A

. , ...

, 2012

1

.

.

.

, ,

1981 2001. ,

.

. 2002 ( 2012)

.

2002, 2012

.

2

1 3 1.1 () 3 1.2 33

2 A 81 2.1 () 81 2.2 85

3 99

3

1 A

1.1 ()

A 1.1.1

. ,

.

( ) . .

125 m3/h, : ) h 60% ( ). ) h . ) KW 0,60. ) , , h ; h.

h

5 m ()

h

100 m 100 m

2 m

20 m

B(A)

: , , . 100 mm. d=50 mm. :

h=h=1,28 m 100 m3/h. .

: =1000 Kp/m3, =20 C, g=9,81 m/sec2.

4

1.1.2

,

20oC (1) (2) .

,

30 mm/60 mm. E : dH/dQ=-1/3 (H m Q m3/h) :

=120 m, Q=290 m3/h, : ) KW =0,75. ) .

2,0 mr=2D

4 m3 m

(1)

(A)

B20 m 100 m

E

60 m 70 m

: . D=100 mm. E. d=60 mm. 100 mm/200 mm 0,80. 0,50 m. . .

1.1.3

(,Q) ,,.

: ) . ) 20% .

.

) , 20% ( ) ( ), '2,3

5

. 3' 3.

( ). .

12=510-4 23=3010-4 24=5010-4 h=Q2 ( h m Q m3/h)

9 m13 m

3'

3

23'

()

()

2

424

(1)

12

()

23

(H,Q) ,

Q (m3/h) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

HA (m) 9,50 9,45 9,40 9,30 9,05 8,80 8,40 8,00 7,55 7,0

(m) 8,00 7,80 7,60 7,30 6,90 6,40 5,85 5,20

(m) 15,0 15,0 14,6 14,0 13,1 11,8 10,4

1.1.4

(1) (2) 10 m. , , (3), 50 m (1).

: ) (,Q, ). ) , ,

6

:

hfA=QA2/100 (hfA m QA m3/h).

: (,Q,) :

Q (m3/h) 0 100 160 220 260 290 310

H (m) 97,5 95,0 87,5 70,0 50,0 30,0 10,0

(%) 0 70 75 70 60 40 15

: 1=2=510-4 3=1,2510-4 hf=Q2 hf m Q m3/h.

10 m

50 m(A)

(B)

1

2

3

(1)

(3)

E

1.1.5

n=2000 RPM 40 m.

()

h=40 m

Z: ) , . ,Q, KW. ) n1 , .

: :

hf= Q2 =0,002 hf m Q m3/h. T : =1000 Kp/m3. (,Q,) n=2000 RPM 1% 100 RPM .

7

Q (m3/h) 40 60 75 90 110 H (m) 79,5 74,5 70,0 65,0 55,5 (%) 59 66 67,5 64,5 52

1.1.6

1 2, (). . D=500 mm, 0,001, 20 m 100 m.

, ,

: hf2=2Q2, : hf1=1Q2, 2=15 1=0,5 hf m Q m3/sec. .

(,Q,) n=485 RPM

Q (m3/sec) 0 0,4 0,7 1,0 1,3

H (m) 34,0 30,2 25,5 18,0 7,7

(-) 0 0,60 0,85 0,80 0,50

10 m

(1) (2)

h()

B

Z

: ) (,Q, ) n=485 RPM. ) 2 1 0,2 m3/sec : 1 2 2, 1 2. ) 1 2

8

.

2.

1.1.7 ( 16.9.1982)

,

, .

: ) 1. 1 +4,0 m. E

+4,0 m +0,25 m.

; ; . ) 1 2. 2 , 1 2

e1=7 10-6 2=1,2 10-5 1=6 10-6 2=1 10-5 =2,3 10-4 =8 10-5

hf= Q2 hf m Q m3/h

5m

5 m

(2)

(1) e1

e2

a1

a2

1 -

e1,2

a1,2

z=0,5 m

zmax

=4 m ""

""

1

0,25 m, 1 . 2, .

: : =20 oC, =10 m. ,

9

hf=Q2, hf m Q m3/h. .

(,Q,%) 1 n=1210 RPM :

Q (m3/h) 0 200 300 350 400 600 785

H (m) 56,5 53,7 51,0 49,0 46,0 36,5 0,0

(%) 0,0 66,0 76,0 78,0 76,0 28,0 0,0

A 1.1.8 ( 12.9 1983)

: 20oC , n=3000 RPM , , +15 m, .

: ) Q1 Q2 ( 3 ). ) (Q1+Q2) 30%. :

1) 1 2, . .

; 2) .

; 3) by-pass

, 3,

.

1, 2 3

.

: =1000 Kp/m3, =10 m. hf=Q2, hf m Q m3/h, . .

10

1=1,110-2 2=3,410-3 e=5,010-4 a=15,010-4

z=5 m

=20 C

B1

B3

B2

e

a

3by-pass

Q1

Q2z=15 m

=45 C

2

1

E

(H,Q,) n=3000 RPM:

Q (m3/h) 0 20 40 50 60 80 100

H (m) 31,0 29,0 25,7 23,5 20,8 13,5 0,0

(%) 0,0 48,5 75,5 81,0 76,5 47,0 0,0

1.1.9 ( 13.1.1984)

20oC 1 n=3000 RPM . , ,

. .

e=7,010-4 a=0,5010-4 A=55,610-4 B=27,810-4

()

()

ae

(2) (1)

z=2,5 m

zA=10 m

zB=15 m

z=0,75 m

: ) .

) .

11

) 1 2, 1 1, . 2

. 2 1. 1 2 .

: =10 m : (hf= Q2, hf m Q m3/h) .

(,Q,) 1 n=3000 RPM: Q (m3/h) 0 40 80 110 120 160 210

H (m) 32,5 31,8 28,8 25,0 23,7 16,0 0,0

(%) 0,0 48,5 75,5 81,0 76,5 47,0 0,0

1.1.10 ( 14.6.1984)

,

.

zmin=-5 m, , zmax=-2 m . .

1=810-6 2=22,610-6 (

) z=0

e aA1

z

2

z=15 m

z

B

: ) zA , (

12

;) ( ) ) (. ) 30% . ; ) ,

.

:

.

:

=12C 20C. =10 m. : hf= Q2, hf m Q m3/h, .

(,Q,) : n=1450 RPM, :

Q (m3/h) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

H (m) 50,0 47,5 43,2 38,0 30,5 18,3 0,0

(%) 0,0 43,0 68,0 78,0 67,0 43,0 0,0

1.1.11 ( 27.8.1985)

6 . ) A 100 m3/h 119 m3/h. A n=1500 RPM .

) 30% ,

.

1) , .

, ,

.

13

2) , .

,

.

e=110-4 a=910-4 B=2,04110-3

z=5 m

e a

(B)

(A)

zA=100 m

zB=150 m

z=0 m

E

: =10 m, =20 C. : hf= Q2, hf m Q m3/h. (,Q,) n=1500 RPM

Q (m3/h) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

H (m) 343 335 320 300 278 221 172

(%) 0 40 60 70 77 72 63

1.1.12 ( 13.6.1987)

1 2 : D1/D2=2. (,Q,) 1 n=1450 RPM :

Q (m3/h) 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

H (m) 50,0 46,5 42,5 37,0 29,5 18,5 0,0

(%) 0 63,5 75,5 80,0 70,0 49,0 0,0

: ) 1 , KW LA1 1 () .

14

) 2 , 1, 2 . ) 2 n2=2500 RPM 1 2 .

AK=2,06510-5 BK=5,010-5 K=0,5010-5

LA1

(1)

(2)

(B)

(A)

zA=15 m

zB=20 m

()z=30 m

3 mA

B

: =10 m, =15 C. hf=Q2, hf m Q m3/h. 2000 m .

1.1.13 ( 23.6.1988)

(1) 20 oC, (2) n=1450 RPM . .

e=4,010-5 a=4,010-5 c=3,3710-4

d=125 mmM

Az=120 m

e

a

E

c

Ez=128 m

(2)

(1) by-pass

15

: ) , KW .

) 30% by-pass b.

) ( ;) b by-pass .

) c 50% .

,

( by-pass ).

: =10 m. : hf=Q2 hf m Q m3/h. n=1450 RPM:

Q (m3/h) 0 80 120 160 200 240 300

H (m) 30,0 28,0 26,3 23,6 19,8 14,0 0,0

(%) 0 64,5 74,0 76,5 70,0 53,0 0,0

A 1.1.14 ( 13.9.1988)

,

.

( ) , .

. ,

,

.

: ) V ,

.

16

, V

, .

c=e=b=610-3 a=4810-3

) , n=2000 RPM : V=2b. .

) V=0- : n=1000-4000 RPM. (,Q) .

.

) ,

V=2b. Q=12 m3/h .

: =10 m, =80 C. : hf=Q2. , Q m

3/h hf m. X n=2000 RPM:

Q (m3/h) 0 4 8 12 16 18

H (m) 10,0 9,5 8,2 5,8 2,6 0,0

(%) 0 51,0 70,0 58,0 27,5 0,0

17

1.1.15 ( 13.6.1989)

. ,

n=2900 RPM , (2) ( ) () .

