"But why all this fuss about Shakespeare?": text, transmission, and technology
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Transcript of "But why all this fuss about Shakespeare?": text, transmission, and technology
“But why all this fuss about Shakespeare?”:text, transmission, and technology
Pip WillcoxBodleian Libraries, University of Oxford
@pipwillcox
Bodleian First Folio, Title page, f.πA1+1r
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
Vers une littérature mondiale à l’heure numérique?30 September–2 October 2015Bibliothèque nationale de France et l’université Paris-Sorbonne
http://www.slideshare.net/PipWillcox/butwhyallthisfussreducedsize
http://www.princeton.edu/~danson/Lit131/HANDBOOK/Swan.htm
Joha
nnes
de
Witt
’s sk
etch
of t
he S
wan
The
atre
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
Early modern theatre: a co-creation
http://shakespeare.berkeley.edu/index.php?option=com_g2bridge&view=gallery&Itemid=256&g2_itemId=16938Will
iam
Kem
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emps
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rmed
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rom
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orw
ich…
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Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
Early modern theatre: a co-creation
The Stationers’ Register
By
kind
per
mis
sion
of t
he W
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l Com
pany
of
Sta
tione
rs a
nd N
ewsp
aper
mak
ers
With thanks to Giles Bergel and Ian Gadd for supplying the Photograph
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
1623
http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2012/03/saving-oxfords-medicine/
Wel
lcom
e Im
ages
An unexplained arrivalB
odle
ian
Firs
t Fol
io, ‘
To th
e gr
eat V
arie
ty o
f Rea
ders
’, f.A
3r
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ Bodley: plays in quarto as “baggage books”, “riff-raffe”, “idle books”
✤ Presented by the consortium of printers, or John Hemminge and Henry Condell?
✤ Under the 1610 agreement with the Stationers’ Company?
http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
William Wildgoose, bookbinderB
odle
ian
Lib
rari
es
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ A consignment of 10 books
✤ Strong, plain brown leather
✤ Recycled paste-downs:Cicero’s De Officiis (~1480-1485)Bod-Inc. C-322
Bod
leia
n Fi
rst F
olio
, In
side
upp
er b
oard
http://shakespeare.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ — http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
1624
Bod
leia
n L
ibra
ries
, 190
5, d
igiti
zed
2012
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
http://shakespeare.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
1624
"Engraving of Arts End, Duke Humfrey's Library" by David Loggan - http://rycote.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/?location_id=176. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Engraving_of_Arts_End,_Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Engraving_of_Arts_End,_Duke_Humfrey%27s_Library.jpg
Arts End, Bodleian LibraryDavid Loggan, Oxonia Illustrata, 1675
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
A (partially) well-read bookBo
dlei
an F
irst F
olio
, Hen
ry IV
Par
t 1 (f
.D6r
); Ki
ng Jo
hn (f
.B5v
); Ro
meo
and
Julie
t (f.F
f5r)
✤ Heritage History
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
An unexplained departure
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16898http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14034
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ The Third Folio is published, 1663/4
✤ Thomas Lockey, Librarian, 1660 — 1665
✤ “not altogether fit for that office”
✤ “Rcd of Mr Ri: Davis for Superfluous Library Bookes [...] £24”
✤ John “the bookseller” Hudson, Librarian, 1701 — 1719
✤ “negligent if not incapable”
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
1905
Pho
togr
aph:
Bod
leia
n L
ibra
ries
, 190
5;di
gitiz
ed 2
012
http://ww1Photographgraphs.com/Rolls/Harrow/Turbutt_G_M_R_Lt_2nd_Oxford_Bucks_Light_Infantry_Harrow_Roll_Of_Honour_Vol_1.jpg
✤ Gladwyn Turbutt, Magdalen College
✤ Falconer Madan, Deputy Librarian
✤ Strickland Gibson, Assistant Librarian
Hill
s &
Sau
nder
s, 19
06;
digi
tal i
mag
e: B
odle
ian
Lib
rari
es
1905
Pho
togr
aph:
Pip
Will
cox
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ Madan, Gibson and Turbutt, The Original Bodleian Copy of the First Folio of Shakespeare (The Turbutt Shakespeare), Oxford: 1905
✤ Bibliographical Society lecture
✤ Review in The Times
✤ The Athenæum, 25 February 1905
Bodleian Library Records, c. 1260
1905
Hill
s &
Sau
nder
s, 19
06; d
igita
l im
age:
Bod
leia
n L
ibra
ries
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ E.W.B. Nicholson, Bodley’s Librarian, 1882 — 1912
✤ Offered to buy the First Folio for the Library at its market value
1905
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ E.W.B. Nicholson, Bodley’s Librarian, 1882 — 1912
✤ Offered to buy the First Folio for the Library at its market value
✤ An anonymous offer of £3,000
Pho
togr
aph:
Pip
Will
cox
Bodleian Library Records, c. 1260
1905
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
Am
hers
t Col
lege
Mag
azin
e, F
all 2
007
https://www.amherst.edu/aboutamherst/magazine/issues/2007_fall/shakespeare
✤ E.W.B. Nicholson, Bodley’s Librarian, 1882 — 1912
✤ Offered to buy the First Folio for the Library at its market value
✤ An anonymous offer of £3,000
✤ Henry Clay Folger, Standard Oil
A private campaign
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ ‘PROPOSED REPURCHASE FOR THE BODLEIAN OF THE ORIGINAL BODLEIAN COPY OF THE 1ST FOLIO SHAKESPEARE (1623)’
✤ “Oxford men”
Pho
togr
aph:
Pip
Will
cox
Bodleian Library Records, c. 1259
National commons
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
“I think every patriotic Englishman should answer”
“in so national a matter I think that every patriotic criteria is vitally aroused”
Pho
togr
aphg
raph
s: P
ip W
illco
x
Bodleian Library Records, c. 1260
National commons
Pho
togr
aph:
Pip
Will
cox
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
“I hope it is possible to raise the sum required, & to prevent this treasure going the way of all our English treasures — to America.”
