Aw Chapper 1 - KMUTT · 2009. 6. 26. · Stabilized Low Swelling Clay This research studied the...
Transcript of Aw Chapper 1 - KMUTT · 2009. 6. 26. · Stabilized Low Swelling Clay This research studied the...
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Weeraya Chim-oye 1
Thammasart University, (Rangsit Center), Khong Luang, Pathum Thanee 12120.
and Runglawan Rachan 2
Mahanakorn University, Nong Chok, Bangkok 10530.
1 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering.2 Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering.
The Replacing Efficiency Factor of Biomass Ash for CementStabilized Low Swelling Clay
This research studied the soil improvement with the concepts of chemical ground improvement
technique on soft clay. The main objective of this study was to present the possibility of utilizing biomass
ash to partially replace Type I Portland cement for stabilization of a low swelling clay. The kaolinitic soil
and soft Bangkok clay in this study are represented the low swelling clay. Type I Portland cement was used
as a main stabilizer and biomass ash was partially replaced with 10-40 % by weight of cement. The
compressive strengths were investigated through unconfined compression test. For this experimental
result, strength of the stabilized clay, the 20% biomass ash replacement produces the highest strength
between 14 – 60 days of curing. It is found that the prime parameter controlling the strength of cement-
biomass ash stabilized clay is the clay-water/blended cement ratio, wc/C*. The binder content of the blended
cement, C* is the summation of the input of cement, Ci and the equivalent cement, Ce. The Ce is determined
based on the concept of an efficiency factor (k), which is adopted as a measure of the relative performance
of supplementary cementing material compared with Type I Portland cement. The Ce is equivalent to k.F
where F is biomass ash content and k is efficiency factor. From the analysis, the value of k is dependent
upon the replacement ratio and curing time, and irrespective of binder content and water content. A
phenomenological model for assessing the strength development is introduced and verified. It can possibly
be applied as a simple and rational tool for predicting the other blended cement stabilized low swelling
clays.
Abstract
Received 6 October 2008 ; accepted 22 January 2009
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1. ∫∑π”°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥¿“楑π à«π„À≠à®–‡ªìπ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß
§ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߥ‘πÕàÕπ ´÷Ëß„πªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß«‘»«°√√¡¢Õߥ‘πÕàÕπ¡’Õ¬ŸàÀ≈“¬«‘∏’ °“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥¿“æ¢Õߥ‘πÕàÕπ¥â«¬«— ¥ÿ‡™◊ËÕ¡ª√– “π (Binder/Cementing agents) À√◊Õ«‘∏’°“√º ¡≈÷° (Deep MixingMethod, DMM) ‡ªìπ‡∑§π‘§°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥¿“楑π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§«“¡π‘¬¡·≈–„™â°—πÕ¬à“ß·æ√àÀ≈“¬∑—Èß„π·≈–µà“ߪ√–‡∑» ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ«‘∏’∑’Ëßà“¬·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß«‘»«°√√¡¢Õߥ‘π∂Ÿ°ª√—∫ª√ÿß„À⥒¢÷Èπ‰¥â¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“Õ—π —Èπ «— ¥ÿ‡™◊ËÕ¡ª√– “π∑’Ëπ‘¬¡„™â°—π§◊ÕªŸπ´’‡¡πµå‡π◊ËÕß®“°ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå‡ªìπ«— ¥ÿ∑’ËÀ“‰¥âßà“¬„πª√–‡∑» °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ Cement column ®”‡ªìπµâÕß∑√“∫§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß«‘»«°√√¡¢Õß Cement column ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ß“π§Õπ°√’µ µâÕß√Ÿâ§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢ÕߧÕπ°√’µ´÷Ë߉¥â®“°°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ à«πº ¡ (Mix design) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°«— ¥ÿµà“ßÊ ∑’Ëπ”¡“º ¡§Õπ°√’µ “¡“√∂‡≈◊Õ°‰¥â ·µà«— ¥ÿ∑’Ë®–π”¡“∑” Cement column π—Èπ ‰¡à “¡“√∂‡≈◊Õ°‰¥â ‡æ√“–‡ªìπ°“√º ¡„π∑’Ë ·≈–¥‘π·µà≈–∑’Ë°Á¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—πÕÕ°‰ª ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ßµâÕß¡’°“√∑” Trial mix °—∫∑ÿ°∑’Ë ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥Ⱄ≈—ßµ“¡µâÕß°“√ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√‡≈◊Õ°„™â§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß«‘»«°√√¡¢Õß Cement column ”À√—∫¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ®÷߇ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ëπà“ π„® ·µàÕ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߥ‘π„πª√‘¡“µ√¡“°®”‡ªìπµâÕß„™âªŸπ´’‡¡πµå„πª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°“√≈¥µâπ∑ÿπ°“√°àÕ √â“ß ®”‡ªìπµâÕß≈¥ª√‘¡“≥ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå¥â«¬°“√·∑π∑’˥⫬«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π∑’Ë¡’√“§“µË” °“√·∑π∑’˪Ÿπ´’‡¡πµå¥â«¬«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π„πÕ—µ√“ à«π∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡πÕ°®“°®–™à«¬‡æ‘Ë¡°”≈—ßÕ—¥·≈⫬—ߙ૬‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡§ß∑π (Durability) „Àâ°—∫¥‘π´’‡¡πµå¥â«¬«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π∑’ˇªìπ∑’ˬա√—∫„πß“π‚§√ß √â“ߢÕߪ√–‡∑»‰¥â·°à ‡∂â“≈Õ¬´÷Ë߇ªìπ«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â ·µà∂â“¡’°“√π”«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå¡“™à«¬∑¥·∑πªŸπ´’‡¡πµå¥—ß°≈à“«°Á®–™à«¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™â∑√—欓°√∑’ˇÀ≈◊ÕÕ¬ŸàπâÕ¬‰¥âÕ’°«‘∏’Àπ÷Ëß πÕ°®“°°“√„™â‡∂â“≈Õ¬·≈–ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡°”≈—ß·≈–‡ ∂’¬√¿“æ¢Õߥ‘πÕàÕπ·≈⫬—ß “¡“√∂™à«¬„π°√–∫«π°“√∫”∫—¥¢Õ߇ ’¬Õ—πµ√“¬ ́ ÷Ëß°“√ª√—∫‡ ∂’¬√·≈–°“√∑”„À⇪ìπ°âÕπ·¢Á߇ªìπÕ’°«‘∏’„π°“√∫”∫—¥¢Õ߇ ’¬ ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬°“√¬÷¥‡™◊ËÕ¡ª√– “π∑”„Àâ¢Õß
‡ ’¬¬÷¥µ‘¥°—π‡ªìπ°âÕπ (Solidification) ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π°“√√—Ë«‰À≈¢Õß “√Õ—πµ√“¬ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߥ‘π«‘∏’π’È®÷߇ªìπ«‘∏’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡∑—Èß„π¥â“πß∫ª√–¡“≥·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ®“°ªí≠À“·≈–‡Àµÿº≈¥—ß°≈à“«®÷߉¥â¡’°“√»÷°…“‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“°“√π”‡∂â“≈Õ¬‰ª„™âª√–‚¬™πå„πß“π¥‘π„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß®”‡ªìπµâÕß∑√“∫»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß«— ¥ÿ·∑π∑’Ë(‡∂â“≈Õ¬)