,

d=4 cm. h=2,5 m, 60 % ( , .), 1.

e=a=8,96710-4 1=3,58710-3 2=2,5010-2

(2)

1

2

ae

z=0 mz1=15 m

z2=40 m

(A)

d=85 mm

M

h1

z=-2 mE

: ) , ,

B1

.

) (2) ,

B1 .

)

3-. )

. ,

1 (B1=0).

: (,Q,) n=2900 RPM:

18

Q (m3/h) 0 20 30 40 50 60 80

H (m) 120,0 106,0 96,5 85,0 69,5 52,5 0,0

(%) 0 65,0 72,0 75,0 69,5 57,0 0,0

: =10 m, : =1000 p/m3, : =20 C, : g=9,81 m/sec2. : hf=Q2 hf m Q m3/h.

1.1.16 ( 12.6.1990)

(2) (1).

( Q ). ,

(booster), , ,

booster.

: (H,Q,) n=1450 RPM :

Q (m3/h) 0 200 300 400 500 600 700

H (m) 100,0 92,0 98,5 77,5 68,0 57,0 45,0

(%) 0 65,0 78,0 85,0 78,0 64,0 42,0

B=10 m, g=9,81 m/sec2, =20 oC.

L=10.000 m, D=0,40 m. ,

=4,3010-4 (hf=Q2, hf m, Q m3/h). .

: ) , .

('=p/g+z) .

19

)

( ). , ,

; ) 150 m

.

AB

z=125 m

z=120 m

(2)

z=45 m

) Q=650 m3/h .

) ,

i) ii) , .

( ) .

A 1.1.17 ( 20.6.1991)

.

n=1500 RPM . (hf=Q2), hf m Q m3/h.

Q (m3/h) 0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0

H (m) 11,0 10,5 10,0 9,3 8,5 7,5 6,5

(%) 0 58,0 70,0 75,0 73,0 67,0 60,0

20

, =20 oC, B = 10 m (hf = Q2, hf m Q m3/h), e = 0,5103, a = 1,2103, 1 = 1,62103.

E1 1

z=6 ma

e

zA

0,50 m(A)

: ) 1 2 z=2 m.

.

3 1

:

) .

z=6 m 30 m3/h. ) . ;

z=6 m. ) 3 z=6 m, 30 m3/h .

;

: =20 oC, B=10 m

21

A 1.1.18 ( 22.6.1992)

-

.

60 m 22 m.

.

zA=0 m, zB=-18 m zAmin=-16,0 m. 20 m.

) n=900 RPM

.

.

e=1,5010-6 a=3,5010-6

22 m

22 mB

A

a e

60 m60 m

) 700 RPM

.

) ( ) 900 RPM. . zP=-18 m. 700 RPM ( ) ) .

; )

4000 m3/h. ,

22

.

: - =860 Kg/m3 - S=0,45 m -

: h=Q2 h m Q m3/h - (,Q,) n=900 RPM ( 3 )

Q (m3/h) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

H (m) 112 110 107 92 65 30

0 0,75 0,85 0,70 0,45 0,160

A 1.1.19 ( 5.10.1992)

ON-OFF. H d=4 cm .

70 % .

1 = 1,0104

2 = 8,0104

3 = 2,2104

hf = Q2 hf m Q m3/h

z2=64 m

z1=40 m

z

2

3

3

1

: ) =1,2 3. =3. ) (=1,2, 3) .

4 . ) .

23

; =3 .

) .

n=1450 RPM. =3

( . ) =3 20 % . .

: (Q,H,) n=1450 RPM

Q (m3/h) 0 40 80 120 160 200

H (m) 90 84 74 60 42 37

0 0,52 0,75 0,78 0,60 0,38

=10 m =15 C ,

hf=Q2 , hf m Q m3/h, .

A 1.1.20 ( 27.9.1995)

. o ,

n=1450 RPM. Qd 0 1,0 m3/sec. H z :

z1 < z < z2 z2 < z < z3 z> z3 O

24

e=4 a=14 hf=Q2 (hf m

Q m3/sec)

e

a

z2=185 m

z1=180 m

z=135 m

Qd

z3=190 m

D=0,6 m

M

e

()

zA=140 m

: ) Qd z z2 z3.

,

1 m3 ,

0,06 /Wh ) Qd z1 z2.

( ); )

( ). .

Qd=1,5 m3/sec.

.

)

.

)

.

: =1000 g/m3 S=0,23 m . =10 m, g=9,81 m/sec2

n=1450 RPM

25

Q (m3/s) 0 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2

H (m) 80,0 70,0 66,0 60,5 45,0 27,0 0,0

(%) 0 77,5 80,0 76,0 59,0 35,0 0,0

1.1.21 ( 18.6.1996)

4 ( )

,

.

z=-10 m z=-1,0 m. ,

,

.

z=0,50 m, z=-2 m.

e = 2 a = 11

hf = Q2 hf m

Q m3/sec

e

a

z

2 m

z

z=0z=0

z

:

(Q,H,) n=1000 RPM Q(m3/s) 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4

H(m) 15,0 14,07 12,90 11,15 10,28 9,11 6,57 3,40 0

(-) 0 0,54 0,775 0,875 0,88 0,862 0,725 0,44 0

e a

26

, :

h=Q2, h m Q m3/s s=0.23 m = 10 m

: ) ( ) .

) .

.

) ( ) .

) , ,

Q=1,0 m3/s .

1.1.22 ( 29.6.1999)

1 2 . 1 hB1=1 Q2 , Q 1 ,

.

e=8,910-5 a1=2,010-5 a2=1,610-4 1=7,510-4 2=2,410-3

hf=Q2 hf m

Q m3/h

z=6 m

z=8 m

1

1

2 a1

a2

e

E1

E2

27

) 1 (1=0) ,

(, ) 1450 RPM. H

.

) 1 1

. 1

Q1/Q2=1,25 ) 750 2000 RPM 1 ( ) ( ) Q2 2. Q2 1

Q2 1.

)

.

) , .

1450 RPM, 160 m3/h 1=0.

: (Q,H,) n=1450 RPM

Q (m3/h) 0 50 100 125 150 200 260

H (m) 23,0 22,0 20,0 18,5 16,3 10,5 0,0

(%) 0 52,0 71,0 76,0 72,0 55,0 0,0

=10 m =15 C ,

hf= Q2 , hf m Q m3/h, .

28

1.1.23 ( 29.9.1999)

1 2. 2

1 2. .

) 2

m3 0,06 /KWh. ) 2 30%

.

2. 2 ( ) 2 6- ( ).

e1 = 1103 a1 = 2103 e2 = 1103 a2 = 3103 = 4103

hf = Q2 hf m Q m3/h

A1

zK=110 m

z2=72 m

e1

a2

a

z=220 m

d=100 mm

M

K

e2

z2=80 m

z1=100 mA2

a1

) 1 2 .

,

.

) z1 z2 5

( ).

.

29

) 2 ( 1 ). 1 2 .

: =10 m, =15 C, ,

hf= Q2 , hf m Q m3/h, . (Q,H,) n=1450 RPM

1 Q (m3/h) 0 50 75 100 125 150 175

H (m) 200,0 180,0 160,0 138,0 110,0 64,0 0,0

(%) 0 67,0 76,0 80,0 67,0 44,0 0,0

2 Q (m3/h) 0 10 15 20 25 30 35

H (m) 220,0 182,0 162,0 136,0 112,0 65,0 0,0

(%) 0 65,0 72,0 76,0 65,0 42,0 0,0

1.1.24 ( 27.6.2000)

(1) 1 (2) 2 (3), z3=274 m. (1) z1min=168 m z1max=178 m. (2) , . z2=284 m . 1 3 n=960 RPM.

: ) (, ) 1. ) 1

.

) 2 (3)

30

1 (2). 2 (, ).

(2) (3) (2). ,

2 , : (2) by-pass 1 (1) . 2 ,

(2). ) by-pass ( (1)). ) 2 ,

.

z3=274 m

a

(1)

e

(2)b

z1max=178 mz1min=168 m

c

A1

A2

z

K by-pass

: = 15C = 10 m, h = Q2 h m Q m3/h: e = 0,5106, a = 2,3106, b = 1,0106, c = 1,6106 1 2 n = 960 RPM:

A 1

Q (m3/h) 0 720 1440 2160 2880 3600 4320 5040

H (m) 160 159 157 148 138,5 126,5 110 90

(-) 0 0,446 0,70 0,819 0,851 0,831 0,713 0,539

31

A 2 Q (m3/h) 0 750 1500 2250 3000 3750 4500 5250

H (m) 32 30,6 29,6 28,7 27,6 26,5 22 16,7

(-) 0 0,230 0,434 0,600 0,743 0,832 0,858 0,619

A 1.1.25 (A 20.9.2000)

(1) (3) (2). (1) (3)

. 2 , .

.

3-.

(2)

2

z1=310 m

z3=674 m

B

(1)

A1

z2

3 4

: 1000 m3/h ) (2),

.

) 20% .

.

