International Journal of Advanced Materials Science

ISSN 2231-1211 Volume 8, Number 1 (2017), pp. 17-31

© Research Foundation

http://www.rfgindia.com

Characterization of Multicomponent Perovskite

Oxide La0.8Sr0.2Co 0.9Fe 0.1O3-δ Nanoparticles

for Supercapacitor

G.N. Chaudhari1*, V.V. Deshmukh1 and D.K. Burghate2

1Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry

Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati (Maharashtra) 444602, India. 2Shri Shivaji Science College, Nagpur (Maharashtra) 440012, India.

Abstract

A multicomponent perovskite oxide nanoparticle based on

La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ (LSCF) were prepared by a simple sol-gel method. The

as synthesized material have been calcined at 550◦C for single-phase

compound formation and evaluated for their structural and electrochemical

properties. XRD data reveal the presence of well-defined sharp peaks,

indicating the cubic perovskite structure and crystalline size about 10.97nm of

La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ compound. Morphological studies of the prepared

sample were done by using SEM and TEM analysis. The elemental

composition of the sample was detected by EDAX analysis. Electrochemical

properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic

charge/discharge in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte. LSCF electrode exhibited

maximum specific capacitance of 715.5 Fg-1 at the scan rate of 10 mV/s from

cyclic voltammetry curve. The La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ material was promising

for supercapacitor applications.

Keywords: Supercapacitor, La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ, cyclic voltammetry,

galvanostatic charge discharge.

18 G.N. Chaudhari, V.V. Deshmukh and D.K. Burghate

1. INTRODUCTION

The scarcity of fossil fuels and the increasing awareness of the environmental and

geopolitical problems associated with their use have encouraged significant efforts

towards the development of advanced energy storage and conversion systems using

materials that are cheap, abundant and environmentally benign. A major thrust in

the field of renewable energy has been to develop higher power and more energy-

dense storage devices like supercapacitors [1]. The supercapacitor is a new type of

electrochemical energy storage device having advantages of both the dielectric

capacitors and the rechargeable batteries. The typical dielectric capacitors can

provide high power densities and have very long cycle life, but they have low

energy densities. The typical rechargeable batteries can provide high energy

densities, but have low power densities and short cycling life. Supercapacitor can

meet both the power and the energy requirements for systems such as acceleration

power for electric vehicles, burst power for the generation of electronic devices and

so on and have been studied intensively in recent years [2-4].

Supercapacitor electrodes have to store large amounts of energy in the small volume

which is otherwise called such as double layer capacitors, ultracapacitors, gold

capacitors or power cache, supercap, superbattery, power capacitors and electric

double layer capacitors (EDLC). The supercapacitor having a lot of applications in

electric circuits, UPS systems, power conditioners, welders, inverters, automobile

regenerative braking systems, power supplies, cameras, power generators, power

quality, etc. Supercap properties are quickly charged and discharged than the

batteries, good stability and high power density, however the lagging of energy

density [5].

The mechanisms by which EDLCs store and release charge are completely

reversible, so they are extremely efficient and can withstand a large number of

charge/discharge cycles. They can store or release energy very quickly, and can

operate over a wide range of temperatures [6]. In terms of the chemical

composition, several types of supercapacitor electrode materials have been

investigated intensively, which include electrically conducting metal oxides like,

RuO2 [7], IrO2 [8], MnO2 [9], conducting polymers like, polythiophene [10],

polypyrrole [11-12], polyaniline (PANI) [13-14], and their derivatives, and different

type of carbon materials like carbon aerogel [15-16], activated carbon [17], and

carbon nanotubes [18-19].

