CHAPTER 8: RADIOACTIVITY

14
CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 1 SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY ENGLISH VERSION: CHAPTER 8: RADIOACTIVITY 8.1 WHAT IS RADIOACTIVITY? 1. We shall study the contribution of 3 individuals: Wilhelm Roentgen: - discovered X-ray Henri Becquerel: - discovered radioactivity Marie & Pierre Curie: - detected gamma ray - discovered polonium & radium as radioactive substance 2. Radioactivity = spontaneous decay of unstable to stable nuclei & emitting radioactive radiations (α,β,γ) - normal phenomenon occurred in the environment - the process is also known as radioactive decay

Transcript of CHAPTER 8: RADIOACTIVITY

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 1

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

ENGLISH VERSION:

CHAPTER 8: RADIOACTIVITY

8.1 WHAT IS RADIOACTIVITY?

1. We shall study the contribution of 3 individuals:

Wilhelm Roentgen: - discovered X-ray

Henri Becquerel: - discovered radioactivity

Marie & Pierre Curie: - detected gamma ray - discovered polonium & radium as radioactive substance

2. Radioactivity = spontaneous decay of unstable to stable nuclei & emitting radioactive radiations (α,β,γ) - normal phenomenon occurred in the environment - the process is also known as radioactive decay

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 2

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

3. Examples of radioactive substances (contain unstable nuclei):

Uranium-238 Carbon-14 Polonium-210 Plutonium-239 Thorium-234 Radium-223

4. Units of radioactivity: - we use Curie (Ci) & becquerel (Bq) (Bq is chosen as the SI unit) - unit is used to measure the rate of radioactive decay per second - Conversion:

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq 1 Bq = 3.7 x 10-10 Ci

Example: A radioactive substance decays at 15 Ci. Convert this into becquerel

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq

So, 15 Ci = 15 x 3.7 x 1010 Bq = 5.55 x 1011 Bq 5. Half-life - Definition = time taken for unstable nucleus to decay by half the value - Time is always constant - Question example: The original mass of a radioactive substance is 2000g with half-life of 3 hours. Calculate the mass after 12 hours:

2000g 1000g 500g 250g 125g

Answer: 125g

3h 3h 3h 3h

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 3

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

8.2 WHAT ARE THE RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS?

1. Comparing the radioactive radiations (α, β, γ)

ALPHA (α)

BETA (β) GAMMA (γ)

What is it? Helium nucleus High speed electron

Electromagnetic wave

Charge + - Neutral

Ionising power Strong Medium Weak

Penetration power

Weak Medium Strong

Can it be deflected by electric & magnetic field?

Yes (because + charge

Yes (because – charge)

No (because neutral)

2. Diagram showing penetration & deflection of radioactive radiations:

a. Penetration power

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 4

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

b. Deflection by electric field

c. Deflection by magnetic field

8.3 WHAT ARE IONISING & NON-IONISING RADIATION?

1. Ionising radiation = radiation that can cause formation of ions in the air - Strong ionising radiations can be hazardous because they can cause cancer in human - Examples

Ionising radiation (hazardous!) Non-ionising radiation (safe…) Radioactive radiations (α,β,γ) X-ray, ultraviolet

Radio, micro, infrared, visible light

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 5

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

2. Source of ionising radiations in the environment:

Natural Man-made

- Cosmic ray (high altitude & space) - background radiation (nature)

- Nuclear power plant - Nuclear explosion - Smoking - background radiation from: a. TV/ computer b. food c. X-ray machine

3. We use microSievert/hour (µSv/h) to measure the dose of radiation Application of background (BG) radiation: - Pilots are not advised to stay at high altitude too long because of high dose - Don’t smoke due to high dose of BG radiation that can cause cancer - X-ray machine has protective layers to protect patients from high dose of BG radiation

8.4 ATOM & NUCLEUS – HOW IONS ARE FORMED?

1. Atom structure:

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 6

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

2. Formation of ions:

How? Example Positive ion (cation)

Losing electrons Na+, Ca2+

Negative ion (anion)

Gaining extra electrons Cl-, O2-

*atom is neutral if number of proton = electron

3. In human being, too much ionisation by ionising radiations can alter the cells & DNA & this can lead to cancer & disease! - that’s why we should not smoke & handle carefully the radioactive wastes

8.5 HOW TO USE & HANDLE RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS?

1. They are used in 6 fields:

Archeology: -Use carbon-14 to determine the age of fossil/ artifacts

Industry: -Use beta radiation to detect thickness of metal sheets

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 7

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

Agriculture: -Phosphorus-32 is used to check fertiliser absorption -radiations are used to kill pests

Defence: -Uranium & plutonium is used to make nuclear bombs

Food industry: -Gamma ray can kill bacteria & preserve food (food is safe to eat because of short half-life)

Medical: -Cobalt-60 to kill cancer cells & pathogens -Sodium-24 to check blood clot -Iodine-131 to treat thyroid gland

2. How to handle radioactive substance & radioactive waste?

a. Wear protective clothing & radiation badges b. Use robotic hands to handle them c. Keep them in lead & concrete containers d. Store them at safe locations (underground)

Robotic hand Protective clothing & radiation badges

Lead & concrete containers

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 8

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

VERSI BAHASA MELAYU

BAB 8: KERADIOAKTIFAN

8.1 APA ITU KERADIOAKTIFAN?

1. Kita akan kaji sumbangan 3 individu:

Wilhelm Roentgen: - menemui sinar-X

Henri Becquerel: - menemui radioaktif

Marie & Pierre Curie: - mengesan sinar gamma - menemui polonium & radium sebagai bahan radioaktif

