“Contribution Of Riparian Areas To Flash Flood Event Occurrence Mitigation”

Thomas Κ. PapalaskarisCivil Engineer A.U.Th.

MSc. In Management of Water ResourcesIn the Mediterranean

Moments from First Time Implementation In Greece & outside U.S.A.

«at a “Hydraulic Flow Channel Bench”»](Drama Northern Greece 2013.06.05)

Photos taken & overall assistance byArhontoula T. Papalaskaris (Primary School Student-Class C’)

ΤΜΗΜΑ ΔΑΣΟΠΟΝΙΑΣ & ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΦΥΣΙΚΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ – «ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΣΜΕΝΗΣ ΥΔΡΑΥΛΙΚΗΣ» -

ΔΡΑΜΑΣ - ΕΛΛΑΔΑ

DEPARTMENT of FORESTRY & NATURAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT –

“LABORATORY OF APPLIED HYDRAULICS” - DRAMA - GREECE

DEPARTAMENTO de INGENIERIA FORESTAL de MONTES – “LABORATORIO

DE HIDRAULICA APLICADA” - DRAMA - GRECIA

Water Resources Governing Laws during the ancient ages

• Perino del Vaga, c. 1541

Solon giving his laws to the Athenians.Ο Σόλων δίνει τους νόμους του στους Αθηναίους.National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Poet, philosopher, statesman[23.5] ἐπεὶ δὲ πρὸς ὕδωρ οὔτε ποταμοῖς ἐστιν ἀενάοις οὔτε λίμναις τισὶν οὔτ' ἀφθόνοις πηγαῖς ἡ χώρα διαρκής, ἀλλ' οἱ πλεῖστοι φρέασι ποιητοῖς ἐχρῶντο, νόμον ἔγραψεν, ὅπου μέν ἐστι δημόσιον φρέαρ ἐντὸς ἱππικοῦ, χρῆσθαι τούτῳ: τὸ δ' ἱππικὸν διάστημα τεσσάρων ἦν σταδίων: ὅπου δὲ πλεῖον ἀπέχει, ζητεῖν ὕδωρ ἴδιον: ἐὰν δὲ ὀρύξαντες ὀργυιῶν δέκα βάθος παρ' ἑαυτοῖς μὴ εὕρωσι, τότε λαμβάνειν παρὰ τοῦ γείτονος ἑξάχουν ὑδρίαν δὶς ἑκάστης ἡμέρας πληροῦντας: ἀπορίᾳ γὰρ ᾤετο δεῖν βοηθεῖν, οὐκ ἀργίαν ἐφοδιάζειν. ὥρισε δὲ καὶ φυτειῶν μέτρα μάλ' ἐμπείρως, [23.6] τοὺς μὲν ἄλλο τι φυτεύοντας ἐν ἀγρῷ πέντε πόδας ἀπέχειν τοῦ γείτονος κελεύσας, τοὺς δὲ συκῆν ἢ ἐλαίαν ἐννέα. ποῤῥωτέρω γὰρ ἐξικνεῖται ταῦτα ταῖς ῥίζαις, καὶ οὐ πᾶσι γειτνιᾷ τοῖς φυτοῖς ἀσινῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τροφὴν παραιρεῖται καὶ βλάπτουσαν ἐνίοις ἀποῤῥοὴν ἀφίησι. βόθρους δὲ καὶ τάφρους τὸν βουλόμενον ἐκέλευσεν ὀρύσσειν, ὅσον ἐμβάλλει βάθος, ἀφιστάμενον μῆκος τἀλλοτρίου: καὶ μελισσῶν σμήνη καθιστάμενον ἀπέχειν τῶν ὑφ' ἑτέρου πρότερον ἱδρυμένων πόδας τριακοσίους.