In this work, we have synthesized mixed conducting perovskites of the

(La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ family by sol–gel method and employed as electrode for

electrochemical capacitors and electrochemical performances have been

investigated. LSCFs are considered as good cathode materials due to their ionic and

electronic conductivity at low and intermediate temperatures [20-21]. They also

Characterization of Multicomponent Perovskite Oxide La0.8Sr0.2Co 0.9Fe 0.1O3-δ 19

have high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction due to their good oxygen

surface exchange and self-diffusion properties [22-23]. Badwal et al. [24] have

claimed that due to their mixed conductivity these materials exhibited two important

functions; charge transport through both ions and electronic carriers and efficient

charge transfer at the oxygen/electrode interface. In previous reported research work

LSCFs have been widely studied as cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells

(SOFCs) [25-26]. We tried highly conductive LSCF composite for supercapacitor

performance because the supercapacitors assembled with LSCF electrodes can show

excellent stability. Our results demonstrate that by synthesizing LSCF material with

an ideal pore size, uniformity, substantially high power density, thermodynamic

stability, good ion accessibility and redox reversibility [27], the performance of

supercapacitors can be revolutionized.

2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

2.1 Materials:

La(NO3)3.6H2O (≥99.0%), Sr(NO3)2 (≥99.5%), Co(NO3)2.6H2O (≥99.0%),

Fe(NO3)3.9H2O (≥99.0%) were purchased from Acros Organics and polyvinilidene

difluoride (PVDF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (C5H9NO) was obtained from SRl

chem., sisco research laboratories pvt. ltd. All chemicals were used as received

without any further purification.

2.2 Synthesis of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ nanomaterial using sol-gel route:

Sol-gel technology is a well-established colloidal chemistry technology, which offers

possibility to produce various materials with novel, predefined properties in a simple

process and at relatively low process cost. The main benefits of sol–gel processing are

the high purity and uniform nanostructure achievable at low temperatures. The

properties of metal nanoparticles depend largely on their synthesis procedures. The

La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ composite was synthesized by using sol-gel method. In order

to prepare a sol, stoichiometric amounts of the metal nitrates La(NO3)3, Sr(NO3)2,

Co(NO3)2 , and Fe(NO3)3 was dissolved in alcohol. Then, citric acid was added at a

molar ratio of 2:1. It acts as a chelating agent. The resulting mixture was kept stirring

at 80°C until a wet gel was formed. This gel is kept in pressure bomb at 1300C for

12hrs.The precipitate was formed. Final product was obtained by calcined at 3500C

for 3½ hrs. Further this product was calcined at 5500C for 6 hours for the study of

structural and electrochemical characterization.

20 G.N. Chaudhari, V.V. Deshmukh and D.K. Burghate

2.3 Characterization of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ (LSCF) nanomaterial:

Synthesized powder were characterized by Panalytical X-ray diffractometer (Xpert

pro MPD) equipped with Cu Kα sealed tube (λ=1.5406Aº). The sample was scanned

over 2ϴ ranging from 20 to 80º with a step size of 0.016º. The morphology and

particle size was investigated by scanning electron microscope (ultra plus zeiss

FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (Philips TEM). Energy Dispersive X-

ray(EDX) were coupled to SEM used to analyze the composition of sample.

2.4 Electrode preparation and electrochemical characterization:

The working electrode was prepared by mixing 80 wt% of the synthesized LSCF

nanomaterial, 15 wt% of acetylene black (to ensure good conductivity), and 5 wt% of

binder polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). This

mixture was uniformly spread on gold plate by using spatula with area 1mg per square

centimetre and dried at room temperature overnight. The electrochemical performance

of the nanocomposite was evaluated on a CHI6002C workstation for cyclic

voltammetry (CV) and chronopotentiometry (CP) tests by using a three electrode cell

with Platinum foil as the counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl saturated calomel

electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode. All electrochemical measurements were

carried out in 1M aqueous Na2SO4 solution as electrolyte.

The specific capacitance (C, F.g-1) of the electrode was evaluated according to

equation (1) and (2), respectively:

Specific capacitance C = 1

𝑚.𝑆.(𝑉𝑎−𝑉𝑐)∫ 𝐼(𝑉)𝑑𝑉

𝑉𝑐

𝑉𝑎 (1)

Where m(g) is the mass of electroactive material loaded on the electrode, Va, Vc are

the anodic and cathodic peak voltages, s (V. s -1) is the scan rate for the

measurement and ∫ 𝐼(𝑉) dV is the area under the cyclic voltammogram from Va to

Vc.

