding of our planet and more intelligentuse of its resources.

Since 1968, the Deep Sea Drilling Project(DSDP) has been supported by the National Sci-ence Foundation, primarily through a contractwith the University of California which, in turn,subcontracted to Global Marine Incorporated forthe services of the D/V Glomar Challenger.

Through contracts with Joint OceanographicInstitutions, Inc. (JOI, Inc.), the National Sci-ence Foundation supported the scientific adviso-ry structure for the project and funded predrill-ing geophysical site surveys. Scientific planningwas conducted under the auspices of the JointOceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sam-pling (JOIDES). The JOIDES advisory groupconsisted of over 250 members who made up 24committees, panels, and working groups. Themembers were distinguished scientists from ac-ademic institutions, government agencies, andprivate industry all over the world.

In 1975, the International Phase of OceanDrilling (IPOD) began. The IPOD member na-tions, Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Uni-ted Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France, partial-ly supported the project. Each member nationactively participated in the scientific planning ofthe project through membership in JOIDES. Sci-entists from these countries also took part in thefield work aboard the D/V Glomar Challengerand postcruise scientific studies.

The first ocean coring operations for the DeepSea Drilling Project began on August 11, 1968.During the ensuing years of drilling operationsin the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, theGulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, MediterraneanSea, and Antarctic waters, the scientific objec-tives that had been proposed were successfullyaccomplished. Primarily, the age of the ocean ba-sins and their processes of development were de-termined. The validity of the hypothesis of sea-floor spreading was firmly demonstrated and itsdynamics studied. Emphasis was placed on broadreconnaissance and testing the involvement ofmid-oceanic ridge systems in the development ofthe ocean basin. Later legs of the Challengersvoyages concentrated on the nature of the oce-anic crust, the sedimentary history of the pas-sive ocean margins, sediment dynamics along ac-tive ocean margins, and other areas of interest.The accumulated results of this project have ledto major new interpretations of the pattern ofsedimentation and the physical and chemical cha-racteristics of the ancient oceans.

Technological advances have provided newtools which in turn have opened new dimensionsof scientific discovery. The introduction of theHydraulic Piston Corer in 1979 permitted virtu-ally undisturbed cores of soft sediment layers tobe obtained. This technological advance hasgreatly enhanced the ability of scientists to studyancient ocean environments, as recorded by sed-iment characteristics and flora and fauna pre-served in these deposits.

A second major advance has been the use ofthe hole after drilling. The project routinely log-

ged holes and performed geophysical and geo-chemical studies before, during, and after drill-ing. Long-term downhole geophysical seismicmonitoring devices have been implanted success-fully in DSDP holes. These new listening devicesand geophysical studies have provided valuableinformation about the origin and nature of thedynamic processes of plate tectonics.

These reports contain the results of the initialstudies of the recovered core material and the as-sociated geophysical information. All the world'speople benefit either directly or indirectly fromthis fundamental research. Knowledge about pastand present conditions and processes are thefoundations for future predictions and develop-ments. Both short- and long-term benefits are ob-tained by advances in drilling technology and in-strumentation. Information is being obtainedabout the origin and geographic distribution ofnatural resources. Just as the H.M.S. Challeng-er had a profound impact on scientific thoughtfor over a century, this second Challenger expe-dition has given a greater understanding of theoceans and the processes that form and shape theearth.

Erich Bloch,Director

Washington, D.C.

VI

Recognizing the need in the oceanographiccommunity for scientific planning of a programto obtain deep sedimentary cores from theocean bottoms, four of the major oceanograph-ic institutions that had strong interests andprograms in the fields of marine geology andgeophysics formed, in May 1964, the JointOceanographic Institutions for Deep EarthSampling (JOIDES). This group, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory; RosenstielSchool of Marine and Atmospheric Science,University of Miami; the Scripps Institution ofOceanography, University of California at SanDiego; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic In-stitution, expressed an interest in undertakingscientific planning and guidance of thesedimentary drilling program. It was the pur-pose of this group to foster programs to in-vestigate the sediments and rocks beneath thedeep oceans by drilling and coring. Themembership of this original group was laterenlarged in 1968 when the University ofWashington became a member, and again in1975 when University of Hawaii Institute ofGeophysics, the Oregon State UniversitySchool of Oceanography, the University ofRhode Island Graduate School of Oceanogra-phy, and Texas A&M University Department ofOceanography became members. In accordancewith international agreements, institutionsof participating nations became members ofJOIDES. Thus, during 1974 to 1976, theBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften undRohstoffe of the Federal Republic of Germany,the Centre National pour 1'Exploitation desOceans of France, the Natural EnvironmentResearch Council of the United Kingdom, theUniversity of Tokyo of Japan, and Academy ofSciences of the USSR became JOIDES members.

Through discussions sponsored by theJOIDES organization, with support from theNational Science Foundation, ColumbiaUniversity's Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory operated a drilling program in thesummer of 1965, on the Blake Plateau regionoff Jacksonville, Florida.

vn

With this success in hand, planning beganfor a more extensive deep sea effort. Thisresulted in the award of a contract by theNational Science Foundation to the Scripps In-stitution of Oceanography, University of Cali-fornia at San Diego for an eighteen-monthdrilling program in the Atlantic and Pacificoceans, termed the Deep Sea Drilling Project(DSDP). Operations at sea began in August1968, using the now-famous drilling vessel, theGlomar Challenger.

The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Projectis to gather scientific information that will helpdetermine the age and processes of develop-ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategyis to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, rely-ing largely on technology developed by thepetroleum industry.

Through the efforts of the principal or-ganizations and of the panel members, whowere drawn from a large cross section of lead-ing earth scientists and associates, a scientificprogram was developed.

Cores recovered from deep beneath theocean floor provide reference material for amultitude of studies in fields such as biostratig-raphy, physical stratigraphy, and Paleomag-netism that afford a new scope for investigatingthe physical and chemical aspects of sedimentprovenance, transportation, deposition, anddiagenesis. In-hole measurements, as feasible,provide petrophysical data to permit inferenceof lithology of intervals from which no coreswere recovered.

A report, describing the core materials andinformation obtained both at sea and in lab-oratories onshore, is published after the com-pletion of each cruise. These reports are acooperative effort of shipboard and shore-based scientists and are intended primarily to bea compilation of results which, it is hoped, willbe the starting point for many future new andexciting research programs. Preliminary inter-pretations of the data and observations taken atsea are also included.

