Cover

PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BANGUN-BANGUN (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN KARSINOGENESIS MAMMAE

MENCIT BETINA YANG DIINDUKSI BENZO()PIREN

SKRIPSI

OLEH: ARNES ANESTESIA SAMOSIR

NIM 091501025

PROGRAM SARJANA FARMASI

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2014

Universitas Sumatera Utara



SKRIPSI

Diajukan untuk Melengkapi Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada Fakultas Farmasi


OLEH: ARNES ANESTESIA SAMOSIR

NIM 091501025

PROGRAM SARJANA FARMASI FAKULTAS FARMASI

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

2014


PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI

PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BANGUN-BANGUN

(Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) TERHADAP PENGHAMBATAN KARSINOGENESIS MAMMAE


OLEH:

ARNES ANESTESIA SAMOSIR NIM 091501025

Dipertahankan dihadapan Panitia Penguji Skripsi Fakultas Farmasi

Universitas Sumatera Utara Pada Tanggal: 04 Februari 2014

Pembimbing I, Poppy Anjelisa Z. Hasibuan, M.Si., Apt. NIP 197506102005012003 Pembimbing II, Marianne, S.Si., M.Si., Apt. NIP 198005202005012006

Panitia Penguji, Prof. Dr. Rosidah, M.Si., Apt. NIP 195103261978022001 Poppy Anjelisa Z. Hasibuan, M.Si., Apt. NIP 197506102005012003 Dra. Suwarti Aris, M.Si., Apt. NIP 195107231982032001 Drs. Rasmadin Mukhtar, M.S., Apt. NIP 194909101980031002

Medan, Februari 2014 Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara Dekan,

Prof. Dr. Sumadio Hadisahputra, Apt.

NIP 195311281983031002


KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena limpahan

rahmat kasih dan karuniaNya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini

yang berjudul Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bangun-Bangun (Plectranthus

amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) Terhadap Penghambatan Karsinogenesis Mammae

Mencit Betina Yang Diinduksi Benzo()piren. Skripsi ini diajukan sebagai

salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana farmasi pada Fakultas

Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Pada kesempatan ini penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih yang tulus

dan ikhlas kepada Bapak Prof. Dr. Sumadio Hadisahputra, Apt., selaku Dekan

Fakultas Farmasi USU yang telah memberikan fasilitas sehingga penulis

dapat menyelesaikan pendidikan. Ibu Poppy Anjelisa Z. Hasibuan, M.Si, Apt.,

dan Ibu Marianne, S.Si., M.Si., Apt., selaku pembimbing yang telah

memberikan waktu, bimbingan dan nasehat selama penelitian hingga

selesainya penyusunan skripsi ini. Bapak Drs. Syahrial Yoenoes, S.U., Apt.,

selaku penasehat akademik yang telah memberikan bimbingan kepada penulis

selama perkuliahan. Bapak dan Ibu staf pengajar Fakultas Farmasi Universitas

yang telah mendidik penulis selama perkuliahan. Prof. Dr. Rosidah., M.Si.,

Apt., Ibu Dra. Suwarti Aris., M.Si., Apt., dan Bapak Drs.Rasmadin Mukhtar,

M.S., Apt., selaku dosen penguji yang telah memberikan kritik, saran, dan

arahan kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

Penulis menyampaikan terima kasih yang tak terhingga dan perhargaan

yang tulus kepada Ayahanda Ir. J. Samosir dan Ibunda S.C. br. Hutabarat, yang


tiada hentinya berdoa dan berkorban dengan tulus ikhlas bagi kesuksesan

penulis, untuk adik-adikku Otania Hosianna dan Anggi Mareta serta teman-

teman yang selalu setia memberi doa, dorongan dan semangat kepada penulis.

Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih banyak kekurangan, oleh

karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun

dari semua pihak guna perbaikan skripsi ini. Akhir kata penulis berharap

semoga skripsi ini bermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan khususnya bidang

farmasi.