C = i

−∆V

∆t×m

= i

−slope×m (2)

C is calculated from the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves. Where i is the

impressed current, ΔV/Δt is the slope of the discharge curve after the iR drop, m is the

mass of each electrode.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Structural analysis of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O 3-δ by X-Ray Diffraction studies :

X-ray diffraction(XRD) was performed on LSCF after calcined at 550°C in order to

check the purity of the crystalline product and to allow estimation of the

Characterization of Multicomponent Perovskite Oxide La0.8Sr0.2Co 0.9Fe 0.1O3-δ 21

crystallite size of the powder. The X-ray diffraction pattern of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ

powder is shown in Figure1. XRD analysis of the sample revealed single perovskite

phase produc with a cubic structure. The XRD peaks are found to be very sharp

indicating the highly crystalline nature of the perovskite and good incorporation into

the lattice of the metal oxides used in the powder synthesis. The major peaks for

sample are indexed to the crystal plane (012) (110) (202), (024), (214), (208) and

(226). Some weak peaks are also found, may be due to the presence of impurity

element such as La-O. Since the standard XRD data for La1-xSrxCo 1-yFe yO3-δ is not

available in the literature, the obtained XRD data were compared with the XRD data

of standard JCPDS pattern for LaCoO3(JCPDS card No. 25-1060 and 48-0123) .The

crystalline size was determined from full width of half maximum (FWHM) of

the most intense peak (110) corresponding to 2ϴ = 33.22° by using Scherer’s

formula,

d = 0.9λ / β cosθ

Where, ‘d’ is the crystalline size, λ is the X-ray wavelength of the Cu Kα source

(λ=1.54059A0), β is the FWHM of the most predominant peak at 100% intensity

(110), θ is the Braggs angle at which peak is recorded. It was found at 10.97 nm.

XRD data is in good agreement with results obtained in literature [28-29].

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

50

100

150

200

250

(122) (2

26)

(208)

(400)

(018)

(214)

(024)

(202)

(110)

(012)

inte

nsi

ty(a

.u.)

2 (degree)

LSCF

Figure1. XRD pattern of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9F 0.1O 3-δ.

3.2 Morphological analysis of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ by SEM :

The surface microstructure of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ nanoparticles was studied with

22 G.N. Chaudhari, V.V. Deshmukh and D.K. Burghate

SEM. The SEM photographs of LSCF nanoparticles are shown in Figure 2. SEM

analysis provides the information about the size and shape of the particle and pore.

From the SEM studies, it was found that the sample consists of homogeneously

distributed spherical shaped nano crystals with an average grain size of 300 nm. Also,

few larger particles are also present in the sample.

Figure 2: SEM photographs obtained on La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ nanocrystalline

powder in two different magnifications (a) 51.13KX (b) 100.00KX

3.3 EDAX Analysis:

Figure 3 shows the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ. The

EDAX spectra display the characteristic peaks corresponding to the binding energy

state of elements. This was carried out to understand the composition of La, Sr, Co,

Fe and oxygen in the material. No other impurity peaks are detected in the spectra,

Characterization of Multicomponent Perovskite Oxide La0.8Sr0.2Co 0.9Fe 0.1O3-δ 23

which is an indication of the chemical purity of the sample. The elemental

composition data obtained with La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ nanocrystalline powder

prepared by sol-gel method is indicated in

Table 1: Sample composition

Element Wt.%

La 17.96

Sr 4.58

Co 20.94

Fe 2.03

O 54.49

Figure 3: EDAX spectra obtained on La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ.

3.4 Surface morphological analysis of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ by TEM:

Figure 4 shows the typical morphology of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ nanomaterial.

Figure 4 shows that quasi-sherical LSCF nanoparticles have good dispersibility, and

the average size estimated from TEM is around 20-30nm, which is consistent with

XRD results.

24 G.N. Chaudhari, V.V. Deshmukh and D.K. Burghate

Figure 4: TEM images of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ.

Splitted electron diffraction spots can be observed in Figure 5. Electron diffraction

studies indicated crystalline nature of the sample.

Figure 5: Electron diffraction of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ..