Core materials and data collected on eachcruise will be made available to qualified scien-tists through the Curator of the Deep Sea Drill-

ing Project, following a Sample DistributionPolicy (p. xix ) approved by the National Sci-ence Foundation.

The advent of Glomar Challenger, with itsdeep-water drilling capability, is exceedinglytimely. It has come when geophysical investiga-tion of the oceans has matured through 20 to 30years of vigorous growth to the point where wehave some knowledge about much of the for-merly unknown oceanic areas of our planet.About one million miles of traverses have beenmade which tell us much about the global pat-tern of gravity, magnetic and thermal anoma-lies, and about the composition, thickness, andstratigraphy of the sedimentary cover of thedeep sea and continental margin. The coveragewith such data has enabled the site selectionpanels to pick choice locations for drilling. Theknowledge gained from each hole can be ex-tended into the surrounding area. Detailed geo-physical surveys were made for most of theselected locations prior to drilling.

The earth sciences have recently maturedfrom an empirical status to one in which sub-stantial theories and hypotheses about majortectonic processes are flourishing. Theoriesabout the origin of magnetic fields and mag-netic reversals, about ocean floor spreading andcontinental drift, and about the thermal historyof our planet have led to specific predictionsthat could be tested best by an enlightened pro-gram of sampling of deep sea and continentalmargin sediments and underlying rocks.

In October 1975, the International Phaseof Ocean Drilling (IPOD) began. This in-ternational interest, and the true participationof both the scientists and governments of anumber of nations, are eloquent testimony tothe importance of the work being done by theDeep Sea Drilling Project.

The members of JOIDES and DSDP andthe scientists from all interested organizationsand nations who have served on the various ad-visory panels are proud to have been of serviceand believe that the information and core ma-terials that have been obtained will be of valueto students of earth sciences and to all human-ity for many years to come.

vin

Deep SeaDrilling Project

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINTOCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEPEARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES):1

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe,Federal Republic of Germany

University of California at San Diego,Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Centre National pour PExploitation des Oceans, Paris

Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory

University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics

University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine andAtmospheric Science

Natural Environment Research Council, London

Oregon State University, School of Oceanography

University of Rhode Island, Graduate School ofOceanography

Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography

University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute

University of Washington, Department ofOceanography

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences2

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

University of Texas at Austin

OPERATING INSTITUTION

Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CaliforniaW. A. Nierenberg, Director

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT:

Dr. M. N. A. PetersonPrincipal InvestigatorProject Manager

Mr. Robert S. BowerAssistant Project Manager forAdministration and Contracts

Dr. Yves LancelotChief Scientist

Mr. Ed DeanFinance Administrator

Ms. Sue StrainPersonnel Officer

Includes member organizations during time of cruise.This institution and its committees and panel members were noncontribut-ing members of JOIDES at time of cruise.

IX

Participants aboardGLOMAR CHALLENGER for Leg Ninety-four

Dr. William F. RuddimanCo-Chief Scientist

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryPalisades, New York 10964

Dr. Robert B. KiddCo-Chief Scientist

Institute of Océanographie SciencesWormley, GodalmingSurrey GU8 SUBUnited Kingdom

Dr. Jack G. BaldaufPaleontologist (diatoms)

Paleontology and Stratigraphy BranchU.S. Geological SurveyMenlo Park, California 94025

Mr. Bradford M. ClementPaleomagnetist

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryPalisades, New York 10964

Dr. James F. DolanSedimentologist

Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta Cruz, California 95060

Ms. Margaret R. EggersSedimentologist

Department of GeologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina 29208

Dr. Philip R. HillSedimentologist

Atlantic Geoscience CentreGeological Survey of CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouth, Nova ScotiaCanada B2Y4A2

Dr. Lloyd D. Keigwin, Jr.Sedimentologist

Department of Geology and GeophysicsWoods Hole Océanographie InstitutionWoods Hole, Massachusetts 02543

Ms. Margie MitchellPaleontologist (radiolarians)

Geological Research DivisionScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Dr. Isabelle PhilippsSedimentologist

Laboratoire de Géologie et OcéanographieUniversité de Bordeaux I33605 Talence CedexFrance

Mr. Frank RobinsonSedimentologist

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryPalisades, New York 10964

Mr. Sassan A. SalehipourPhysical Properties Specialist

Ocean Engineering No. 2University of Rhode IslandKingston, Rhode Island 02882

Dr. Toshiaki TakayamaPaleontologist (nannofossils)

Department of GeologyKanazawa UniversityKanazawa 920Japan

Dr. Ellen ThomasPaleontologist (foraminifers)/StaffScience Representative

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Dr. Gerhard UnsoldSedimentologist

Geologisch-Palàontologisches InstitutUniversitàt KielD-2300 KielFederal Republic of Germany

XI

Dr. Philip P. E. WeaverPaleontologist (foraminifers)

Institute of Oceanographic SciencesWormley, GodalmingSurrey GU8 5UBUnited Kingdom

Mr. Don CameronCruise Operations Manager

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Melvin FieldsWeatherman

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Captain Joseph A. ClarkeMaster of the Drilling Vessel

Global Marine Drilling Co.San Diego, California 92111

Mr. Howard P. GuillotDrilling Superintendent

Global Marine Drilling Co.San Diego, California 92111

Mr. Burnette W. HamlinLaboratory Officer

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. James PineChemist

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Ms. Paula WeissCuratorial Representative

Deep Sea Drilling Project-ECRLamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryPalisades, New York 10964

Mr. William MeyerComputer Technician

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Randy CurrentElectronics Technician

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Tom HaldemanMarine Technician

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Craig HallmanMarine Technician

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Will SooterMarine Technician

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Tom WitteMarine Technician

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Victor SoteloPhotographer

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Ms. Barbara LongYeoperson

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

xn

Deep Sea Drilling Project Publications Staff

Publications Manager Production Manager Art-Photo SupervisorJan H. Blakeslee Mary A. Young Virginia L. Roman

Editors Production Assistants IllustratorsSusan Orlofsky Patricia Duley Aileen BobrykKatie L. Turner Madeleine A. Mahnken Vicki Cypherd

Kathleen Sanderson (this volume)Production Coordinator A H c e N T h o m p s o n

Carolina Bertling

Xlll

JOIDES AdvisoryGroupsl

Executive CommitteeDr. D. James Baker, Jr.

