2010

[ 2 ]

1. 3

1.1 3

1.2 5

2. 18 7

3. :

ballet daction 11

4.

16

5. 21

6. 19

26

7.

29

8. To 1917

36

9. T ...

43

10. : 1920-1996 52

11.

59

12.

63

13. ...

68

14. ...

71

15.

75

16. 79

[ 3 ]

[ 4 ]

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[ 9 ]

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[ 10 ]

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Apologie de la danse Franois de

Lauze, 1623).

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[ 11 ]

que () (Ballet

de cour) -

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-

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. 1661, ,

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royale de danse) , ,

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cour) . ,

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(1789)

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[ 12 ]

3. :

Ballet d action

18 , -

:

virtuosi, , ballet daction ( -

), .

-

-

Domenico da Piacenza (1400-1470) .

, -

Vestris virtuosi

ballet daction, .

virtuosi . -

,

-

. , -

(-

). ,

.

virtuosi Anne Marie de Camargo

(1710-1770) -

entrechats ( -

), .

tutu -

. ballet daction ,

.

, ,

.

: John Weaver, Marie Salle, Frantz Hilverding,

Gasparo Angiolini , , Jean-Georges Noverre.

[ 13 ]

John Weaver (1673-1760): .

Loves of Mars and Ve-

nus (1717). , ,

-

.

Marie Salle (1707-756):

.

.

. -

.

-

.

, 1734, -

, ,

, , -

.

,

. ,

. .

, 1734, ,

Georg Friedrich Hndel, , -

Il pastor fido .

Salle . -

, Alcina,

. -

, ,

.

Frantz ilverding (1710-1768) Gasparo Angiolini (1731-1803): -

[ 14 ]

.

Angiolini 1761, Cris-

toph Willibald Gluck (1714-1787),

. -

Angiolini -

(

) .

Jean-Georges Noverre (1727-1810): ,

. 15

15. ,

Lettres sur la danse et les ballets (

, 1760).

. Marie

Salle , , .

-

. -

-

. , ,

Salle. , -

. -

ballet daction. o

(action) ,

. -

-

, . -

. ,

. , : 1) , 2)

, 3), . -

. -

[ 15 ]

: , ,

, , ,

.

,

.

Jean Dauberval ( , 1742-1806), -

, -

.

Marie-Madeleine Guimard ( ,

1743-1816). La Fille Mal Garde (H )

Bordeaux 1789, ,

-

() .

-

.

Charles-Louis Didelot (1767-1837),

. , Flore et Zphire ( -

) 1796, -

. , Vol-

lant () ,

. ,

, -

. Didelot , , ,

.

, .

1789, , -

. Elemen-

tary Treatise (1820) Carlo Blasis (1795-1858) -

.

. -

[ 16 ]

,

(the movement), , -

(sprezzatura), . , -

:

,

. , ,

, ,

18 ,

, -

19 .

[ 17 ]

4.

.

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-

. ,

18

. ,

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: , .,

.

,

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. .

.

.

. .

Marie Taglioni ( , 1804-1884) ballerina -

, -

, -

.

,

. ,

.

[ 18 ]

, , .

,

.

, -

. , -

-

.

,

Auguste Vestris ( , 1760-1842),

.

genres () , , , -

. , -

pointes (). pointes

, 1810, -

, 1820, Marie Taglioni ( -

), . ,

pointes

. , -

, .

,

Opera ()

14.

,

(1789).

Marie Taglioni ( ,

1804-1884) , 1827. , -

-

. La Sylphide (H ),

, Filippo Taglioni ( ), 1832,

, -

. , 12

1832,

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[ 19 ]

. ,

.

,

( ,

) ,

, , -

.

Taglioni () Fanny Elssler

( , 1810-1884),

() . -

, , Cachucha, 1836 -

Jean

Coralli ( ), Le Diable Boiteux. -

. Giselle (),

, 1841 -

, Carlota Grisi ( , 1819-

1899). La Sylphide,

Thophile

Gautier ( ),

, Jules Perrot (

). 1850,

, , , ,

1870.

Jean Coralli ( , 1779-1854)), Joseph Mazilier ( ,

1801-1868), Le Corsaire ( )

1856, Arthur Saint-Lon ( , 1821-1870),

Adolphe Adam ( )

Giselle Le Corsaire Copellia

Leo Delibes ( , 1836-1891).

1840, -

,

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[ 20 ]

(ballet master) Jules Perrot ( ,

1810-1892). Perrot -

Her Majestys Theatre (T -

) . -

Ondine (O) 1843 Fanny Cerrito

( ) Esmeralda () 1844

Carlota Grisi ( ). ,

, Perrot -

pas d action ( ),

. -

-

/ /.

1 ,

Pas de quatre ( , 1845),

.

,

Perrot () .

, . -

Auguste Bournonville (

, 1805-1879) . Perrot

() Vestris (), Bournonville () -

Vestris

Conservatoriet ( , 1849),

(La

Sylphide, 1834, Napoli, 1842). La Sylphide Bournonville

() Filippo Taglioni ()

, , . , -

1 Divertissement: ( -

) , , , , .