4 , n=1500 RPM n=1800 RPM (

32

) ) , (2),

m3

) 470 m o .

.

:

h = Q2 h m Q m

3/h: 1 = 1,0106, 2 = 9,0106, 3 = 1,0106, 4 = 4,0106 = 25 C =10 m : 0,07 /KWh n=1500 rpm:

A

Q (m3/h) 0 600 1000 1200 1400

H (m) 320 270 200 124 0

(-) 0 0,60 0,75 0,60 0

33

1.2

1.2.1 (A 14.1.1983)

1 n=2100 RPM (). , zY,

za () z : - : z=+1,0 m, z=1,5 m - : z=-1,0 m, z=3,0 m - z : 35 m, 30 m. 1=4,39 10-5 2=26,3 10-5 3=13,2 10-5 4=5,0 10-5

z=0 mzY

1

z

(1) 2

()

3

4

z

(2)

: ) 1 () .

) ( ). ) z=-4 m () 2, 1. 2 1 2 z=30 m, z=+1,0 m, 2 10 m3/h 2=0,71 ( 2 10 m3/h).

: =1000 Kp/m3, : 25C (), 10 C (.). =10 m. : hf=Q2 hf m Q m3/h . (,Q,) 1 n=2100 RPM:

34

Q (m3/h) 0 80 120 140 180 260 300

H (m) 55,0 53,8 46,7 44,2 36,2 14,0 0,0

(%) 0 58,0 73,0 75,0 64,0 26,5 0,0

)

:

=(z-z)+(1+2+3) Q2

h=(z-z) .

z=30 m z=1.0 m. A hmin=(30-1)=29 m. hmax=35-(-1)=36 m.

-M :

1=hmin+ Q2=29+(4,39+26,3+13,2) 10-5 Q2=29+43,89 10-5 Q2

1 : Q=Qmax=162 m3/h, H=40 m, =0,70.

:

47,2670,01023600

162401000=

==

HQN W

- :

H=h+ Q2=36+43,89 10-5 Q2

: Q=Qmin=140 m3/h, H=44,20 m, =0,75 =22,47 KW.

) > H. :

=-he-hfe-HS : hfe=1 Q2

35

S

. :

=max=25oC : S=0,336 m

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Q (m3/h)

0

20

40

60

80

(%

)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Q (m3/h)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

H (m

)

H=36+43,89.10-5.Q2

10 m3/h

(H, Q)1

H1=29+43,89.10-5.Q2

(1) HoE=1+H1-(1+2).Q12

(3) HoE=30+3.Q2

: H=, 4.4 :

5,14492,44

1402100 75,05,0

4/3

2/1

===HQ

nnq

0,125. : =0,125 44,2=5,525 m.

36

, .

: = (Q/Q)2

:

- : he=za-zY=1,50-1,0=0,50 m, (Q=Qmax)=H (Qmax/Q)2=5,525 (162/140)2=7,398 m.

:

=10-0,50-4,39 10-5 1622-0,336=8,011 m > H(Q=Qmax)=7,398 m. .

- : he=3-(-1)=4,0 m. :

==5,525 m :

=10-4,0-4,39 10-5 1402-0,336=4,80 m < H=5,525 m

.

) 2 : z=30 m, z=1,0 m z=-4,0 m, Bernoulli ' , Q1 1 Q2 2:

(1) oE=1,0+1-(1+2) Q12 (2) HoE=-4,0+H2-4 Q22 (3) oE=30+3 Q2

:

(4) Q=Q1+Q2

(1) (3), . oE=f(Q), (,Q) Q (Q, :

Q (m3/h) 0 40 80 120 160 200 (1) HoE (m) 56,0 54,0 49,78 43,27 33,43 20,0 (3) oE (m) 30,0 30,21 30,84 31,89 33,38 35,28

(4), Q2=10 m3/h, (1) Q2. (1), Q2, (3) , :

Q=Q1=Q2=170 m3/h oE=33,5 m Q2=10 m3/h : Q1=160 m3/h.

37

(2) oE , 2 :

oE=33,5=-4,0+2-5 10-3 Q22=33,5+4,0+5 10-3 102=38 m : Q2=10 m3/h 2=38 m

(1) (,Q,) (1). =2=0,71 Q < Q=140 m3/h. :

Q1'=112 m3/h 1'=47,7 m

(1',Q1') (2,Q2) .

: D2/D1=, n2/n1= :

089286,0112103

1

23

1

2

1

2 ===

=

n

n

DD

QQ

79665,07,47

38222

1

22

1

2

1

2 ===

=

n

n

DD

HH

: =D2/D1=0,3163 =n2/n1=2,822 , : n2=2,822 2100=5926 RPM.

A 1.2.2 ( 6.9.1984)

, ,

(1), (2) (3), . (1), (2) (3) .

: ) (2) (3) .

) .

) , =1,20 ( ).

80% (. ).

38

; . .

: : =900 Kg/m3, pS=0,30 Kp/cm2. E : g=9,81 m/sec2. : hf= Q2, hf m Q m3/h. (,Q,) n=3000 RPM :

Q (m3/h) 0 20 40 65 80 100 115

H (m) 87,5 86,0 82,6 70,0 57,5 32,5 0,0

(%) 0 36,5 62,5 75,0 68,0 44,0 0,0

e=0,50 10-3 a=1,0 10-3 2=5,52 10-3 3=8,23 10-3

3

2

a

z=2 m

z=12 m

p=4 bar

p=4 bar

p=0,5 bar

(A)

(1)

(3)

e

ze

z=8 m

(2)

) m : =p/g, KSA 1 Pa=110-5 bar. Kg/m3 m ( ).

Bernoulli ' :

(1) oK=1-(e+a) Q2+2,0+HA=5,663-(0,5+1,0) 10-3 Q2 +2,0+HA (2) HoK=H2+2 Q22+8,0 =45,304+5,52 10-3 Q22+8,0 (3) HoK=H3+3 Q32+12,0=45,304+8,23 10-3 Q32+12,0 i (i=1,2,3) i=1,2,3 .

39

:

(4) Q=Q2+Q3

(1),(2) (3) (,Q), . oK=f(Q), Q. M

(2) (3) (1) :

Q=71 m3/h, Q2=46 m3/h Q3=25 m3/h.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Q (m3/h)

0

20

40

60

80

(%

)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120Q (m3/h)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

H (m

)

(H, Q)1

(1) HoK=7,663+HA-(e+a).Q2

(3) HoK=57,3+3.Q32

(2) HoK=53,3+2.Q32

(2)+(3)

, Q=71 m3/h o : =64 m, =,073. :

40

26,1573,01023600

7164900=

==

HQN KW

( = g=900 9,81 t/m3=900 Kp/m3)

) : >, :

=e-S=HE-he-hfe-HS E=0,50 ata=5,663 mY, he=ze-zE=ze-2,0 (ze ),

hfe=e Q2 =0,5010-3 712=2,52 mo

, m :

S=pS/(g)=0,3 105/(900 9,81)=3,4 m :

=5,663-(z-2,0)-2,52-3,4=1,743-z :

=f(nq), : 60,1081

70653000 75,0

5,0

4/3

2/1===

HQ

nnq

( ), : 0,07. :

= =0,07 70=4,90 m :

= (Q/Q)2 =4,90 (71/65)2=5,846 m. :

> 1,742-ze > 5,846 ze < -4,104 m . -4,104 m ( ).

) , , , =1,20. , , 80% , .

QB=0,80 Q=0,8 71=56,8 m3/h.

(1),(2) (3) , (2+3), : QB=Q2+Q3=56,8 m3/h oK=61 m., (1), A B :

oK=61=7,663-1,5 10-3 56,82+B B=58,176 m.

41

(QB=56,8 m3/h, HB=58,176 m), ,

, . : QA=65 m3/h , HA=70 m : =0,75.

:

=

=

=

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

n

n

n

n

n

n

DD

QQ 33

3

2,1

: nB=nA (56,8/65)(1/1,2)3=3000 0,505=1.517 RPM.

H :

80,1075,01023600176,588,56900

=

==

HQN KW

,

: QB=56,8 m3/h < 71 m3/h

.

A 1.2.3 ( 8.6.1985)

(z=0) (z=-12 m) : (1) (,Q ) n=750 RPM , (2), (1).

(1) z=-10 m. (1)

. , z=-10 m z=-12 m (1) (2). (1) (2) , .

: ) (1) (z=0) (z=-10 m) . z=-10 m.

42

) (2) (1)

z=-11 m 0,40 m3/sec. .

a=5,50 e1=1,0 e2=2,0

z=-12,5 m

e1 e2

(1) (2)

a

zA=0

z=-12

z

K

) (1) (2) (z=0). .

: (,Q,) (1) n=750 RPM Q (m3/sec) 0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,3 1,6 1,8

H (m) 24,0 23,6 23,0 19,2 17,8 14,3 10,7

(-) 0 0,57 0,79 0,82 0,84 0,67 0,42

- =10 m, =20C. hf=Q2, hf m Q m3/sec .