∑ÿ°Ê ªï∂à“πÀ‘π (Coal) ®”π«π¡“°∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‡º“‰À¡â‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß„Àâ°—∫‚√߉øøÑ“ (Electric power plant) Õ“∑‘‡™àπ ∑’Ë‚√߉øøÑ“·¡à‡¡“–´÷Ëß¡’°“√„™â∂à“πÀ‘πª√–¡“≥«—π≈–40,000 µ—π º≈º≈‘µæ≈Õ¬‰¥â®“°°“√‡º“∂à“πÀ‘π‡À≈à“π’È °Á§◊Õ‡∂â“≈Õ¬ (Fly ash) ∑’Ë¡“°∂÷ß«—π≈– 8,000 µ—π [1] ·≈–¬—ß¡’‡∂â“Õ’°ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß´÷Ë߉¥â®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â«—µ∂ÿ¥‘∫∑’ˉ¥â®“°∏√√¡™“µ‘´÷Ë߇√’¬°«à“ ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ (Biomass ash) ÷́Ë߇∂ⓇÀ≈à“π’È®—¥‡ªìπ¢¬–∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ„™â®“°°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ·≈–‰¥â √â“ߪí≠À“„π°“√À“«‘∏’∑”≈“¬ ·≈– àߺ≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ªí®®ÿ∫—π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â¡’°“√π”‡∂â“≈Õ¬¡“„™â„πß“π§Õπ°√’µ¡“°¢÷Èπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õ߇∂â“≈Õ¬∑’Ë¡’ à«π™à«¬„Àâ§Õπ°√’µ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑’Ë¥’¢÷Èπ·≈–°“√·∑π∑’Ë„π´’‡¡πµå∑”„Àâ√“§“§Õπ°√’µ∂Ÿ°≈ß [2] ·µà°“√𔉪„™â„πß“π¥‘π¬—߉¡à‡ªìπ∑’Ëπ‘¬¡ Õ“®‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√¢“¥·À≈àߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë “¡“√∂𔉪„™âª√–‚¬™πåπ—Ëπ‡Õß „πÕ¥’µ¡’°“√«‘®—¬¡“°¡“¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫‡∂â“≈Õ¬®“°∂à“πÀ‘π °“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‡∂â“≈Õ¬∂à“πÀ‘π„πß“π«‘»«°√√¡‡ªìπ∑’ˬա√—∫°—πÕ¬à“ß·æ√àÀ≈“¬[3-12] ®÷ß∑”„Àâ‡∂â“≈Õ¬∂à“πÀ‘π¡’§à“√“§“∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’ȇÕß ß“π«‘®—¬π’È®–∑”°“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â¢Õß°“√ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‡∂â“™’«¡«≈„π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߧÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫√à«¡°—∫´’‡¡πµå ‚¥¬®–‡πâπ»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√À“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß°“√·∑π∑’˪Ÿπ´’‡¡πµå¥â«¬‡∂â“™’«¡«≈‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡∂⓪√–‡¿∑π’Ȭ—ߧ߇ªìπ«— ¥ÿ‡À≈◊Õ„™â∑’ˉ¡à¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“·≈–„πªí®®ÿ∫—π¬—߉¡à¡’°“√»÷°…“Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß°—∫‡∂⓪√–‡¿∑π’È‚¥¬°”Àπ¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß°“√·∑π∑’˥⫬§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘ÏÀ√◊Õ§à“·ø°‡µÕ√åª√– ‘∑∏‘º≈‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå (k-factor)
πÕ°®“°ª√–‡¿∑¢Õ߇∂â“·≈â« ™π‘¥¢Õߥ‘π (√–¥—∫°“√∫«¡µ—«) °Á‡ªìπÕ’°µ—«·ª√À≈—°∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡°“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ßÕ—¥Sridharan and Prakash [13-14] ·∫àߥ‘π‡À𒬫ÕÕ°‡ªìπ Õߪ√–‡¿∑À≈—°Ê §◊Õ¥‘π‡À𒬫∫«¡µ—« (Swelling
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clay) ·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫‰¡à∫«¡µ—« (Non-swelling clay) ÷́Ë߉¥â·°à¥‘π‡À𒬫‡∫π‚∑‰π∑å·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫§“‚Õ≈‘‰π∑å µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ∑—Èßπ’È ß“π«‘®—¬π’È®–»÷°…“°“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‰¡à∫«¡µ—«∂÷ߥ‘π∫«¡µ—«µË”‡∑à“π—Èπ∑’˪√—∫ª√ÿߥ⫬´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ ∑—Èßπ’ȇæ√“–¥‘π„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ à«π„À≠ࡒ惵‘°√√¡°“√∫«¡µ—«µË” Õ’°∑—Èß ”À√—∫¥‘π‡À𒬫°√ÿ߇∑朮—¥Õ¬Ÿà„πª√–‡¿∑¥‘π∑’Ë¡’°“√∫«¡µ—«µË” [15] ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬À≈—°°“√¢Õßµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√·∑π∑’˪Ÿπ´’‡¡πµå¥â«¬«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π [16] æ√âÕ¡π”‡ πÕ«‘∏’°“√∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥
2. «— ¥ÿ∑¥ Õ∫‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°“√»÷°…“∂÷ß√–¥—∫°“√∫«¡µ—«„Àâ§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡
√–¥—∫°“√∫«¡µ—«®“°¥‘π‰¡à¡’°“√∫«¡µ—«∂÷ߥ‘π∫«¡µ—«µË”„πß“π«‘®—¬π’È®÷߇≈◊Õ°„™â¥‘π‡À𒬫 Õß™π‘¥§◊Õ ¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å(¥‘π‡À𒬫‰¡à∫«¡µ—«) ·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ (¥‘π‡À𒬫∑’Ë¡’°“√∫«¡µ—«µË”) ¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å ¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ‡∑à“°—∫√âÕ¬≈– 1.43 §à“¢’¥®”°—¥‡À≈«·≈–æ‘°—¥æ≈“ µ‘°‡∑à“°—∫√âÕ¬≈– 42.5 ·≈– 33.5 µ“¡≈”¥—∫
§«“¡∂à«ß®”‡æ“–‡∑à“°—∫ 2.78 ”À√—∫¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑懰Á∫®“°∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ≈”≈Ÿ°°“ ‚§√ß°“√°àÕ √â“ß∂ππ«ß·À«π√Õ∫πÕ°µ–«—πÕÕ° ∑’˧«“¡≈÷° 3 - 4 ‡¡µ√ ®“°º‘«¥‘π ¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘‡∑à“°—∫√âÕ¬≈–80-90 §à“¢’¥®”°—¥‡À≈«·≈–æ‘°—¥æ≈“ µ‘°‡∑à“°—∫√âÕ¬≈–103 ·≈– 31.8 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ §«“¡∂à«ß®”‡æ“–‡∑à“°—∫ 2.71‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∑¥ Õ∫‰¥â√—∫§«“¡Õπÿ‡§√“–À宓°∫√‘…—∑ ‰∑¬‡æ“‡«Õ√å‚Õ‡ªÕ√å‡≈µ ®”°—¥ (TPO) ∑’Ë À¡Ÿà 3 µ”∫≈‡¢“À‘π´âÕπ Õ”‡¿Õæπ¡ “√§“¡ ®—ßÀ«—¥©–‡™‘߇∑√“ ´÷Ë߇∂â“™’«¡«≈π’ȉ¥â®“°°“√‡º“«— ¥ÿ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‰¥â·°à ·°≈∫‡ª≈◊Õ°‰¡â ‰¡â∫Õ√å¥ ‰¡â¬Ÿ§“≈‘ªµ— —∫≈–‡Õ’¬¥·≈–·°≈∫Õ—¥‡¡Á¥ ‡∂â“™π‘¥π’ȉ¡à “¡“√∂®—¥‡ªìπ‡∂â“≈Õ¬„π™—Èπ§ÿ≥¿“æ C·≈– F µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π¢Õß ASTM C 618 ‰¥â ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈π’È𔉪√àÕπºà“πµ–·°√߇∫Õ√å 325 (‡∂â“≈–‡Õ’¬¥) ¢π“¥Õπÿ¿“§¢Õ߇∂â“™’«¡«≈·≈–ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå‰¥â®“°°“√∑¥ Õ∫Laser particle size analysis §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß°“¬¿“æ·≈–Õߧåª√–°Õ∫∑“߇§¡’¢Õß«— ¥ÿ∑¥ Õ∫· ¥ß¥—ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 ·≈–°“√°√–®“¬µ—«¥—ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 1
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µ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß°“¬¿“æ·≈–Õߧåª√–°Õ∫∑“߇§¡’¢Õß«— ¥ÿ∑¥ Õ∫
% SiO2
74.12 20.90 59.79 63.83
% Al2O
30.57 4.76 31.84 21.34
% Fe2O
30.88 3.41 1.59 8.41
% MgO 1.54 1.25 - 1.54
% CaO 5.91 65.41 - 0.94
% Na2O 3.33 0.24 - 0.28
% K2O 1.71 0.35 3.05 2.45
% SO3
0.50 2.71 0.05 1.22
wni , % - - 1.43 80 - 90
LL,% - - 42.5 103
PI, % - - 9 71.2
Specific Gravity 1.95 3.15 2.78 2.71
Compositional fuel formular of biomass ash
rice husk 36%
Bark 24%
board wood 6%
fined Eucalyptus wood 23%
seed husk 11%
À¡¬‡Àµÿ : LL = Liquid Limit , PI = Plasticity Index, win = Initial water content
Õߧåª√–°Õ∫∑“߇§¡’
‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµåªÕ√åµ·≈π¥åª√–‡¿∑ 1
¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å ¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ
0.00010.0010.010.11100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
¢π“¥Õπÿ¿“§ (¡¡.)
