Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... ·...

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PERIOPERATIVE PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE HYPERTENSIVE HYPERTENSIVE VASILIKI KATSI Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITAL DIRECTOR: Ι. Ε. ΚALLIKAZAROS

Transcript of Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... ·...

Page 1: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

PERIOPERATIVE PERIOPERATIVE  MANAGEMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE  HYPERTENSIVE HYPERTENSIVE 

VASILIKI KATSICardiology DepartmentHIPPOCRATIO HOSPITAL

DIRECTOR: Ι.

Ε. ΚALLIKAZAROS

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Hypertension is the Hypertension is the most frequent preoperative most frequent preoperative  abnormality in surgical patientsabnormality in surgical patients, with an overall , with an overall 

prevalence of prevalence of 2020––25%.25%.

Dix, P, Br J Anaesth 2001;

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Magnitude of the problem

No exact data for surgeries in Europe•

By 2020    25%

INCREASE IN SURGERIES

50%

INCREASE IN ELDERLY

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FIND AND TREAT THEM

Target organ damageOnly 20%

are ONLY HYPERTENSIVES

CAUSEESC_ESH

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PerioperativePerioperative

management of hypertensionmanagement of hypertension

20092009: ESC, ESA: Guidelines for preoperative : ESC, ESA: Guidelines for preoperative 

cardiac cardiac riscrisc

assesmentassesment

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Perioperative

Screening and  Management of Hypertensive Patients

Athanasios

J. Manolis, Serap

Erdine,  Claudio Borghi, Kostas

Tsioufis.

Department of Cardiology, Asklepeion

Hospital,  Athens, Greece, Cardiology Department, 

Cerrahpasa

School of Medicine, Istanbul  University, Dipartamento

di

Medicina

Interna, 

dell’

Invecchiamento

e Malattie

Nephrologiche,  Universita degli studi di Bologna, Cardiology 

Department, Hippokratio

Hospital, University of  Athens, Greece

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PerioperativePerioperative

risks associated with risks associated with  hypertensionhypertension

Much of the evidence for the Much of the evidence for the perioperativeperioperative

risks risks  associated with hypertension  comes from associated with hypertension  comes from 

uncontrolled studiesuncontrolled studies

performed before current performed before current 

(more effective) management was available(more effective) management was available

Casadei, B, Abuzeid, H. J Hypertens 2005

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Pathophysiology of Perioperative HTNAdrenergic 

stimulation 

(cardiac 

and 

neural)Baroreceptor

denervation

Rapid intravascular volume shiftsIncrease SVR, increase preloadRenin

angiotensin

activation

Serotonergic

overproductionAltered cardiac reflexes

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anesthesia

sns

increase of blood pressure by  20‐30 mm Hg

the heart rate by 

15‐20 bpm

in normotensive

individuals (This  response 

may be more pronounced in untreated          pts                

As the period of 

anesthesia progresses, patients 

with preexisting HTN are more likely to experience intraoperative blood 

pressure labilitY

which may lead to

MYOARDIAL ISCHEMIA

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stress RISE OF BP

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Which is the solution ?

Is  postponment

synonymous to   reduced risk?

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NO   NO NO NO

No    no

no

no

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Numerous studies have shown that stage 1  or stage 2 HTN (<180/110 mm Hg)

is not an 

independent risk factor for perioperative cardiovascular complications 

Do not delay•

Continue drugs post‐op

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GRADE 3  ≥ 180 and/or ≤110

COST/BENEFIT

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Clinical Predictors of Increased Clinical Predictors of Increased PerioperativePerioperative Cardiovascular Risk (Myocardial Infarction, Cardiovascular Risk (Myocardial Infarction,  Heart Failure Death)Heart Failure Death)

••

The ACC/AHA guidelines list The ACC/AHA guidelines list 

uncontrolled hypertension as a uncontrolled hypertension as a "minor" "minor" 

risk factor for risk factor for perioperativeperioperative

cardiovascular events.cardiovascular events.

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Arterial pressure was not considered a  continuous variable

HTN>180/110 mm Hg•

Few hypertensives

were included

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RISK 

TYPE OF SURGERY•

RISK FACTORS

CIRCUMSTANSES

IS IT URGENT ????