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[ 21 ]

Folk Tale (1854) ournonville (-

), trolls

()2 .

( ):

AUGUSTE VESTRIS, 1760-1842

AUGUSTE BOURNONVILLE, 1805-

1879

MARIE TAGLIONI, 1804-1884

FANNY ELSSLER, 1810-1884

JULES PERROT, 1810-1892

CARLOTTA GRISI, 1819-1899

LUCILE GRAHN, 1819-1907

FANNY CERRITO, 1817-1909

ARTHUR SAINT-LEON, 1821-1870

2 .

, - .

[ 22 ]

5.

19

-

. 18 19 ,

ballet masters ( -

), -

, Franz Hilverding, o Charles-Louis Didelot, o Jules Per-

rot Arthur Saint-Lon.

. Marie

Taglioni, Fanny Elsseler

.

,

Marius Petipa ( , 1818-1910),

1847. , ,

, , , , -

.

, Paqui-

ta (), Giselle (), Esmeralda (), Le Corsaire ( -

) . Fanny Elssler.

, ,

Jules Perrot. 1855 , -

,

The Star of Granada ( ). 1862

ballet master . -

, , La Fille du Pha-

raon ( , 1862). 50

-

. : Don Quixote ( , 1869), La

Camargo ( , 1872), La Bayadre ( , 1877), The

Sleeping Beauty ( , 1890), Cinderella, (,1893,

Enrico Cecchetti Lev Ivanov), Swan

Lake ( , 1895, Lev Ivanov) Ray-

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[ 23 ]

monda (, 1898). The Magic Mirror

( ) 1903.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( )

The Nutcracker ( ) -

Lev Ivanov 1892, .

ballet master 1903, 85 .

ballet daction ( -

), , -

(partnering),

. , -

,

Shades () La Bayadre (H ). -

Petipa,

,

,

.

Petipa

:

(supported adagio),

-

,

. Petipa

pas de deux ( ). , -

:

(Supported adagio)

(Dancers variation)

(Ballerinas variation)

(Coda)

O Petipa -

(). -

The Sleeping Beauty ( )

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[ 24 ]

Petipa,

, -

. The Sleeping Beauty La

Bayadre

Petipa. ,

, Petipa -

, -

pas de deux Don Quixote ( ),

Paquita

Raymonda. La Bayadre, , Petipa -

, , / -

corps de ballet ( ).

.

1880. -

. :

,Virginia Zucchi ( , 1849-1930),

1885,

Enrico Cecchetti ( , 1850-1928), -

, Pierina Legnani ( , 1863-1923), prima

ballerina assoluta ( : -

), 32 fouett

() , bourre, (-

) ,

Ivan Vsevolojski (

, 1835-1909), Mariinsky

() 1881 1899

, -

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[ 25 ]

Petipa. Ivan Vsevolozjski -

Petipa . (1840-

1893) -

The sleeping Beauty (

) The Nutcracker ( ). -

, 1889 , Mariinsky ()

Kirov ()

-

. , Mariinsky -

Petipa.

Mariinsky (),

Bolshoi ()

: Swan Lake ( ), 1877.

,

1933. Vsevo-

lozhsky Petipa The Sleeping Beauty

The Nutcracker,

.

Petipa , -

. -

, , :

Ronald John Wiley ( )

.

1892, Petipa , The

Nutcracker ballet master , Lev Iva-

nov ( ). , ,

Ivanov

Petipa. , ,

, Iva-

nov, . ,

Ivanov The Nutcracker

Swan Lake,

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[ 26 ]

Vsevolozhsky Petipa Ma-

riinsky 1895, -

19 .

Tchaikovsky 1893,

Swan Lake Mariinsky. ,

Riccardo Drigo ( , 1846-1930),

.

Lev Ivanov ( ), Alexander Gorsky ( ),

Mikhail Fokine ( )

. , Mathilde Kschessinskaya ( -

) Olga Preobrazhenskaya ( )

-

.

, Pavel Gerdt ( ) Nikolay Le-

gat ( ) ,

. -

, Anna Pavlova ( ) Vaslav Nijinsky

( ), , , ,

.

[ 27 ]

6. 19 19 , -

.

, -

,

,

(.. ),

(line) -

.

(natural opposition ), -

(ballet masters) ,

-

. , ballet

masters ,

. ,

Carlo Blasis (1795-1842),

Gatan Vestris (1729-1808). H -

,

Auguste Vestris .

Auguste Vestris -

ballet master Auguste Bournonville, Jules Per-

rot ballet mas-

ters .

Bournonville Vestris ,

1820. ,

Bournonville (align-

ment) (positions) Vestris, -

-

. ,

19 , pointes () -

. -

pointes,

[ 28 ]

1810. , -

pointes -

. ,

, -

pointes

Marie aglioni La Sylphide (H ) -

(weightlessness).

pointes ,

/ . ,

1870,

(virtuosity)

pointes

.

pointes, , ,

adagio ().