Medan, April 2014 Penulis,

Arnes Anestesia S NIM 091501025




ABSTRAK

Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu jenis kanker penyebab kematian di dunia setelah kanker paru-paru, hepar dan kolon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun dalam penghambatan karsinogenesis mamae mencit betina yang diinduksi dengan benzo()piren serta untuk mengetahui dosis ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun yang memberikan efek terbaik dalam penghambatan karsinogenesis.

Uji antikarsinogenesis ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun (Plectranthus amboinicus, (Lour.) Spreng) dilakukan terhadap mencit betina yang diinduksi benzo()piren. Mencit betina dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu: kelompok normal, benzo()piren dan 3 kelompok uji. Semua kelompok kecuali kelompok normal, diinduksi dengan benzo()piren (15 mg/kg bb) selama 14 hari. Pada hari ke-15 sampai hari ke-28 kelompok normal diberi suspensi CMC 1% dan kelompok uji diberi ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun dosis 250, 500 dan 750 mg/kg bb per hari. Parameter yang diamati selama penelitian adalah berat badan, jumlah nodul dan insidensi kematian. Kemudian mencit dibedah dan diambil tumor payudara yang terbentuk. Gambaran jaringan tumor diamati dengan menggunakan pewarnaan hematoxilin-eosin.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan berat badan yang paling signifikan terjadi pada kelompok benzo()piren diikuti oleh kelompok ekstrak 250, 500 dan 750 mg/kg bb. Rata-rata jumlah nodul yang paling banyak yaitu pada kelompok benzo()piren (2,00 1,225), diikuti kelompok 250 dan 750 mg/kg bb dengan rata-rata jumlah nodul yang sama (0,40 0,548) dan pada kelompok ekstrak 500 mg/kg bb (0,40 0,447). Persen insidensi kematian mencit secara berurut adalah kelompok ekstrak 750 mg/kg bb (40%), kelompok benzo()piren (33,33%), kelompok ekstrak 250 dan 500 mg/kg bb dengan persen insidensi kematian yang sama (25%) dan kelompok normal (0%). Gambaran jaringan tumor payudara mencit betina terlihat bahwa pada kelompok benzo()piren telah terjadi fibrioadenoma, sedangkan pada kelompok ekstrak 250 dan 500 mg/kg bb terbentuk kista dan pada kelompok ekstrak 750 mg/kg bb terjadi adenokarsinoma.

Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun memiliki kemampuan untuk menghambat karsinogenesis mamae mencit betina yang diinduksi benzo()piren dan dosis 500 mg/kg bb memberikan efek terbaik dalam penghambatan karsinogenesis.

Kata kunci : bangun-bangun, karsinogenesis, benzo()piren


EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF BANGUN-BANGUN (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) AGAINST MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS

OF FEMALE MICE INDUCED BY BENZO()PIREN

ABSTRACT

Breast cancer is one of the causes of cancer death worldwide after lung cancer, stomach, liver and colon. One of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat cancer is bangun-bangun leaves (Plectranthus amboinicus, (Lour.) Spreng). The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of ethanolic leaves extract of bangun-bangun in the inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis induced by benzo()piren in female mice and to investigate the dose of ethanolic leaves extract of bangun-bangun that gives the best effect in the inhibition of carcinogenesis.