University of WashingtonProf. Dr. Friedrich Bender

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. Alan Berman, Chairman

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesDr. Bernard Biju-Duval

Centre National pour I'Exploitation des OceansDr. John C. Bowman

Natural Environment Research CouncilDr. G. Ross Heath

Oregon State UniversityDr. Charles E. Helsley

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsDr. Jose Honnorez (ex-officio Planning Committee Repre-

sentative)Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science

Dr. John A. KnaussUniversity of Rhode Island

Dr. Arthur MaxwellUniversity of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noriyuki NasuUniversity of Tokyo

Dr. William A. NierenbergScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Melvin N. A. Peterson (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Barry RaleighLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Robert D. ReidTexas A&M University

Dr. Alexander V. SidorenkoU.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Dr. John SteeleWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Planning CommitteeDr. Jean Aubouin

Université Pierre et Marie CurieDr. Helmut Beiersdorf

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. William R. Bryant

Texas A&M UniversityDr. Richard Buffler

University of Texas at Austin

Membership at time of cruise.

Dr. Joe R. CannUniversity of Newcastle-upon- Tyne

Dr. Joe S. CreagerUniversity of Washington

Dr. Dennis E. HayesLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Jose Honnorez, ChairmanRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science

Dr. James P. KennettUniversity of Rhode Island

Dr. Kazuo KobayashiUniversity of Tokyo

Dr. Yves Lancelot (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Ralph MoberlyHawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. Lev NikitinU.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Dr. Hans SchraderOregon State University

Dr. Richard P. Von HerzenWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Edward L. WintererScripps Institution of Oceanography

Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Petrologyand Physical PropertiesDr. Richard Bennett

National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationMr. Robert E. Boyce (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Richard Carlson

Texas A&M UniversityDr. Walter E. Dean, Jr.

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. George deVries Klein, Chairman

University of Illinois, UrbanaDr. Leland Kraft

McClelland Engineers, Inc.Dr. Michael T. Ledbetter

University of Georgia, AthensDr. I. Nick McCave

University of East AngliaDr. Frederic Mélières

Université Pierre et Marie CurieDr. Ralph Moberly (ex-officio)

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsDr. Gregory Mountain

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

xv

Dr. Peter RotheUniversitàt Mannheim

Dr. Peter P. TimofeevU.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Advisory Panel on Organic GeochemistryDr. Earl W. Baker

Florida Atlantic UniversityDr. Miriam Baltuck (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Simon C. Brassell

University of BristolDr. Egon T. Degens

Universitàt HamburgDr. Eric Galimov

U.S.S.R. Academy of SciencesDr. John M. Hunt

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Keith A. Kvenvolden

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Philip A. Meyers

University of MichiganDr. Hans Schrader (ex-officio)

Oregon State UniversityDr. Bernd R. T. Simoneit, Chairman

Oregon State UniversityAdvisory Panel on Information HandlingDr. Daniel E. Appleman, Chairman

Smithsonian InstitutionDr. Joe S. Creager (ex-officio)

University of WashingtonDr. John C. Hathaway

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Alfred Loeblich, Jr.

University of California, Los AngelesDr. Michael S. Loughridge

National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationDr. Marthe Melguen

Bureau National des Données OcéaniquesDr. Russell Merrill (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyMrs. Judit Nowak

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. John B. Saunders

Naturhistorisches Museum BaselDr. Valery V. Zdorovenin

U.S.S.R. Academy of SciencesIndustrial Liaison PanelMr. R. L. Adams

Conoco Inc.

Prof. Nikolai P. BudnikovMinistry of Geology of the U.S.S.R.

Mr. Melvin J. HillGulf Oil Exploration and Production Company

Dr. Ing. Guenter PetersonGewerkschaft Walter

Mr. W. A. Roberts, ChairmanEnergy Concepts, Inc.

Dr. Gilbert RutmanSociété Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine

Mr. G. WilliamsUnited Kingdom Offshore Operators Association, Ltd.

Advisory Panel on Ocean CrustDr. Roger N. Anderson

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Henri Bougault

Centre Océanologique de Bretagne (CNEXO)Dr. John R. Delaney

University of WashingtonDr. Donald Elthon

University of HoustonProf. Dr. Rolf Emmermann

Universitàt GiessenDr. Kenneth C. MacDonald

University of California, Santa BarbaraDr. Ralph Moberly (ex-officio)

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsDr. James Natland (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Minoru Ozima

University of TokyoDr. Paul Robinson, Chairman

Dalhousie UniversityDr. Hans Schouten

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Ralph Stephen

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. John Tarney

University of LeicesterDr. Andrei A. Tsvetkov

U.S.S.R. Academy of SciencesAdvisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Active)Dr. Peter F. Barker

University of BirminghamDr. Jean-Paul Cadet

Université d'OrleansDr. William Coulbourn (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Darrell Cowan

University of Washington

xvi

Dr. Joe S. Creager (ex-officio)University of Washington

Dr. Yury I. DmitrievU.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Dr. Dennis E. Hayes (ex-officio)Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Donald M. Hussong, ChairmanHawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. Daniel KarigCornell University

Dr. John W. LaddLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Kazuaki NakamuraUniversity of Tokyo

Dr. Roland von HueneU.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Hansjust WaltherBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Passive)Dr. Mikhail E. Artemiev

U.S.S.R. Academy of ScienciesDr. Arnold H. Bouma

Gulf Science and Technology CompanyDr. William R. Bryant (ex-officio)

Texas A&M UniversityDr. Karl Hinz

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. Hideo Kagami

University of TokyoDr. Charlotte Keene

Geological Survey of CanadaDr. Yves Lancelot (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Lucien Montadert

Institut Français du PétroleDr. David G. Roberts, Chairman

British Petroleum Co., Ltd.Dr. William B. F. Ryan

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Sigmund Snelson

Shell Oil CompanyDr. Jòrn Thiede

Universiteit I OsloDr. Brian E. Tucholke

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Peter R. Vail

Exxon Production CompanyDr. Jan E. van Hinte

Vrije Universiteit

Dr. Edward L. Winterer (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Advisory Panel on Pollution Prevention and SafetyDr. Nikolai J. Beliy