Professor: Emmanuel Andreadakis

Νόμοι Διαχείρισης Υδατικών Πόρων στο παρελθόν

• Perino del Vaga, c. 1541

Ποιητής, Φιλόσοφος, ΚυβερνήτηςΑπόσπασμα του νόμου του Σόλωνα που αναφέρεται στις επιτρεπόμενες αποστάσεις ανόρυξης νέου φρέατος από υφιστάμενο δημόσιο ή ιδιωτικό φρέαρ («Πλουτάρχου, Σόλων, 23»):

Επειδή δεν υπάρχουν ούτε ποταμοί μόνιμης ροής, ούτε λίμνες, ούτε άφθονες πηγές στην χώρα, αλλά οι περισσότεροι χρησιμοποιούσαν κατασκευασμένα φρέατα, έγραψε νόμο, όπου υπάρχει σε ακτίνα 740 μέτρων δημόσιο φρέαρ να χρησιμοποιούν αυτό…όπου δεν υπάρχει, να κατασκευάζουν μόνοι τους…αν δεν βρουν νερό σε βάθος 18,50 μέτρων, τότε να παίρνουν από τον γείτονα μία υδρία από δύο φορές την ημέρα…όρισε και αποστάσεις στις καλλιέργειες…διατάζοντας ό,τι όποιοι φυτεύουν οτιδήποτε άλλο να απέχει 1,50 μέτρα από του γείτονα, και όποιοι φυτεύουν συκιά ή ελιά, να απέχει 2,70 μέτρα, γιατί οι ρίζες τους φτάνουν πιο μακριά και αφαιρούν την τροφή από τα γειτονικά τους, ή τα βλάπτουν, οι απορροές τους…και όποιος θέλει να ανοίξει βόθρους και τάφρους, τότε σε όσο βάθος φτάνουν, τόσο να απέχουν και μεταξύ τους, και όποιος βάζει μελίσσια, να απέχουν από τα ήδη υφιστάμενα απόσταση 90 μέτρα.

Solon giving his laws to the Athenians.Ο Σόλων δίνει τους νόμους του στους Αθηναίους.National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Καθηγητής: Εμμανουήλ Ανδρεαδάκης

Water Resources Governing Laws during the ancient ages

• Perino del Vaga, c. 1541

Poet, philosopher, statesmanSolon’s law segment making reference to the specified distances should be kept between new drilling and both private and public already existing drilled water well («Πλουτάρχου, Σόλων, 23»):

Owing to the fact there hasn’t been either perennial rivers, or lakes, or even abundant springs throughout the country, but instead most of the inhabitants used to get water by artificially constructed wells, he wrote a law, to use a public well, where existed within a radius of 740 metres…on the contrary, where a public not existed, to construct (drill) a new themselves…if they didn’t discover water within a depth of 18,50 metres, then they had to get a hydria twice a day from their neighbor’s owned water…he also defined certain clearances to be kept between the crops…ordering that whoever planted whatever else to make sure a clearance of 1,50 metres had been kept between the new crop and the neighbor’s pre-existent one, and whoever planted either a fig-tree or an olive-tree, should be as much distant as to 2,70 metres, due to the fact that their root system network reached further and subtracted the necessary nutrients from the neighboring trees, or they harmed them via their drippings…and whoever desired to install new cesspits and wastewater disposal trenches, then they should be distant between each other as much as the installed depth they reached, and whoever established an settled new beehives outdoors, to make certain a clearance of 90 metres between them and the neighboring pre-existent ones had been kept .