Anticarcinogenesis test of ethanolic leaves extract of bangun-bangun (Plectranthus amboinicus, (Lour.) Spreng) conducted on female mice that induced by benzo()piren. Female mice were divided into 5 groups: the normal group, benzo()piren and 3 test groups. Except for the normal group, all groups induced by benzo()piren (15 mg/kg bw) for 14 days. On the 15th to the 28th day, the normal group were given 1% CMC suspension and the test groups were given ethanolic leaves extract of bangun-bangun dose of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg bw per day. Parameters were observed during the study were body weight, number of nodules and the incidence of death. Then the mice were dissected and taken breast tumors are formed. Picture of tumor tissue was observed using hematoxiline-eosine staining. The results showed that weight loss the most significant is in the group of benzo()piren followed by the extract group 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg bw. The average number of nodules that has the most nodules is benzo() piren group (2.00 1.225), followed by extract groups of 250 and 750 mg/kg ( 0.40 0.548) and in the group of 500 mg extract/kg body weight (0.40 0.447). Percent incidence of mice death sequentially were extract 750 mg/kg (40%), groups of benzo()piren (33.33%), extract groups of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw (25%) and normal group (0%). The image of breast tumor tissue of female mice shows that the group of benzo()piren fibrioadenoma has occurred, while in the extract of 250 and 500 mg/kg in the form of cysts and the group of extract 750 mg/kg bw occurred adenocarcinoma. It can be concluded that the ethanolic leaves extract of bangun-bangun has the ability to inhibit mammary carcinogenesis in female mice induced by benzo()piren and a dose of 500 mg/kg bw gave the best effect in the inhibition of carcinogenesis.

Keywords : bangun-bangun, carcinogenesis, benzo()piren


DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

JUDUL ............................................................................................................. i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................. iii

KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................... iv

ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... vii

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ x

DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................ 1

1.1 ................................................................................................. L

atar Belakang ............................................................................... 1

1.2 ................................................................................................. P

erumusan Masalah ....................................................................... 4

1.3 ................................................................................................. H

ipotesis ......................................................................................... 4

1.4 ................................................................................................. T

ujuan Penelitian ........................................................................... 5


1.5 ................................................................................................. M

anfaat penelitian .......................................................................... 5

1.6 ................................................................................................. K

erangka Pikir Penelitian ............................................................... 6

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................... 7

2.1 ................................................................................................. U

raian Tumbuhan ........................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Sistematika tumbuhan ....................................................... 7

2.1.2 Nama daerah ..................................................................... 7

2.1.3 Morfologi tumbuhan ......................................................... 8

2.1.4 Kandungan kimia tumbuhan ............................................. 8

2.1.5 Khasiat tumbuhan ............................................................. 9

2.2 ................................................................................................. K

anker ............................................................................................ 9

2.2.1 ....................................................................................... K

arsinogenesis ..................................................................... 12

2.2.2 .......................................................................................

Siklus sel ........................................................................... 15

2.2.3 ....................................................................................... B

enzo()piren ...................................................................... 17

2.2.4 ....................................................................................... K

anker payudara .................................................................. 19

2.2.5 ....................................................................................... F

itoestrogen ......................................................................... 22

2.3 ................................................................................................. E

kstraksi ........................................................................................ 24


BAB II METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................... 27

3.1 ................................................................................................. A

lat dan Bahan .............................................................................. 27

3.1.1 ....................................................................................... A

lat ....................................................................................... 27

3.1.2 ....................................................................................... B

ahan ................................................................................... 27

3.2 Hewan Percobaan ............................................................................. 28

3.3 ................................................................................................. P

embuatan Pereaksi ....................................................................... 28

3.3.1 ....................................................................................... P

ereaksi Bouchardat ............................................................. 28

3.3.2 .......................................................................................

Pereaksi Dragendorff ........................................................ 29

3.3.3 ....................................................................................... P

ereaksi Mayer .................................................................... 29

3.3.4 ....................................................................................... P

ereaksi besi (III) klorida 1% b/v ........................................ 29

3.3.5 ....................................................................................... P

ereaksi Molisch ................................................................. 29

3.3.6 ....................................................................................... P

ereaksi timbal (II) asetat 0,4 M ......................................... 29

3.3.7 ....................................................................................... P

ereaksi klorakhidrat ........................................................... 29