2. Keradioaktifan = pereputan spontan nukleus yang tidak stabil menjadi stabil & memancarkan sinar radioaktif (α, β, γ) - fenomena biasa berlaku di persekitaran - proses ini juga dikenali sebagai pereputan radioaktif

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 9

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

3. Contoh bahan radioaktif (mengandungi nukleus tidak stabil):

Uranium-238 Karbon-14 Polonium-210 Plutonium-239 Thorium-234 Radium-223

4. Unit keradioaktifan: - Unit Curie (Ci) & becquerel (Bq) (Bq dipilih sebagai unit SI) - unit digunakan untuk mengukur kadar pereputan radioaktif sesaat - Penukaran unit:

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq 1 Bq = 3.7 x 10-10 Ci

Contoh: Bahan radioaktif mereput sebanyak 15 Ci. Tukarkan unit ini ke becquerel

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq

Maka, 15 Ci = 15 x 3.7 x 1010 Bq = 5.55 x 1011 Bq 5. Separuh hayat - Definisi = masa yang diambil untuk nukleus tidak stabil untuk mereput menjadi separuh daripada nilai asal - Masa separuh hayat adalah malar - Contoh soalan: Jisim asal bahan radioaktif ialah 2000g dengan separuh hayat 3 jam. Hitung jisim selepas 12 jam:

2000g 1000g 500g 250g 125g

Jawapan: 125g

3j 3j 3j 3j

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 10

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

8.2 APA ITU SINAR RADIOAKTIF?

1. Jom bandingkan sinar radioaktif (α, β, γ)

ALFA (α)

BETA (β) GAMMA (γ)

Ciri? Nukleus helium Elektron halaju tinggi

Gelombang elektromagnet

Cas elektrik + - Neutral

Kuasa pengionan Kuat Sederhana Lemah

Kuasa penembusan

Lemah Sederhana Kuat

Pesongan dlm medan elektrik & magnet

Ya (kerana cas +) Ya (kerana cas - ) Tidak (kerana neutral)

5. Rajah menunjukkan penembusan & pesongan sinaran radioaktif:

a. Kuasa penembusan

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 11

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

b. Pesongan dlm medan elektrik

c. Pesongan dlm medan magnet

8.3 APA ITU SINARAN MENGION & SINARAN TIDAK

MENGION?

1. Sinaran mengion = sinaran yang boleh menyebabkan ion terbentuk di udara - Sinaran mengion yg kuat adalah merbahaya kerana boleh menyebabkan kanser - Contoh:

Sinaran mengion (bahaya!) Sinaran tidak mengion (selamat…)

Sinar radioaktif (α, β, γ) Sinar-X-, ultralembayung

Radio, mikro, inframerah, cahaya nampak

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 12

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

2. Sumber sinaran mengion di persekitaran:

Semula jadi Buatan manusia

- Sinaran kosmik (altitud tinggi & angkasa lepas) - sinaran latar belakang (alam semula jadi)

- Loji nuklear - letupan nuklear - Merokok - sinaran latar belakang daripada: a. TV / komputer b. makanan c. mesin x-Ray

3. Unit microSievert/jam (µSv /j) untuk mengukur dos sinaran Aplikasi sinaran latar belakang (LB): - Juruterbang tidak disarankan untuk terbang terlalu lama kerana dos LB yang tinggi - Jangan merokok kerana dos sinar LB yang tinggi boleh menyebabkan barah - Mesin sinar-X mempunyai lapisan pelindung untuk melindungi pesakit dari dos sinaran LB yg tinggi

8.4 ATOM & NUKLEUS – BAGAIMANA ION TERBENTUK?

1. Struktur atom:

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 13

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

2. Pembentukan ion:

Bagaimana terbentuk? Contoh Ion positif (kation)

Atom kehilangan elektron Na+, Ca2+

Ion negatif (anion)

Atom memperoleh elektron tambahan

Cl-, O2-

* atom adalah neutral sekiranya bilangan proton = elektron

3. Dalam manusia, pengionan berpanjangan akibat terdedah kepada sinar radioaktif akan mengubah sel & DNA & ini boleh mengakibatkan penyakit & kanser - kita disarankan utk tidak merokok & kendalikan sisa radioaktif dgn berhati-hati.

8.5 APAKAH KEGUNAAN BAHAN RADIOAKTIF?

1. Digunakan dalam 6 bidang:

Arkeologi: -Guna karbon-14 untuk menentukan usia fosil / artifak

Industri: -Guna sinaran beta untuk mengesan ketebalan kepingan logam

CIKGUHEERY.BLOGSPOT.COM 14

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY

Pertanian: -Fosforus-32 digunakan untuk memeriksa penyerapan baja -Guna sinar untuk bunuh makhluk perosak

Pertahanan: -Uranium & plutonium digunakan untuk membuat bom nuklear

Industri makanan: -sinar gamma dapat membunuh bakteria & mengawet makanan (makanan selamat dimakan kerana jangka hayat yang pendek)

Perubatan: -Cobalt-60 untuk bunuh sel barah & patogen -Natrium-24 untuk mengesan darah beku -Iodin-131 untuk merawat kelenjar tiroid

2. Bagaimana mengendalikan bahan radioaktif & sisa radioaktif?

a. Pakai pakaian pelindung & lencana radiasi b. Gunakan tangan robot memegang bahan c. Simpan dalam bekas plumbum & konkrit d. Simpan di lokasi selamat (bawah tanah)

Guna robot Pakaian pelindung & lencana radiasi

Bekas plumbum & konkrit