Characterization of Multicomponent Perovskite Oxide La0.8Sr0.2Co 0.9Fe 0.1O3-δ 25

3.5 Electrochemical behaviour of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ.

3.5.1 Cyclic voltammetry:

Cyclic voltammetry is a very versatile electrochemical technique which allows to

probe the mechanics of redox and transport properties of a system in solution. This is

accomplished with a three electrode arrangement whereby the potential relative to

some reference electrode is scanned at a working electrode while the resulting current

flowing through a counter (or auxiliary) electrode is monitored in a quiescent

solution. Usually in cyclic voltammetry the potential is scanned back and forth

linearly with time between two extreme values. It provides considerable information

about the thermodynamics of a redox process, kinetics of heterogeneous electron-

transfer reactions and analysis of coupled electrochemical reactions or adsorption

processes.

The cyclic voltammetry response of the electrode La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ at different

scan rates of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mVs-1 is as shown in Figure 6. In this study, the

electrochemical properties of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ was explored in 1M Na2SO4

aqueous electrolyte between -0.2V to 0.4V potential window. A pair of redox peaks

was observed for all the scan rates which indicate that the major type of charge

storage was pseudocapacitive in nature. The oxidation peak occurs at 0.155 V and the

reduction peak at -0.009 V. Some week reduction peaks are observed at the potential

range 0.04V and -0.06V may be attributed to irreversible reduction of some other

complex species present in solution. Redox process was highly fast and reversible

seen from the nearly symmetrical current response even at high scan rates. Current

response increases linearly with the increase in scan rate which is suitable for power

applications. With increase in scan rate there is no much shift in the peak positions

exhibiting lower polarization effect in the electrode material and reason for better

reversibility. Specific capacitance of the material is calculated from the equation1.

Maximum specific capacitance of 715.5 Fg-1 was obtained at the scan rate

of 10m Vs-1. It indicates good performance of nanostructured La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ

electrode. With increasing scan rate, the specific capacitance decreases gradually

(Figure7), which can be attributed to electrolytic ions diffusing and migrating into the

active materials at low scan rates. At high scan rates, the diffusion effect, limiting the

migration of the electrolytic ions, causes some active surface areas to become

inaccessible for charge storage. We also observe that the specific capacitance of the

LSCF samples decreases to 371.59  F  g−1 as the scan rate increases to 50  mV  s−1,

representing only a 48% decrease compared with the specific capacitance at a scan

rate of 10 mV  s−1. This result indicates the excellent capacitive behaviour and high-

rate capability of the LSCF electrode.

26 G.N. Chaudhari, V.V. Deshmukh and D.K. Burghate

Figure 6: Cyclic Voltammogram of LSCF

Figure7: Plot of scan rate Vs specific capacitance

3.5.2 Galvonostatic Charge-Discharge analysis:

In order to evaluate the charge storage capacity, durability of cycle lifetime and

various electrical parameters, the galvanostatic charge-discharge analysis of the

LSCF electrode were performed at current density of 2×10 -5A between -0.2 and

0.4V. In this study, the working electrode is submitted to a constant current I (charge

or discharge), and voltage versus time is recorded between minimal and maximal

values. It is observed that, the discharge curves are linear in the total range of

potential with constant slopes, showing perfect capacitive behavior. The discharge

capacitance of the electrodes (C) was calculated from the slope of the

discharge curve by using (equation2) and it is found to be 708.6 F-1g. This result is in

good agreement with the specific capacitance calculated from cyclic voltammery.

Characterization of Multicomponent Perovskite Oxide La0.8Sr0.2Co 0.9Fe 0.1O3-δ 27

Figure 7: Galvonostatic charge-discharge curve of GCD curve of

La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ electrode.

3.5.3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS):

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been widely used to examine a

complex sequence of coupled electrochemical processes, such as electron transfer and

mass transfer. A very small (5mV) amplitude signal is applied to the testing system

over a range of frequencies from 0.01Hz to 1MHz. By monitoring the current

response, the variation of resistance with frequency can be examined. The main

objective of the EIS measurements is to gain insight of the resistive and capacitive

elements associated with the electrode. The data obtained by EIS measurement is

expressed graphically in a Nyquist plot. A typical Nyquist plot of

La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ is shown in Figure 8. The EIS curve consists of a depressed

arc in high-frequency regions and an inclined line in low-frequency regions. Ohmic

resisatnce of the electrolyte and the internal resistance of the electrode material is

denoted as Ri. The interfacial charge transfer resistane Rct and double layer

capacitance Cdl are parallely connected to represent the semicircle in high frequency

region. The determined values for Ri, Rct and Cdl are 1.06Ω, 2.6Ω, 1.348μF etc. As

well, the sloping lines reveal the capacitive character at low frequencies. Different

from the ideal 900 phase angle for pure EDLCs, the straight lines with a slope of 450

might derive from a contribution of pseudo capacitance. And this result is in very

good agreement of the specific capacitance behaviour of LSCF electrode.