Ministry of Gas Industry, U.S.S.R.Dr. Rustum Jean Byramjee

Compagnie Français des PétrolesDr. George Claypool

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Louis E. Garrison, Chairman

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Arthur E. Green

EXXON Production Research LaboratoryDr. Jose Honnorez (ex-officio)

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceProf. A. J. Horn

At her ton, CaliforniaDr. Ernst Hotz

Deminex, Essen, Federal Republic of GermanyDr. Yves Lancelot (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. David B. MacKenzie

Marathon Oil CompanyDr. Geoffrey D. Taylor

British Petroleum Company, Ltd.Advisory Panel on Inorganic GeochemistryDr. Miriam Baltuck (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Stephen E. Calvert

University of British ColumbiaDr. Joe R. Cann (ex-officio)

University of Newcastle-upon- TyneDr. Henry Elderfield

University of LeedsDr. Michael Hoffert

Université de Bretagne OccidentaleDr. Miriam Kastner, Chairman

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Margaret Leinen

University of Rhode IslandDr. Igor D. Ryabchikov

U.S.S.R. Academy of SciencesDr. Sam Savin

Case Western Reserve UniversityDr. Fred L. Sayles

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Hubert Staudigel

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

xvn

Dr. Karl-Heinz WedepohlUniversitàt Göttingen

Stratigraphic Correlations PanelDr. Ivan Basov

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Dr. Lloyd H. BurckleLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. James P. Kennett (ex-officio)

University of Rhode Island

Prof. Dr. Erlend Martini

Universitàt Frankfurt

Dr. Richard Z. Poore, Chairman

U.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Ellen Thomas (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Downhole Measurements PanelDr. Keir Becker (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. William R. Bryant (ex-officio)

Texas A&M University

Dr. Nikolas I. Christensen

University of Washington

Dr. Timothy J. G. Francis

Natural Environment Research Council

Dr. Roy HyndmanDepartment of Energy, Mines and Resources,British Columbia

Mr. Alfred H. Jageler

Amoco Production Research Company

Dr. Reinhard Jung

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Dr. Hajimu Kinoshita

Chiba University

Dr. Mark Mathews

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Dr. Yury Neprochnov

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Dr. Lev Nikitin (ex-officio)

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Dr. Vincent RenardCentre National pour VExploitation des Oceans

Dr. Richard P. Von Herzen, ChairmanWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Advisory Panel on Ocean PaleoenvironmentDr. Michael Arthur, Chairman

University of South Carolina, Columbia

Dr. Helmut Beiersdorf (ex-officio)Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Dr. Hervé ChamleyUniversité des Sciences et Techniques de Lille

Dr. Robert G. Douglas

University of Southern California

Dr. Dieter Fütterer

Universitàt Kiel

Dr. Robert E. Garrison

University of California, Santa Cruz

Dr. James D. Hays

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. James P. Kennett (ex-officio)

University of Rhode Island

Dr. Robert B. Kidd

Natural Environment Research Council

Dr. Theodore C. Moore, Jr.

EXXON Production Research Company

Dr. Seymour O. Schlanger

Northwestern University

Dr. Yokichi Takayanagi

Tohoku University

Dr. Fritz TheyerHawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. Ellen Thomas (ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Peter P. TimofeevU.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Advisory Panel on Site SurveyingDr. Helmut Beiersdorf (ex-officio)

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Mr. Carl Brenner (ex-officio)

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Fred Duennebier

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. Dennis Hayes (ex-officio)

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. E. John W. Jones, Chairman

University College of London

Dr. Shozaburo Nagumo

University of Tokyo

Dr. Vincent Renard

Centre Océanologique pour VExploitation des Oceans

Dr. Matthew Salisbury (ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Alexander A. Schreider

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences

Dr. Wilfried WeigelUniversitàt Hamburg

xvin

SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION POLICY *

Distribution of Ocean Drilling Program and of DeepSea Drilling Project samples is undertaken in order to(1) provide support to shipboard scientists in achievingthe scientific objectives of their cruise, and supportshorebased investigators who are preparing contribu-tions to DSDP and ODP reports; (2) provide individ-ual investigators with materials to conduct detailedstudies beyond the scope of ODP reports; (3) providepaleontological reference centers with samples forreference and comparison purposes; and (4) provideeducators with samples for teaching purposes.

Funding for sample-related activities must be securedby the investigator independently of requesting thesamples.The Ocean Drilling Program Curator is responsiblefor distributing samples and for preserving and con-serving core material. The Curator, who may acceptadvice from chairmen of the appropriate JOIDESadvisory panels, is responsible for enforcing the pro-visions of this sample distribution policy. He is re-sponsible for maintaining a record of all samples thathave been distributed, both onboard ship and subse-quently from the repositories, indicating the recipi-ents and the nature of investigations proposed. Thisinformation is available to interested investigators onrequest.

Every sample distributed from the ship or from a re-pository is labeled with a standard identifier, whichincludes leg number, hole number, core and sectionnumbers, and interval within the section from whichthe sample was removed. It is imperative that thisstandard identifier be associated with all data report-ed in the literature, and that residues of the sampleremain labeled throughout their lives, so that laterworkers can relate the data to the cores.

Distribution of sample materials is made directly fromthe repositories (Lamont-Doherty Geological Observ-atory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, or TexasA&M University) by the Curator or his designatedrepresentative.

1. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading toContributions to ODP Reports

Any investigator who wishes to contribute to the re-ports of a scheduled cruise may write to the Curator,Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, Col-lege Station, Texas 77843-3469, U.S.A., in order torequest samples from that cruise. Requests for a spe-cific cruise must be received by the Curator at least

TWO MONTHS in advance of the departure of thatcruise, in order to allow time for the review of the re-quest in conjunction with other requests, so that asuitable shipboard sampling program can be assem-bled. The request should include a statement of thenature of the proposed research, size and approxi-mate number of samples required to complete thestudy, and any particular sampling technique or equip-ment which may be required. Requests will be re-viewed by the staff representative and co-chief scien-tists of the cruise and by the Curator. Approval/dis-approval will be based upon the scientific require-ments of the cruise as determined by the appropriateJOIDES advisory panel(s). The scope of a requestmust be such that samples can be processed, thatproposed research can be completed, and that the pa-per can be written in time for submission to the rele-vant ODP cruise report.Except for rare, specific instances involving ephem-eral properties, the total volume of samples removedduring a cruise-related sampling program will not ex-ceed one-quarter of the volume of core recovered, andno interval will be depleted. One-half of all recoveredmaterials will be retained in the archives in as pristinea condition as is practicable. Investigators requestingshipboard samples of igneous materials may receive amaximum of 100 igneous samples per cruise.Because many sample requests are received for ship-board work and because the time of the shipboardparty is at a premium, co-chief scientists are stronglyurged to limit shipboard sampling to the minimumnecessary to accomplish the cruise objectives. Shore-based investigators whose requests for cruise-relatedsamples are approved should expect that they will re-ceive the samples after the cores are returned to therepository, and should schedule research activities ac-cordingly.Co-chief scientists may invite investigators who arenot cruise participants to perform special studies ofselected core samples in direct support of shipboardactivities. If this occurs, the names and addresses ofthese investigators and details of all samples loanedor distributed to them must be forwarded to the Cu-rator, via the ODP Staff Representative to that cruise,immediately after the cruise. These investigators areexpected to contribute to the cruise reports as thoughthey had been cruise participants. All requirementsof the Sample Distribution Policy apply.

Any publication of results other than in ODP re-ports within twelve (12) months of completion of the

•Revised October 1984

XIX

cruise must be approved and authored by the wholeshipboard party and, where appropriate, shorebasedinvestigators. After twelve months, individual inves-tigators may submit related papers for open publica-tion provided they have already submitted their con-tributions to ODP reports. Investigations which arenot completed in time for inclusion in ODP reportsfor a specific cruise may be published in a later edi-tion of ODP reports; however, they may not appearin another journal until the ODP report for whichthey were intended has been published.

2. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading toPublication Outside of the DSDP and ODP Reports

A. Researchers who wish to use samples for stud-ies beyond the scope of the DSDP or ODP re-ports should obtain sample request forms fromthe Curator, Ocean Drilling Program, TexasA&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3469, U.S.A. Requestors are required to spe-cify the quantities and intervals of core re-quired, to make a clear statement of the natureof the proposed research, to state the timewhich will be required to complete the workand to submit results for publication, and tospecify funding status and the availability ofequipment and space for the research.

Additionally, if the requestor has received sam-ples from ODP or from DSDP previously, he/she will be required to account for the dispo-sition of those samples by citing publishedworks, six (6) copies of which must be sent tothe Curator. If no report has been published,this requirement can be fulfilled by sending abrief (two or three page) report of the statusof the research. Unused and residual samplesshould be returned and data should be sent tothe Curator if the project has terminated. Pa-leontological materials may be returned eitherto the Curator at ODP or to one of the desig-nated paleontological reference centers. If ma-terial is returned to a reference center, notifythe Curator when it is sent.

Requests for samples from researchers in in-dustrial laboratories will be honored in thesame manner as those from academic organi-zations. Industrial investigators have the sameobligations as other investigators to publish allresults promptly in the open literature and toprovide the Curator with copies of all reportspublished and of all data acquired in their re-search.

In order to ensure that all requests for highlydesirable but limited samples can be consid-

ered together, approval of requests and distri-bution of samples will be delayed until twelve(12) months after completion of the cruise ortwo (2) months after official publication of thecore descriptions, whichever occurs earlier. Theonly exceptions to this policy will be made forspecific requests involving ephemeral proper-ties. Requests for samples may be based oncore descriptions published in ODP reportsproduced by the shipboard party, copies ofwhich are on file at various institutionsthroughout the world. Copies of original corelogs and data are kept on open file at ODP,and at the repositories at Lamont-Doherty Ge-ological Observatory and at Scripps Institu-tion of Oceanography.

B. Most investigations can be accomplished hand-ily with sample volumes of 10 ml or less. In-vestigators must provide explicit justificationof requests for larger sample sizes or for fre-quent intervals within a core. Requests whichexceed reasonable size or frequency limits willrequire explicit justifications and more time toprocess, and are unlikely to be granted in theirentirety.Requests for samples from thin layers, fromstratigraphically important boundaries, fromsections which are badly depleted or in unusu-ally high demand may be delayed in order tocoordinate requests from several investigatorsor while the Curator seeks advice from thecommunity. Investigators who submit such re-quests may expect to receive suggestions foralternative sampling programs or that theyjoin a research consortium which will sharethe samples. In any event, such exceptional re-quests will require more time for processingthan will more routine requests.

Investigators who wish to study ephemeralproperties may request a waiver of the waitingperiod; however, such requests will be referredautomatically to the relevant co-chiefs. If ap-proved, the investigator will join the shore-based contributors to the shipboard scienceeffort, and will incur the obligations thereof(see section 1).

C. Samples will not be provided until the reques-tor assures the Curator that funding for theproposed research is available or unnecessary.If a sample request is dependent in any wayupon proposed funding, the Curator is pre-pared to provide the proposed funding organi-zation with information on the availability (orpotential availability) of suitable samples.

xx

D. Investigators who receive samples incur the fol-lowing obligations:(1) To publish significant results promptly;however, no contribution may be submitted forpublication prior to twelve (12) months fol-lowing the termination of the relevant leg un-less it is approved and authored by the entireshipboard party.

(2) To acknowledge in all publications that thesamples were supplied through the assistanceof the international Ocean Drilling Programand others as appropriate.(3) To submit six (6) copies of reprints of allpublished works to the Curator, Ocean Drill-ing Program, Texas A&M University, CollegeStation, Texas 77843-3469, U.S.A. These re-prints will be distributed to the repositories, tothe ship, to the National Science Foundation,and to the Curator's reprint file.

(4) To submit all final analytical data obtainedfrom the samples to Data Base Manager, OceanDrilling Program, Texas A&M University, Col-lege Station, Texas 77843-3469, U.S.A. Pleaseconsult recent issues of the JOIDES Journalor call (409-845-2673) for information on ac-ceptable data formats. Investigators should beaware that they may have other data obliga-tions under NSF's Ocean Science Data Policyor under relevant policies of other fundingagencies which require submission of data tonational data centers.