) :

=h+(e+a) Q2=(0-z)+(e+a) Q2=-z+(e+a) Q2 z , .

z=0=. , . .

z=0, :

=(e1+a) Q2

43

(,Q) (1). : Q=1,525 m3/sec, H=15,3 m =0,75. :

= 305750102

525131510001000

819=

=

,

,,QH,

KW.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8Q (m3/sec)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(%

)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8Q (m3/sec)

0

5

10

15

20

25

H (m

)

(H, Q)1

(3) HoK=a.Q2

H=10+(e1+a).Q2 (1)+(2)

(H, Q)2

(1) HoK=H1-e1.Q2

H=(e1+a).Q2

(2) HoK=H2-e2.Q2

(1), . z=-10 m, :

=-(-10)+(e1+a) Q2 (1) : Q=1,19 m3/sec, H=20,50 m =0,81. : =295,27 KW.

44

n=750 RPM, Q=1,35 3600=4.860 m3/h =17,8 m:

4,033.68,17

4860750 75,05,0

4/3

2/1===

HQ

nnq

. 4.4 =1 0,70. :

= =0,7017,80=12,46 m.

, . Q=1,18 m3/sec, :

=

2

KQQ

=12,462

351181

,

,

=9,52 m.

,

:

=-he-hfe-HS=10-(-2.5)-1 1,252-0,239=12,5-1,5625-0,239=10,698 m

: =10,6985 > =9,52 m .

) z=-11 m 2 Q2=0,40 m3/sec : =H2=-z+(e2+a) Q2=11+7,50,402=12,2 m

2 1, . : 1=17,8 m Q1=1,35 m3/h. M ,

=(D2/D1) =n2/n1:

=

=== 3

1

23

1

2

1

2 2963,035,140,0

n

n

DD

QQ

222

1

22

1

2

1

2 6854,08,172,12

=

===

n

n

DD

HH

:

=0,5982 =n2/n1=1,3838 n2=1,3838 n1=1037,90 RPM.

2, : 2=max=0,82. 2 :

2= 35588201024002121000

1000819

,

,

,,QH,=

=

KW.

45

2

1. nq2=nq1 : 2=1=0,70 : = 2=0,70 12,2=8,54 m

: =-he-hfe-HS=10-(12,5-11)-2 0,42-0,239=10,941 m

: > H=8,54 m 2 .

) (,Q) 2, , =0,5982 =1,3838.

Q (m3/sec) 0,1185 0,237 0,40 0,574 0,0

H (m) 16,10 15,08 12,20 7,40 6,40

( ) Bernoulli ':

(1) oK=1 e1 Q12 (2) HoK=H2 e2 Q22 (3) HoK=a Q2

: Q=Q1+Q2. oK=f(Q) (,Q), Q. (1) (2) (3) .

1.2.4 ( 24.6.1986)

(1) (2).

.

n=750 1000 RPM (,Q,).

: ) , (

46

m) .

.

) .

)

.

.

.

: =10 m, =15 C, g=9,81 m/sec2. : hf= Q2, . hf m Q m3/sec .

e=0,15 a=2,91

(2)z=800 m

a

z=310 me

A

B

(1)

z=300 m

(H,Q,) . H 4-.

A Q (m3/sec) 0 2,0 4,0 4,75 6,0 8,0

H (m) 800,0 675,0 520,0 450,0 325,0 0,0

(-) 0 0,52 0,77 0,80 0,70 0,0

Q (m3/sec) 0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0

H (m) 100,0 99,0 97,5 49,0 0,0

(-) 0 0,63 0,80 0,60 0,0

47

) :

= h+(e+a) Q2=(800-300)+(0,15+2,91) Q2 '

( ). :

Q=QA=QB=4,25 m3/h A=495 m B=74,5 m.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Q (m3/sec)

0

20

40

60

80

100

(%

)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Q (m3/sec)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800H

(m

)

(H, Q)B

H=(119,04/4,752).Q2

H=500+(e+a).Q2 (HA+HB, Q)

(, Q)A(, Q)

(H, Q)A

(,Q)A (,Q)B : A=B=0,78 :

A= 31442267801022544951000

1000819

,.

,

,QH,=

=

KW

48

NB= 7097937801022545741000

1000819

,.

,

,,QH,=

=

KW

:

=A+B=26.442,31+3.979,70 KW=30.422,0 KW=30,422 MW.

,

. e ,

Bernoulli ( ). : oe-H=z1+H-hfe=300+74,5-0,154,252=371,79 m e , . : (oe-H), : oe-=e+ze+ce

2/2g ce

: ce=Q/Fe, Fe=D2/4= 1,02/4=0,7853 m2. : ce=4,25/0,7853=5,411 m/sec.

e () , .

, m. e :

e+310+5,4112/(2 9,81)=371,79 He=371,79-310-1,492=60,298 m

,

, , :

1=/4=450/4=112,5 m

2,839.25,112

)360075,4(750 75,05,0

4/3

2/1=

==

HQ

nnq

: 0,25. :

= =0,25 112,5=28,125 m

,

:

= (Q/Q)2=28,125 (4,25/4,75)2=22,516 m. :

=e-HS=(H+)-he-hfe-HS B=74,5 m . :

49

=10+74,5-(310-300)-0,15 4,252-0,207=74,5-2,709-0,207 =71,584 m

:

=71,584 m > H=22,516 m

.

) : QA=4,75 m3/sec, HA=450 m ,

: Q'B=QA=Q=4,75 m3/sec. ,

:

=+H=h+(e+a) Q2=500+(0,15+2,91) 4,752=569,04 m. : H'B=569,04-450=119,04 m To : QB'=4,75 m3/sec, HB'=119,04 m n'B .

(,Q) nB=1000 RPM. (Q'B,'B):

= Q2= 22 Q'Q'

B

=

22754

04119 Q,

,

=5,276 Q2

n=1000 RPM : Q=3,75 m3/sec B=76,0 m.

:

267,175,375,4''

===B

B

B

B

QQ

n

n

:

n'B=1,267 nB=1267 RPM.

) , , , .

: Q=Q'B=QA=4,75 m3/sec, , : 'B=119,04 m. ', ,

.

n=1000 RPM : QB=4,0 m3/sec B=75 m.

50

, =(D'B/DB), , =n'B/nB, :

=== 31875,1475,4'

B

B

QQ

225872,175

04,119' ===

B

B

HH

:

=0,971 =1,2976 : n'=1,2976 n=1287,6 RPM.

H :

85,194.2680,0102

75,44501000=

==A

AAA

QHN

KW

4,929.680,0102

75,404,1191000''' =

==B

BBB

QHN

KW

:

=+=33.124,25 MW

A : nqA=2839 4.4 .

:

708.45,97

)36000,4(1000 75,05,0

4/31

2/1

=

==B

BBqB

HQ

nn

,

.

1.2.5 ( 25.8.1986)

.

, ,

0 1500 RPM, .

z ( ). , zK=5 m, , ,

51

z=19 m. .

.

: )

.

) (1) n=1500 RPM (2) (2) .

(1). ) (1) n=1500 RPM, (2) (2) 400 m3/h (1)

: (,Q,) n=1500 RPM.

Q (m3/h) 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500

H (m) 40,0 39,0 37,5 34,0 28,0 19,0 0,0

(%) 0 64,5 76,0 80,0 72,0 57,0 0,0

: =10 m, =15C. O : hf=Q2. Q m3/h hf m .

e=1,0 10-6 a=4,5 10-6

e

a

z=19 m

e

(1)

(2)

zK=5 m

) , , : =h+(e+a) Q2 = (19-5)+(e+a ) Q2

52

: =,

.

(Q=0) H=h, : Q=0, H=Ho=h=zA-zK=19-5=14 m.

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600Q (m3/h)

0

20

40

60

80

(%

)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600Q (m3/h)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

H (m

)(H,

Q)1

H=(34/8002).Q2

H

(1) & 400 m3/h

(1) HoE=H1-e.Q2

(3) HoE=(zA-zK)+e.Q2

H=(24/4002).Q2

(Q=0, H=0) . Q=0, Q=0. A, (Q'=0, H'=14 m n' ) n=1500 RPM : Q=0, H=40 m. :

53

41,887)40/14(1500'1500

'

4014'' 5,0

22

==

=

= nn

n

n

HH

RPM

,

n=1500 RPM, .: Q=800 m3/h, H=34,0 m.

:

=h+(e+a) Q2 = (19-5)+(e+a ) Q2 (,Q) Q.

: = Q2 n=1500 RPM, . :

= 2280034 Q

(,Q) : Q'=530 m3/h, H'=15 m. :

75,993)800/530(1500'1500

'

800530''

==

=

= nn

n

n

QQ

RPM

) 1 n=1500 RPM, 2 . : Q2=0 : Q=Q1, . 1 2. 1 =f(Q), n=1500 RPM (,Q). : Q1=1160 m3/h, H1=21,60 m =0,61

,

zK, : ( 1) (1) oE=1-e Q12 ( 2) (2) oE=2-e Q22 H (2) Q2=0 : (2') oe=2

1: Q1=1160 m3/h 1=21,6 m, (1) :

oE=21,6-1,0 10-6 11602=20,254 m (2'), 2 :

2=oE=20,254 m Q2=0

54

,

n=1500 RPM : Q=0, H=40 m. :

4,1067150040

254,202

22

22 =

=

= n

n

n

n

HH

RPM

, 1 n=1500 RPM, 2 n2=1067,4 RPM.

z

.

