Chemical Building Blocks1 Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Topics you are not...

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Chemical Building Blocks 1 Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Topics you are not responsible for: molar concentration End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1 & 3 Do all mQuiz questions

Transcript of Chemical Building Blocks1 Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Topics you are not...

Chemical Building Blocks 1

Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Topics you are not responsible for:molar concentration

End of Chapter questions: Understand: allApply: allSynthesize: 1 & 3

Do all mQuiz questions

Chemical Building Blocks 2

What causes Alzheimer's disease?

Amyloid precursor protein is converted to β-Amyloid APP is an integral membrane protein Processing by ‘protease’-type enzymes (α-, β-, γ-secretase) β-Amyloid plaque formation

Many questions remain unanswered… -- Do β-Amyloid plaques cause disease symptoms? -- Why do some people get Alz Dis and other do not?

-- What are possible explanations?

AmyloidPlaques

AB42 > AB40

Chemical Building Blocks 3

What are the fundamental properties of organic molecules?

What are “organic” molecules?

What are hydrocarbons?

Molecular representations

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What “functional” groups occur on biological molecules? -- Know these like “the back of your hand”!

e.g.Cysteine

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What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules?

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Lipids

Carbohydrates

What are the molecular building blocks (subunits) of each?

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How are macromolecules built(synthesized) from subunits?

Dehydrolysis (condensation) Rxs

…And broken apart (degraded)?

Hydrolysis Rxs

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ProteinsProteins have diverse structures; which reflects their function

What are some of the functions of proteins? Enzymes!!

Molecule TransportGene regulationCell movements Hormones

etc…

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What are the different types of amino acids?

How are AAs similar/differentIn structure?

How many AAs are there?

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How are amino acids linked together in proteins?

The “peptide bond”

C-terminus and N-terminus

OHH- Carboxylend

Aminoend

Models

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What are the four levels of protein structure?

All proteins have 1O, 2O and 3O structure -- some have 4O

What is Primary (1O) structure?

e. g., N – ALA – LYS – PHE – GLU etc. – C

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What is Secondary (2O) structure? α-helices & β-sheets

What is Tertiary (3O) structure?

What is Quartenary (4O) structure?

Models

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What determines and stabilizesprotein tertiary structure?

Amino acid sequence

Bonding

Hydrophobic exclusion

Chaperone proteins

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What happens if protein structure is disrupted?

Denaturation

What causes denaturation?

heat

detergents

ionic conditions

pH

Loss of function

Animation

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What are some other characteristics of proteins?

What are … Prosthetic groups?

e.g., HEME

Coenzymes?-- e.g., NADH

Cofactors?-- e.g., Mg++

What is a catalytic site?

Models

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What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Energy storage

Energy transport

Structure

Molecular Recognition

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What are the properties of …

Mono- & Disaccharides?

Oligosaccharides?

Why can oligosaccharide structurebe very complex?

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What are some important polysaccharides?

Energy storageStarch & glycogen

Structuralcellulose & chitin

Starch and Cellulose differ only in bonds between glucose

Models

Starch Cellulose α-linkage β-linkage

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Oligosaccharides determine blood type

ABO “antigens” are oligosaccharides -- on lipids and proteins

Blood type reflects type of enzyme possessed

B = galactosyl transferaseA = N-acetyl-galactosamine

transferaseAB have bothO has neither

Immune system can respond to A or B

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What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?

Nucleotides

ribo-nucleotides

deoxy-ribo

purines

pyrimidines

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How are nucleotides linked in a DNA strand?

Covalent bondswithin strands

3’ – 5’

Complementary base-pairing

Hydrogen bonds

Models

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What are the functions of Lipids?

Energy storage-- triglycerides (fats)

Membrane structure-- phospholipids

Signaling molecules-- steroidal hormones

Other specialized functions

What property do all lipids share?

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How does structure and function relate in:

… Phospholipids?-- amphipathic

… Triglycerides?-- hydrophobic

Models

Chemical Building Blocks 23

How does fatty acid saturation affect the properties of triglycerides?

Fluidity

Metabolism

The odd history of “Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils” & “Trans-fatty acids”