Bodleian Library Records, c. 1260
Diversity
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ Not all from Oxford
✤ Not all from men
“Pray forgive the mistakes. Put it down to my being a Cambridge man, mourning that Oxford men have not found the requisite sum. I hope it will be found.”
“from my sister-in-law Mrs. Henry Pott, that there exists a Guild of Ladies”
Pho
togr
aphg
raph
s: P
ip W
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x
Bodleian Library Records, c. 1260
“man-eating money maniacs”
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ Not everyone supported the appeal“Secondly, having due regard to the cost of existing in this present wicked world, it is quite absurd that any copy of any book should command such a price. Only the man-eating money-maniacs of America could have started such an inept fashion. […] By all means let them have EVERYTHING that can be bought for money – the Pope’s tiara and the King’s crown and a majority in the House of Commons – and a free passage across the Styx. And let them have the Shakespeare, if the present possessor’s sentiment and conscience allows him to let them have it. The only cure for covetousness is satiety – and the Styx.”
Pho
togr
aph:
Pip
Will
cox
“Fourthly, why all this fuss about Shakespeare? If you were offered genuine manuscripts of the lost plays of Sophocles, I can imagine that heaven and earth ought to be moved to where the University Press would then provide us, who love Sophocles and decent literature, with copies, much better for practical purposes than the originals, and at a reasonable sum. But why all this fuss about Shakespeare?
“[…] Why should the great, the dignified, Bodleian Library lend itself to the encouragement of such literary provincialism?”
Bodleian Library Records, c. 1260
A successful campaign
Bod
leia
n L
ibra
ries
Arc
h. G
c.7
and
Arc
h. G
c.8
.P
hoto
grap
h: P
ip W
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x
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ Curated by the Bodleian’s Rare Books
✤ The Turbutt family commissioned its box
http://shakespeare.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
2012: Sprint for Shakespeare
HELP US OPEN THE BODLEIAN’S FIRST COLLECTED EDITION OF SHAKESPEARE’S PLAYS TO THE WORLDShakespeare’s First Folio is one of the greatest treasures in the Bodleian collection, and we would like your help opening it up for anyone anywhere in the world to enjoy exploring its pages. Now, in the year of the Cultural Olympiad, we invite Shakespeare lovers and Bodleian supporters to join our Sprint campaign to digitize and publish our First Folio online for the benefit of everyone, from schoolchildren to scholars.
By making a contribution of any size – from as little as £20 per page – your support will enable us to publish a speech, a scene, an act or even a whole play of the First Folio online, on a specially created website, which will inspire readers today and in the future.
The Sprint for Shakespeare campaign aims to raise £20,000 through a large number of donations of all sizes. Any surplus beyond the target will go towards future online projects to open up the Bodleian collections.
All supporters of this campaign will be recognised on a special page on this website, with the opportunity to dedicate their gift to someone who inspires them. Like the patrons and subscribers of books in the past, the names will live on with this digitized book through this website.