Perc
ent f
iner
(%)
Soft Bangkok clayKaolinitic soil
Type I Portland cementBiomass ash
0. 075 ( #200) 0.002
√Ÿª∑’Ë 1 °“√°√–®“¬µ—«¢Õߥ‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å ¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
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3. «‘∏’°“√∑¥ Õ∫¥‘πµ—«Õ¬à“ßπ”¡“º ¡°—∫ªŸπ´’‡¡πµåªÕ√åµ·≈π¥åª√–‡¿∑
1 ∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå‡∑à“°—∫ 2.5 ∂÷ß 7.5 ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¥‘π·Àâß ∑’˪√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ‡∑à“°—∫ 1.0 ∂÷ß 2.0 ‡∑à“¢Õß§à“¥—™π’‡À≈«‡æ◊ËÕ®”≈Õߪ√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’Ë Ÿß‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√‡∑§π‘§°“√º ¡≈÷°¥‘π´’‡¡πµå∂Ÿ°π”¡“°«πª√–¡“≥ 10 π“∑’ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ à«πº ¡‡¢â“°—π ®“°π—Èπ∑”°“√‡µ√’¬¡¥‘π ”À√—∫∑¥ Õ∫ °”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬« (Unconfined Compression Test) „π·∫∫À≈àÕ∑√ß°√–∫Õ°¢π“¥‡ âπºà“π»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇∑à“°—∫ 5 ́ ¡.·≈–§«“¡ Ÿß‡∑à“°—∫ 10 ´¡. ∑—Èßπ’È∑”°“√§«∫§ÿ¡Àπ૬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õߥ‘π„π·µà≈–°âÕπ„Àâ‡∑à“°—π‚¥¬∑”°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑¥ Õ∫Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 3 °âÕπµ—«Õ¬à“ß ”À√—∫·µà≈–
à«πº ¡·≈–∑”°“√∫ࡵ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥„πÀâÕß∫à¡ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“7, 14, 28 ·≈– 60 «—π ”À√—∫°“√∑¥ Õ∫¥‘π´’‡¡πµåº ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈„À⺠¡¥‘πµ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πº ¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫¥‘π´’‡¡πµå§◊Õ∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥ à«πº ¡, wc/B ‡∑à“°—∫ 2.5∂÷ß 7.5 ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¥‘π·Àâß ‚¥¬∑”°“√·∑π∑’˪Ÿπ´’‡¡πµå¥â«¬‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’Ë√âÕ¬≈– 10 ∂÷ß 40 ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢ÕߪŸπ´’‡¡πµå „π·∫∫À≈àÕ¢π“¥‡∑à“°—π·≈–∫à¡∑’ˇ«≈“ 7, 14, 28·≈– 60 «—π ‡∑à“°—π ®“°π—Èπ∑”°“√∑¥ Õ∫°”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬« µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π ASTM D 2166-85 °”Àπ¥Õ—µ√“°“√°¥·∑àßµ—«Õ¬à“߇∑à“°—∫ 1 ¡¡./π“∑’ ´÷Ëß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß°“√∑¥ Õ∫· ¥ß¥—ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 2
Type A 1- 2 2.5 - 7.5 0 7, 14, 28, 60
Type B 1- 2 2.5 - 7.5 10, 20, 30, 40 7, 14, 28, 60
À¡“¬‡Àµÿ : Type A = ¥‘π ’́‡¡πµå (¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ)Type B = ¥‘π ’́‡¡πµåº ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ (¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ)
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 √“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥°“√∑¥ Õ∫
Type ofstabilization
ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ
wc /C À√◊Õwc /B
ª√‘¡“≥‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ (%)
√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡(«—π)
4. º≈∑¥ Õ∫√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 ∂÷ß 3 · ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߧ«“¡‡§âπ -
§«“¡‡§√’¬¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫°√ÿ߇∑æ·≈–¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑åº ¡´’‡¡πµå∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡ 7 ·≈– 28 «—π®–‡ÀÁπ«à“∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå (wc/C) ‡¥’¬«°—𧫓¡ —¡æ—π∏姫“¡‡§âπ - §«“¡‡§√’¬¥ ¡’≈—°…≥–‡À¡◊Õπ°—π·≈–§à“°”≈—ß Ÿß ÿ¥„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π·¡â«à“¥‘π®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π (LI = 1, 2) °Áµ“¡ · ¥ß«à“
„π™à«ßª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ¥—ß°≈à“«µ—«·ª√À≈—°∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ°”≈—ߢÕߥ‘π‰¡à¡’°“√∫«¡µ—«∂÷ß∫«¡µ—«µË”º ¡´’‡¡πµå§◊ÕÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕ´’‡¡πµå (wc/C) ‡æ’¬ßÕ¬à“߇¥’¬« ∂÷ß·¡â«à“®–¡’™à«ßª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ∑’Ë°«â“ß°Áµ“¡ ´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫ß“π»÷°…“„πÕ¥’µ [17-18] ·≈–æ∫«à“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 28 «—π®–„Àâ§à“°”≈—ß∑’Ë Ÿß°«à“∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 7 «—π ∑—Èßπ’ȇπ◊ËÕß¡“®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‰Œ‡¥√™—Ëπ·≈–ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ªÕ´‚´≈“π∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢÷Èπ
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0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
wc/C = 2.5
LI = 1
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
Axial Strain, %
LI = 2
wc/C = 7.5
LI = 1.5
0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
wc/C = 2.5
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
Axial Strain, %
°) 7 «—π ¢) 28 «—π
LI = 1
LI = 2
wc/C = 7.5
√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 §«“¡‡§âπ - §«“¡‡§√’¬¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 7 ·≈– 28 «—π
0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
wc/C = 2.5
LI = 1
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
Axial Strain, %
LI = 2
wc/C = 7.5
0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
wc/C = 2.5
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
Axial Strain, %
°) 7 «—π ¢) 28 «—π
LI = 1LI = 2
wc/C = 7.5
√Ÿª∑’Ë 3 §«“¡‡§âπ - §«“¡‡§√’¬¥¢Õߥ‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑åº ¡´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 7 ·≈– 28 «—π
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0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
14,00
1,600
1,800
LI = 1
LI = 2
wc/B = 2.5
wc/B = 7.5
Axial Strain, %
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,00
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
LI = 1
LI = 2
wc/B = 2.5
wc/B = 7.5
Axial Strain, %
°) ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ = 90:10 ¢) ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ = 70:30
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
) √Ÿª∑’Ë 4 §«“¡‡§âπ - §«“¡‡§√’¬¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 28 «—π
0 1 2 3 40
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
LI = 1
LI = 2
wc/B = 2.5
wc/B = 7.5
Axial Strain, %
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
0 1 2 3 40
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
LI = 1
LI = 2
wc/B = 2.5
wc/B = 7.5
Axial Strain, %
°) ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ = 90:10 ¢) ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ = 70:30
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
√Ÿª∑’Ë 5 §«“¡‡§âπ - §«“¡‡§√’¬¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 60 «—π
0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
Axial Strain, %
wc/B = 2.5
LI= 1LI= 2
wc/B = 7.5
0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
Axial Strain, %
°) ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ = 90:10 ¢) ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ = 70:30
wc/B = 2.5
wc/B = 7.5
LI = 1LI = 2
√Ÿª∑’Ë 6 §«“¡‡§âπ - §«“¡‡§√’¬¥¢Õߥ‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑åº ¡´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 28 «—π
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”À√—∫¥‘π‡À𒬫°√ÿ߇∑æ·≈–¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑åº ¡´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ߧ«“¡‡§âπ -§«“¡‡§√’¬¥¡’≈—°…≥–§≈⓬°—∫¥‘π´’‡¡πµå §◊Õ∑’Ë√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡„¥Ê ·¡â¥‘πµ—«Õ¬à“ß®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ‡√‘Ë¡µâπ∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π (LI = 1, 2) ·µà‡¡◊ËÕÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥ à«πº ¡, wc/B ‡∑à“°—π·≈â« ¥‘π´’‡¡πµåº ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈®–¡’§à“°”≈—ßÕ—¥ Ÿß ÿ¥„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π¥—ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 4∂÷ß 7 ·≈–æ∫«à“∑’Ë√–¬–‡«≈“ 60 «—π ¥‘π´’‡¡πµåº ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈„Àâ°”≈—ßÕ—¥ Ÿß∑’Ë ÿ¥·≈– Ÿß°«à“∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 28 «—π∑—Èßπ’ÈÕ“®‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ªÕ´‚´≈“π ·≈–®–‡ÀÁπ«à“¥‘π´’‡¡πµå‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’Ë¡’ wc/B ∑’˵˔°«à“®–„Àâ§à“°”≈—ß∑’Ë Ÿß°«à“ ¥—ßπ—Èπµ—«·ª√∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµåº ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈§◊ÕÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕ à«πº ¡·≈–√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡ πÕ°®“°µ—«·ª√Õ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥ à«πº ¡·≈–√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡®–
‡ªìπµ—«§«∫§ÿ¡°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµåº ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈·≈â«·≈–®“°ß“π«‘®—¬„πÕ¥’µ [19-20] æ∫«à“Õ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’˪Ÿπ´’‡¡πµå¥â«¬‡∂â“≈Õ¬°Á‡ªìπÕ’°Àπ÷Ëßªí®®—¬∑’˵âÕßæ‘®“√≥“
√Ÿª∑’Ë 8 ·≈– 9 · ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õß°”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬«·≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π´’‡¡πµåµàÕ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ ∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’Ë√âÕ¬≈– 10 ∂÷ß 40 ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢ÕߪŸπ´’‡¡πµåæ∫«à“∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕ à«πº ¡Àπ÷ËßÊ ∑’Ë√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡ 14-60 «—π Õ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’Ë√âÕ¬≈– 20¡’§à“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ Ÿß∑’Ë ÿ¥·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡∑’Ë®–≈¥≈ßµ“¡°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ ·≈–æ∫«à“‡∂â“™’«¡«≈®–‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑„π°“√‡æ‘Ë¡°”≈—ß¡“°¢÷Èπµ“¡Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ (14-60 «—π) ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡∑’Ë¡“°°«à“ 28 «—π · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ µ—«·ª√∑’Ë¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå‡∂â“™’«¡«≈§◊ÕÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡·≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π´’‡¡πµåµàÕ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
Axial Strain, %
LI =1
LI =2
wc/B = 2.5
wc/B = 7.5
0 1 2 30
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(kPa
)
Axial Strain, %
°) ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ = 90:10 ¢) ªŸπ ’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ = 70:30
wc/B = 2.5
LI = 1LI = 2
wc/B = 7.5
√Ÿª∑’Ë 7 §«“¡‡§âπ - §«“¡‡§√’¬¥¢Õߥ‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑åº ¡´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 60 «—π
-
«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552124
√Ÿª∑’Ë 8 °”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡ ’́‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
√Ÿª∑’Ë 9 °”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑åº ¡´’‡¡πµå·≈–·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
100:0 90:10 70: 30
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
´’‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
°) ∑’Ë wc/B = 2.5
14 «—π28 «—π
60 «—π
80 :20 60:40
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
100:0 90:10 70: 30
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
´’‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
¢) ∑’Ë wc/B = 5.0
14 «—π
28 «—π60 «—π
80 :20 60:40
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
100:0 90:10 70: 30
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
´’‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
§) ∑’Ë wc/B = 6.5
14 «—π28 «—π
60 «—π
80 :20 60:40
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
100:0 90:10 70: 30
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
¢) ∑’Ë wc/B = 4.44
80:20 60:40
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
100:0 90:10 70: 30
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
§) ∑’Ë wc/B = 7.5
80 :20 60:40
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
100: 0 90: 10 70: 30
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
’́‡¡πµå : ‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
°) ∑’Ë wc/B = 3.69
14 «—π
28 «—π
60 «—π
80: 20 60 :40
7 «—π
14 «—π
28 «—π
60 «—π
7 «—π
14 «—π28 «—π
60 «—π
7 «—π
-
«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552 125
5. °“√«‘‡§√“–Àåº≈∑¥ Õ∫¥â“π°”≈—ßÕ—¥Horpibulsuk ·≈–§≥– [21] ‰¥â𔇠πÕ ¡°“√∑”π“¬
°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå∑’˪√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ ª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå·≈–Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡„¥Ê ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬ ¡¡µ‘∞“πÕ—µ√“ à«ππÈ”„π¥‘πµàÕ´’‡¡πµå (Clay-water/cement ratio hypothesis) ÷́Ë߇ πÕ‚¥¬ Miura ·≈–§≥– [18] ¡¡µ‘∞“ππÈ”„π¥‘πµàÕ´’‡¡πµå°≈à“««à“ ç°”≈—ߢÕߥ‘π™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’˺ ¡°—∫´’‡¡πµå¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫µ—«·ª√‡æ’¬ßµ—«‡¥’¬«§◊ÕÕ—µ√“ à«π¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå (Clay-water/cementratio, wc/C)é √Ÿª∑’Ë 10 · ¥ß°“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π∫«¡µ—«µË” (¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ) æ∫«à“¥‘π´’‡¡πµå¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫Õ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕ´’‡¡πµå „𧫓¡ —¡æ—π∏套߰≈à“« “¡“√∂· ¥ß‰¥â„πøíß°å™—Ëπ°”≈—ß (Power function) ¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë 1
(1)
