Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish...
Transcript of Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish...
Capacitive Deionization
of Sea and Brackish Waters
Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy!
OECD Paris 2009
Doing Things PORELY!But Not POORLY !
In the Land of the Lilliputians…
Fe2O3
MnO2
CdS
Al2O3MgO
NiO
SiO2
ZrO2
TiO2
Particle
Flavors
α-FeOOH Adsorption 1974-
Natures Nanoparticulate “Tongue Depressors”
Suspensions
Platelets
!
α -FeOOH “Goethite”
Arsenate
Phosphat
e
Protons!!
Adsorbs…
Without PO4-3
With PO4-3
From Suspensions to Thin-Films
Ceramic
Membranes
1983-
Now – Smaller Particles
Nanofiltration
γ– AlOOH
“Boehmite”
Platelets
!
Photo & Photoelectrocatalysis
1991-TiO2
3nm
Films vs Suspensions
No Separation Needed
Better Light Penetration
Photoelectrodes
Transparent Semiconducting Thin-Films
Photoelectrochemistry
Grätzel Cells
Porous Electrodes !
Lubomir
Spanhel
Hirofumi Kikkawa
Energy Storage
Batteries
Capacitors
Ultracapacitors
1994-MnO2
8nmC = ε
A
d
dA
Ion Distance to Surface = Angstroms
Fa
Power Density
En
erg
y D
en
sit
y
batteries
capacitors
ultracaps
Faster Response
Longer Cycle Life
USA
Alkaline
Battery
Load-Leveling
ENERGY
WATER
POWER PLANTS NEED WATER!
Rhone River Plant- France
WATER PLANTS NEED ENERGY!
Adelaide Australia
DELIVER WATER
&
STORE ENERGY?
CAPACITIVE
DEIONIZATION!
History of CDI
Caudle et al 1960’s
Oren et al 1970-1980’s
Farmer et al 1990’s
FIFTY YEARS BUT NO COMMERCIAL SUCCESS ?
Our
System
S-OH2+ = S-OH0 + H+
S-OH0 = S-O- + H+
Proton is a Potential Determining Ion
THE PROTON HAS RETURNED!
Choosing Capacitor Materials
SiO2
TiO2
2 4 6 8 10
Al2O3
pH
Ze
taPotential
+
-
MgAl2O4
The pH range of Normal Waters.
CaCl2 Removal
How Effective is Coating?
Zero Removal in
20 minutes
for Uncoated Carbon
CaCl2 Removal with
Coatings
90% Removal in
20 minutes
Other Ion Removal
Note: Calcium is Difficult if Not Impossible to Remove
with Carbon Aerogels Capacitive Systems!
CDI vs RO
Reduced Energy (>30%)
Reduced Fouling (>60%)
Less Brine (>40%)
Low Maintenance Cost (>50%)
Higher Throughput (>70%)
Lower Capital Costs (>40%)
Third World Water
Solar Powered CDI For A Family of Four
Where Do We Go From Here?
Senior 5-Year Proposal
To Be Continued . . .
Marc A. AndersonUniv. of Wisconsin – Madison
Imdea Energia - Madridwww.marc-tech.com