Bournonville Royal Danish Ballet (-

) .

, ballet masters -

, , -

,

Charles-Louis Didelot (1767-1837) , , o Christian Johansson

(1817-1903). O 1841,

Bour-

nonville. ,

(virtuosity) .

Virginia Zucchi, Carlotta Brianza, Pierina Legnani nrico Cecchetti.

,

.

,

19

Carlo Blasis. O Blasis

Trait lmentaire thorique et pratique de l'art de la danse

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[ 29 ]

(, 1820) The Code of Terpsichore (, 1828)

. ,

(lines)

(turn out) . -

-

. , batterie ( )

(), -

attitude ( ). ,

,

,

-

. -

Imperial Academy of Milan ( )

, ,

, Blasis .

Blasis Giovanni Lepri, -

Enrico Cecchetti. O Cecchetti,

,

(virtuosity) Imperial Russian

Ballet ( ). -

Blasis ports de bras (

). , -

, . Cecchetti

Pavlova Bal-

lets Russes (M ) Diaghilev (), Ni-

nette de Valois ( ) arie Rambert ( )

. ,

Blasis, Lepri, Cecchetti

, .

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[ 30 ]

7.

, 1909 1929, Ballet Russes ( -

) Serge Diaghilev ( )

-

.

(1872-1929) , -

.

, -

, Mir iskusstva ( : ).

,

Ballets Russes -

, -

. -

, .

,

1906. .

, 1907, . -

, 1908, . , 1909,

, -

Tamara Karsavina ( , 1885-1978)

Vaslav Nijinsky ( , 1889-1950) -

. -

, ,

1911 , -

. 1911 ,

.

Monte Carlo, . , Ballets

Russes

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[ 31 ]

, 1

1920, 1929.

, Mik-

hail Fokine ( ),

. -

. ,

, , (, ),

,

(, , .).

, -

Alexandre enois ( ) Lon Bakst ( )

Igor Stravinsky ( ).

, , , -

20 .

-

-

,

,

-

. , -

, -

20 . , -

19 ,

, . ,

1921,

The Sleeping Princess ( )

. , , -

,

. (1909-

1912), : Les

Sylphides ( ), Polovtsian Dances ( )

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[ 32 ]

Prince Igor ( ), Le Carnaval (To ),

Schhrazade (), Le Spectre de la Rose ( )

The Firebird ( ),

Petrushka ().

1912-1913, Vaslav Nijinsky

( ) .

,

. -

, L' Aprs-midi d' un faune (To

)

. , Le Sacre du

Printemps (H ),

,

.

,

, -

.

1915, Lonide Massine ( ) -

.

20 .

1894.

1912

. 1915,

Ballets Russes, 1940,

50 (Ballets

Russes), (Roxy Theater) 1920,

Ballets Russes ,

(American Ballet Theater) 1940. -

. ,

(Tchaikovsky),

(Berlioz), (Beethoven) (Shostakovich).

, , -

, ,

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[ 33 ]

.

: Les femmes de bonne humeur ( ), La

Boutique fantastique ( ), Le ricorne (To

). ,

.

, ,

(avant garde)

. ,

Parade (, 1917) ,

Jean Cocteau ( ), Erik Satie (

) Pablo Picasso (-

). ,

.

1920, -

, -

,

.

, -

-

: (Bronislava Nijinska, 1891-1972)

(George Balanchine, 1904-1983). ,

, . -

, Mariinsky () 1909 -

. , -

1930,

. ,

Les Noces ( : ),

Les Biches ( : ).

1904.

10 . , 1921,

19 ,

-

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[ 34 ]

( ). , 1924,

-

, Soviet State Dancers ( -

). ,

, , ,

. 20 ,

Ballets Russes, .

, 10 .

Ballets Russes . Apollo

() .

. ,

The Prodigal Son ( )

(Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev).

-

,

,

, -

, .

, ,

(Anna Pavlova)

: . , -

, ,

(Isadora Duncan) -

, . , -

, .

,

, -

-

. , (-

: )

. -

, prima ballerina

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[ 35 ]

( ) 1906, Cecchetti () -

Petipa ().

Ballets Russes Fokine

, 1909.

, , ,

,

. 1910,

,

.

La Fille Mal Garde ( ), Don

Quixote ( ), Giselle (), The Sleeping Beauty (H -

), The Nutcracker ( ) -

,

,

. , -

, Autumn Leaves ( ), Le Papillon ( ),

Dragonfly ( ), Christmas (), Bacchanale (-

), Californian Poppy ( ), Gavotte Pavlova (-

) The Dying Swan ( )

-

-

-

, .

,

, ,

,

.

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[ 36 ]

[ 37 ]

8. 1917

1917

.

-

, 1956 -

, ,

. ,

-

, 1985. -

-

,

. -

) , )

, ) , , )

. , ,

, -

.