‡¡◊ËÕ qu §◊Õ°”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬«∑’Ë√–¬–∫ࡧà“Àπ÷Ëß (kPa) A·≈– B ‡ªìπ§à“§ß∑’Ë ´÷Ëß·ª√º—πµ“¡™π‘¥¢Õߥ‘π B ®–‡ªìπµ—«·ª√∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß wc/C µàÕ°”≈—ßÕ—¥§à“B ¬‘Ëß¡“° °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß®–¡’§à“¡“°µ“¡ ”À√—∫¥‘π™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëߺ ¡´’‡¡πµå A ¡’§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ“¡Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡ Õ—µ√“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß wc/C µàÕ°”≈—ßÕ—¥ ®–·ª√º—πÕ¬à“ß¡“°°—∫ª√–‡¿∑¢ÕߪŸπ´’‡¡πµå [21] ·µà‡π◊ËÕß®“°ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∑¥ Õ∫‡ªìπªŸπ´’‡¡πµåª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëߥ—ßπ—Èπ B ®÷ß¡’§à“„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π ”À√—∫¥‘π∑ÿ°™π‘¥
®“°√Ÿª∑’Ë 10 ®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ B ¡’§à“„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π·≈–®“°‡Àµÿº≈¢â“ßµâπ ß“π«‘®—¬π’È®÷ߪ√–¬ÿ°µå„™âæ“√“¡‘‡µÕ√å Bª√–¡“≥§ß∑’Ë·≈–¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1.40 ”À√—∫¥‘π∫«¡µ—«µË”·≈–∑’Ë√–¬–‡«≈“Àπ÷ËßÊ ¡’æ“√“¡‘‡µÕ√å A §ß∑’Ë ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’ȇÕß Õ—µ√“ à«π°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå∑’˪√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ‡∑à“°—∫ 1 ∂÷ß 2 ‡∑à“¢Õߥ—™π’‡À≈« ”À√—∫¥‘π∫«¡µ—«µË” “¡“√∂· ¥ß‰¥â¥—ß ¡°“√µàÕ‰ªπ’È
(2)
§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏套߰≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ “¡“√∂„™â∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå„π™à«ßª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ∑’ˉ¡à¡’º≈µàÕ°”≈—ß·≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå„¥Ê‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ∑√“∫°”≈—ßÕ—¥∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π°“√º ¡Àπ÷ËßÊ (wc/C =2.5 - 7.5) ∑’Ë™à«ß‡«≈“Àπ÷ËßÊ ´÷ËߢâÕ®”°—¥¢Õߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏套߰≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ§◊Õ‰¡à “¡“√∂ª√–¡“≥°”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬«¢Õß ¥‘π´’‡¡πµå∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡„¥Ê ‰¥â ´÷Ëß„π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘Õ“®¡’ ∂“π°“√≥å∑’Ë®”‡ªìπµâÕ߇æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡·µà¬—ߧ߉¥â°”≈—ßÕ—¥µ“¡µâÕß°“√ ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È®”‡ªìπµâÕß¡’°“√»÷°…“Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢ÕßÕ“¬ÿ∫ࡵàÕ°”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬« æ√âÕ¡∑—Èß √â“ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß°”≈—ßÕ—¥ ª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµåª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘π ·≈–Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡ · ¥ß‰¥â¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë 11°≈à“«§◊Õß“π«‘®—¬π’ȉ¥â√«∫√«¡ß“π«‘®—¬„πÕ¥’µ [22-23] ¡“√à«¡«‘‡§√“–Àå°—∫ß“π«‘®—¬π’Èæ∫«à“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå¢Õߥ‘π‰¡à∫«¡µ—«∂÷ß∫«¡µ—«µË”¡’§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ“¡√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡·≈–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凙‘߇ âπµ√ß∫π ‡°≈≈ÁÕ°°“≈÷∑÷¡¢Õ߇«≈“·≈–¡’·π«§«“¡≈“¥™—π¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ßÕ¬Ÿà„π·π«§«“¡≈“¥™—π∑’Ë„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π ∑—Èßπ’ÈÕ“®‡π◊ËÕß®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°‡¥’¬«°—π „π∑’Ëπ’ȧ◊ÕÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õߪؑ°‘√‘¬“‰Œ‡¥√™—Ëπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ§à“Õ—µ√“°“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ߢÕߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå°—∫√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡®÷ߧ«√®–¡’§à“§ß∑’Ë ”À√—∫ªŸπ´’‡¡πµåª√–‡¿∑‡¥’¬«°—π¢Õߥ‘π∑ÿ°™π‘¥ ß“π«‘®—¬π’ȇ≈◊Õ°„™â√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡∑’Ë 28 «—π‡ªìπ«—πÕâ“ßÕ‘ß·≈–‰¥â§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢ÕßÕ—µ√“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë√–¬–‡«≈“„¥Ê µàÕ√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡∑’Ë 28 «—π ∫π‡ â𧫓¡ —¡æ—π∏å‡Õ°¿“æ°—∫‡«≈“ (q
D/q
28) ‰¥â¥—ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 11 ¥â«¬§à“ Relative
Correlation ෈ҡѺ 0.9041
1.401.40
1
Aq
(wc / C)
1(w
c / C)
1.40
2(w
c / C)
(wc / C)
2
Aq(w
c / C)
2
(wc / C)
1
= =
u B
c
Aq =
wC
-
«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552126
æ‘®“√≥“®“° ¡°“√∑’Ë (2) ·≈–§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢ÕßÕ—µ√“°“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ß°—∫‡«≈“∫π‡ â𧫓¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑—Ë«‰ª√–À«à“ß°”≈—ß √–¬–‡«≈“°“√∫à¡„π™à«ß∑’Ë wc/C ¡’§à“√–À«à“ß2.5 ∂÷ß 7.5 ‰¥â¥—ß ¡°“√µàÕ‰ªπ’È
(3)
‡¡◊ËÕ §◊Õ°”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬«¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå∑’˵âÕß°“√∑√“∫ ∑’Ë wc/C À≈—ß®“°Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡ D «—π §◊Õ°”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬«¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë∑√“∫§à“ ∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡ 28«—π
1.40
(0.2132 + 0.2394ln D)q
(wc / C)
D(w
c / C)
28
q(w
c / C)
28
(wc / C)
D
=
√Ÿª∑’Ë 11 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß°”≈—ß·°π‡¥’¬«·≈–Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå·≈–Õ—µ√“°“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ߢÕߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå°—∫Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
qu(7 days) = 3456.6/wc/C)1.44/r/ = 0.9536qu(14 days) = 3888.3/wc/C)1.40/r/ = 0.9739qu(28 days) = 4627.4/wc/C)1.41/r/ = 0.9472qu(60 days) = 5198.3/wc/C)1.37 /r/ = 0.9461
Low swelling clay (LI = 1-2)
wc/C
°”≈—ß
Õ—¥ (k
Pa)
√Ÿª∑’Ë 10 °“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫∫«¡µ—«µË”(¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫°√ÿ߇∑æ)
º ¡´’‡¡πµå°—∫Õ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ „π¥‘πµàÕ´’‡¡πµå∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫ࡵà“ßÊ
,
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
Curing time (days)
Unco
nfined
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
, qu (
kPa)
wc = 42.5%, C = 17%wc = 51.6%, C = 20.64%
wc = 51.6%, C = 6.88%wc = 42.5%, C = 8.5%wc = 42.5%, C = 5.67%
wc = 50.89%, C = 14.54%
Kaolinitic clay ; Present work(LI=1-2)
wc = 58.68%, C = 13.04%
wc = 58.68%, C = 13.04%wc = 50.89%, C = 7.83%
q u a
t D/q
u at
28
days
0
400
800
wc = 103.5%, C = 15%
wc = 103.5%, C = 20%
Bangkok Clay by Uddin, 1994
0
400
800
1,200
1,600wc = 103%, C = 41.2%wc = 103%, C = 67.12%wc = 103%, C = 20.6%wc = 167.8%, C = 33.56%wc = 103%, C = 13.73%wc = 167.8%, C = 22.37%wc = 92.15%, C = 24.97%wc = 110.94%, C = 24.98%wc = 92.15%, C = 19.99%wc = 110.94%, C = 20.17%
Bangkok soft clay ; Present work
0
400
800
1,200
1,600 wc = 99.7%, C = 20.10%wc = 99.7%, C = 23.45%wc = 99.7%, C = 26.81%wc = 99.7%, C = 30.16%
wc = 99.7%, C = 33.51% Expressway No.9 (Bangkok - Chon)at 4 m. depth by Ten Consultants Co., Ltd.