Solon giving his laws to the Athenians.Ο Σόλων δίνει τους νόμους του στους Αθηναίους.National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Professor: Emmanuel Andreadakis

Of even greater importance

than land is water

Aristotle 384 - 322 BC

Professor: Thomas Spanos

«Πρέπει να μετρήσουμε ό,τι είναι μετρήσιμο και να καταστήσουμε μετρήσιμο ό,τι δεν είναι»

Γαλιλαίος 1564-1642

«We have to measure whatever is measurable and set measurable whatever it

isn’t»

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Emmanouloudis A. Dimitrios (President-Forest Engineer-Hydrologist – Adaptive Watershed Management Specialist)

Dr. Zaimes N. George (Forest Engineer-Hydrologist-Riparian Areas Management & Conservation Specialist)

Dr. Iakovoglou Valasia (Eco-Hydrologist)

Dr. Papadopoulos N. Antonios (Wood Chemist & Technologist)

Prof. Kazana Vasiliki (Forester-Natural Resources Management & Economics)

Dr. Ioannou Konstantinos (“G.I.S.”, “HEC-RAS” & Hydrologic Models Specialist)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Katopodes Nikolaos (President-Civil & Environmental Engineer-Hydrologist)

Dr. Merou Theodora (Forester-Rangeland Ecologist)

Prof. Koutitas Christoforos (Civil Engineer-Coastal, Marine & Water Resources Engineering Specialist)

Dr. Kaziolas Dimitrios (Civil Engineer)

Prof. Lazaridou-Athanasiadou G. Martha (Agriculture Scientist-Range Ecologist)

Prof. Maditinos I. Dimitrios (Business Administration, Informatics & Information Systems, Finance & Financial Modelling)

Dr. Kalabouka Kalliopi (Lawyer-Water Law & Policy Specialist)

Prof. Garcia Rodriguez Jose Luis (Forest & Hydraulics Engineer-Hydrologist)

Anderson-Madytianou Anna (MSc. In Finance & Financial Information Systems – Secretary of the “MSc. In Management of Water Resources in the Mediterranean”)

ESP. Lctr. Perdiki Fotini (Developping English Skills For Academic Studies)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Xoplaki Elena (Implication of Climate Change on Water Resources today and in the future)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Apostolidou Elena (The future of Water Management – Green Technologies & Desalination Techniques)

Dr. Vythoulkas George (Mechanical Engineer – Solar & Wind Energy Generation – Desalination Techniques)

Dr. Iordanou Gregory (Mechanical Engineer – Solar & Wind Energy Generation - Desalination Techniques)

Prof. Avtzis Nikolaos (Forester – Biologist - Forest Entomology Specialist)

Dr. Tsiftsis Spyros (Forester – Biologist – Botany Specialist)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Prof. Takos ioannis (Forester – Forest Ecologist)

Prof. Demetriades Efstathios (Mathematician–Statistics-Business Administration)

Prof. Mitkidou Sofia (Chemistry Specialist)

Prof. Spanos Thomas (Chemistry Specialist)

Inspired by & especially dedicated to :

Kosmides Panagiotis (Forester)

Kampanis Kampanis (Forester)

“Bar Managers” in the

«“Department of Forestry & Natural

Environment Management” – “Drama”»

“…best quality coffee, snacks and

sweets, at the best prices, as

much as that provide the best

ideas for innovations to the

students…”

The “Christmas tree made of plastics” suppliers…!!!

“The apparatus”

Aknowledgement:

KiossesChrisovalantis

Forester-Graduate of the Department of Forestry & Natural Environment Management-Drama.

“Pitot-tube” & “U-manometer” set-up procedure demonstration.

“The assistant” & photographer: “Arhontoula T. Papalaskaris”

9 years old

…by the end of the laboratory experiment she placed only [(16),(sixteen)] questions… (?!?)

Water vein

1. Assume the «“channel’s head tank” “width”» represents a «“natural water stream’s” “width”».

Main natural stream

water flow direction

2. Assume the «“channel’s head tank” “gate”» represents the “left enbankment (levee)” of the “natural water stream’s” width, which collapses owing to a flash flood event occurrence.

«”channel’s head tank” “width”»«“natural water

stream’s” “width”»

3. Assume the “created flood wave” travels undisturbed directly to the location of an urban area threatening lives and properties.

«Opening slightly the “butterfly valve” to cause low flow rate into the “hydraulic channel bench with the view to set-up the “Pitot tube” & the “U-manometer”».