, -

1917, , , -

. , 1917 ,

19 :

(Giselle), (La Bayadre), (he Sleeping

Beauty), (The Nutcracker), (Swan Lake)

(Raymonda). -

, Shurale (1955), Fadetta (1952) Cin-

derella (1945), , , -

, , .

-

Anatoliy Lunacharsky ( )

, -

,

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[ 38 ]

, -

. , -

,

. ,

. ,

, -

.

, -

. , ,

, -

(ballet masters), ,

. , -

,

. , , -

-

.

(Petipa), (Ivanov), (Fokine) (Gorsky),

.

Fyodor Lopukhov ( -

, 1886-1973)

( ).

.

-

. ,

-

(19), , ,

. (The Red Poppy) 1929,

Reinhold Glire ( ) -

. , , -

The Golden Age ( ) Vassili Vainonen

( ) . -

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[ 39 ]

, ,

,

Folk Dance Ensemble ( -

) Igor Moiseyev ( ),

1937 Army and Navy Ensembles ( -

).

-

. , -

( ) -

. , -

, , ,

, , , . ,

-

,

. -

( ) -

, Leonide Jacobson ( ,

1904-1975) , , , -

. Jacobson

(ballet master)

1933 1942

1942 1969. -

, : Spartacus (, 1956 ), New Love (

, 1963 ), Land of Miracles ( , 1967

). 1970 ( )

Choreographic Miniatures

( ). , 1981

Jacobson Ballet.

Jacobson -

(pat-

terns).

Igor Chernyshov ( ), ,

, -

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[ 40 ]

, , -

.

, Boris Eifman ( , 1946- ), ,

, ,

, Leningrad Ballet Company ( ),

, -

. -

Eifman Leningrad Ballet Company : Love Alone ( -

), Bivocality () .

.

, Leonid Lavrovsky ( -

, 1905-1967) Yuri Grigorovich ( , 1927- )

. Lavrovsky

1922 Petrograd Ballet School ( -

), Bolshoi Ballet School (

) , 1964.

, 1965. , 1946,

1947 1950. Grigorovich, 1946

Leningrad Choreography School ( ) -

demi-charactere. 1964 -

(Bolshoi Ballet) .

,

,

. 1966

. , , 1970.

. , -

, ballet master Oleg Vinogradov ( -

, 1936- ), .

1972

, , .

, ,

,

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[ 41 ]

, -

Mikhail Baryshnikov ( )

Rudolph Nureyev ( ). Vinogradov

1970.

: Agrippina Vaganova ( -

), Vladimir Ponomaryov ( ), Vakhatag Chabu-

kiani (B ), Asaf Meserer ( )

, Sulamith Messerer ( ). , Vaganova

(1879-1951)

.

, Vaganova

-

. ,

(Fundamentals of the

Classic Dance, 1934)

. , -

9

. Vaganova

-

-

. : Gali-

na Ulanova ( ), Marina Semyonova ( ),

Natalia Dudinskaya ( ), Olga Moiseyeva ( -

) Irina Kolpakova ( ). Vaganova

1946. 1957 Leningrad Choreography School (

) . , Vaganova

Vladimir Ponomaryov ( )

.

Ponomaryov : Piotr Gusey ( ), Alexei Yermolayev

(A ), Leonid Lavrovsky ( ), Vakhtag Chabu-

kiani ( ), onstantin Sergeyev ( ),

Semyon Kaplan ( ), Alexander Pushkin ( )

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[ 42 ]

Yuri Grigorovich ( ) .., -

,

. , La Bayadre

Ponomaryov

Chabukiani,

.

Asaf Messerer ( )

. -

Igor Moiseyev

( ). Messerer, Sulamith Messerer

( )

-

/ .

,

-

. -

Le Corsaire ( ), Swan Lake ( -

), Raymonda (), The Fountain

of Bakhishisarai ( ), Gayaneh ()

The Stone Flower ( ), -

.

, -

pointe-work ( ). Swan

Lake , Grigorovich

/ .

-

, , ,

( ) -

. -

.

[ 43 ]

[ 44 ]

9. ..A.

, -

-

. ,

1930,

. , 1933,

Lincoln Kirstein ( , 1907-

1996) ... George Balan-

chine ( , 1904-1983) Balanchine

Georgi Melitonovich. Ballets

Russes ( ) .

Ballets Russes, , -

, Apollon Musagte ( ) Apollo (), 1928.

, , Kirstein

, : , . ,

School of American Ballet ( ) 1 -

1934.

ballet master -

Auguste Bournonville ( ), Jules Perrot (

) Marius Petipa ( ).

, -

, Serenade (-

, 1935).

:

, (musical

phrasing)

,

, ,

turnout ( ),

he School of American Ballet ( )

,

. 1948 -

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[ 45 ]

Broadway () Hollywood (-

). , , . -

1940,

Concerto Barocco ( ), Ballet Imperial ( ),

Theme and Variations ( ),

, , New York City Ballet

(NYCB, ), 1948,

. -

(NYCB) :

, -

/,

,

-

. -

, -

-

, (dance

for the dance), , , Cunningham ().