100 101 1020
0.5
1
1.5qu at D/qu at 28 days = 0.2132 + 0.2394 ln Dr = 0.9041
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«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552 127
¥—ßπ—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕµ√«® Õ∫§«“¡·¡àπ¬”¢Õß ¡°“√∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥¥‘π´’‡¡πµå Õ“»—¬ ¡°“√∑’Ë (3) ‚¥¬¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß«‘»«°√√¡¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 ‡≈◊Õ°º≈∑¥ Õ∫¢Õß°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë wc/C Àπ÷ËßÊ ∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡ 28 «—π‡ªìπ§à“Õâ“ßՑߥ—ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 ·≈– 5 ®“°π—Èπ “¡“√∂§”π«≥À“°”≈—ßÕ—¥∑’Ë«—π„¥Ê ·≈–∑’Ë wc/C „¥Ê ∑’˵âÕß°“√‰¥â´÷Ëß· ¥ßº≈°“√∑”π“¬¢Õß°”≈—ßÕ—¥∑’ˉ¥â®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å„π ¡°“√∑’Ë(3) °—∫º≈°“√∑¥ Õ∫®√‘ߥ—ß· ¥ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 ”À√—∫
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘∑“ß«‘»«°√√¡¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫°√ÿ߇∑æ·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫≠’˪ÿÉπ
Location Sandcontent (%)
wn (%) LL (%) PL (%)Humuscontent
(%)pH Remark
Bangkok - 120 80 - 91.5 25 - 29.6 - - [24]
Chiba 44 61.0 55.8 24.0 0.34 6.6 [25]
Tokyo 1 99.6 90.5 35.2 0.39 1 [25]
Osaka 5 113.0 95.0 29.9 0.37 7.5 [25]
Hiroshima 3 136.3 121.0 36.1 0.54 7.3 [25]
Kangawa 16 109.7 91.0 31.5 0.71 6.7 [25]
Aichi 5 99.3 83.4 23.4 0.60 7.4 [25]
ß“πÕÕ°·∫∫ à«πº ¡¢Õß°“√°àÕ √â“߇ “‡¢Á¡¥‘π´’‡¡πµå∫√‘‡«≥‚§√ß°“√°àÕ √â“ß∑“ßÀ≈«ß摇»…À¡“¬‡≈¢ 9 µÕπ«ß·À«π√Õ∫πÕ°µ–«—πÕÕ° (µÕπ3) Õ”‡¿Õ∫“ßæ≈’ - Õ”‡¿Õ∏—≠∫ÿ√’ [24] ·≈–µ“√“ß∑’Ë 5 ”À√—∫¥‘π‡À𒬫¢Õߪ√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ‚¥¬ Kawasaki, ·≈–§≥– [25] ®–æ∫«à“§à“§«“¡§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ¢Õß Mean Absolute PercentError ‡∑à“°—∫√âÕ¬≈– 12.45 ·≈– 13.98 µ“¡≈”¥—∫´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà„π‡°≥±å∑’ˬա√—∫‰¥â„π∑“ß«‘»«°√√¡
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 °“√∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡´’‡¡πµå
D(days)
C%
wc%
wc/Cqul
kPa[24]qupkPa
%7 24.12 122.62 5.08 631 648 2.64
14 24.12 122.62 5.08 758 806 6.32
28 24.12 122.62 5.08 1,053 964 8.44
7 25.50 124.00 4.86 703 689 1.97
14 25.50 124.00 4.86 874 858 1.88
28 25.50 124.00 4.86 1,121 1,026 8.48
7 27.57 126.06 4.57 793 751 5.29
14 27.57 126.06 4.57 920 935 1.59
28 27.57 126.06 4.57 1,175 1,118 4.84
7 22.03 108.33 4.92 565 678 20.07
14 22.03 108.33 4.92 722 844 16.92
28 22.03 108.33 4.92 999 Ref. 1.09
7 23.29 109.59 4.71 634 721 13.80
14 23.29 109.59 4.71 773 898 16.14
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«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552128
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 (µàÕ) °“√∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡´’‡¡πµå
D(days)
C%
wc%
wc/Cqul
kPa[24]qupkPa
%28 23.29 109.59 4.71 1119 1074 4.01
7 25.18 111.48 4.43 668 786 17.62
14 25.18 111.48 4.43 918 978 6.50
28 25.18 111.48 4.43 1,236 1,170 5.37
7 18.80 89.60 4.77 552 709 28.39
14 18.80 89.60 4.77 658 882 34.03
28 18.80 89.60 4.77 807 1,055 30.75
7 19.87 90.67 4.56 638 753 18.09
14 19.87 90.67 4.56 775 937 20.97
28 19.87 90.67 4.56 940 1,122 19.32
7 21.48 92.28 4.30 705 820 16.29
14 21.48 92.28 4.30 900 1,020 13.35
28 21.48 92.28 4.30 1,090 1,220 11.97
Mean Absolute Percent Error, MAPE 12.45 %
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 5 °“√∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫≠’˪ÿÉπº ¡´’‡¡πµå
D(days)
C%
wc%
wc/Cqul
kPa[25]qupkPa
%Aichi clay LL = 90.5%, PL = 35.2%
7 20.0 99.3 5.0 925 831 10.16
28 20.0 99.3 5.0 1889 1237 34.50
60 20.0 99.3 5.0 2506 1460 41.72
7 30.0 99.3 3.3 1079 1466 35.87
28 30.0 99.3 3.3 2159 Ref. 1.09
60 30.0 99.3 3.3 2872 2577 10.29
Tokyo LL = 90.5%, PL = 35.2%
7 10.0 61.0 6.1 1473 1078 26.82
28 10.0 61.0 6.1 2063 1605 22.22
60 10.0 61.0 6.1 2400 1894 21.07
7 20.0 61.0 3.1 2042 2845 39.30
28 20.0 61.0 3.1 4189 Ref. 1.09
60 20.0 61.0 3.1 5157 4999 3.06
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«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552 129
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 5 (µàÕ) °“√∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫≠’˪ÿÉπº ¡´’‡¡πµå
D(days)
C%
wc%
wc/Cqul
kPa[25]qupkPa
%Chiba clay LL = 55.8%, PL = 24%
7 20.0 56.7 2.8 810 1001 23.67
28 20.0 56.7 2.8 1465 1491 1.80
60 20.0 56.7 2.8 1754 1760 0.37
7 10.0 56.7 5.7 347 380 9.39
28 10.0 56.7 5.7 559 Ref. 1.09
60 10.0 56.7 5.7 771 667 13.48
Osaka clay LL = 95%, PL = 29.9%
7 20 113.5 5.68 901 760 15.58
28 20 113.5 5.68 1707 1132 33.66
60 20 113.5 5.68 2052 1337 34.86
7 30 113.5 3.78 1036 1342 29.52
28 30 113.5 3.78 1976 Ref. 1.09
60 30 113.5 3.78 2513 2358 6.16
Hiroshima clay LL = 121%, PL = 36.1%
7 20 136.3 6.82 1745 1521 12.82
28 20 136.3 6.82 2436 2265 7.03
60 20 136.3 6.82 2877 2673 7.08
7 30 136.3 4.54 2589 2684 3.65
28 30 136.3 4.54 3952 Ref. 1.09
60 30 136.3 4.54 4508 4716 4.62
Kanagawa clay LL = 91%, PL = 31.5%
7 20 109.7 5.49 2384 1943 18.51
28 20 109.7 5.49 3120 2892 7.30
60 20 109.7 5.49 3560 3414 4.10
7 30 109.7 3.66 3623 3427 5.41
28 30 109.7 3.66 5047 Ref. 1.09
60 30 109.7 3.66 5340 6023 12.79
Mean Absolute Percent Error, MAPE 13.98 %
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«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552130
Rachan, R. ·≈–§≥– [19] ‰¥â∑”°“√æ‘®“√≥“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå°—∫ à«π°≈—∫¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå, C/wc ∑’Ë√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡Àπ÷ËßÊ æ∫«à“¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏凪ìπ‡ âπµ√ߥ—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë (4)
(4)
‡¡◊ËÕ qu §◊Õ°”≈—ßÕ—¥·°π‡¥’¬«∑’Ë√–¬–∫ࡧà“Àπ÷Ëß (kPa) A·≈– A §◊Õ§à“§ß∑’Ë´÷Ëߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫™π‘¥¢Õߥ‘π ·≈– C/wc §◊Õcement/clay-water ratio ÷́Ëߧ◊Õª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°·ÀâßµàÕª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘π
„π°√≥’¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫º ¡ ’́‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ß“π»÷°…“«‘®—¬‰¥âª√–¬ÿ°µå°√Õ∫§«“¡§‘¥¢â“ßµâπ·≈–À≈—°°“√¢Õß°“√„™âµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π[19] ¡“™à«¬„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ‚¥¬ß“π«‘®—¬‰¥â°”Àπ¥ª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“§◊Õ Ce ‡¡◊ËÕª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“π’È¡’§à“¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë (5)