: =-he-hfe-HS : =10 m,

HS=0,182 m ( =15oC), hfe=e Q2=1 10-6 11602=1,3456 m

he=(z-z) , z .

: > .

, ,

.

:

012.3348001500 75,0

5,0

4/3

2/1===

HQ

nnq

4.4 : 0,28. : = =0,28 34=9,52 m. :

=

2

QQ

=9,52 2

8001160

=2,1025 9,52=20,01 m

: > H 10-(z-z)-1,3456-0,182 > 20,01

(z-z) < -11,627 z < -11,267+5=-6,627 m. z

z=-6,627 m.

1 :

55

86,11161,01023600

11606,211000=

==

HQN W

) 1 n=1500 RPM 2 Q2 400 m3/h.

zK:

( 1) (1) oE=1-e Q12 ( 2) (2) oE=2-e Q22 ( ) (3) oE=(zA-zK)+a Q2 :

(4) Q=Q1+Q2

(1) (3) (,Q) Q Q1.

Q2 Q2=400 m3/h, (1) Q2, . (1) 400 m3/h. H (3) :

Q=Q1+Q2=1480 m3/h : Q1=Q-Q2=1480-400=1080 m3/h

Q1 (1) : oE=23,50 m, (2) 2 2 :

Q2=400 m3/h, H2=23,66 m

2 .

n=1500 RPM : =Q2 : Q=Q2=400 m3/h, =H 2=23,66 m . :

=

2400

6623, Q2=0,0001479 Q2

(,Q) n=1500 RPM : Q=520 m3/h, H=38,5 m.

:

8115352040015002222 ,Q

Qnn

n

n

QQ

==== RPM

56

n=1500 RPM 1, . : Q1=1080 m3/h : 1=0,68. 1 :

131086801023600

108002510001 ,

,

,QHN =

==

KW

1.2.6 ( 12.9.1987)

1 2 (3) (1) (2) . : ) 1, , ,

.

) 1, 125 m3/h. 1 ; ( ) , ). ) 2 1 , . z=3. 2 ( 1 n=2900 RPM) 2 80 m3/h .

e1 =6,53 10-5 1=6,53 10-5 =1,959 10-4 =3,265 10-4 2=6,0 10-4

A1

z

=93 m

e1

z3=220 m

D=125 mmM

K

z2=120 m

z1=100 m

A2

: =10 m, =20 C, g=9,81 m/sec2. : hf=Q2, , Q m3/h hf m. 1, 3 , n=2900 RPM, :

57

Q (m3/h) 0 100 140 200 250 300 320

H (m) 220,0 200,0 180,0 143,0 100,0 30,0 0,0

(%) 0 75,0 80,0 65,0 42,0 15,0 0,0

) 1 (,Q) 1 , Q=Q1:

=(z3-z1)+(e1+A!M+MK+K) Q2=120+6,53 10-4 Q2 (,Q). o 1: Q1=190 m3/h, H1=142,5 m 1=0,66 :

5,11266,01023600

1905,14310001

111 =

==

QH

N KW

,

oM

Bernoulli: HoM=z1+H1-(e1+A1M) Q2=100+143,5-2 6,53 10-5 1902=238,80 m

oM :

oM=zM+HM+cM2/(2g) M ,

, m, c

, .

c=Q1/F1 , F1=D2/4=3,14 0,1252/4=0,012272 m2 Q1=190/3600=0,05278 m3/sec. A : cM=4,30 m/sec, H=93+H+4,302/(2 9,81)=93+H+0,9424=238,80 m =144,86 m

1, 3- :

60,591.1)3/180(1402900 75,0

5,0

4/3

2/1===

HQ

nnq

4.4 nq=1591,6 0,13 : = (/3)=0,13 60=7,8 m

58

, .:

=

2

QQ

=7,8 2

140190

=14,366 m

:

=-he-hfe-HS=10-(93-100)-6,53 10-5 1902-0,239=14,404 m : =14,404 m < H=14,366 m 1 .

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350Q (m3/h)

0

20

40

60

80

(%

)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350Q (m3/h)

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

H (m

)

H=(130,2/1252).Q2

(H, Q)

H1=120+3,265.10-4.[Q12+(Q1+80)2]

H=120+6,53.10-4.Q2

59

) 1, . Q1'=125 m3/h, :

H=1'=120+6,53 10-4 1252=130,2 m 1 n=2900 RPM, (,Q) , . : = Q2 : Q1'=125 m3/h 1'=130,2 m. :

=

21252130,

Q2=0,008333 Q2 1 n=2900 RPM :

Q1=148 m3/h, H1=178 m

n1':

3,449.21481252900''''

1

111

1

1

1

1 ==== QQ

nnn

n

QQ

RPM

,

.

,

( ) , : > .

) Z 2, 1, 2 80 m3/h. ,

.

=f(Q1) Q2=80 m3/h. , .

1 , 2 : 1=(z3-z1)+(e1+A1M+MK) Q12+ (Q1+Q2)2 Q2=80 m3/h, Q1: 1=1=f(Q1), (,Q) (H,Q) 1 1. : Q1=177 m3/h 1=153 m.

2

2 :

60

2=2=(z3-z2)+2 Q22+ (Q1+Q2)2 Q2=80 m3/h Q1=177 m3/h : 2=2=(220-120)+6 10-4 802+3,265 10-4 (177+80)2=125,4 m. 2 (Q2=80 m3/h, H2=125,4 m), ,

2 1, . : Q1=140 m3/h, H1=180 m, .

M ,

=D2/D1 =n2/n1:

5714,01408033

1

2 === QQ

69667,0180

4,12522221

2 === HH

: =D2/D1 0,8274 =n2/n1 1,0 : n2 n1=2900 RPM.

2, , : 2=1max=0,80. A 2 :

15,3480,01023600804,1251000

2

222 =

==

QH

N W

1.2.7 (A 13.6.1987)

, :

=6 m Q=2,2 m3/sec d=0,37 m, D=0,8 m n=600 RPM. Y 2 i=0,7 h=0,92.

:

cm=cm1=cm2=Q/ : =(D2-d2)/4= (0,82-0,372)=0,3951 m2 A: cm=2,2/0,3951=5,568 m/sec

61

Euler , ( : cu1=0) :

===

2

222

222 1

tgu/c

gu

g'cu

HH niu

iu

h , : h=0,92. : = n/30= 600/30=62,83 rad/sec:

: u2= d/2=62,83 0,37/2=11,624 m/sec A Euler 2:

6,0=0,7 0,92

2

2 6241156851819

62411tg

,/,,

,

:

tg2=0,51447 2=27,225 : u2=D/2=62,83 0,8/2=25,1327 m/sec, o Euler :

6,0=0,7 0,92

2

2 13272556851819

132725tg

,/,,

,

tg2=0,225 2=12,67

1.2.8 ( 12.9.1987)

n=3000 RPM : Q=42 m3/h, =45 m =6,62 KW. : Q=m=0,98, '

:

D1=65 mm, D2=190 mm b1=27 mm, b2=9 mm 1=20 o, 2=22 o .

Q=42 m3/h optimum ;

H : =2n/60=2 3000 /60=314,159 rad/sec : u1= D1/2=314,159 0,065/2=10,21 m/sec u2= D2/2=314,159 0,190/2=29,845 m/sec

62

H : Qu=Q/Q=42/0,98=42,857 m3/h :

cn1=Qu/(D1b1)=42,857/(3600 0,065 0,027)=2,159 m/sec cn2=Qu/(D2b2)=42,857/(3600 0,190 0,009)=2,216 m/sec O :

=

QH=

62,6)1023600/()45421000(

=0,778

:

h= 98,098,0778,0

= mQ

=0,8098

A Euler cu1=0 :

=

2

222

2 /1

tg

uc

gu

H nhiu

i

:

45=i 0,8098

)(tg

,/,,

,

228452921621

81984529 2

i=0,7498

cu2 : cu2=i cu2'

cu2'=u2- )(tg,

,)(tgc

o

n

22216284529

2

2 =

=24,353 m/sec.

: cu2=i cu2'= 0,7498 24,353=18,26 m/sec. .

u1=10,21 m/sec

cn1=c1=2,159 m/sec

w11=11,94

cu2=18,26 m/sec

cu2'=24,353 m/sec

u2=29,845 m/sec

cn2=2,216 m/sec

w2 c2

c2'

5 m/sec

63

u1

c1=cn1=2,159 m/sec. H 1' :

tg(1')= 21101592

1

1

,

,

u

cn = cn1/u1=0,2114 1'=11,94 o

1'=11,94 o 1=20 o 42 m3/h optimum .

1.2.9 ( 20.6.1995)

.

0 40 KW, .

.

' .

.

: ) ( 4 ) n (RPM) Q. .

( ); ) ( KW) ( ) (n,Q) n (RPM) , .

)

,

.

