Chemical Building Blocks1 Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Topics you are not...
Transcript of Chemical Building Blocks1 Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Topics you are not...
Chemical Building Blocks 1
Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
Topics you are not responsible for:molar concentration
End of Chapter questions: Understand: allApply: allSynthesize: 1 & 3
Do all mQuiz questions
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What causes Alzheimer's disease?
Amyloid precursor protein is converted to β-Amyloid APP is an integral membrane protein Processing by ‘protease’-type enzymes (α-, β-, γ-secretase) β-Amyloid plaque formation
Many questions remain unanswered… -- Do β-Amyloid plaques cause disease symptoms? -- Why do some people get Alz Dis and other do not?
-- What are possible explanations?
AmyloidPlaques
AB42 > AB40
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What are the fundamental properties of organic molecules?
What are “organic” molecules?
What are hydrocarbons?
Molecular representations
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What “functional” groups occur on biological molecules? -- Know these like “the back of your hand”!
e.g.Cysteine
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What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules?
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
What are the molecular building blocks (subunits) of each?
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How are macromolecules built(synthesized) from subunits?
Dehydrolysis (condensation) Rxs
…And broken apart (degraded)?
Hydrolysis Rxs
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ProteinsProteins have diverse structures; which reflects their function
What are some of the functions of proteins? Enzymes!!
Molecule TransportGene regulationCell movements Hormones
etc…
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What are the different types of amino acids?
How are AAs similar/differentIn structure?
How many AAs are there?
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How are amino acids linked together in proteins?
The “peptide bond”
C-terminus and N-terminus
OHH- Carboxylend
Aminoend
Models
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What are the four levels of protein structure?
All proteins have 1O, 2O and 3O structure -- some have 4O
What is Primary (1O) structure?
e. g., N – ALA – LYS – PHE – GLU etc. – C
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What is Secondary (2O) structure? α-helices & β-sheets
What is Tertiary (3O) structure?
What is Quartenary (4O) structure?
Models
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What determines and stabilizesprotein tertiary structure?
Amino acid sequence
Bonding
Hydrophobic exclusion
Chaperone proteins
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What happens if protein structure is disrupted?
Denaturation
What causes denaturation?
heat
detergents
ionic conditions
pH
Loss of function
Animation
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What are some other characteristics of proteins?
What are … Prosthetic groups?
e.g., HEME
Coenzymes?-- e.g., NADH
Cofactors?-- e.g., Mg++
What is a catalytic site?
Models
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What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy storage
Energy transport
Structure
Molecular Recognition
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What are the properties of …
Mono- & Disaccharides?
Oligosaccharides?
Why can oligosaccharide structurebe very complex?
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What are some important polysaccharides?
Energy storageStarch & glycogen
Structuralcellulose & chitin
Starch and Cellulose differ only in bonds between glucose
Models
Starch Cellulose α-linkage β-linkage
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Oligosaccharides determine blood type
ABO “antigens” are oligosaccharides -- on lipids and proteins
Blood type reflects type of enzyme possessed
B = galactosyl transferaseA = N-acetyl-galactosamine
transferaseAB have bothO has neither
Immune system can respond to A or B
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What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?
Nucleotides
ribo-nucleotides
deoxy-ribo
purines
pyrimidines
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How are nucleotides linked in a DNA strand?
Covalent bondswithin strands
3’ – 5’
Complementary base-pairing
Hydrogen bonds
Models
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What are the functions of Lipids?
Energy storage-- triglycerides (fats)
Membrane structure-- phospholipids
Signaling molecules-- steroidal hormones
Other specialized functions
What property do all lipids share?
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How does structure and function relate in:
… Phospholipids?-- amphipathic
… Triglycerides?-- hydrophobic
Models