Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro,...

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Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski http://genome.tugraz.at (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) Various types of bacteria, relatively simple structures, unicellular (size 1÷10 μm). Most numerous and widespread organisms. Rapid reproductive rate (<20 min per cell division). Escherichia coli (E. coli): DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) with molecular mass of 2.5_10 9 Daltons. Encodes ~3000 proteins (of which ~1000 have been identified). Molecular composition of E. coli Component Percentage by weight H 2 O 70 Protein 15 Nucleic acids: DNA 1 RNA 6 Polysaccharides and precursors 3 Lipids and precursors 2 Other small organic molecules 1 Inorganic ions 1 Prokaryotes

Transcript of Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro,...

Page 1: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biomolecules

Zlatko Trajanoski

http://genome.tugraz.at

• (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut)

• Various types of bacteria, relatively simple structures, unicellular(size 1÷10 μm). Most numerous and widespread organisms. Rapidreproductive rate (<20 min per cell division).

• Escherichia coli (E. coli): DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) withmolecular mass of 2.5_109 Daltons. Encodes ~3000 proteins (ofwhich ~1000 have been identified).

Molecular composition of E. coli

Component Percentage by weight

H2O 70

Protein 15

Nucleic acids:

DNA 1

RNA 6

Polysaccharides and precursors 3

Lipids and precursors 2

Other small organic molecules 1

Inorganic ions 1

Prokaryotes

Page 2: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Prokaryotes

• Greek, eu, good or true+ karyon, kernel, nut)

• Diameter 10 to 100 μm. Uni- or multicellular with nucleus

incorporating DNA.

• Eukaryotes: morphological diversity on cellular and organismal

levels. Classification into fungi, plants, and animals.

• Endocytosis, exocytosis.

Eukaryotes

Page 3: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Eukaryotes

Biomolecules

Page 4: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biomolecules

Biomolecules

Page 5: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

The origin of life

The unique properties of carbon• The most abundant components of Earth’s crust: O, 47%, Si, 28%, Al,

7.9%, Fe, 4.5%, and Ca, 3.5%.

• Elemental composition of the human body

Element Dry weight (%) Elements present in

trace amounts

C 61.7 B

N 11.0 F

O 9.3 Si

H 5.7 VCa 5.0 CrP 3.3 Mn

K 1.3 Fe

S 1.0 CoCl 0.7 Cu

Na 0.7 Zn

Mg 0.3 SeMoSn

I

The origin of life

• Carbon has the unique ability to form a virtually infinite number of

compounds as a result of its capacity to make as many as four highly

stable covalent bonds (including single, double, and triple bonds)

combined with ability to form covalently linked C_C chains of unlimited

extent.

• ~ 13 million chemical compounds: 90% are organic (carbon-

containing).

Page 6: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

• Amino acids are the monomeric units of proteins, energy

metabolites, and essential nutrients.

1 Amino acids

1 Amino acids

Page 7: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

1 Amino acids

1 Amino acids

Page 8: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

1 Proteins

Structural hiearchy of proteins.

1 Proteins

The primary structure of bovine insulin.

Page 9: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

1 Proteins

Planar trans-peptide group.

1 Proteins

A polypeptide chain.

Page 10: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

1 Proteins

A portion of the polypeptide chain.

1 Proteins

Examples of helices.

Page 11: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

1 Proteins

The right-handed helix.

1 Proteins

sheets.

Page 12: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

1 Proteins: Fibrous Proteins

The macroscopic organisation of hair and structure of keratin.

Globular proteins: sperm whale myoglobin with 8 helices.

1 Proteins: Globular Proteins

Page 13: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

The structures of (a) deoxyHb and (b) oxyHb.

1 Proteins

2 Sugars and Polysaccharides

Page 14: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

2 Sugars and Polysaccharides

2 Sugars and Polysaccharides

A structural model of cellulose.

Page 15: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

2 Sugars and

Polysaccharides

Starch.

3 Lipids and Membranes

Symbol Common name Systemic name Structure mp (°C)

Saturated fatty acids

12:0 Lauric acid Dodecanoic acid CH3(CH2)10COOH 44.2

14:0 Myristic acid Tetradecanoic acid CH3(CH2)12COOH 52

16:0 Palmitic acid Hexadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)14COOH 63.1

18:0 Stearic acid Octadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH 69.6

20:0 Arachidic acid Eicosanoic acid CH3(CH2)18COOH 75.4

22:0 Behenic acid Docosanoic acid CH3(CH2)20COOH 81

24:0 Lignoceric acid Tetracosanoic acid CH3(CH2)22COOH 84.2

Page 16: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

3 Lipids and Membranes

Unsaturated fatty acids

16:1 Palmitoleic acid

9-Hexadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH –0.5

18:1 Oleic acid 9-Octadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH 13.4

18:2 Linoleic acid 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH –9

18:3 -linoleic acid 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH –17

18:3 -linoleic acid 6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)3COOH

20:4 Arachidonic acid

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH –49.5

20:5 EPA 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentanoic acid CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH –54

24:1 Nervonic acid 15-Tetracosenoic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)13COOH 39

3 Lipids and

Membranes

Page 17: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

3 Lipids and Membranes

3 Lipids and Membranes

Page 18: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation

4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation

Page 19: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

4 Nucleic acid structures and manipulation

5 Transcription

Page 20: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

5 Translation

5 Translation

Page 21: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biosensoren

Biosensoren

Page 22: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biosensoren

Biosensoren

Page 23: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biosensoren

• Genauigkeit/Präzision

• Spezifizität (cross-reactivity)

• Sensitivität

• Linearität

Biosensoren

• Enzymatische Methoden

– Glucose-Oxidase-Methode

-D-Glucose -D-Glucosespontan

-D-Glucose+H2O+O2 -D-Gluconolacton+H2O2Glucose-Oxidase

H2O2+Farbstoffred 2H2O+FarbstoffoxPeroxidase

Page 24: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biosensoren

• Enzymatische Methoden

– Dünnschicht-Glucosesensor

Catalase

membrane

Spacer membrane

Oxidase membrane

Isolation layer

BloodSample+O2 1/2O2

CAT

O2

H2O2

OD

2e-

Uni Freiburg, D

Biosensoren• Optische Sensoren

Optical fiber

Fluoerscein labelled dextran

Immobilized Concanavalin A

Hollow Dialysis MembraneGlucose

Light In

Light Out

Page 25: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biosensoren• Optische Sensoren

Cladding

Core

Evanescent Wave

Antigen

Labeled Antibody

Biosensoren

Page 26: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biosensoren

Biosensoren

An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay

(ELISA).

Page 27: Biomolecules - Graz University of Technology · Biomolecules Zlatko Trajanoski • (Greek, pro, before + karyon, kernel, nut) • Various types of bacteria, relatively simple ...

Biosensoren (DNA Chips)