) , ,

40 KW.

64

e=0,2 10-3 a=0,8 10-3 (hf= Q2 hf m Q m3/h)

zA=145 m

zE=120 m

e

a

A

: =1000 Kg/m3, HS=0,25 m , =10 m, (Q,H,) n=1500 RPM ( ).

Q (m3/h) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

H (m) 50,0 48,0 44,0 40,0 35,0 27,5 16,0

(%) 0 42,0 67,0 76,0 80,0 67,0 44,0

)

: =(zA-zE)+(e+ a) Q2=(145-120)+(0,2+0,8) 10-3 Q2

.

.

(Q,H) n=no=1500 RPM: (Qo,Ho) (50,48), (100,44) (150,40) = Q2. O (H,Q) .

(H,Q)

:

ooo QQ

nn

n

QQ

== 1500

65

n=no=1500 RPM.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Q (m3/h)

0

20

40

60

80

(%

)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Q (m3/h)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

H (m

)

(H, Q)

H=25+10-3.Q2

H=

(48/5

02). Q

2

H=

(44/1

002 ). Q

2

H=(40

/1502 )

. Q2

H.Q=11743

n=no=1500 RPM

. :

Q=130 m3/h, H=41,95 m, =0,715.

: - Qo n=no=1500 RPM

66

- ( ) Q, H, n (=HQ/)

Qo (m3/h) Q (m3/h) n (RPM) H (m) (-) N (KW)

50 39,5 1185 26,2 0,42 6,71

100 85,0 1275 32,2 0,67 10,8

130 130 1500 41,95 0,715 20,8

0 175 1750 55,5 0,76 34,8

n(RPM) ( 3) Q (m3/h) ( 2).

(Q=0) H=(zA-zE)=25 m, ,

n.

(Qo=0, Ho=50 m) no=1500 RPM. :

66106050251500

21212

,

HH

nnn

n

QQ //

o

o

oo

=

=

=

= RPM

(zA-zE)

.

0 50 100 150 200Q (m3/h)

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

n (rp

m)

-

67

0 50 100 150 200Q (m3/h)

0

10

20

30

40

Na

(K

W)

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800n (rpm)

0

10

20

30

40

Na

(K

W)

- -

) , ,

,

.

( 6) Q ( 2). =40 KW Qmax=180 m3/h. n

.

=40 KW - nmax 1800 RPM

)

: >.

:

68

=HB-he-e Q2-HS HS : =10 m, HS=0,25 m .

Qmax=180 m3/h. ,

( -)

.

: Qmax=180 m3/h, nmax=1800 RPM.

no=1500 RPM

nq :

2,474.12,44

1401500 75,05,0

4/3

2/1

===

HQ

nnq

4.4 nq =0,13. A no=1500 RPM : = =0,13 35=4,55 m. nmax=1800 RPM (. 4.10) :

m=H 2

o

max

n

n=4,55

2

15001800

=6,552 m

nmax=1800 RPM :

Qm=Q

o

max

n

n=200

15001800

=240 m3/h

Q=Qmax=180 m3/h nmax=1800 RPM nmax=1800 RPM . A :

= m

2

m

max

QQ

=6,552 2

240180

=3,685 m

z

. :

=HB-he-eQ2-HS > 10-( z-zE)-0,2 10-3 1802-0,25>3,685

69

119,59> z zmax=119,59 m

) E ,

. =0,80.

Q ( m3/h) H/ ,

:

=2

QH=40 KW

2 8003600102

1000,

'Q'H

= 40 H(2Q)=11750,4

(,Q) Q=11750,4 Q=2Q , .

(H,2Q) , Q=2Q : =H=(zA-zE)+(e+ a) Q2=(145-120)+(0,2+0,8) 10-3 Q2

Q=11750,4 : /=62,5 m, Q=2Q=188 m3/h Q=94 m3/h.

To : /=62,5 m, Q=94 m3/h n=1500 RPM: H=35 m, Q=200 m3/h.

, =(D'/D), , =n'/n, :

347,020094

'

===QQ

22768,135

5,62'

===HH

: =0,593 =2,2535 , : n'=2,2535 n=3380,25 RPM.

70

A 1.2.10 ( 29.6.1999)

o (,Q) (,Q) n :

=a Q2+b =cQ2+d n1 :

=a1Q2+b1 =c1 Q2+d1 a1, b1, c1 d1 a, b, c, d , n n1 .

(,Q) n RPM : =a Q2+b n1 o o (H1,Q1,1) (,Q,) n :

11

11 n

nQQn

n

QQ

==

2

11

2

11

=

=

n

nHHn

n

HH

=1

=a Q2+b Q: 2

1

211

+=

nn

bQaH

: a1=a b1=b (n1/n)2

E =c Q2+d Q:

12

11

2

1

211 dQcd

n

nQc +=+

==

: c1=c (n/n1)2 d1=d.

71

1.2.11 ( 11.09.2001)

,

, .

(. ) 5 bar, . .

: ) 2 ,

.

) 2

.

.

) ,

.

)

( ).

.

) , ,

.

.

:

h= Q2 h m Q m3/h: e=4,0 10-3 , a=8,0 10-3 , K=8,0 10-3 =8 10-2 ( )

=25 C A =10 m g=9,81 m/sec2 X ( ) n=1450

RPM

72

Q (m3/h) 0 30 50 60 70 H (m) 96 81 60 37,5 0 (-) 0 0,60 0,75 0,60 0

h= Q2

h m

Q m3/h

e=4,0 10-3 a=8,0 10-3 K=8,0 10-3 =8,0 10-2

z2=59 m

z1=53 m

K

a

e

z1=50 m

zA

K

M

) .

:

1=h1+(e+a+) Q2=3+9,2 10-2 Q2 o

: Q=29 m3/h , H=80,37 m.

( m) Bernoulli , ( ) :

z1+H-(e+a)Q2=HoK=HK+zK A Bernoulli : 50+80,37-1,2 10-2 292=+53 =67,15 m >50 m 5 bar .

:

2=h2+(e+a++) Q2=9+0,1 Q2 2 o

: Q=27 m3/h , H=81,90 m.

73

( m) Bernoulli : z1+H-(e+a+) Q2=HoK=H+z A Bernoulli : 50+81,90-0,02 272=M+59 M=58,20 m >50 m 5 bar .

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Q (m3/h)

0

20

40

60

80

(%

)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Q (m3/h)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100H

(m

)

(H, Q)

(1) H'oK=H-(e+a).Q2

H1=3+0,092.Q2

(2) H'oK=3+.Q12

(2)+(3)

H2=9+0,1.Q2

(3) H'oK=9+(+).Q22H=.Q2

Q2Q1

) 2 , K ,

Bernoulli. :

74

(1) =z1+H-(e+a) Q2=H-12 10-4 Q2 (2) HoK=z1+ Q12=3+8 10-2 Q12 (3) = z2+(+) Q22=9+8,8 10-2 Q22 Q1 Q2 . ( Q2)

. (1), (2) (3) (,Q), .

:

(4) Q=Q1+Q2 (1), (2), (3) (4) (2) (3) . (2) (3) (1) 4 . :

Q=49 m3/h, H=61,0 m, 0,745 =10,926 W Q1=26 m3/h, Q2=23 m3/h.

O Bernoulli ( ) , .:

(5) =+zK=zK+ Q12 = Q12 =0,08 262=54,08 m > 5 bar

(6) =+z=z + Q22 = Q22 =0,08 232=42,32 m < 5 bar

.

) (2), . (6) 50 m : =50= Q22 Q22 =HM/ Q2= 2508,0/50 = m3/h

(1), (2), (3) (4) . (3) ( z=50 m): Ho=z2+(+) Q22=9+0,088 252=64 m (2) Q1 :

HoK=z1+ Q12 64=3+0,08 Q12 Q1= 63,2708,0/61 = m3/h

75

Q=Q1+Q2=25+27,63=52,63 m3/h H (1), Ho=64 m : =z1+H-(e+a) Q2 64=0+-0,012 52,632 =97,24 m

:

Q=52,63 m3/h =97,24 m

n

.

: = Q2 : Q=52,63 m3/h =97,24 m. (,Q) n=1450 RPM :

Q=43,7 m3/h =68,6 m E n :

3,17467,4363,521450'''' ==== Q

Qnn

n

n

QQ

RPM

) .

:

6,47560501450 75,0

5,0

4/3

2/1

===

HQ

nnq

. 4.4 =0,03. n=1450 RPM : = =0,03 60=1,8 m.

n=1450 RPM : H= (Q/QK)2=1,8 (43,7/50)2=1,375 m

n=1746,3 RPM , :

H= (n/n)2=1,375 (1746,3/1450)2=1,994 m

: -he-e Q2-HS S=0,3353 m =25 C. : 10-he-0,00452,632-0,3353 1,994 he =(zA-z1) -3,409 m

zA 50-3,409=46,59 m

76

,

.

,

.

) , ,

, .

, :

Q1=Q/2=52,62/2=26,315 m3/h 1==97,24 m

n=1450 RPM.

:

=

=== 31

311 5263,0

50315,26

n

n

DD

QQ

K

222

12

11 621,160

24,97 =

===

n

n

DD

HH

K

. 2 : =0,6429 =1,9806 n1=1,9806 1450=2.871,9 RPM.