Page 19: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

BreastDentalEndocrineEyeGYNAECOLOGYReconstructiveUrologic‐minorOrthopaedic‐minor

LOW RISK <1%

Aortic and magor

vascular  surgery

Peripheral vascular surgery

HIGH RISK >5%

Page 20: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

INTERMEDIATE RISK 1‐5%

Abdominal•

Carotid

Peripheral arterial angioplasty•

Endovascular aneurysm repair

Head and neck surgery•

Neurological/ orthopaedic‐

major hip‐

spine•

Pulmonary renal/ liver transplant

Urologic‐

major

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FAMILY HISTORY•

CLINICAL ASSESMENT

HIGH‐MEDIUM‐LOW RISK

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Clinical Risk Factors

•Ischemic heart disease

•Compensated or prior heart

failure

•Diabetes mellitus

•Renal insufficiency

•Cerebrovascular disease

Page 23: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

• Is  he/she a sleepy pt  during  the day?

Page 24: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

••

ElectrocardiogramElectrocardiogram••

Should be part of all routine assessment of subjects with Should be part of all routine assessment of subjects with 

high BP in order to detect  LVH, patterns of high BP in order to detect  LVH, patterns of ““strainstrain””, ,  ischaemiaischaemia

and arrhythmias.and arrhythmias.

ESH GDLs2007ESH GDLs2007

••

Presence of Q waves or significant ST segment elevation or Presence of Q waves or significant ST segment elevation or  depression  have been associated  with increased depression  have been associated  with increased 

incidence of incidence of perioperativeperioperative

cardiac complicationscardiac complications

Initial preoperative evaluation of Initial preoperative evaluation of  hypertensive patienthypertensive patient

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Recommendations for Preoperative Recommendations for Preoperative  Resting EchocardiographyResting Echocardiography

Class Class IIaIIa1. Rest ECHO for LV 1. Rest ECHO for LV assesmentassesment

should be considered should be considered 

in pts undergoing highin pts undergoing high‐‐risk surgery   risk surgery   (Level of Evidence: C)(Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIIClass III1. Rest 1. Rest perioperativeperioperative

evaluation of LV function in evaluation of LV function in 

patients patients is not is not recommended. recommended. (Level of Evidence: B)(Level of Evidence: B)

Page 26: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

Assessment of Functional Assessment of Functional  CapacityCapacity

Can you…Take care of yourself?

Eat, dress, or use the toilet?

Walk indoors around the house?

Walk a block or 2 on level ground at 

2 to mph (3.2 to 4.8 kph)

Do light work around the house like 

dusting or washing dishes?

Can you…Climb a flight of stairs or walk up a hill?Walk on level ground at 4 mph (6.4kph)?

Run a short distance?

Do heavy work around the house like 

scrubbing floors or lifting or moving 

heavy furniture?

Participate in moderate recreational 

activities like golf, bowling, dancing, 

doubles tennis, or throwing a baseball 

or football?

Participate in strenuous sports like 

swimming, singles tennis, football, 

basketball or skiing?

4 METs

Greater than 10 METs

1 MET

4 METs

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STRESS TESTING

It is recommended in high risk

surgery pts  with >= 3

clinical factors

CLASS I                         LEVEL C

IN LOW RISK  

INCREASED MORTALITY

Page 28: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

Stress test has a very Stress test has a very high negative high negative  predictive value predictive value 

for postoperative cardiac for postoperative cardiac 

events  (90events  (90‐‐100%) but a 100%) but a low positive low positive  predictive valuepredictive value

(6(6‐‐67%). 67%). 

So stress test  is more useful for reducing So stress test  is more useful for reducing  estimated risk if negative  than for estimated risk if negative  than for 

identifying patients at very high risk when identifying patients at very high risk when  positivepositive

Page 29: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

The positive predictive value OF  REVERSIBLE DEFECTS for perioperative

death/MI has decreased over the years.•

Change in management and surgical 

procedure

Page 30: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

The ideal drug for perioperative BP control

Easy to prepare, stable at ambient temperature and  light

Given by continous intravenous infusion

Compatible with range of diluents

Easily titrable, with rapid onset and short duration of  action

Free of untoward or undesirable effects

Fenek R et Al., Drugs 2007

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The ideal drug for perioperative BP control

