Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish...

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Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Transcript of Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish...

Page 1: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Capacitive Deionization

of Sea and Brackish Waters

Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy!

OECD Paris 2009

Page 2: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Doing Things PORELY!But Not POORLY !

In the Land of the Lilliputians…

Page 3: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Fe2O3

MnO2

CdS

Al2O3MgO

NiO

SiO2

ZrO2

TiO2

Particle

Flavors

Page 4: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009
Page 5: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

α-FeOOH Adsorption 1974-

Natures Nanoparticulate “Tongue Depressors”

Suspensions

Platelets

!

Page 6: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

α -FeOOH “Goethite”

Arsenate

Phosphat

e

Protons!!

Adsorbs…

Page 7: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Without PO4-3

Page 8: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

With PO4-3

Page 9: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009
Page 10: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

From Suspensions to Thin-Films

Page 11: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Ceramic

Membranes

1983-

Now – Smaller Particles

Nanofiltration

γ– AlOOH

“Boehmite”

Platelets

!

Page 12: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Photo & Photoelectrocatalysis

1991-TiO2

3nm

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Films vs Suspensions

No Separation Needed

Better Light Penetration

Photoelectrodes

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Transparent Semiconducting Thin-Films

Photoelectrochemistry

Grätzel Cells

Porous Electrodes !

Lubomir

Spanhel

Hirofumi Kikkawa

Page 15: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Energy Storage

Batteries

Capacitors

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Ultracapacitors

1994-MnO2

8nmC = ε

A

d

dA

Ion Distance to Surface = Angstroms

Page 17: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Fa

Power Density

En

erg

y D

en

sit

y

batteries

capacitors

ultracaps

Faster Response

Longer Cycle Life

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USA

Alkaline

Battery

Load-Leveling

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ENERGY

WATER

Page 20: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

POWER PLANTS NEED WATER!

Rhone River Plant- France

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WATER PLANTS NEED ENERGY!

Adelaide Australia

Page 22: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009
Page 23: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

DELIVER WATER

&

STORE ENERGY?

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CAPACITIVE

DEIONIZATION!

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History of CDI

Caudle et al 1960’s

Oren et al 1970-1980’s

Farmer et al 1990’s

FIFTY YEARS BUT NO COMMERCIAL SUCCESS ?

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Our

System

Page 27: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

S-OH2+ = S-OH0 + H+

S-OH0 = S-O- + H+

Proton is a Potential Determining Ion

THE PROTON HAS RETURNED!

Page 28: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Choosing Capacitor Materials

SiO2

TiO2

2 4 6 8 10

Al2O3

pH

Ze

taPotential

+

-

MgAl2O4

The pH range of Normal Waters.

Page 29: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

CaCl2 Removal

How Effective is Coating?

Zero Removal in

20 minutes

for Uncoated Carbon

Page 30: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

CaCl2 Removal with

Coatings

90% Removal in

20 minutes

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Other Ion Removal

Note: Calcium is Difficult if Not Impossible to Remove

with Carbon Aerogels Capacitive Systems!

Page 32: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009
Page 33: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009
Page 34: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

CDI vs RO

Reduced Energy (>30%)

Reduced Fouling (>60%)

Less Brine (>40%)

Low Maintenance Cost (>50%)

Higher Throughput (>70%)

Lower Capital Costs (>40%)

Page 35: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Third World Water

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Solar Powered CDI For A Family of Four

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Where Do We Go From Here?

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Page 39: Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters · Capacitive Deionization of Sea and Brackish Waters Clean Drinking Water and Storing Energy! OECD Paris 2009

Senior 5-Year Proposal

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To Be Continued . . .

Marc A. AndersonUniv. of Wisconsin – Madison

Imdea Energia - Madridwww.marc-tech.com