28 G.N. Chaudhari, V.V. Deshmukh and D.K. Burghate

Figure 8: A typical Nyquist plot of of La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ

4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a multicomponent perovskite oxide nanoparticle La0.8Sr0.2Co0.9Fe0.1O3-δ

(LSCF) with diameter of around 11nm were fabricated via a simple sol-gel method.

Its chemical composition and structural characters were survey by XRD, EDAX,

SEM, and TEM measurements. The investigations of CV, GCD, and EIS on the

capacitive behaviour of LSCF nanocomposite reveal its excellent electrochemical

properties for the supercapacitor application, including good reversibility and specific

capacitance value. It can be believed that this kind of composites show great potential

as an electrochemical supercapacitors.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to Nanotechnology Research lab, Department of Chemistry,

Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati for providing research facilities.

REFERENCES

[1] B. E. Conway, Electrochemical Supercapacitors, Scientific Fundamentals and

Technological Application. Plenum Press, New York (1999).

[2] J. Yan , Q. Wang , T. Wei , Z. Fan , Recent Advances in Design and

Fabrication of Electrochemical Supercapacitors with High Energy Densities,

Adv. Energy Mater., 4 (2014)1300816.

Characterization of Multicomponent Perovskite Oxide La0.8Sr0.2Co 0.9Fe 0.1O3-δ 29

[3] M. Gidwani, A. Bhagwani, N. Rohra, Supercapacitors: the near Future of

Batteries, International Journal of Engineering Inventions, 4 (2014) 22-27.

[4] M Jayalakshmi, K Balasubramanian, Simple Capacitors to Supercapacitors -

An Overview,Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 3 (2008)1196-1217.

[5] V. Shobana, P. Parthibanand K. Balakrishnan, Lithium based battery-type

cathode material for hybrid supercapacitor, Journal of Chemical and

Pharmaceutical Research, 7( 2015) 207-212.

[6] J.R. Miller, P. Simon, Materials science. Electrochemical capacitors for

energy management., Science, 321 (2008) 651–652.

[7] S. Wena, J. W. Leeb, I.H. Yeob, J. Parkc, S. Mhoa, The role of cations of the

electrolyte for the pseudocapacitive behavior of metal oxide electrodes, MnO2

and RuO2, Electrochimica Acta, 50 (2004) 849–855

[8] Z. Yu, L. Tetard, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Supercapacitor electrode materials:

nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions, Energy Environ. Sci., 8 (2015) 702-

730.

[9] M. Huang, F. Li, F. Dong, Y. X. Zhang, L. Zhang, MnO2-based

nanostructures for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3(

2015) 21380-21423.

[10] J. Hong, I. H. Yeo, W.K. Paika, Conducting Polymer with Metal Oxide for

Electrochemical Capacitor Poly„3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene… RuOx

Electrode, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 148 (2001) 156-163 .

[11] R. P. Mahore, D. K. Burghate, S. B. Kondawar, Development of

nanocomposites based on polypyrrole and carbon nanotubes for

supercapacitors, Adv. Mat. Lett. 5(2014) 400-405

[12] W. K. Chee, N. L. Hong, N. M. Huang, Electrochemical properties of free-

standing polypyrrole/graphene oxide/zinc oxide flexible supercapacitor, Int. J.

Energy Res., 39 (2015) 111–119.

[13] H. Wanga, , J. Linc, Z. X. Shena, Polyaniline (PANi) based electrode

materials for energy storage and conversion, Journal of Science: Advanced

Materials and Devices 1 (2016) 225-255

[14] A. Arslan, E. Hür, Supercapacitor Applications of Polyaniline and

Poly(Nmethylaniline) Coated Pencil Graphite Electrode, Int. J. Electrochem.