3.3.8 ....................................................................................... P

ereaksi asam klorida 0,2 N ................................................ 30


3.3.9 ....................................................................................... P

ereaksi asam klorida 2 N ................................................... 30

3.3.10 ..................................................................................... P

ereaksi natrium hidroksida 2 N ......................................... 30

3.3.11 ..................................................................................... P

ereaksi Liebermann-Burchard ........................................... 30

3.4 ................................................................................................. P

engumpulan dan Pengolahan Tumbuhan ..................................... 30

3.4.1 Pengumpulan bahan tumbuhan ......................................... 30

3.4.2 Identifikasi tumbuhan ........................................................ 30

3.4.3 Pembuatan simplisia ......................................................... 31

3.5 ................................................................................................. P

emeriksaan Karakteristik Simplisia ............................................. 31

3.5.1 ....................................................................................... P

emeriksaan makroskopik ................................................... 31

3.5.2 ....................................................................................... P

emeriksaan miksroskopik .................................................. 31

3.5.3 ....................................................................................... P

enetapan kadar air ............................................................. 31

3.5.4 ....................................................................................... P

enetapan kadar sari larut dalam air .................................... 32

3.5.5 ....................................................................................... P

enetapan kadar sari larut dalam etanol .............................. 33

3.5.6 ....................................................................................... P

enetapan kadar abu total .................................................... 33


3.5.7 ....................................................................................... P

enetapan kadar abu tidak larut asam ................................. 33

3.6 ................................................................................................. S

krining Fitokimia Simplisia ......................................................... 33

3.6.1 ....................................................................................... P

emeriksaan alkaloid ........................................................... 34

3.6.2 ....................................................................................... P

emeriksaan flavanoid ........................................................ 34

3.6.3 ....................................................................................... P

emeriksaan glikosida ......................................................... 34

3.6.4 ....................................................................................... P

emeriksaan steroid/triterpenoid ......................................... 35

3.6.5 ....................................................................................... P

emeriksaan saponin ........................................................... 35

3.6.6 ....................................................................................... P

emeriksaan tanin ............................................................... 35

3.7 ................................................................................................. P

embuatan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bangun-Bangun ........................ 36

3.8 ................................................................................................. K

arakterisasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bangun-bangun ...................... 36

3.9 ................................................................................................. Pemeriksaan Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bangun-Bangun ........................................................................................ 36

3.10 ............................................................................................... U

ji Efek Karsinogenesis ................................................................. 37

3.10.1 ..................................................................................... P

enyiapan hewan percobaan ............................................... 37


3.10.2 ..................................................................................... P

enyiapan sediaan uji .......................................................... 37

3.10.2.1 ....................................................................... P

enyiapan CMC 1% .......................................... 37

3.10.2.2 ....................................................................... Penyiapan larutan benzo()piren 15 mg/kg BB 38

3.10.2.3 ....................................................................... P

enyiapan suspensi ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun (SEDBB) ............................... 38

3.10.2.4 ....................................................................... P

enyiapan larutan formalin 10% ....................... 38

3.10.2.5 ....................................................................... U

ji antikarsinogenesis ........................................ 39

3.10.2.6 ....................................................................... P

engambilan jaringan ........................................ 40

3.10.2.7 ....................................................................... Pemeriksaan gambaran jaringan kelenjar payudara dengan pewarnaan hematoxylin dan eosin ................................................................ 41

3.11 Analisis Data .......................................................................... 43

BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ....................................................... 45

4.1 ................................................................................................. H

asil Identifikasi Tumbuhan .......................................................... 45

4.2 ................................................................................................. H

asil Karakterisasi Tumbuhan dan Serbuk Simplisia .................... 45

4.3 ................................................................................................. H

asil Skrining Fitokimia Simplisia Daun Bangun-Bangun ........... 47

4.4 Hasil Karakterisasi dan Skrining Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bangun-Bangun ........................................................................................... 48


4.5 Hasil Ekstraksi ............................................................................... 50

4.6 Hasil Uji Antikarsinogenesis Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bangun-Bangun ........................................................................... 50

4.6.1 ....................................................................................... Tumor multiplicity ............................................................... 50

4.6.2 ....................................................................................... P

ersen insidensi ................................................................... 54