,

.

:

, Agon (,

1957)

1972.

Ravel () 1975

1981

, New

York City Ballet (NYCB), Jerome Robbins ( ,

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[ 46 ]

1918-1998) Peter Martins ( , 1946- ), ballet

master .

American Ballet Theatre ( ) Lu-

cia Chase ( , 1907-1986) 1940 ( Ballet Theatre

),

:

,

, (

1940), , -

,

Anthony Tudor ( ). 1980, Mikhail Baryshnikov

( , 1948- ) Chase ()

-

.

, ,

. Twyla Tharp (-

), 1976 Push Comes to Shove ( -

), . , -

1989. Jane Hermann ( -

) Kevin Mackenzie ( )

Chase .

, ...,

,

. , ... -

. Miami City

Ballet ( ) Pacific North-West Ballet ( -

) , -

.

Dance Theatre of Harlem (

), -

. 1970

, 1968,

[ 47 ]

, 19

( ). Antony Tudor Jerome

Robbins -

, ,

. American Ballet Theatre

1930 Tudor, .

Tudor . .. Jardin aux Lilas ( ), Dark

Elegies ( ), Pillar of Fire ( ) , -

. Pillar of Fire ( , 1942) -

,

-

.

Martha Graham ( ) -

. Robbins , Ballets

USA (USA ), 1958 1962.

,

,

. Robbins ABT, NYCB Ballets USA -

-

,

, ,

, .

Fancy Free ( ), Interplay (-

), Afternoon of a Faun ( ), The Concert ( )

Dancers at a Gathering ( ). Fancy Free (

), 48 ,

, , -

. Robbins -

(tap)

, -

GeorgeHighlight

[ 48 ]

. , Robbins -

West Side Strory ( ), 1957.

.

, -

,

, -

. review

(revue), 1920 1930,

. -

extravaganzas Florence Ziegfield (-

) Charles B. Cochrane ( ).

Show Boat ( , 1927) Jerome Kern (

)

.

Ivor Novello ( )

Noel Coward ( ), 1920

1930 -

1980.

, -

. ,

Ruth St. Denis ( ) Intolerance

David Griffith (

), 1918. (

), (-

) . -

.

long shots ( ), medium shots ( )

close-ups ( ), .

-

, -

.

GeorgeHighlight

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[ 49 ]

, Walt Disney ( )

, Busby Berkeley (

, 1895-1976). Berkeley -

,

, 1930. -

,

. -

cine-dance ( ). -

, Berkeley

1920. 1930 ,

,

, , ,

, ,

(chorus), . Berkeley

-

-

. , -

. , ,

.

Berkeley Fred Astaire

( , 1899-1987). -

. , Adele (), -

Shaftesbury Avenue ( ).

, ,

, .

RKO ( ) Ginger Rogers (

) , 1934 1939,

. -

. -

, ,

. -

,

,

GeorgeHighlight

[ 50 ]

, Hermes Pan ( ).

, ballroom [

Vernon () Irene

Castle ( )], . -

:

,

, ,

. : The

Gay Divorcee ( , 1934), Shall We Dance? ( ;

1937), Funny Face ( , 1956) ..

1928 , Walt Disney ( )

,

.

Mickey Mouse ( )

Silly Symphonies ( )

. , Snow White

(, 1937), Fantasia (, 1940) Make Mine Music ( -

, 1946), Disney -

.

G ( )

(musical films),

. -

MGM Gene Kelly ( ,

1912-1996). Kelly

. -

. Kelly

[ 51 ]

( ).

,

.

. -

,

. 1939

Pal Joey ( , 1941)

, , .

An American in Paris ( ,

1952) Invitation to the Dance ( , 1956)

Pas De Dieux [ , (

Pas de Deux), 1960)],

Gershwin (). 1958 Dance

Magazine ( ) , 1960, .

1930, (stage musicals)

-

.

.

.

Agnes De Mille ( ).

Oklahoma! (1956)

, .

Jerome Robbins ( , 1918-1998) -

-

- , -

, Fiddler on the Roof ( ).

, Bob Fosse ( -

, 1927-1987), Gower Champion ( ) Michael Bennett

( ). -

1950,

[ 52 ]

, -

. , Jerome Robbins

,

. , Bob Fosse, -

Cabaret () Sweet

Charity ( )

.

, : -

(stage musicals) (musical films)

. Broadway

() , The

Boy Friend ( ) Sandy Wilson ( ).

1970 1980 , Andrew Lloyd Webber ( ),

,

. , 1980, Cats! () -

Gillian Lynne ( , 1926- ) /

(stage musical). Lynne

Royal Academy of Dancing ( )

Sadlers Wells Ballet ( ) 1943 1951.

. -

/ , ...