(5)
‡¡◊Ë Õ Ce §◊Õª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“ k §◊Õµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈– F §◊Õª√‘¡“≥‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ (%) ¥—ßπ—Èπª√‘¡“≥ à«πº ¡√–À«à“ß´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ (Bindercontent) ®÷߇°‘¥®“°º≈√«¡¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë„ à„π°“√º ¡, Ci ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√„ à‡∂â“™’«¡«≈‡¢â“‰ª·∑π∑’Ë, Ce §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå„π ¡°“√∑’Ë (4) ®÷ß∂Ÿ°ª√–¬ÿ°µå ”À√—∫°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµåº ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈‰¥â¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë(6)
(6.1)
(6.2)
‡¡◊ËÕ A ·≈– A2 §◊Õ§à“§ß∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√∑” multi linearregression ·≈–µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫
„π°√≥’∑’褈ҵ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1 À¡“¬∂÷ߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂¢Õß«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’Ëπ’È¡’§à“‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“§«“¡ “¡“√∂¢ÕߪŸπ´’‡¡πµå 100‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå √Ÿª∑’Ë 12 · ¥ßº≈¢Õß§à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õߥ‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ æ∫«à“∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡¡“°°«à“ 28 ¢Õ߇∂â“™’«¡«≈π’È∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’Ë√âÕ¬≈– 20 ®–„Àâ§à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k Ÿß∑’Ë ÿ¥·≈–æ∫«à“∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’ËÀπ÷ËßÊ §à“µ—«·ª√ k ®–¡’§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„𧫓¡ —¡æ—π∏凙‘߇ âπµ√ß°—∫√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡„π ‡°≈≈ÁÕ°°“≈‘∑÷¡‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π∑—Èß„π¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ·≈–¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å·≈–æ∫«à“·π«§«“¡≈“¥™—π¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k °—∫‡«≈“π—Èπ®–¡’·π«§«“¡≈“¥™—π∑’Ë „°≈â ‡§’¬ß°—π∑—È ßπ’ÈÕ“®‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°‡¥’¬«°—π·µà„π°√≥’¢Õߥ‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’Ë√âÕ¬≈– 20 ¡’·π«§«“¡≈“¥™—π·µ°µà“ß®“°º≈∑¥ Õ∫ à«πÕ◊ËπÊ Õ“®‡ªìπ‡æ√“–§«“¡§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ¢Õß°“√∑¥ Õ∫∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡ 7 «—π ·µà∑—Èßπ’ÈÕ—µ√“°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ∑’Ë«—π„¥Ê ‡∑’¬∫µàÕ§à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ∑’Ë«—πÀπ÷ËßÊ §«√¡’§à“§ß∑’Ë ”À√—∫‡∂â“™π‘¥‡¥’¬«°—π¢Õߥ‘π∑ÿ°™π‘¥‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°‡¥’¬«°—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ∑”°“√ Normalized k-factor °—∫‡«≈“‚¥¬„™â√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡∑’Ë 28 «—π‡ªìπµ—«Õâ“ßÕ‘ß ‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“Õ—µ√“°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ¢Õ߇∂â“™’«¡«≈π’È„π¥‘π‰¡à∫«¡µ—«∂÷ß∫«¡µ—«µË” (¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å·≈–¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ µ“¡≈”¥—∫) ¥—ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 13 ·≈–‰¥â§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë (7) ¥â«¬§à“ Relative Corre-lation ‡∑à“°—∫ 0.9453
(7)
‡¡◊ËÕ kD §◊Õµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑’Ë√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡À≈—ß®“° D
«—π, k28
§◊Õµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ∑’Ë√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡À≈—ß®“° 28«—π ·≈– D §◊Õ√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡ («—π)
“¡“√∂ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â ¡°“√∑’Ë (7) ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‡¡‘π§à“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õ߇∂â“™’«¡«≈π’È∑’ˇ«≈“„¥Ê (7 - 60 «—π) ·≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’ËÀπ÷ËßÊ (10 - 40%) ‰¥â·≈– “¡“√∂∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå‡∂â“™’«¡«≈‰¥â‚¥¬ª√–¬ÿ°µå®“° ¡°“√∑’Ë (3) ‰¥â¥—ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑’Ë𔇠πÕ¥—ß ¡°“√
Ci + k.Fqu = A + E
wc
c
Cqu = A + E
w
Ce = k.F
A2A
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«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552 131
µàÕ‰ªπ’È
(8)
‡¡◊ËÕ q(wc/c*),D
§◊Õ°”≈—ߢÕߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’Ë∑”𓬉¥â∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥ à«πº ¡(wc/C
*) ∑’Ë«—π D «—π ·≈– q(wc/c*),28
§◊Õ°”≈—ߢÕߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ„π¥‘πµàÕ
ª√‘¡“≥ à«πº ¡ (wc/C*) ∑’Ë√–¬–∫à¡∑’Ë 28 «—π´÷Ë߇ªìπ«—πÕâ“ßÕ‘ß·≈– C* §◊Õª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“ ´÷Ëß¡’§à“¥—ß ¡°“√µàÕ‰ªπ’È
C* = Ci + kF (9)
‡¡◊ËÕ k §◊Õµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ´÷Ëß®–¡’§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ“¡Õ“¬ÿ∫à¡ C
i §◊Õª√‘¡“≥´’‡¡πµå∑’Ë„ à„π°“√º ¡ (%) ·≈– F §◊Õ
ª√‘¡“≥‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ (%)
100 101 1020
1
2
3
k-fa
ctor
√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡ («—π)
100 101 1020
1
2
3
4
5
6
k-fa
ctor
√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡ («—π)
k(90:10) = -0.862 + 0.5884 ln Dr = 0.9814
k(80:20) = -0.439 + 0.611 ln Dr = 0.9856
k(70:30) = -0.505 + 0.560 ln Dr = 0.9947
k(60:40) = -0.746 + 0.528 ln Dr = 0.9725
k(90:10) = 0.697 + 0.890 ln Dr = 0.9901
k(80:20) = -2.93 + 1.967 ln Dr = 0.9847
k(70:30) = -0.879 + 0.6440 ln Dr = 0.9799
k(60:40) = -0.348 + 0.4860 ln Dr = 0.9981
√Ÿª∑’Ë 12 µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ¢Õ߇∂â“™’«¡«≈°—∫‡«≈“¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ·≈–¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å
∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’˵à“ßÊ
°) ¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ ¢) ¥‘𧓂Õ≈‘‰π∑å
√Ÿª∑’Ë 13 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßÕ—µ√“°“√æ—≤π“ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õ߇∂â“™’«¡«≈°—∫‡«≈“¢Õߥ‘π∫«¡µ—«µË”
·≈–°“√ Normalization
100 101 1020
0.5
1
1.5
k D/k