1.2.12 ( 5.9.1989)

=914 Kg/m3, .

D=20 cm, , , ,

. (H,Q,) n=3000 RPM . ,

.

(,Q,) n=3000RPM Q (m3/h) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 32 H (m) 30 28 25,4 22 18 13,1 6 0 (-) 0 0,34 0,52 0,60 0,575 0,46 0,27 0

77

h= Q2 h m Q m3/h

1=4,8 10-4 2=8,0 10-4

P

3

1

1

1

2

Dz1

: ) : =360 Kp .

KW ( ) ) ,

=360 Kp n=3000 RPM. ) =360 Kp 0,30 m/sec .

) n=3000 RPM =360 Kp by-pass . 3 0,1 m/sec .

) c=Q/F, F : F= D2/4=3,14 0,22/4=3,14 10-2 m2. c . 1 2

( m ) , , :

=(1-2) g F =360 p=9,81 360=3.531,6 Nt : 1-2=12,5374 m Bernoulli , :

1=-(1+1+1) Q2= -31Q2 H2=2 Q2

78

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Q (m3/h)

0

20

40

60

(%

)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Q (m3/h)

0

10

20

30

H (m

)

(H, Q)

H=12,7+9,6.10-4.Q2

H=12,537+22,4.10-4.Q2

H=.Q2

, :

=(1-2)+(3 1+2) Q2=12,5374+22,4 10-4 Q2

.

:

Q=24,5 m3/h , H=13,85 m =0,475 :

== H Q/= 914 13,85 24,5/ (102 3600 0,475)= 1,778 KW

79

. :

=-i=N- Q =N (1-)=1,778 (1-0,475)=0,9335 KW N= hf Q= [(3 1+2) Q2] Q=0,082 KW

: =+ =0,9335+0,082=1,015 W

) : c=0 Q=0, n=3000 RPM : =30 m=(1-2). : =+zM, zM

.

P=360 Kp, n :

Q=0, H=H1-H2=12,5374 m : Q=0, H=30 m n=3000 RPM

:

4,1939'305374,12

3000'''

22

==

=

n

n

HH

n

n RPM

To Pmax (1-2) , , . Q=0 c=0.

n=3000 RPM Q=0 : =(1-2)=30 m p1-p2= (1-2)=Pmax/F 914 9,81 30 t/m2=Pmax/(3,14 10-2) Pmax=8,4506 103 Nt=861,42 Kp

) c=0,3 m/sec :

Q=c F=0,3 3,14 10-2 m3/sec=33,929 m3/h A :

=(1-2)+(3 1+2) Q2=12,5374+22,4 10-4 Q2=15,116 m :

Q=33,929 m3/h, H=15,116 m n RPM.

n=3000 RPM, n=3000 RPM :

80

= Q2 : Q=33,929 m3/h, H=15,116 m. : =15,116/33,9292. :

Q=27,50 m3/h, H=10 m, =0,375.

:

34,3701'3000

'

50,27929,33''

=== nn

n

n

QQ RPM

: ==0,375. :

= H Q/= 914 33,929 15,116/ (102 3600 0,375)= 3,404 KW

) c=0,1 m/sec : Qc=c F=0,1 3,1159 10-2 3600 =11,31 m3/h

, ,

(1-2) , . 1-2=12,5374 m. Q , :

Q=Qc+Qb by-pass. Bernoulli Q : =(1-2)+(1+1) Q2+(1+2) Qc2 = =12,5374+(4,8+8) 11,312+2 4,8 10-4 Q2=12,7+9,6 10-4 Q2 H (,Q)

n=3000 RPM . : Q=24,7 m3/h =13,5 m.

by-pass : Qb=Q-Qc=24,7-11,31=13,39 m3/h Bernoulli by-pass Q : 3 by-pass : =(1+1) Q2+3 Qb2 13,5=2 4,8 10-4 24,72+3 13,392 3 3

by-pass : 3=7,20310-2 (h= Q2 h m Q m3/h)

81

2

2.1 ()

A 2.1.1 ( 13.1.1984)

.

(,Q,) 85% :

Q (m3/s) 0 10 15 20

H (m) 40 50 100 160

(%) 47 800 92 81

z1hf=5 m Q=10 m3/sec

z2=140+2(Q/10)1/2 Q m3/sec

z2

: ) , 85% , 17 MW. ) , .

)

.

.

2.1.2 ( 6.9.1984)

: Q=15 m3/sec, H=150 m

92%. 1/4,

82

:

.

hf= Q2

: ) , o .

)

( ) 1500 RPM : h= Q2 =30 Q m3/sec h m. ) =526,3 KW

Moody ckeret.

2.1.3 (A 13.9.1988)

Francis ( ).

z1=510 m

hf=5 m Q=6 m3/sec

z2=200 mB

83

, :

Q (m3/s) 4 5 6 7 8 9

H (m) 265 272 280 290 305 325

(%) 71,0 82,5 88,0 90,0 87,0 77,5

: ) , ,

z1=510 m ( ) ) z1=510 m .

KW ; ) D2e'=0,45 m. '=15 m.

.

: B=10 m, =10 oC.

A 2.1.4 ( 12.6.1990)

4 . , ,

12 m3/sec, :

P=0,87 =0,91.

: =20 C, =10 m g=9,81 m/sec2.

z2=150 m

z1=550 m

-

4

hf=25 m Q=10 m3/sec

84

: ) , .

) D2 b2 n=500 RPM : =cn2/u2=0,22 ( : i, Q m). 2 : 2=30o. .

) .

.

.

A 2.1.5 ( 1.10.1997)

,

.

(1) (2) .

;

.

zE=450 m

z=200 m (2)

(1) z=220 m

2.1.6 ( 29.6.1999)

b=100 mm

02 .

b 01=22 c01=8,5 m/sec, 02=150 :

85

)

, D1=350 mm b=100 mm, .

1500 RPM. ) ( ). , ; (=1000 Kg/m3, g=9,81 m/sec2).

D01=425 mmD02=400 mm

D1

(02)

(01)c01

01

02

2.2

A 2.2.1

Y Francis 79 m 700 mm, 700 m, 0,0001. =7, h m3/sec h m.

z1

z2

BL=700 m

D=700 mm

h=79

m

86

: : D1=3 D2=1440 mm : b2=3 b1=153 mm : 1= 135 , 2=35

,

700 mm . Q=1,155 m3/sec .

: ) , .

) ) h .

: ,

(Q=1,0). : =10oC, =1000 Kp/m3, g=9,81 m/sec2.

) : c=Q/(D2/4)=1,155/( 0,72/4)=3,03 m/sec H Reynolds :

Re=(cD)/=3,03 0,70/1,465 10-6=1,45 105 A Moody s=0,0001 Re=1,45 105 : =0,017, :

01,1181,92

03,3770,0

700017,02

22

=

+=

+=g

c

Dlh f m

: =h-hf=79-11,0168 m

,

: 2=

87

( ):

cr1= 01,511=

bDQ Q

=5,01 m/sec

u1=3 u2=3 7,15=21,45 m/sec :

cu1=u1+ )135180(1

tgcr

=u1+ or

tgc

451

=5,01+21,45=26,46 m/s

tg(1)= 46,2601,5

1

1 =u

r

c

c=0,1893 1=10,72 o.

u2=7,15 m/sec

w2

u1=21,45 m/secc

u1=26,46 m/sec

5 m/sec

2=35

c n1=

5,01

m

/secc1

1=10,72 w11

c n2 =

5,

01 m

/sec

D1, () : 1=10,72 o.

) Bernoulli, . :

gc

Hp

2

211

c1 :

c1= 187,001,5

sin 11 =

rc=26,72 m/sec

:

1= =

==81,92

72,26682

2211

gc

Hp

32,31 m 3 231, bar

( ).

88

,

za=z2, :

gc

zg

cz

p aa 22

2222 +=++

81,9201,503,3

2

2222

22

=

=gccp a

=-0,79 m

) : hK=2 U1 Cu1= 6881,9

46,2645,2122 11

=gH

cu u=0,835

A : h= HgchH afea )2/( 2

:

677,981,92

03,3)835,01(682

)1(22

=

==g

cHh ahfea m

A 2.2.2

Z - 60 z, :

=7353 KW, Q=12,5 m3/sec, =0,80, Q=0,96 m=0,98 : h=54,35 m. O L=500 m s=5,10-5. 50 Hz.

: =1000 Kp/m3, =15 oC g=9,81 m/sec2. : ) .

) ,

) 1=90o cr1=6,4 m/sec ) D1 b1 b1=0,20 D1 ) ( ) m () , .

89

) f . f1=50 Hz n1.

n1,

f2=60 Hz. :

3/1

2

12/1

2

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

=

===

NN

HH

QQ

ff

n

n

:

1=2 2,425360507353

33

2

12

3

2

1 =

=

=

ffN

n

n W

) Q1 : Q1=Q2 416,1060

505,122

12

2

1 === ffQ

n

n m

3/sec

A : 2= 2Q2 /102 : 2

22

102Q

NH

=

: 2=7353 KW, Q2=12,5 m3/sec =0,80 : 2=76 m.