[ 53 ]

10. : 1920-1996

20

Ninette De Valois ( , 1898-2001) arie Rambert (

, 1888-1982). -

, Rambert

(Le Sacre du Printemps)

De Valois . ,

(music hall)

Adeline Gene ( )

. -

, Enrico Cecchetti ( ), Leon Espinosa ( -

) Nikolay Legat ( ). , -

,

.

arie Rambert ( ) Ashley

Dukes ( ), 1920

-

. -

The Ballet Club -

Mercury Theatre ( ) ,

Notting Hill Gate ( ) . The Ballet Club

Frederick Ashton ( , 1904-1988),

Anthony Tudor ( , 1908-1987), Walter Gore ( ,

1910-1968), Andre Howard ( , 1910-1968) Frank Staff

( , 1918-1971). -

1920 1930.

(

), . ,

,

.

Ninette De Valois ( ) -

Cecchetti (T), spinosa (),

[ 54 ]

Legat ()-

Ballets Russes ( )

1923-1925. , -

. -

.

Ballets Russes ,

(1925) Lillian Baylis ( ) -

Old Vic ( ) -

,

.

. , Baylis

, Sadlers Wells ( ) Islington (-

) , -

. , 1931

Sadlers Wells,

Vic-Wells Ballet (- ).

.

1929 -

. , , -

, . -

, Alicia Markova ( , 1910-2004), -

, 1929, -

Ballets Russes,

.

. , -

Mariinsky (M), Nikolay Sergueyev (-

) -

(notation books)

. , Sergueyev -

-

. , ,

1933-1934, -

GeorgeHighlight

[ 55 ]

he Nutrcracker (-

), Gisele () Swan Lake ( ) -

Markova . To 1935, Markova

Vic-Wells Ballet -

Markova-Dolin Ballet (- ),

Anton Dolin ( ), -

Ballets Russes.

-

, , , , Margot Fonteyn (

, 1919-1991). , , -

, Frederick Ashton ( )

. , Constant

Lambert ( ) , -

, Vic-Wells Ballet -

Sadlers Wells Ballet Royal Ballet

, .

1930, -

Ninette De Valois :

1. Frederick Ashton Margot Fonteyn

2. -

3.

4. ,

Robert Helpmann ( , 1909-1986)

1939 Vic-Wells Ballet The Sleeping Beauty

or Princess (H ) Sadlers Wells

( ) Fonteyn urora (-

). ( -

) , Sadlers Wells

. , -

, Vic-Wells Ballet -

. Pamela May ( ), Moira

Shearer ( ) Beryl Gray ( )

GeorgeHighlight

[ 56 ]

. Helpmann

, Ham-

let (). , -

Covent Garden ( )

1946,

.

1946, -

, Covent Garden ( ), -

-

Frederick Ashton (

),

Sadlers Wells (

). Sadlers Wells Theatre (

) Sadlers Wells Royal ( )

Birmingham Royal Ballet ( ).

. Birmingham Royal Ballet (

) ,

John Cranco ( ) Kenneth MacMilian

( ).

, Covent Garden ( ),

-

-

. Royal Ballet ( )

Vic-Wells Ballet ( -

), ,

Ashton,

Petipa, .

Cinderella (), Sylvia (), Ondine (), La Fille Mal

Garde ( ), The Two Pigeons (T ) ..

, Cranco

Macmillan -

(full-length) / Royal

GeorgeHighlight

[ 57 ]

Ballet o Ashton, Romeo and Juliet (

), Anastasia (), Manon (), Mayerling (-

), Isadora (), The Prince of the Pagodas ( -

). , -

, Fokine ()

. ,

Fokin (), Ba-

lanchine (), assine (M), Robbins () -

. -

.

, , , Royal Ballet -

.

Marie Rambert ( ), ,

:

, -

. 1940 , ,

(full-length ballets)

. , -

: Coppelia (), Giselle (), La Sylphide (

), Don Quixote ( )

. , , . 1966,

Norman Morrice ( ), -

-

(ensemble), Netherlands Dance

Theatre ( , ).

, Netherlands Dance Theatre -

20 -

. 1987, Ri-

chard Alston, -

Rambert Dance Company (-

) [.

].

[ 58 ]

Festival Ballet ( ) 1950, Alicia Markova (

) Anton Dolin ( )

Julian Braunsweg ( ).

:

1. -

Massine Fokine

2. -

. Festival

Ballet

, John Gilpin

( ) Belinda Wright ( ) , ,

Toni Lander (T ), Galina Samsova ( )

Andre Proskovsky (A ).

-

-

. , -

1960, -

Beryl Grey ( )

. 1983 Pe-

ter Schaufuss ( ) John

Field ( ). Schaufuss

: English Na-

tional Ballet ( ). 1990, Schaufuss

Ivan Nagy ( ) 1994 Derek Deane ( ).

,

(resident) ,

Elizabeth West ( ) 1957, -

Peter Darell ( ) Western

Theatre Ballet ( ) Bristol (). -

, -

. Elizabeth West ( ) 1962,

Peter Darell ( ) -

[ 59 ]

1969 Scottish

Theatre Ballet ( ) Scottish Ballet (

). -

. -

Peter Darell 1987. ,

.