Free of effects on intracardiac conduction•

Mild reduction in myocardial contractility

Vasodilator 

effects 

should 

be 

mostly 

confined 

to  the arteriolar bed (i.e. resistance vessels)

Vasodilator 

effects 

preferentially 

in 

vital 

organ  beds, e.g. coronary, renal, splanchnic

Effective 

treatment 

should 

maximase 

protective  effects against complication of HTN, i.e. myocardial  infarction

Fenek R et Al., Drugs 2007;67(14):2023‐2044

Page 32: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

B‐blockers

Page 33: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

As a continuation of existing antihypertensive therapy–

Patients 

treated 

with β‐blockers 

long‐term 

should 

not 

have 

them withdrawn before any surgery (cardiovascular and non  cardiac) 

As 

prophylactic 

treatment 

to 

reduce 

perioperative complications 

In 

patients 

at 

risk 

for 

CV 

complications 

and 

in 

patients  undergoing vascular surgery

However we still do not know exactly which patients, which  drug, for how long and what is the size of benefit. 

As 

treatment 

for 

hypertension 

in 

the 

perioperative period

Esmolol

for acute BP control–

Metoprolol, atenolol

and labetalol

for longer duration of the 

effect

Page 34: Cardiology Department HIPPOCRATIO HOSPITALmedicalrecords.gr/Omades_Ergasias_2010_AithousaB/... · Management of Hypertensive Patients • Athanasios J. Manolis, Serap Erdine, Claudio

Esmolol

B1

selective adrenergic blocker–

Reduction 

in 

heart 

rate 

(HR) 

and 

cardiac 

output 

(CO)–

May see increase in PCWP, CVP, and SVR

Rapid onset and short duration of action•

Elimination 

via

RBC 

esterases

(does 

not 

involve 

renal/hepatic function)•

May 

cause 

bradycardia, 

bronchospasm, 

seizures, 

and 

pulmonary edemaRynn

KO et al. J Pharm

Pract. 2005;18:363‐376.

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Labetalol•

Non‐selective adrenergic blocker–

Alpha‐1, Beta‐1, Beta‐2

1:7 ratio of alpha:beta

effects–

Reduces SVR with little effects on HR, CO

Little to no effect on cerebral blood flow•

Moderate onset, long duration of action

Commonly used in HTN emergency and in ICH•

Generally 

given 

by 

IV 

bolus 

in 

ED, 

OR; 

IV 

infusion 

used in ICU•

May 

cause 

bronchospasm, 

bradycardia, 

heart 

block, 

delayed hypotension

Rynn

KO et al. J Pharm

Pract. 2005;18:363‐376.

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‐Blocker vs

Combined ‐

and ‐ Blocker

Parameters Esmolol ‐Blocker

Labetalol ‐

and ‐Blocker

Administration BolusContinuous infusion

BolusContinuous infusion

Onset Rapid (60 s)2 Intermediate (peak 5‐15 min)2

Offset (Duration of action) Rapid (10‐20 min)2 Slower (2‐4 h)2

HR Decreased +/‐SVR 0 DecreasedCardiac output Decreased +/‐Myocardial O2

balance Positive PositiveContraindications Sinus bradycardia

Heart block >1°Overt heart failureCardiogenic

shock

Severe bradycardiaHeart block >1°

Overt heart failureCardiogenic

shock

1.

Hoffman BB. In: Hardman JG, Limbird

LE, eds. Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw‐Hill; 

1997

2.

Varon

J, Malik

PE. Chest. 2000

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DEBATE

POISE       DCREASE IV•

Pts in B‐

blockers pre‐op should continue

AHA 2009 Class I REC  C

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For patients undergoing vascular surgery who are at high cardiac risk, β‐blockers 

titrated to heart rate and blood pressure  are probably recommended (IIa,B). 

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For patients undergoing either  intermediate‐risk procedure or vascular 

surgery, the usefulness of initiating β‐ blockade is uncertain.

The usefulness of β‐blockers is also  uncertain in patients undergoing lower‐risk 

surgery

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POISE

starting higher doses of β‐blockers acutely  on the day of surgery is associated with 

risk. When β‐blockade is started  preoperatively, it should be started well in 

advance of surgery at low dose, which can  be titrated up as blood pressure and heart  rate allow. The guidelines recommend 

careful patient selection, dose adjustment,  and monitoring throughout the 

perioperative

period

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CCB’s

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META‐ANALYSIS  11 STUDIES 1000  PTS

calcium channel blockers significantly reduced  ischemia, and supraventricular

tachycardia . The 

majority of these benefits were attributable to  diltiazem.