FOR
Shakeßpeare
TO FIND OUT MORE AND LEARN
HOW TO BE INVOLVED VISIT OUR WEBSITEhttp://shakespeare. bodleian.ox.ac.uk
B
D
L
S
S
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
http://shakespeare.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
23 April 2013: Shakespeare’s 449th birthday
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
Research potential: manufacturing processes
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
http://shakespeare.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ — http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
✤ Permanent access
✤ Close digital comparison
✤ Material contexts of the book
✤ Understanding printing
Research potential: reception
Pho
togr
aph:
Bod
leia
n L
ibra
ries
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
http://shakespeare.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/ — http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
✤ Permanent access
✤ Close digital comparison
✤ Material contexts of the book
✤ Understanding printing
✤ Understanding bookbinding
✤ Marks of its readers’ use
Research potential: discoveryB
odle
ian
Firs
t Fol
io, f
lyle
af, f
.[π]A
1v
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
An Active Swain to make a Leap was seenWhich sham’d his Fellow Shepherds on the Green,And growing Vain, he would Essay once more,But lost the Fame, which he had gain’d before;Oft’ did he try, at Length was forc’d to yeild.He St[r]ove in Vain, — he had himself Excell’d:So Nature once in her Essays of Wit,In Shakespear took the Shepherd’s Lucky LeapBut over-straining in the great Effort,In Dryden, and the rest, has since fell Short.
http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ Dedications
✤ “who taught me to love Shakespeare”
✤ “whose greatest gift to me was education”
✤ “Shakespeare should be available to everyone in the closest possible form to his original text”
✤ “who is the soul of kindness, goodness and wit, with my love”
✤ “other women cloy the appetites they feed, but she makes hungry where most she satisfies”
http://shakespeare.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/the-project/supporters/
International commons
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
23 April 2014: Shakespeare’s 450th birthday✤ Publication of a searchable, machine-readable full text (beta)
✤ Use and reuse: Creative Commons Attribution Only
✤ Collaboration: IT Services TEI consultation; Oxford e-Research Centre
✤ Open source software
✤ The future:
✤ Search
✤ Variant spelling
✤ Improved texts
“with the participation of Society”
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
https://www.academia.edu/12103878/_Coniunction_with_the_participation_of_Society_Citizens_Scale_and_Scholarly_Social_Machines
David De Roure and Pip Willcox‘“Coniunction, with the participation of Society”: Citizens, Scale, and Scholarly Social Machines’
Beyond the PDF: Born-Digital Humanities, Boston, 27–28 April 2015
Social Machines
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
Real life is and must be full of all kinds of social constraint – the very processes from which society arises. Computers can help if we use them to create abstract social machines on the Web: processes in which the people do the creative work and the machine does the administration... The stage is set for an evolutionary growth of new social engines. The ability to create new forms of social process would be given to the world at large, and development would be rapid.
Tim Berners-Lee with Mark FischettiWeaving the Web, 1999 (pp. 172–175)
Scholarly social machines
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ Performed, and therefore mutable
✤ Generative
✤ Collaborative, human and machine
✤ Connected, embracing scale
Remediating the digital’s materiality
Bod
leia
n Fi
rst F
olio
, The
Tra
gedy
of R
omeo
and
Iulie
t, f.E
E3r
Pip Willcox and David De Roure. Forthcoming. ‘“now art thou sociable...now art thou what thou art”: Surfacing TEI Encoding in the Bodleian First Folio’s The Tragedy of Romeo and Iuliet.’
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
Textual layers: visual search,“like Google Books”
Social annotation:✤ page✤ encoding✤ edition
Social editions
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ Metadata, text, image, annotation—including translation
✤ Presentation, resource discovery, transmission, re-use
✤ Partnerships of respect, with credit for creating, curating, enhancing, linking, augmenting, funding…
✤ A perfectable text?
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
This Is For EveryoneH
ighl
and
His
toric
Com
pute
r Mus
eum
http://compmuseum.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TBLOlympics-013.jpg
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
Bodl
eian
Firs
t Fol
io, T
o the
gre
at V
ariet
y of
Rea
ders
(f.A
3r)
This Is For EveryoneH
ighl
and
His
toric
Com
pute
r Mus
eum
http://compmuseum.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TBLOlympics-013.jpg — http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/
Acknowledgements
Bodleian LibrariesU N I V E R S I T Y O F OX F O R D
✤ We are grateful to the supporters of the Sprint for Shakespeare campaign, to the donors of the Bodleian First Folio project, and our colleagues who worked on both projects:
✤ http://shakespeare.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/the-project/supporters/✤ http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/supporters.html✤ http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/about.html#contact:
Lucienne Cummings, David De Roure, Nicole Gilroy, Arthur Green, Andrew Honey, Monica Messaggi Kaya, John Pybus, Judith Siefring, Julie Sommerfeldt, Emma Stanford, Matthew Wilcoxson, Pip Willcox
✤ This work is supported under SOCIAM: The Theory and Practice of Social Machines, a programme funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant number EP/J017728/1, and a collaboration between the Universities of Edinburgh, Oxford, and Southampton.
✤ With particular thanks to Giles Bergel, David De Roure, Ian Gadd, Emma Smith, Richard Sheppard, Ségolène Tarte.
Slides: http://www.slideshare.net/PipWillcox/butwhyallthisfussreducedsize