Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz...

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Wien RJ σ=5 cm -1 ν=150GHz λ=2 mm E = 0.6 meV Cosmic Microwave Background

Transcript of Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz...

Page 1: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

WienRJ

σ=5 cm-1

ν=150GHzλ=2 mm

E = 0.6 meV

CosmicMicrowaveBackground

Page 2: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

Atmosfera terrestre

• 78% azoto• 21% ossigeno• 0.93% argon• 0.4% (in media)

vapor d’ acqua• 0.038% CO2

• quantità ancora inferiori di altri gas

Page 3: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

τ spessore ottico

Page 4: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water
Page 5: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

[ ] dhdhdehTB

eTBI

hATM

CMB

ντ

τ

τν

νν

ν

ν

)(

0

)(

)(,

),()(

−∞

∞−

∫+

+=

Profilo verticale temperatura Somma delle opacità dovute alle transizioni rotazionali delle diverse molecole atmosferiche(principalmente H2O, ma anche O2, O3 e costituenti minori)

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Stima dello spessore ottico

Nelle finestre atmosferiche lo spessore ottico è dovuto soprattutto alle code delle righe dell’ acqua nel medio infrarosso.

Quindi:

o E’ difficile da calcolare accuratamente. Vedi J. Pardo et al. IEEE Trans. on antennas and propagation, 49, 1683, (2001)

o E’ necessario avere tecnologie per misurarlo:1. Per valutare la bontà di un sito2. Per monitorare la trasparenza durante le misure (sono possibili

variazioni del 20% del PWV in un’ora…

Page 7: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

PWV = Precipitable water vapor

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Misure di vapor d’ acqua• Per selezionare i siti più adatti bisogna misurare

la quantità e la variabilità del vapor d’ acqua precipitabile presente nell’ atmosfera sopra a ciascun sito.

• Strumento portatile: Igrometro spettrale. • Basato sul confronto del flusso dal sole (o dalla

luna) tra una banda assorbita dal vapor d’ acqua e il continuo circostante (non assorbito):

)( 22

)()(

OHeII

cont

OH ντ

νν −=

Fowle F. E. 1912 Astrophys. J. 35 149-62

Page 9: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

Strumento di Tomasi e Guzzi(sole)

C Tomasi and R Guzzi 1974 J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 7 647

• νH2O= 9375Å• νcont = 8800Å

Page 10: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

Strumento di R. Landau(sole e luna)

ASTRON. SOC. OF THE PACIFIC. PUBL. V. 94, P. 600, 1982

• νH2O=9375Å• νcont=8800Å

Problemi a bassi contenuti di vapor d’ acqua. Altre tecniche:

Page 11: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

Water Vapor radiometer

• To measure the precipitablewater vapour, two 183 GHz radiometers have been used.

• They measure the brightness temperature in three bands close to the 183 GHz water line. These bands are: 1.2 GHz, 4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre.

• During data reduction one iterates on the water vapourdensity in the radiative transfer equation to obtain the amount of precipitable water vapourproducing the sky brightness temperature measured by the 183 GHz radiometer.

Page 12: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water

220 GHz tipper

( )⎥⎥⎦

⎢⎢⎣

⎡−+=

−−θ

τθ

τ

ννν

νν

ντ coscos,,

1),(0)(ZZ

eTBeII

θ

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Atacama• Llano de Chajnantor Observatory

is an astronomical observatory located at 5104 m altitude in the Chile Atacama Desert, the driest desert in the world, 50 kilometers to the east of San Pedro de Atacama

• It is a very dry site - inhospitable to humans - but an excellent site for submillimetre astronomy

• It hosts some of the largest and most expensive astronomical telescopes, like the ALMA interferometer and the ACT and APEX submm telescopes.

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South-Pole• The South Pole has a desert

climate, almost never receiving any precipitation.

• Air humidity is near zero. • However, high winds can

cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about 20 cm (7.9 in) 20 cm per year.

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Measuring the CMB from the US Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.

BICEP(CMB polarization imager)

South Pole Telescope(SZ measurements)

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Dome-C• Dome C è solo un punto sulla

calotta glaciale dell’Antartide, situato a 75°06’ Sud, 123°24’Est.

• Sorprendenti sono alcuni numeriche rivelano la particolarità diquesto punto sullla calotta:– temperatura media estiva -30 °C;– temperatura minina invernale -80 °C; – velocità del vento media 2.8 m/s; – velocità del vento massima 17 m/s.

• Si trova a circa 1200 km dallacosta e a 3230 m di altezza.

• Qui è stata costruita la base italo-francese CONCORDIA

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Dome-C

Dall’ Oglio & Valenziano, Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust., 1999, 16, 167

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Dall’ Oglio & Valenziano, Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust., 1999, 16, 167

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Testa Grigia• 45.9N, 7.7E • 3480 m osl• near Cervinia

MITO De Petris et al.

Fiorucci, I., et al. (2008), J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14314

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Selezione delle lunghezze d’ onda

• Filtri assorbenti• Filtri riflettenti• Filtri risonanti

Page 23: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water
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Selezione delle lunghezze d’ ondaFiltri a mesh metallica

Ade et al. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6275, 62750U, (2006)

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Selezione delle lunghezze d’ ondaFiltri a mesh metallica

Ade et al. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6275, 62750U, (2006)

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Selezione delle lunghezze d’ ondaFiltri a mesh metallica

Ade et al. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6275, 62750U, (2006)

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Figure 11: Band-pass filters foratmospheric window selection: Modeltransmission for Atacama Chile20 for0.25mm perceptible H2O (grey curve),2mm hot pressed band-pass (dottedcurve), 850 μm double half-wave airgap filter (solid curve), 800 μm broadband-pass resonant grid air-gap (dashed curve) and 200 μm hot pressed narrow band-pass (dash-dot curve).

Ade et al. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6275, 62750U, (2006)

Page 29: Cosmic Microwave Backgroundoberon.roma1.infn.it/.../lezione4_2010_cosmoss.pdf4.1 GHz and 7.6 GHz away from the water line centre. • During data reduction one iterates on the water