(Ashton and Pearl Argyle are the second couple from the right

Photograph by courtesy of the Royal Opera House)

[ 60 ]

11.

19 ,

... -

, ,

. -

.

Franois Delsarte

( , 1811-1871). Delsarte, ,

(gestures) -

.

() Genevieve

Stebbins ( ) Ted Shawn ( ).

.

Loie

Fuller ( , 1862-1928),

. ,

,

,

, -

. Fuller Serpantine Dance

( , 1890) . -

Folies Bergre ( ) 1892.

1900 -

(Paris World Fair). , -

.

Isadora Duncan ( , 1877-

1927).

. -

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[ 61 ]

. , , -

Jean-Jacques

Rousseau (- ), Walt Whitman ( )

Nietzsche (). -

. -

.

.

Deborah Jowitt ( ), -

: -

. , ,

, -

-

. -

:

,

positions () turnout ( )

, , , , .

(

)

, Bach (),

Gluck (), Beethoven (), Chopin (), Brahms

(), Wagner ()

-

,

. , -

20 ,

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[ 62 ]

. : -

. , -

. [] [

-] -

, .

.

,

. -

,

, . H Ru-

by Ginner ( , 1886-1978) 1914,

,

1923.

1920 1930, Madge Atkinson ( ,

1885-1979) , Manchester ()

. : -

...

() -

. -

, -

-

(gesture) .

, Margaret Morris (-

, 1891-1980) 1910. ,

,

,

. ,

. , -

.

-

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[ 63 ]

.

[ 64 ]

12.

20 , Ausdruckstanz (-

) , -

, , -

. -

,

Ruth St. Denis ( ). -

. , 1911, -

mile Jaques-Dalcroze ( ,

1865-1950) (Eurythmics)

.

Mary Wigman ( , 1886-1973). , , Wigman

() , -

-

3 -

. -

-

-

.

Rudolf Laban ( , 1879-1958)

. Laban (), ,

, , , -

.

: ) , ) ,

, ), . -

,

, , , -

. -

, -

3. (Eurythmics) -. Dalcroze / / .

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[ 65 ]

. ,

-

, -

20 .

. -

.

:

(dance notation)

(Labanotation)

/ (Eukinetics)

(Choreutics)

(Marion North, Valerie-Preston Dunlop ) -

(Choreology).

, , -

. -

. ,

. ,

,

-

, .

1919 .

-

(community dance).

(movement choir) ( -

) , .

-

, , .

-

-

-

.

[ 66 ]

, Laban -

. Kurt Jooss ( , 1901-1979)

-

. Jooss ()

. ,

-

. ballet master (-

) -

(Folkwang School)

-

.

Laban .

1920 -

dance theatre (-

). , .

. -

. ,

. -

,

1920 ,

.

- -

.

,

1930, .

, ,

Hanya Holm ( , 1893-1992),

1931.

, o

,

. (1927, 1928,

1930) , -

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[ 67 ]

-

. Oskar

Schlemmer ( , 1888-1943),

. , -

, -

.

1933 -

(). -

. The Green Table ( ,

1931) , ,

. , -

Dartington () ,

, . 1949,

(Folkwang School). , The Green Table ( -

) The Big City ( ) ,

. ,

, ina Bausch ( , 1940- ),

-

. [ Gerhard

Bohner ( , 1936-1992), Suzanne Linke ( ,

1944- ), Johann Kresnik ( ) Hans

Kresnik ( )].

-

. -

.

,

. -

. -

,

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[ 68 ]

.

, , . ,

,

.

, ,

Ballet Master Prussian State Theatres ( -

) . , -

. -

, 1936,

. Laban

. , -

, :

-

( Warren Lamb)

-

Labanotation,

.

-

Laban Centre, -

.

, -

.

GeorgeHighlight

[ 69 ]

13. ...

.

(Isadora Duncan) , -

. , Ruth St.

Denis ( , 1879-1968) ,

Ted Shawn ( , 1891-1972),

.

.

, 1904

. 1906 Radha (),

. , .

,

, ,

1914 .

-

. -

. ,

,

. -

. 1915, Denishawn

() .

: , ,

Delsarte (), ,

(musical visualisation) .

Denishawn, Doris

Humphrey ( , 1895-1958), Charles Weidman ( -

, 1901-1975) Martha Graham ( , 1894-1991).

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[ 70 ]

, ,

Denishawn.

, -

.

, /

.

(swing) -

, (fall

and recovery). -

, (contraction and release).

, -

Denishawn, -

-

. ,

. ,

-

, , .

.

Helen Tamiris ( ), Daniel Nagrin ( -

), Lester Horton ( ) anya Holm ( ),

Mary Wigman.

"Bennington" (). -

Bennington School of Dance ( ),

1934 Bennington College ( ),

Vermont (). Bennington Festival ( ) -

.

,

-

, -

.

, Penitente ( ) Letter to the

World ( ) , New Dance ( ),

With my Red Fires ( ) Passacaglia in C (-

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[ 71 ]

) , Opus 51 ( 51) Trend

() .