Dihydropyridines

and verapamil

did 

not decrease the incidence of myocardial ischemia,  although verapamil

did decrease the incidence of 

supraventricular

tachycardia

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no s.l. nifedipine

stroke

MI

DEATH

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DIURETICS

Special attention must be paid to the  potassium level in patients on diuretics. 

Diuretics not be administered on the day of  surgery should because of the potential 

adverse interaction of diuretic‐

induced  volume depletion and hypokalemia

and the 

use of anesthetic agents. Hypokalemia

may  cause arrhythmias and potentiate

the 

effects of depolarizing and nondepolarizing muscle relaxants

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Clonidine•

Has a favorable sympatholytic

effect

Has 

biphasic 

response 

(at 

lower 

doses 

central  vasodilatory

effect, 

at 

higher 

dose 

peripheral 

vasoconstrictive

effect)•

Significantly 

reduces 

the 

rate 

of 

perioperative

CV 

complication in patients at risk of CHD•

It 

is 

only 

partially 

effective 

for 

the 

rapid 

BP 

control 

in 

the perioperative

period•

Can contribute to analgesia and sedation

TRANSERMAL PATCHFenek

R et al, Drugs, 2007 

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ARB s   ACE

there is a debate in the literature over the use of  ACE‐I’s

or ARB’s

in the perioperative

period due 

to their potential central vagotonic

effects. These  agents alone or in combination have been 

associated with moderate hypotension and  bradycardia. In some patients this may be related 

to a decrease in

intravascular volume. The  continuation of ACE‐I therapy in the morning is 

not associated with a better control of blood  pressure and heart rate but causes a more 

pronounced hypotension which has required  therapeutic intervention. 

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ARB’s ACE inhibitors

Patients chronically treated with ACE‐I’s and ARB’s

should receive them last on the 

day prior to the operation and not with  the premedication in the  morning . There is mixed evidence that 

prophylaxis with glycopyrrolate

can  attenuate this effect. 

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RestartACE‐I in the postoperative period  only after the patient is euvolemic,

in order 

to decrease the risk of perioperative

renal  dysfunction

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HYDRALAZINE iv

Avoid in ISCHEMIA because of reflexible tachycardia   ( unless already in B‐

BLOCKERS)

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WHEN IT COMES TO  DIFFICULT

SODIUM           NITROPRUSSIDE

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Nitroglycerin•

Is the most widely used drug

At lower doses, works primarily by ↓

preload–

Reduces CVP, PCWP

At higher doses, works primarily by ↓

afterload–

Some reduction in SVR, further reduction PCWP

Increase HR

Administered as continuous infusion; onset of action 2-5 min; duration of action 5-10 min

Drug of choice when perioperative HBP is associated with:

Angina patients: improved coronary blood flow

Pulmonary edema/heart failure: ↓

preload

Rynn KO et al. J Pharm Pract. 2005

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IV Antihypertensive Utilization Trends

1.200.4441.133.717

8.288

139.104

240.785

735.647

502.518

312.432

0

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

1.400.000

Nitroglycerin Labetalol Hydralazine Enalaprilat Esmolol SNP Nicardipine Fenoldopam

2004 2005 2006

All Patients Treated with Drug

Thomson Patient Level Data. 2006

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POST SURGERY

As the patient emerges from surgery,  anticholinesterase

or anticholinergic

agents are 

frequently given to reverse the neuromuscular  blockade used during anesthesia. Postanesthesia

blood pressure elevation is frequently caused by  sympathetic activation

due to patient anxiety and 

pain

upon awakening, along with withdrawal  from continuous infusion of narcotics. 

Intravenous agents

of any class can be used  during the immediate postoperative period;  however agents with slightly longer duration of 

action may be preferable

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hypotension

Profound decrease of BP to<50% of pre op  or > 33% for 10 minutes is associated with 

adverse effects possible through baroreflex tachycardia

BP     70‐100% pre‐op avoiding tachycardia

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“Doctors pour drugs of which they know little for disorders of which they know less into patients of which they know nothing”

Voltaire

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Thank you for your attention