(5) To return all unused or residual samples, ingood condition and with a detailed explana-tion of any processing they may have experi-enced, upon termination of the proposed re-search. In particular, all thin sections andsmear slides manufactured onboard the vesselor in the repositories are to be returned to theCurator. Paleontological materials may be re-turned either to the Curator at ODP or to oneof the designated paleontological reference cen-ters.

Failure to honor these obligations will preju-dice future applications for samples.

E. Cores are available for examination by inter-ested parties at the repositories. Investigatorsare welcome to visit the repositories in order toinspect cores and to specify sample locationswhen that is required for their research; how-ever, time and space in the workrooms are lim-ited, so advance appointments are required.Occasionally, the space may be fully bookedseveral weeks in advance, so investigators areurged to call for appointments well ahead in

order to avoid disappointment. Only the Cu-rator or his delegate may actually remove sam-ples from the cores.

F. A reference library of thin sections, smearslides, and archive photographs is maintainedin the repositories for the use of visting inves-tigators. All thin sections and smear slides pro-duced onboard the ship or in the repositoriesbelong to this library.

3. Distribution of Samples to Paleontological Refer-ence Centers

As a separate and special category of repository ac-tivity, selected samples are being distributed to pale-ontological reference centers, where the prepared ma-terial may be studied by visitors. As of this writing(mid-1984), Foraminifera and Calcareous Nannofos-sils can be viewed; Radiolaria and Diatoms will beprepared in the future. The present centers are ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography, California (W. R. Rie-del, tel. 619-452-4386); Basel Natural History Muse-um, Switzerland (J. B. Saunders, tel. 061-25.82.82);and New Zealand Geological Survey, Lower Hutt,New Zealand (A. R. Edwards, tel. 699.059). Futurecenters are likely to include Texas A&M University,College Station, Texas (S. Gartner, tel. 409-845-8479);Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, NewYork; and an as yet undesignated center in Japan.

Further details concerning the paleontological refer-ence centers are reported periodically in the JOIDESJournal.

4. Distribution of Samples for Educational PurposesSamples may be available in limited quantities to col-lege-level educators for teaching purposes. Interestededucators should request application forms from theCurator, Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M Uni-versity, College Station, Texas 77843-3469, U.S.A. Re-questors are required to specify preferred sample sizeand location, to make a very clear statement of thenature of the coursework in which the samples will beused, to explain how the core samples will be pre-pared and how they will be used in the classroom, toexplain in detail why they cannot use similar materi-als derived from outcrops or dredge hauls (it is NOTacceptable to argue that it requires less effort for therequestor to obtain samples from ODP than to as-semble them from other sources), and to certify thatfunds are available to prepare the materials for class-room use. In general, only samples of materials whichare abundant in the collection and which are in littledemand for research purposes should be requestedfor educational purposes. The Curator will not ap-

xxi

prove requests for materials which are limited in sup-ply or for which demand (real or potential) is great,including most paleontological materials.

5. Distribution of DataThe Deep Sea Drilling Project and the Ocean DrillingProgram routinely capture much of the data gener-ated onboard ship and published in Program reports.Additionally, data supplied by investigators who havereceived samples are incorporated into the data bases,so data sets which are larger than can be publishedare available to investigators. Magnetics, downholelogging, seismic reflection, bathymetric data, and oth-er data collected by the drilling vessel become avail-able for distribution to investigators at the same timeas core samples.

At least through mid-1986, DSDP data will continueto be distributed by the Data Base Manager, DeepSea Drilling Project, A-031, University of California,San Diego, California 92093, U.S.A. A charge willbe made to recover expenses in excess of $50.00 in-curred in filling individual requests. If required, esti-mates of charges can be furnished before the work isperformed. As DSDP phases down, DSDP data willbe available primarily from the National GeophysicalData Center, Boulder, Colorado.

Requests for ODP data should be addressed to theData Base Manager, Ocean Drilling Program, TexasA&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3469,U.S.A. Many varieties of DSDP data will be includedin ODP data bases. Information on sources of DSDPdata will be available from the ODP Data Base Man-ager.

xxn

CONTENTS

Chapter Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1

PART I: INTRODUCTION AND SITE REPORTS

1. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, ANDEXPLANATORY NOTES, DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT LEG 94, NORTHATLANTIC OCEAN 5Shipboard Scientific Party

2. SITE 606 21Shipboard Scientific Party

3. SITE 607 75Shipboard Scientific Party

4. SITE 608 149Shipboard Scientific Party

5. SITE 609 247Shipboard Scientific Party

Chapter Page

6. SITE 610 351Shipboard Scientific Party

7. SITE 611 471Shipboard Scientific Party

PART II: ADDITIONAL DATA REPORTS

8. SITE SURVEYS OF DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT SITES 608, 610, AND 611 593C. L. Jacobs

9. MIDDLE EOCENE TO MIOCENE PLANK-TONIC FORAMINIFERS FROM DEEPSEA DRILLING PROJECT SITES 608AND 610, NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC 605D. G. Jenkins

10. K-Ar DATES OF DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT SITE 608 BASALTS 613D. E. Seidemann

xxin

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This volume exists thanks to the efforts of many people. RobertDouglas and the JOIDES Ocean Paleoenvironment Panel initiatedthe integration of objectives related to surface-water and deep-wa-ter paleoceanography, drift sedimentation, and King's Trough tec-tonics. Yves Lancelot guided the cruise staffing with a firm andhelpful hand.

At sea, Captain Joseph Clarke was as usual very helpful; we aregrateful to the captain and his crew for their cooperation and con-sistent high level of professionalism. Particular thanks go to the rig-floor crew, who were instrumental in recovering high-quality corematerial that will be a paleoenvironmental research source for yearsto come. DSDP cruise operations manager Don Cameron aided im-measurably in helping us to understand and overcome the reasonsfor HPC coring disturbance and under-recovery, and we are proudthat the now highly acclaimed Advanced Hydraulic Piston Corer(APC) was successfully tested on Leg 94. The Leg 94 DSDP marinetechnicians rose superbly to the task of processing nearly two milesof sediment cores. Yeoman Barbara Long is thanked for her stead-fast endeavors to ensure that British English got translated intoAmerican English, for documentation of the "millionth foot," andfor an endless supply of medicinal hugs.