28 ¥‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æ¥‘π§“‚Õ≈‘‰π∑å
√–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡ («—π)
kD/k28(low swelling soil = 0.4284 ln D- 0.455r = 0.9453
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∑”°“√µ√«® Õ∫«‘∏’·≈–·π«∑“ß∑’Ë𔇠πÕ„π°“√À“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå‡∂â“™’«¡«≈´÷ËßÕ“»—¬ ¡°“√∑’Ë (8) ·≈–À≈—°°“√À“§à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ (k) ¢Õ߇∂â“™’«¡«≈π’È‚¥¬ß“π«‘®—¬π’ȉ¥âπ”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°°“√∑¥ Õ∫À“°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡ ’́‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡28 «—𠇪ìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ◊Èπ∞“π¥—ß· ¥ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 6 ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥§«“¡™◊Èπ ª√‘¡“≥ªŸπ´’‡¡πµå ª√‘¡“≥‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ ·≈–°”≈—ßÕ—¥∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ∑’Ë·µà≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’Ë¢Õ߇∂â“™’«¡«≈ “¡“√∂𔉪À“§à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æk ¢Õß·µà≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’Ë´÷ËßÕ“»—¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å„π ¡°“√∑’Ë (6.2) ‚¥¬À≈—°°“√«‘‡§√“–À凙‘߇ âπ·∫∫∂¥∂Õ¬À≈“¬µ—«·ª√ (Multi - linear regression analysis) ‰¥â§à“¥—ß„πµ“√“ß∑’Ë 6 ”À√—∫¥‘π´’‡¡πµå (F = 0) ®–¡’§à“µ—«
·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ‡∑à“°—∫ 1 ‡æ√“–‡ªì𧫓¡ “¡“√∂‡µÁ¡∑’Ë100 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå¢ÕߪŸπ´’‡¡πµå ®“°π—ÈπÕ“»—¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å„π ¡°“√∑’Ë (7) ®–‰¥â§à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ∑’Ë«—π„¥Ê¢Õß·µà≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’ËÀπ÷ËßÊ ß“π«‘®—¬π’È°”Àπ¥°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå (C:F = 100:0) ∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡ 28 «—π·≈–∑’Ë wc/C* ‡∑à“°—∫ 3.69 ‡ªìπ°”≈—ßÕ—¥Õâ“ßÕ‘ß (q(wc/c*),28)‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√§”π«≥À“°”≈—ßÕ—¥∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√∑”𓬂¥¬Õ“»—¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å„π ¡°“√∑’Ë (8) ·≈– (9) · ¥ßº≈¢Õß°”≈—ß∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√∑¥ Õ∫‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫º≈∑’ˉ¥â®“°°“√∑”𓬥—ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 14 æ∫«à“§à“§«“¡§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà„π‡°≥±å∑’ˬա√—∫‰¥â¥â«¬§à“ Relative Correlation‡∑à“°—∫ 0.9061
100:0 28 92.15 25.00 0 1.00 3.69 867A
28 110.94 25.00 0 1.00 4.44 734
90:10 28 92.15 22.50 2.50 1.13 3.64 934
28 110.94 22.50 2.50 1.13 4.38 684
80:20 28 92.15 20.00 5.00 1.55 3.32 1010
28 110.94 20.00 5.00 1.55 4.00 786
70:30 28 92.15 17.50 7.50 1.06 3.62 926
28 110.94 17.50 7.50 1.06 4.36 704
60:40 28 92.15 15.00 10.00 0.67 4.25 769
28 110.94 15.00 10.00 0.67 5.11 587
À¡“¬‡Àµÿ 1. C:F = ª√‘¡“≥ ’́‡¡πµå:ª√‘¡“≥‡∂â“™’«¡«≈ „πÀπ૬‡ªÕ√å‡ Á́πµå
2. A = §à“°”≈—ßÕ—¥∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡ 28 «—π ÷́Ë߇ªìπ§à“Õâ“ßÕ‘ß ( q(wc/c*),28 )
3. §à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k À“®“° multi-linear regression analysis
µ“√“ß∑’Ë 6 °”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡ 28 «—π
(LL = 92.15% and PL = 42.5%)
C:FTime,days
wc%
Ci%
F% k-factor wc/C
* qulkPa
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«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552 133
6. √ÿªº≈°“√»÷°…“ß“π«‘®—¬π’È°≈à“«∂÷ßµ—«·ª√§«∫§ÿ¡°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµå
º ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈·≈–𔇠πÕ§à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π∑’Ë„™â„π°“√·∑π∑’˪Ÿπ´’‡¡πµåªÕ√åµ·≈π¥å ”À√—∫¥‘π∑’ˉ¡à¡’°“√∫«¡µ—«∂÷ß∫«¡µ—«µË” ª√–‡¥Á𠔧—≠¢Õß°“√«‘®—¬π’È “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥â¥—ßπ’ȧ◊Õ
1. ªí®®—¬§«∫§ÿ¡°”≈—ßÕ—¥¢Õߥ‘π´’‡¡πµåº ¡‡∂â“™’«¡«≈§◊Õ Õ—µ√“ à«πª√‘¡“≥πÈ”„π¥‘πµàÕª√‘¡“≥ à«πº ¡ √–¬–‡«≈“∫à¡·≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’˪Ÿπ´’‡¡πµå¥â«¬‡∂â“™’«¡«≈
2. µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k ®–¡’§à“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ“¡√–¬–‡«≈“·≈–¡’§à“¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫Õ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’Ë‚¥¬‰¡à¢÷Èπ°—∫ª√‘¡“≥ à«πº ¡‡æ√“–∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫à¡Àπ÷ËߢÕßÕ—µ√“ à«π°“√·∑π∑’ËÀπ÷ËßÊ ‡¡◊ËÕ∑”°“√º ¡«— ¥ÿº ¡∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πº ¡µà“ßÊ ®–„Àâ§à“µ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ‡æ’¬ß§à“‡¥’¬« ”À√—∫«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“π™π‘¥Àπ÷ËßÊ ´÷ËßÀ≈—°°“√„™âµ—«·ª√ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ k “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â‰¥â°—∫«— ¥ÿªÕ´‚´≈“πÕ◊ËπÊ
7. °‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“»ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¢Õ¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘
(«™.) ª√–®”ªïß∫ª√–¡“≥·ºàπ¥‘πªï 2552 ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß Ÿß ”À√—∫°“√ π—∫ πÿπ∑ÿπ«‘®—¬π’È
8. ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß1. < UR L : h t t p : / / m a emo h . e g a t . c om /
index.php?content=sara&topic=2>2. Ferguson, G. 1993, çUse of self-comment-
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√Ÿª∑’Ë 14 °“√∑”𓬰”≈—ßÕ—¥·≈–°”≈—ßÕ—¥„πÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫ÕàÕπ°√ÿ߇∑æº ¡´’‡¡πµå·≈–‡∂â“™’«¡«≈∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ∫ࡵà“ßÊ
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,5000
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
∫à¡ 7 «—π
qu
(pre
dic
tio
n) (
kP
a)
qu(test) (kPa)
∫à¡ 14 «—π
∫à¡ 60 «—π∫à¡ 28 «—π
qup = 1.04 qutest /r/ = 0.9061
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«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552134
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20. ÿ¢ —πµ‘Ï ÀÕæ‘∫Ÿ≈ ÿ¢ √ÿâß≈“«—≈¬å √“™—π »‘«ƒ∑∏‘ÏÀ‘√—≠‡√◊Õß ·≈–∏’√«—≤πå ‘π»‘√‘, 2549, 炧√ß √â“ß®ÿ≈¿“§¢Õߥ‘π‡À𒬫´’‡¡πµå‡∂â“≈Õ¬é, —¡¡π“«‘»«°√√¡‚¬∏“·Ààß™“µ‘ §√—Èß∑’Ë 11.
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«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ¡®∏. ªï∑’Ë 32 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 1 ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ 2552 135
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