Basic human requirements

35o C20o C0o C

280 C

310 C

320 C

340 C

360 C

370 C

Room Temperature

Core Temperature

Image by MIT OCW.

Black body at 800 K

Solar radiation at atmosphere’s boundaries

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

-

-

-

Wavelength [μm]

visibleUV IR

Clear sky, sun at 30° above the horizon

Solar radiation at sea level

-

-

Energy [kW/(m²·μm)]

Solar radiation

Solar radiation

Ground Reflection 5%

Cloud Reflection 20%+

Atmospheric Absorption & Scattering 25%

Image by MIT OCW.

Solar radiation Earth’s orbit

seasons

Equinox March 22

Summer solstice June 21

Equinox Sept 21

Winter solstice Dec 21

Image by MIT OCW.

Earth’s orbit seasons latitude and elevation’s impact

Solar course

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Latitude du lieu

[k W

h/ m

2 an

] Dakar Cairo

HelsinkiParis Hambourg

Carpentras

Rom e

Lisbon

Alger

yr ] 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 m 500 m 3000 m

1385 [W/m2]

Height above sea level

η [°]

Parameters in incoming radiation

Earth’s orbit seasons latitude and elevation’s impact earth’s inertia

a 16°F difference for

the same solar elevation

Critical for solar protections

Solar elevation

Average outside temperature

21 juin

0o

30o

60o

90o h

23 sept 21 mars 21 juin

0o

10o

20o

oC T

57o F

41 o F

22 dec

Image by MIT OCW.

cc_mphato Line

cc_mphato Line

Solar radiation

Earth’s orbit seasons

day

Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

elevation η latitude L

azimuth φ declination δ

solar time Hsolar

ηnoon = 90° - L + δ

δ

N

Z

h

↔

Zenith

Azimuth

S'

Equatorial Plane

N

N'

Latitude

Elevation

Image by MIT OCW.

Image by MIT OCW.

Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

Image by MIT OCW.

Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 60 30 0

10 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

NS5 h

6 h

7 h

8 h

9 h

10 h

11 h 12 h

Latitude: 49o

F E G D H

C I B J

A K L

13 h 14 h

h

S

W

E a

N

15 h

16 h 17 h

18 h

19 hN

Sun

Image by MIT OCW.

Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

Solar radiation

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Zenith

Nadir

Sun

Image by MIT OCW.

Solar radiation Apparent movement of the sun

lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

21 Juin

23 Sept. - 21 Mar

21 Dec.

N

0o 15o

30 o

45 o

60 o 7 5 o2

8 5 o

3 00 o

31

5 o

33 0 o

345 o

180o 1 65 o

15 0 o

13 5 o

1 2 0 o

1 0 5 o2

5 5 o

2 4 0 o

225 o

210 o 195o

90o270o

Ja n 2 1 1 8

16

14 12 10

8

6

M ay 2 6

Ju l 2 1

A ug 31

A pr il 14

Sep 23 Ma rs 21

Oct 17 Feb 26

Nov 27 Jan 1 6

Dec 21

10o

47 o N

20o

30o

40o

50o

60o

70o

80o

90o+

Images by MIT OCW.

cc_mphato Line

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

60o

120o

45o

30o

15o N

345o

330o

315o

J F M

A

M J

9

10

11 12 13

14 15

16

19

18

J A

S O

N

6

D

135o 150o 165 o 180o 195o 210o 225o

240o 255o

270o

285o

300o

17

105o

90o

75o

7

8

Image by MIT OCW.

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

Site plan

D

A

36'

A

E

C

B

tan E = y/x

y 20 '

60

30

0

120

150

180

60

12 0

June 2 1 J

ul 21 / May

21 Jul

21/ Ma

y 21

w ES

ep 21

/ M ar

21 N ov

21 /Ja

n 2 1

5' 10' 15' 20' 25'

+

+

30 150

60

12 0

11

1 2

10 3

9

4

8

5

7

6

6

78

11

1 2

103

9

4

8

5

7

6

6

7 5

Oc t 2

1/F eb

21

De c 2

1

40

150

0 180

30150

12 0 60

Jul 21/

Ma y 2

1 Jun

21

Dec 21 Nov 21

/Jan 21

Oct 21 /Feb 21

Sep t 21

/M ar2

1

Au g 2

1/A pr 2

1

W E

80o 70o

60o

50o

40o 30o 20o

10o

Image by MIT OCW.

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

Horizontal sun protections

0 1010 20 30

40 50

60

70

80

90

20 30

40 50

60

70

80

90

40 50

80 70 60

Image by MIT OCW.

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

Vertical sun protections

0 1010 20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

20 30

40

50

60

70

80

90

40 50

80 70 60

30 20

10

Image by MIT OCW.

Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential

cylindrical projection

stereographic projection

Solar radiation

Combined protection

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

10

30

40 50 60 70 80

F G

6 H

E

100

110

120

130

140

150160

I

J

L

260

280

A

W

290

300

310

330

320

340

350 F

N

8

10 12

14

16

18

E

D

C

B

3

250

240

23 0

22 0

21 0

20 0

19 0 S

170

+

-

Image by MIT OCW.

Solar radiation

Daylight

Image by MIT OCW.

Sky type Clear Milky-white Partly cloudy Whitish Light grey Dark grey Dark

Sun Shiny Clear Partly veiled Veiled Still visible Barely visible Invisible

Global radiation

[W/m2] 800 to 900 600 to 800 300 to 700 250 to 400 200 to 300 100 to 200 20 to 100

Diffuse component 10 to 20% 20 to 40% 20 to 50% 40 to 80% 50 to 100% 75 to 100% 100%

Solar radiation

Daylight

Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)

Wind flows and Coriolis force

Prevailing westerlies

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

L L L

L L

L

W

W

W

E

E

E

E

Subpolar low-pressure belt

Subpolar low-pressure belt

Subtropical high-pressure belt

Subtropical high-pressure belt

Intratropical convergences

Polar high

South Pole

Tropopause

North Pole

Cold front E = Easterly windsWarm front

Convergence Warm wind

Cold wind H = High pressure L = Low pressure

W = Westerly winds

LLLow pressure

High pressure High pressure

Wind flow from high to low pressure zones

Images by MIT OCW.