«Opening slightly the “butterfly valve” to cause low flow rate into the “hydraulic channel bench with the view to set-up the “Pitot tube” & the “U-manometer”».

Setting-up the “Pitot tube” & the “U-manometer” to measure the “natural water stream flow” velocity.

Setting-up the “Pitot tube” & the “U-manometer” to measure the “natural water stream flow” velocity.

Setting-up the “Pitot tube” & the “U-manometer” to measure the “natural water stream flow” velocity.

Setting-up the “Pitot tube” & the “U-manometer” to measure the “natural water stream flow” velocity.

Bringing in on-site proximity the “riparian area simulation model”.

Cut-out branches of a Chrismas tree made of plastics

“Riparian buffering zone dense brushy area”

“Riparian buffering zone tree area”

“Riparian buffering zone tree area lower storeys are either missing or inadequate”

Thermal insulating extruded polystyrene board section cut-to-fit

Bringing in on-site proximity the “riparian area simulation model”.

Cut-out branches of a Chrismas tree made of plastics, secured in the drilled holes by means of gun-injected silicone glue

“Riparian buffering zone dense brushy area”

“Riparian buffering zone tree area”

“Riparian buffering zone tree area lower storeys are either missing or inadequate”

Perforations at the top of the extruded polystyrene board section top surface by means of a screw-driver to insert the tree’s cut-out branches stems

5.00

cm

10.0

0cm

60.00cm

Unaffected in terms of its molecular structure when submerged into water

Bringing inside, at a random inermediate point of the “hydraulic bench channel”, the “riparian area simulation model”.

Applying by hand a thin film of “mild dish wash liquid soap” (“AVA”, “FAIRY”, “OVERLAY” etc.), sideways, (both sides), of the “thermal insulating extruded polystyrene board section” would outstandingly enhance both “entering-into” and “removing-out-of” place the “board” as it efficiently slips towards the inner, made of “transparent plexi-glass”, side walls, of the “hydraulic flow channel bench”, owing to the fact that both the “board” and the “channel” are equal in width in order to avoid potential drift of the board due to the water “thrust”, therefore the “board” is very tight and hardly accomodated to the “channel’s” inner walls.

“mild dish wash liquid soap” application

Bringing inside, at a random inermediate point of the “hydraulic bench channel”, the “riparian area simulation model”.

Bringing inside, at a random inermediate point of the “hydraulic bench channel”, the “riparian area simulation model”.

Making certain that the “riparian area simulation model” is tight to the “hydraulic bench channel” bottom both upwards…

Making certain that the “riparian area simulation model” is tight to the “hydraulic bench channel” bottom and downwards.

«Placing gradually and gently the “butterfly flowrate regulating valve” at the [(4th),(fourth)], available groove (recess), of the “selectable flowrate scale”».

Having calculated both the ”velocity” (v1=0.0894m/sec) & the respective “flowrate” (Q1=0.00217242m3/sec), we work out, (for rectangular channels) (q=0.0217242m2/sec), upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model”,...

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “energy” (“E1=0.24341m”), upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model”.

Direction of flow

“Head measurement” upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” (=“H1=0.243m”)

Water free surface

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “momentum” (“M1=0.0297m2”), upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model”.

“Head measurement” upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” (=“0.243m”)

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “thrust” (“F1=0.00297tns”), upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model”.

“Head measurement” upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” (=“0.243m”)

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “power” (“P1=0.006458hp=0.004815kW”), upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model”.

“Head measurement” upwards the “riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” (=“0.243m”)

“Head measurement” at the “downwards end” of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “brushy area”» (“H2=0.110m”)

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “energy” (“E2=0.11199m”), at the downwards end of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model “brushy area”».

“Energy dissipated” through the «riparian area (“buffering zone)” simulating model»:E1-E2=0.24341m-0.11199m=0.13142m=54.00%!