, Jos Limn ( , 1908-

1972), Eleanor King ( ), Eric Hawkins ( ), Jean

Erdman ( ) Anna Sokolow ( ). , -

Martha Hill ( ), -

, Bennington -

,

,

.

1944. , ,

Jos Limn. O , -

The Moor's

Pavane ( ) There is Time ( ). Limn,

,

-

. -

John Martin ( ), Deborah Jowitt ( )

Marcia Siegel ( ).

GeorgeHighlight

[ 72 ]

14. ...

,

(expressional):

. . -

, , . -

-

Merce Cunningham ( , 1919- ).

Cunningham . -

John Cage ( ),

. ,

(design) , -

.

Cunningham Cage -

, , . -

-

. Cage, -

, -

. Cunningham, , -

-

. Cunningham

-

- . ( -

- -

.).

. Alwin

Nikolais ( , 1910-1993), Paul Taylor ( , 1930- )

Alvin Ailey ( , 1931-1989). Alwin Nikolais

. ,

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[ 73 ]

(multimedia) ,

(props), . Paul

Taylor , , -

(avant garde) . , , -

,

(.. ,

.). , -

Aureole, Esplanade Roses. ,

,

Cloven Kingdom Last Look. Taylor -

-

. , Alvin Ailey -

(multiracial) .... Ailey

-

,

. Revelations

, -

.

, .

, Merce Cunningham

. -

1960 .

, , , -

. , , -

(non-dancers),

.

-

. -

, , -

.

GeorgeHighlight

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[ 74 ]

Greenwich village ( ) Soho ()

. To Judson Memorial Church ( )

Washington Square ( )

:

Yvonne Rainer ( ), Trisha Brown ( ), Lucinda

Childs ( ), David Gordon ( ) Steve

axton ( ). ,

. Steve Reich ( ) -

: 1960,

-

.

, -

1970

1980 Twyla Tharp ( ,

1941- ). (dancing to

the dance).

() , Tharp

. -

/

Joffrey Ballet ( ) .

Michail Baryshnikov ( )

Push Comes to Shove ( ) American Ballet Theatre

( )

1970. -

George Balanchine ( ).

,

, . William

Forsythe(1949-) 1984 -

-

-

.

GeorgeHighlight

[ 75 ]

1980, -

, : Mark Morris ( -

, 1956- ). Tharp, Morris

-

. ,

-

. , -

(gender),

(sexuality) (race). ,

Mark Morris .

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[ 76 ]

15.

London School of Contemporary Dance ( -

LSCD) 1966 London Contemporary Dance Thea-

tre ( LCDT) 1967,

Norman Morrice 1966 -

(Ballet

Rambert).

(Martha Graham Dance

School) Graham , ,

LSCD. , o Robert Cohan

( ), Graham,

LCDT.

, Nether-

lands Dance Theatre ( , -

),

: .

1970

(LCDT ). , ,

( ),

. -

Robert Cohan

LCDT Christopher Bruce ( ) Glen Tetley (

) (Ballet Rambert). -

LCDT 1989,

Dan Wagoner (N ) Cohan.

(Ballet Rambert) -

Merce Cunningham ( )

-

1980, , Richard Alston ( )

. 1987, (Ballet Rambert)

Rambert Dance Company (O ).

[ 77 ]

-

(guest choreographer)

(company based).

: , Christopher Bruce,

, -

-

, (footwork),

.

, Richard Alston ( )

Siobhan Davies ( ), -

LSCD LCDT ,

-

.

, -

Alston. -

, , ,

,

, -

, .

Alston Siobhan Davies ( ), -

.

1980, -

,

:

. 1989 Associate Choreographer

(Rambert), -

.

[ 78 ]

, ,

LCDT.

1970 1980,

. -

-

, -

. Alston

Davies .

, Alston 1972 Strider () -

LSCD.

Strider 1975. , Davies

(

) ,

1982, Richard Alston Ian Spink

Second Stride ( ).

-

-

,

Rosemary Butcher ( ), -

release () ,

Matthias Alexander ( ),

(disco, techno .), , ,

. 1970

, -

-

, .

1980 -

, Ian

Spink ( ), Second Stride ( ),

Lloyd Newson ( ), D V 8 Dance Theatre

( ) Yolande Snaith ( ). ,

-

[ 79 ]

, , ,

..

LCDT New Dance (

), .

New Dance, 1977

X6 Dance Collective (E ).

-

, Riverside Studios

ICA ( ) . -

, ,

. 1978 Dance Umbrella

Festivals ( ) ,

,

. , 1987, Place Theatre ( )

Laban Cen-

tre.

1990, , ,

. London Contemporary Dance

Theatre (LCDT) 1994 -

,

Richard Alston Dance Company ( ). O

Alston, Rambert Dance Company (

) 1992, Place Lon-

don Contemporary Dance Theatre (LCDS). , Rambert Dance

Company ( ) , 1994 -

, Christopher Bruce ( ),

1966 1980.

[ 80 ]

16.

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