:

1=2 =

=

22

2

1

605076f

f 52,78 m

: hf=h-H=54,35-52,78=1,57 m

:

hf= g

c

Dl

2

2

Moody, s=0,00005 =0,0106. c c=Q/(D2/4). :

== 95,202 2

25

fhgQL

D

D=1,837 m.

90

:

c=3,93 m/sec Reynolds: Re=c D/=3,93 1,837/1,37 10-6= 5,2 105

. Re s=0,00005 Moody : =0,0135 : D=1,93 m.

) 1=90o, , : cu1=u1 cr1=w1=6,4 m/sec : U1Cu1=gH h Cu1=U1 : u1

2=gHh u1= 85,008,5281,9 =hKgH =20,83 m/s

:

h= 96,098,080,0

= mQ

=0,85

:

tg1= 83,204,6

1

1 =u

r

c

c=0,307 1=17,08 o

:

c1=2

12

1 ur cc + c1=22 83,204,6 + =21,80 m/sec

) : D1b1cr1=QQ 0,20 D12 cr1=Q Q D12

120,0 rQ

c

Q

=

D1=1,577 m : b1=0,2 D1=0,2 1,577= 0,315 m

) h :

h= HgchH afea )2/( 2

ca , : Da=2 D=2 1,93= 3,86 m. A:

ca=4/86,314,3

416,104/ 22 =

aDQ

=0,89 m/sec

0404,02

2

=g

ca m

:

gc

Hhg

chHH ahfeaafeah 2)1(

2

22

==

hfea=52,08 (1-0,85)-0,0404=7,78 m

91

.

2.2.3

,

Francis n=510 RPM, hf=5 m Q=100 m3/sec. : - z2 o :

z2=140+2 100Q

(h2 m Q m3/sec) -

- : =10 m : g=9,81 m/sec2

z1max=270 m

hf=5 m Q=100 m3/sec

z2=140+2(Q/100)1/2

z1min=220 m

z2z=141,5 m

: ) 80 % z1=230 m. ) , ; . ) : m=Q=0,99 ) ;

) :

H=(z1-z2)-hf=230-

+

1002140 Q -5

2

100

Q

H=90-2 100Q

-5 2

100

Q

T =f(Q) (H,Q) . 80% :

92

Q=110,2 m3/sec, H=82 m 0,925 :

75,947.81102

925,02,110821000102

=

== HQN KW

60 70 80 90 100 110

160

140

120

100

80

60

A=100 %

A=90 %

A=80 %

A=70 %

A=60 %

max

=0,94

=0,935

=0,93

=0,92

=0,91

=0,90

(m)

Q (m3/sec)

H=90-2(Q/100)1/2-5(Q/100)2

) Francis 7.1 HK=100 m ( ).

,

:

HK=100 m, QK=145 m3/sec, K=0,94 :

627.133102

94,01451001000=

== HQN W

( ) :

4,173100

133627150 4/52/1

4/5

2/1

==K

KS

HN

nn

( ) :

93

12,57100145150 4/3

2/1

4/3

2/1

===K

Kq

HQ

nn

nQ . 7.1 HK=100 m : nq 60. n=150 RPM, , .

(10.3): =7,54 10-5 n1,41=7,54 10-5 173,41,41=0,10825

(Q=QK=145 m3/sec) :

=z-z2=141,4-

+

1002140 Q =-1,008 m

Thoma (. 8.12): 1088,0

10013,0008,110

=+

=

=K

SB

HHHH

o HS=0,13 m. : =0,1088>=0,10825

( ).

) : cr1=cro, cr1 () o cro

( G 10.2).

D2e ( 10.2) (10.5) (10.4). : U2e=0,31+2,5 10-3 ns=0,31+2,5 10-3 173,4=0,7435

U2e= gH

nD e2602

D2e=n

gHU e

260 2

1932,415014,3

10081,927435,0602 =

=eD

D2e=4,1932 m

(10.8) b : b/D2e=7,28 10-4 ns(2-1,82 10-3 ns)=

=7,28 10-4 173,4 (2-1,82 10-3 173,4) =0,2126 b=0,2126 D2

94

G=(0,89+Sn

5,96 )D2e=1,4465 D2e

:

cro= 122

sec/83,82126,04464,114,3

150r

e

cmDbG

Q=

=

H :

D1i=(0,4+Sn

5,94 ) D2e=(0,4+ 4,1735,94 ) 4,1932=3,9625 m

:

u1= 609625,315014,3

601 =i

nD=31,12 m/sec

:

gHhK=u1cu1 1

1u

gHc hKu

=

:

hK= 99,099,094,0

=

mQ

=0,959 :

cu1= 056,303,31959,010080,9

=

m/sec

cr1, cu1 u1 .

u1=31,12 m/sec

1

c1

cu1=30,23 m/sec

c r1=

12,94

m

/sec

w1

) ,

. cu2 , .

u : Q < QK ( . 6.13)

95

2.2.4 ( 12.9.1987)

/ . :

Q=12 m3/sec, H=200 m, =0,90.

1:5,

n=1450 RPM .

hf= Q2

: ) , .

) , n=1500 RPM, : =4,8210-6 (hf=Q2, hf m Q m

3/h). )

: =110,42 KW , Q=m=0,98. Moody Ackeret,

.

.

: f=50 Hz, g=9,81 m/sec2, =1000 Kp/m3.

96

X (H,Q) n=1450 RPM:

Q (m3/h) 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

H (m) 120,0 113,5 104,5 93,0 79,0 62,0

) 7.1 K=200 m Francis. Francis

(10.1): ns=3470 H-0,625=3470 200-0,625=126,53 ( K KW)

:

5,176.21102

90,0122001000=

== KKKK QHN W

95,6535,21176

20053,126 2/14/5

2/1

4/5

4/5

2/1

====K

KS

K

KS N

Hnn

HN

nn RPM

f=50 Hz : n=60 f/p p () . : p = 4 5 6 : n(RPM) = 750 600 500 : n=600 RPM o :

1,116200

53,21176600 4/52/1

4/5

2/1

==K

KS

HN

nn

H D2e (10.4) (10.5): U2=0,31+2,5 10-3ns=0,600=

K

e

gHu

22

u2e=0,6 20081,92 =37,585 m/sec :

u2e= D2e/2 = n/30= 600/30= 62,832 rad/sec :

D2e=2u2e/=2 37,585/62,832=1,1964 m (10.7) :

97

D1i=D2e 452,12,1165,9440,01964,15,9440,0 =

+=

+

Sn=1,452 m

( ) 1915,11,1161038,096,01964,1

1038,096,0 332

1 =+

=+

=

S

ee

n

DD m

) ( ) , (') :

4,53200267,0'267,0600

150051''' 2222

===

=

= Hn

n

DD

HH

m

24,01202,0'02,0600

150051''' 33

===

=

= Qn

n

DD

QQ

m3/sec

: Q'=0,24 m3/sec=864 m3/h '=53,39 m

(Q'=864 m3/h) : =100,8 m :

='+(+) Q'2 B . :

100,8=53,39+(4,82 10-6+B) 8642 B=5,869 10-5

) '=110,42 KW :

'= ' Q' ' :

'= 879,0102/39,5324,01000

42,110''

'

=

=QHN

:

9152,098,098,0

879,0'' =

=

=

mQh

: cu2=0 :

u'=h'H'= gcu u '' 11

: u1'=' D1'/2 '= n'/30= 1500/30=157,08 rad/sec

98

:

D1= 32175,121915,1452,1

211 =

+=

+ ei DD m

: D1'=D1/5=0,264 m

: u1'=157,08 0,264/2=20,76 m/sec :

cu1'= 08,2376,2039,5381,99152,0

'

''

1=

=

u

Hgh cu1'=23,08 m/sec

A :

Ackeret:

81755,0200

39,53515,05,0''5,05,0

'11 1,02,01,02,0

=

+=

+=

HH

DD

1-=0,81755 (1-0,879)=0,09892 =0,901

Moody :

7248,051'

'11 2,02,0

=

=

=

DD

1-=0,7248 (1-0,879)=0,0877 =0,9123

99

3

3.1 ( ). optimum . .

3.2 (,Q,) . , ,

.

.

3.3 i , 2

n.

.

3.4

; .

3.5 , . 2=90. ;

3.6 "" .

;

3.7 A ;

3.8 2 (,Q); 2 20 30o ( ) 2=90o.

3.9

.

100

3.10

nq

- nq

- nq ( nq=600-3000)

3.11 ws2 .

;

3.12 (.. , ) .

3.13 , ,

-.

3.14 E

,

.

3.15 (3) (,Q) .

3.16 2 (,Q) , ;

3.17 .

, ,

.

3.18 Kaplan Francis '' Pelton '';

3.19 Euler ; u

;

101

3.20 Euler

Francis. ;

3.21 s .

3.22

(Kaplan) . ;

3.23 nq ( ) ns ( ) ( ) ; nq ns ; .

3.24 ( 500 m ) Pelton ( Francis).

3.25 A ; .