Sci., 7 (2012) 12558- 12572.

30 G.N. Chaudhari, V.V. Deshmukh and D.K. Burghate

[15] B. Fang, Y.-Z. Wei, K. Maruyama, M. Kumagai, High capacity

supercapacitors based on modified activated carbon aerogel, Journal of

Applied Electrochemistry 35(2005) 229–233

[16] F. Lufrano, P. Staiti ,Mesoporous Carbon Materials as Electrodes for

Electrochemical Supercapacitors,Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 5 (2010) 903 - 916

[17] T. Chen, L. Dai, Carbon nanomaterials for highperformance supercapacitors,

Materials Today, 16 (2013) 272–280.

[18] H. Wang, Y. Liang, T. Mirfakhrai, Z. Chen, H. S. Casalongue, H. Dai,

Advanced Asymmetrical Supercapacitors Based on Graphene Hybrid

Materials, Nano Res. 4(2011)729–736.

[19] W. H. Fam, S. Azoubel, L. Liu, J. Huang, D. Mandler, S. Magdassi, I. Y. Tok,

Novel felt pseudocapacitor based on carbon nanotube/metal oxides, J Mater

Sci 50 (2015) 6578–6585.

[20] O. Yildiza, A.M. Soydanb, A. Atab, E.F. Pczadeb, D. Akinb, o. Ucakb,

Structural Analysis of Ce Doped La1-x SrxCo1-yFeyO3-δ Nanopowders

Synthesized by Glycine-Nitrate Gel Combustion, Acta Physica Polonica A,

125 (2014)

[21] M. S. A. Bakar, S. Ahmad, A. Muchtar and H. A . Rahman, A Review:

Electrochemical Performance of LSCF Composite Cathodes – Influence of

Ceria Electrolyte and Metal Elements, Journal of Advanced Review on

Scientific Research 1 ( 2014) 2289-7887

[22] D. Radhika, A. S. Nesaraj , Chemical precipitation and characterization of

multicomponent Perovskite Oxide nanoparticles – possible cathode materials

for low temperature solid Oxide fuel cell, Int. J.Nano Dimens. 5 (2014) 1-10,

[23] C. Sun, R. H. Justin Roller, Cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells: a

review, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 14 (2010) 1125–1144,

[24] S.P.S. Badwal, T. Bak, S.P. Jiang, J. Love, J. Nowotny, M. Rekas, C.C.

Sorrell, E.R. Vance, J. Phys.Chem. Solids 62 (2001) 723-729.

[25] A. Chrzan, J. Karczewski, M. Gazda, D. Szymczewska, P. Jasinski,

Investigation of thin perovskite layers between cathode and doped ceria used

as buffer layer in solid oxide fuel cells, J Solid State Electrochem, 19 (2015)

1807–1815,

[26] E. Mostafavi, A. Babaei, A. Ataie, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 perovskite

cathode for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells: A comparative

study, Iranian Journal of Hydrogen & Fuel Cell 4 (2014) 239-246

Characterization of Multicomponent Perovskite Oxide La0.8Sr0.2Co 0.9Fe 0.1O3-δ 31

[27] B. Yaohui, L. Mingfei, D.Dong, B. Kevin, W. Qina, L. Jiang , L. Meilin,

Electrical and electrocatalytic properties of a La0.8Sr0.2Co0.17Mn0.83O3−δ

cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, Journal of Power

Sources 205 (2012) 80– 85.

[28] S. M. Babiniec , E. N. Coker , J. E. Miller , A. Ambrosini , Investigation of

LaxSr1-xCoyMyO3 (M = Mn, Fe) perovskite materials as thermochemical

energy storage media, Solar Energy, 118 (2015) 451–459

[29] J. Liu, C.Anne, S. Paulson, V. I. Birss ,Oxygen reduction at sol–gel derived

La0.8 Sr 0.2Co0.8Fe 0.2O3 cathodes, Solid State Ionics 177 (2006) 377 – 387.

32 G.N. Chaudhari, V.V. Deshmukh and D.K. Burghate