C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 10

Shelmerdine Chapter 103rd declension nouns: stems in -, -The future and imperfect indicative of , beThe relative pronoun

Shelmerdine Chapter 103rd declension nouns: stems in -, -The future and imperfect indicative of , beThe relative pronoun

Shelmerdine Chapter 101. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -stems in -Recall that a dental (, , ) followed by a yields just a .a palatal (, , ) followed by a is written . The nominative singular and the dative plural both combine the - to -, as is standard for dentals.This leaves the combination , which is written .

Shelmerdine Chapter 101. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - Thus the forms of , night singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 101. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -An important class of third declension nouns have stems in -. The nominative singular and the dative plural both combine the - to -, as is standard for dentals.

Shelmerdine Chapter 101. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, -The combination -, however, is generally forbidden in Greek, so the - disappears and the preceding vowel lengthens to make up for the lost - ( ). The dative plural contracts likewise but drops the and lengthens the preceding vowel to (instead of ).

Shelmerdine Chapter 101. 3rd declension nouns: stems in -, - Thus the forms of , lion singularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 103rd declension nouns: stems in -, -The future and imperfect indicative of , beThe relative pronoun

Shelmerdine Chapter 10singular I am you are() (s)he, it isplural we are you/yall are() they arepresent tense indicative activeExcept for the 2nd person singular,all forms are enclitic.

Shelmerdine Chapter 10singular I will be or you will be (s)he, it will beplural we will be you/yall will be they will befuture tense indicative activeYou see the regular stem - in these forms.The endings come from the middle voice(which you learn in Chapter 17).

Shelmerdine Chapter 10singular or I was you were (s)he, it waspluralwe were you/yall were they wereimperfect tense indicative activeThe - stem is augmented from - and the -- reduced.The endings are roughly secondary personal endings (similar to those of the imperfect and aorist).

Shelmerdine Chapter 103rd declension nouns: stems in -, -The future and imperfect indicative of , beThe relative pronoun

Shelmerdine Chapter 103. The relative pronoun The Greek relative pronoun (who, which) consists essentially of 1st and 2nd declension endings with a rough breathing (accented like an ultima).

singular m. f. n.Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. plural m. f. n.Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc.

Shelmerdine Chapter 103. The relative pronounThe relative pronoun represents another way to connect two sentences, in particular two sentences in which the same noun appears. For example: . [antecedent]The child has a horse. . [replace with a relative pronoun.]I teach the child. .The child whom I teach has a horse.

Shelmerdine Chapter 103. The relative pronounThe relative pronoun takes on the same gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces: . [antecedent]The child has a horse. . [masc. sg. acc.]I teach the child. . [masc. sg. acc.]The child whom I teach has a horse.

Shelmerdine Chapter 103. The relative pronounThe relative pronoun takes on the same gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces: . [antecedent]The child is good. . [masc. sg. nom.]The child sends a gift. . [masc. sg. nom.]The child who sends a gift is good.

Shelmerdine Chapter 103. The relative pronounThe relative pronoun takes on the same gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces: . [antecedent]We will trust the child. . [masc. sg. nom.]The child says good things. . [masc. sg. nom.]We will trust the child who says good things.

Shelmerdine Chapter 103. The relative pronounThe relative pronoun takes on the same gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces: . [antecedent]The child is good. . [masc. sg. dat.]I speak to the child. . [masc. sg. dat.]The child to whom I speak is good.

Shelmerdine Chapter 103. The relative pronounThe relative pronoun takes on the same gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces: . [antecedent]The child is good. . [masc. sg. gen.]he childs slave is speaking. . [masc. sg. gen.]The child whose slave is speaking is good.

The Achaemenid Rulersof PersiaXerxesCyrus the Great

Xerxes invades Greece

ThermopylaeAthens

Shelmerdine Chapter 10 , ,

, .

, , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 10 , , . . , . .

Leonidas and his 300 Spartansat Thermopylae

Epitaph for the Spartans at Thermopylae

The Legacy of Thermopylae

The Legacy of Thermopylae

Shelmerdine Chapter 10 , 24 , , , , 25 , , . +gen. in place of he will give burning stripe , tooth eye , foot wound , hand , life, soul

Shelmerdine Chapter 1026 , . +gen. in place of = if goes blind free he will set free (female) servant (male) servant eye strikes (nom. sg.) someone, anyone

Shelmerdine Chapter 1027 , . +gen. in place of = if knocks out free he will set free (female) servant, tooth (male) servant eye

Shelmerdine Chapter 1028 , , , . unpunished, unharmed (acc sg.) man dies will be eaten (acc sg.) woman = if rams a horn into, gores (neut. nom. pl.) meat master, owner, lord will be stoned stone - bull

***********1st singular: is the older form but comes to use the standard secondary 1st person singular ending. 2nd singular: - is an old perfect tense ending which spread to a small number of verbs forms (here, , and ). 3rd singular: should be (3rd singular secondary ending being a null) but is the standard form. The plural forms have regular secondary endings. **********************