4.6.3 ....................................................................................... P

erubahan berat badan mencit ............................................. 55

4.6.4 ....................................................................................... Gambaran jaringan payudara mencit dengan pewarnaan hematoxylin dan eosin ....................................................... 57

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................... 60

5.1 ................................................................................................. K

esimpulan ..................................................................................... 60

5.2 ................................................................................................. S

aran .............................................................................................. 60

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...................................................................................... 61

LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................... 66


DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

4.1 Hasil karakterisasi simplisia daun bangun-bangun ............................. 46

4.2 Hasil skrining fitokimia simplisia daun bangun-bangun ..................... 47

4.3 Hasil karakterisasi ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun ..................... 49

4.4 Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun ............. 50

4.5 Jumlah nodul sebelum dan sesudah pemberian ekstrak etanol

daun bangun-bangun ........................................................................... 52

4.6 Hasil uji one way ANOVA jumlah nodul sesudah pemberian ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun ................................................................. 53

4.7 Hasil persen insidensi kematian mencit pada uji karsinogenesis ........ 54

4.8 Perubahan berat badan rata-rata mencit selama 4 minggu .................. 55


DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

1.1 .................................................................................................... Diagram

kerangka pikir penelitian ..................................................................... 6

2.1 .................................................................................................... Struktur

benzo()piren ...................................................................................... 17

2.2 .................................................................................................... Struktur

benzo()piren-7,8-dihidrodiol-9,10-epoksida ..................................... 18

4.1 .................................................................................................... Nodul

pada daerah sekitar payudara sesudah perlakuan ................................. 51

4.2 .................................................................................................... Grafik

perubahan berat badan rata-rata mencit .............................................. 56

4.3 .................................................................................................... Gambaran jaringan payudara mencit dengan pewarnaan Hematoxilin dan eosin ........................................................................ 59


DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

1. ..............................................................................................Gambar identifikasi tumbuhan daun bangun-bangun (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) .............................. 66

2. ..............................................................................................Gambar tumbuhan daun bangun-bangun .................................... 67

3. ..............................................................................................Gambar simplisia dan serbuk simplisia daun bangun-bangun (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng) .............................. 68

4. ..............................................................................................Gambaran mikroskopik simplisia daun bangun-bangun ............ 69

5. ..............................................................................................Bagan skrining fitokimia ............................................................ 70

6. ..............................................................................................Bagan kerja pembuatan ekstrak .................................................. 71

7. ..............................................................................................Bagan kerja uji antikarsinogenesis ............................................. 72

8. ..............................................................................................Bagan kerja penyiapan suspensi ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun (SEDBB) ..................................................................... 73

9. ..............................................................................................Bagan kerja penyiapan larutan benzo()piren 0,3 mg/20g bb ..... 75

10. ............................................................................................Bagan kerja penyiapan larutan formalin 10% ............................. 76


11. ............................................................................................Perhitungan hasil penetapan kadar air ........................................ 77

12. ............................................................................................Perhitungan hasil penetapan kadar sari larut dalam air .............. 78

13. ............................................................................................Perhitungan hasil penetapan kadar sari larut dalam etanol ........ 80

14. ............................................................................................Perhitungan hasil penetapan kadar abu total .............................. 81

15. ............................................................................................Perhitungan hasil penetapan kadar abu tidak larut dalam asam . 82

16. ............................................................................................Contoh perhitungan dosis suspensi ekstrak etanol daun bangun-bangun ......................................................................... 83

17. ............................................................................................Tabel berat badan mencit selama penginduksian benzo()piren 84

18. ............................................................................................Tabel berat badan mencit selama pemberian ekstrak ................. 85

19. ............................................................................................Hasil analisa mean jumlah nodul dengan SPS 17 ....................... 86

20. ............................................................................................Hasil analisa pair sample t-test jumlah nodul dengan SPSS 17 .. 87

21. ............................................................................................Hasil uji one way ANOVA jumlah nodul dengan SPSS 17 ...... 88


Cover

Documents

Transcript of Cover