“Head measurement” at the “downwards end” of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “basement”» (“H3=0.080m”)

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “energy” (“E3=0.08376m”), at the downwards end of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model “basement”».

“Energy dissipated” through the «riparian area (“buffering zone)” simulating model»:E1-E3=0.24341m-0.08376m=0.15965m=65.59%!!

“Head measurement” at the «“hydraulic bench channel’s staff gauging calibrated station, No:6”, (counting from the “channel’s head tank” to the “channel’s exit”), the first available downwards of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “basement”» (“H4=0.040m”)

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “energy” (“E4=0.05503m”), at the «“hydraulic bench channel’s staff gauging calibrated station, No:6”, (counting from the “channel’s head tank” to the “channel’s exit”), the first available downwards of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “basement”».

“Energy dissipated” through the «riparian area (“buffering zone)” simulating model»:E1-E4=0.24341m-0.05503m=0.18838m=77.40%!!!

“Head measurement” at the «“hydraulic bench channel’s staff gauging calibrated station, No:6”, (counting from the “channel’s head tank” to the “channel’s exit”), the first available downwards of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “basement”» (“H4=0.040m”)

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “thrust” (“F4=0.00028tns”), at the «“hydraulic bench channel’s staff gauging calibrated station, No:6”, (counting from the “channel’s head tank” to the “channel’s exit”), the first available downwards of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “basement”».

“Energy dissipated” through the «riparian area (“buffering zone)” simulating model»:E1-E4=0.24341m-0.05503m=0.18838m=77.40%!!!

“Head measurement” at the «“hydraulic bench channel’s staff gauging calibrated station, No:6”, (counting from the “channel’s head tank” to the “channel’s exit”), the first available downwards of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “basement”» (“H4=0.040m”)

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “power” (“P4=0.0014599hp”=0.001089kW), at the «“hydraulic bench channel’s staff gauging calibrated station, No:6”, (counting from the “channel’s head tank” to the “channel’s exit”), the first available downwards of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “basement”».

“Energy dissipated” through the «riparian area (“buffering zone)” simulating model»:E1-E4=0.24341m-0.05503m=0.18838m=77.40%!!!

And then we proceed determining and computing the respective “momentum” (“M4=0.0028m2”), at the «“hydraulic bench channel’s staff gauging calibrated station, No:6”, (counting from the “channel’s head tank” to the “channel’s exit”), the first available downwards of the «riparian area (“buffering zone”) simulating model” “basement”».

“Momentum dissipated” through the «riparian area (“buffering zone)” simulating model»:M1-M4=0.0297m2-0.0028m2=0.0269m2=91.00%!!!

“Thrust dissipated” through the «riparian area (“buffering zone)” simulating model»:F1-F4=0.00297tns-0.00028tns=0.00269m2=91.00%!!!

“Power dissipated” through the «riparian area (“buffering zone)” simulating model»:P1-P4=0.006458hp-0.0014599hp=0.0049981hp=0.004815kW-0.001089kW=0.003726kW=78.00%!!!

Conclusions :The “Riparian Areas” DO really contribute in

mitigating flash flood events when they occur at all times!!!

Never discard a “Christmas tree made of plastics” or anything else before having made certain it would be a valuable accessory in order to perform an important scientific experiment!!!

In case that both important and necessary stuff with the view to carry out a significant scientific experiment is missing, pass by the faculty’s coffee-bar; you might be surprised in a way you never thought imaginable!!!

Είμαστε σκληροί και πειθαρχικοί είμαστε του «MSc.» του Τμήματος Δασοπονίας - Δράμας οι Πολιτικοί Μηχανικοί

We are tough we are discipline we are the Civil Engineers of the «MSc.» of the Department of Forestry - Drama

C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G

We Construct the World

For verification & certification of the abovementioned check also the “web-site” link :

“https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E81_mv3DKwg”

Thanks for your attention !