Yves Lancelot deserves two further acknowledgments: for per-mitting us to keep stowaway Frank Robinson on board when hispresence was discovered five days out at sea; and for encouragingus to go "play with the toy" (the Glomar Challenger was indeed animpressive tool for research).

We acknowledge Andrew Mclntyre for the two liters of memori-al scotch, and Vic Sotelo won the gratitude of all but one of the co-chiefs for shooting the moon. Thanks also to Captain Clarke forraising everyone's consciousness of World War II operations in thePacific sector, and for advice on eating habits, exercise, and epider-mal damage. Also acknowledged are those special samplers, PeterSchultheiss and Nick Shackleton, who kept us well occupied at seato no avail.

The co-chiefs especially want to thank DSDP Science Represent-ative Ellen Thomas, who doggedly saw this volume through tocompletion despite the inconvenience of often absentee co-chiefsand an unscheduled visit to Nova Scotia. Susan Orlofsky handledthe editorial chores with care and patience in the difficult period ofDSDP wind-down; she was ably assisted by James Shambach andJan Blakeslee. Thanks for preparing the volume are also due to il-lustrator Kathleen Sanderson; Carol Bertling, who coordinated thevolume; and Mary Young, who handled the production.

And finally we want to thank the following for reviewing manu-scripts: J. Abbott, S. K. Addy, J. B. Anderson, M.-P. Aubry, W.Balsam, J. A. Barron, K. R. Bjorklund, A. Berger, W. A. Berg-gren, J. R. Boles, B. P. Boudreau, J. P. Bujak, D. Bukry, R. Casey,R. Cranston, W. B. Curry, L. J. Doyle, R. D. Flood, J. Flynn, S,Gartner, J. M. Gieskes, D. S. Gorsline, P. C. de Graciansky, N.Hamilton, R. Harland, C. G. A. Harrison, J. Hein, D. Hodell, K.A. Hofmann, C. A. Hollister, J. C. Ingle, J. Imbrie, S. K. Kennedy,W. J. Kennedy, J. P. Kenneth, M. Ledbetter, G. P. Lohmann, T. S.Loutit, J. MacKenzie, I. N. McCave, G. Miller, K. G. Miller, T. C.Moore, C. A. Nigrini, J. P. A. Noble, N. D. Opdyke, J. Orr, N. G.Pisias, C. W. Poag, W. Prell, C. Pujol, P. J. Quinterao, D. G. Rob-erts, F. Rögl, T. Saito, D. Schnitker, H. Schrader, D. Scott, R.Searle, W. J. Showers, S. Srivastava, J. Stebbins, E. Steurbaut, D.A. V. Stow, J. Sutter, J. Syvitski, L. Tauxe, F. Theyer, R. C. Thunell,D. Williams, C. A. Williams, W. J. Zachariasse, and H. B. Zim-merman.

Initial Reportsof the

Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of theJOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

VOLUME XCIV, Part 2covering Leg 94 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger

Norfolk, Virginia, to St. John's, NewfoundlandJune-August 1983

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS

William F. Ruddiman, Robert B. Kidd, Jack G. Baldauf, Bradford M. Clement,James F. Dolan, Margaret R. Eggers, Philip R. Hill, Lloyd D. Keigwin, Jr.,Margie Mitchell, Isabelle Philipps, Frank Robinson, Sassan A. Salehipour,

Toshiaki Takayama, Ellen Thomas, Gerhard Unsold, and Philip P. E. Weaver

SHIPBOARD SCIENCE REPRESENTATIVE

Ellen Thomas

EDITOR

Susan Orlofsky

Prepared for theNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

National Ocean Sediment Coring ProgramUnder Contract C-482

By theUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

Scripps Institution of OceanographyPrime Contractor for the Project

CONTENTS

Chapter

PART III: STRATIGRAPHY

Page Chapter

11. SEDIMENT DISTURBANCE AND COR-RELATION OF OFFSET HOLES DRILLEDWITH THE HYDRAULIC PISTONCORER: LEG 94 615W. F. Ruddiman, D. Cameron, andB. M. Clement

12. THE MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY OF LEG94 SEDIMENTS 635B. M. Clement and F. Robinson

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20. MAGNETOBIOSTRATIGRAPHY OFPLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL DA-TUMS: DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECTLEG 94, NORTH ATLANTICP. P. E. Weaver and B. M. Clement

21. GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY TRANSI-TION RECORDS FROM FIVE HYDRAU-LIC PISTON CORE SITES IN THENORTH ATLANTICB. M. Clement and D. V. Kent

Page

.815

.831

13. COCCOLITH BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OFTHE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, DEEPSEA DRILLING PROJECT LEG 94T. Takayama and T. Sato

PART IV: PALEOCEANOGRAPHY.651

22.

.703

LATE MIOCENE TO RECENT PLANK-TONIC FORAMINIFERS FROM THENORTH ATLANTIC: DEEP SEA DRILL-ING PROJECT LEG 94P. P. E. Weaver

DIATOM BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THEMIDDLE- AND HIGH-LATITUDE NORTHATLANTIC OCEAN, DEEP SEA DRILL-ING PROJECT LEG 94 729J. G. Baldauf

23.

24.RADIOLARIANS FROM THE NORTHATLANTIC OCEAN, DEEP SEA DRILL-ING PROJECT LEG 94 763M. J. Westberg-Smith, L. E. Tway, andW. R. Riedel

NORTH ATLANTIC QUATERNARY SILI-COFLAGELLATES, DEEP SEA DRILLING 25PROJECT LEG 94 779D. Bukry

PALYNOLOGY AND DINOFLAGELLATEBIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT LEG 94, SITES 607AND 611, NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 785P. J. Mudie 26.

BOLBOFORMA FROM NORTH ATLAN-TIC SITES, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJ-ECT LEG 94J. W. Murray

.813

PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RESULTSFROM NORTH ATLANTIC SITES 607AND 609W. F. Ruddiman, A. Mclntyre, andM. Raymo

STABLE ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY ANDAMINO-ACID EMPIMERIZATION FORTHE LAST 2.4 M.Y. AT SITE 610, HOLES610 AND 610AE. Jansen and H. P. Sejrup

COMPARISON OF THE PLEISTOCENERECORDS OF THE RADIOLARIAN CY-CLADOPHORA DAVISIANA AT HIGH-LATITUDE SITES OF THE DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECTJ. J. Morley

PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE PALEOCEAN-OGRAPHY OF THE NORTH ATLANTICAT DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECTSITE 609M. E. Raymo, W. F. Ruddiman, andB. M. Clement

PLIOCENE DISCOASTER ABUNDANCEVARIATIONS, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT SITE 606: BIOCHRONOLOGYAND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL IMPLI-CATIONSJ. Backman and P. Pestiaux

.855

.879

.889

.895

.903

in

Chapter Page Chapter Page

27. PLIOCENE STABLE-ISOTOPE RECORDOF DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE606: SEQUENTIAL EVENTS OF 18O EN-RICHMENT BEGINNING AT 3.1 MAL. D. Keigwin

28. MIDDLE PLIOCENE CHANGE INPLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL FAUNAAT SITE 606L. M. Ehrmann and L. D. Keigwin

29. PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCEOF LATE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIO-CENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERS ATDEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE 609P. W. P. Hooper and P. P. E. Weaver

30. NORTH ATLANTIC LATE MIOCENE STA-BLE-ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY, BIO-STRATIGRAPHY, AND MAGNETOSTRA-TIGRAPHYL. D. Keigwin, M.-P Aubry, and D. V. Kent

31. BENTHIC FORAMINIFERS AND NEO-GENE BOTTOM-WATER MASSES ATDEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT LEG 94NORTH ATLANTIC SITESJ. W. Murray

32. BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL CARBONISOTOPIC RECORDS AND THE DEVEL-OPMENT OF ABYSSAL CIRCULATIONIN THE EASTERN NORTH ATLANTICK. G. Miller, R. G. Fairbanks, andE. Thomas

33. LATE OLIGOCENE TO RECENT BEN-THIC FORAMINIFERS FROM DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT SITES 608 AND 610,NORTHEASTERN NORTH ATLANTICE. Thomas

.911

.921

.925

.935

.965

.981

.997

34. BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND PALEOCEAN-OGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OFLOWER AND MIDDLE MIOCENE SEDI-MENTS, ROCKALL PLATEAU REGION,NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 1033J. G. Baldauf

35. A STREAMLINED FORAMINIFERALTRANSFER FUNCTION FOR THE SUB-POLAR NORTH ATLANTIC 1045W. F. Ruddiman and A. Esmay

PART V: SEDIMENT DRIFTS

36. DEEP CIRCULATION IN THE SOUTH-ERN ROCKALL TROUGH—THE OCEAN-OGRAPHIC SETTING OF SITE 610 1061R. R. Dickson and R. B. Kidd

37. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTSFROM FENI AND GARDAR DRIFTS,SITES 610 AND 611, DEEP SEA DRILL-ING PROJECT LEG 94 1075P. R. Hill

38. THE MAGNETIC FABRIC OF NEOGENEAND QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS ONTHE FENI AND GARDAR DRIFTS,NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC, DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT SITES 610 AND 611.. .1083E. A. Hailwood, R. B. Kidd, andL. Dowling

39. X-RAY MINERALOGY OF THE CLAYFRACTION FROM CENOZOIC STRATA,LEG 94: COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUSNORTH ATLANTIC DATA 1089C. Latouche, N. Maillet, and I. Philipps

40. PROVENANCE CHANGES OF FINEQUARTZ SANDS IN GLACIAL AND IN-TERGLACIAL INTERVALS OF THE FENIAND GARDAR DRIFTS, NORTH ATLAN-TIC: FOURIER SHAPE ANALYSIS 1103M. R. Eggers and R. Ehrlich

41. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE"R2" SEISMIC REFLECTOR AND AZONE OF ABUNDANT DETRITAL ANDAUTHIGENIC SMECTITES, DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT HOLE 610, ROCK-ALL PLATEAU REGION, NORTHATLANTIC 1109J. F. Dolan

42. REVISED TERTIARY SEISMIC STRATIG-RAPHY OF THE SOUTHERN ROCKALLTROUGH 1117D. G. Masson and R. B. Kidd

PART VI: KINCS TROUGH STUDIES

43. CHALK SOLUTION STRUCTURES INCORES FROM DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT LEG 94 1129P. R. Hill

IV

Chapter Page Chapter Page

44. ON THE UTILITY OF CHEMICAL DATAFOR THE DETECTION OF VERTICALPORE-WATER MOVEMENT IN MARINESEDIMENTS 1145T. R. S. Wilson and D. L. Miles

45. CORRELATION OF SEAFLOOR SPREAD-ING MAGNETIC ANOMALIES ACROSSKING'S TROUGH, NORTHEAST ATLAN-TIC OCEAN 1149P. R. Miles and R. B. Kidd

PART VII: SYNTHESES

48. SEDIMENTATION ON FENI AND GAR-DAR SEDIMENT DRIFTS 1217R. B. Kidd and P. R. Hill

49. THE GEOLOGY AND FORMATION OFTHE KING'S TROUGH COMPLEX INTHE LIGHT OF DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT SITE 608 DRILLING 1245R. B. Kidd and A. T. S. Ramsay

.1159

46. MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND BIO-STRATIGRAPHIC SYNTHESIS, DEEPSEA DRILLING PROJECT LEG 94J. G. Baldauf, E. Thomas, B. Clement,T. Takayama, P. P. E. Weaver, J. Backman,G. Jenkins, P. J. Mudie, andM. J. Westberg-Smith

47. LEG 94 PALEOENVIRONMENTAL SYN-THESIS 1207W. F. Ruddiman, J. Backman, J. Baldauf,P. Hooper, L. Keigwin, K. Miller, M. Raymo,and E. Thomas

BACK POCKET FOLDOUTS:

CHAPTER 49: FIGURE 3. GLORIA SONOGRAPHMOSAIC OF THE KING'S TROUGH COMPLEX.

CHAPTER 49: FIGURE 4. BATHYMETRY OF KING'STROUGH IN CORRECTED METERS SHOWINGTHE LOCATIONS OF DETAILED DREDGEAND ROCK CORE SAMPLING AT KING'STROUGH AXIS AND PALMER RIDGE AND OFDRILLING AT SITE 608.