Arnaudova Sofija Arnaudova Sofija MA,MA,Trajkov Ivan, MATrajkov Ivan, MADenkova Frosina, Denkova Frosina, MAMAFaculty of Faculty of Philosophy,Philosophy,Skopje, Macedonia Skopje, Macedonia

E M P A T H YE M P A T H Y

1909, 1909, TitchenerTitchener ( (EinfEinfüühlunghlung εμπάθεια εμπάθεια)) EMPATHYEMPATHY >> capacity to recognize or understand capacity to recognize or understand

another's state of mind or emotion. It is often another's state of mind or emotion. It is often characterized as the ability to characterized as the ability to "put oneself into "put oneself into another's shoes"another's shoes", or to in some way experience the , or to in some way experience the outlook or emotions of another being within oneself.outlook or emotions of another being within oneself.

Cognitive componentCognitive component>> being able to know what someone else is feelingEmotional componentEmotional component>> being able to feel what someone else is feeling

PROSOCIAL PROSOCIAL BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR

SexSex Birth orderBirth order Year of studyYear of study Quantity and quality of Quantity and quality of

educationseducations

A L T R U I S MA L T R U I S M

1964, 1964, case with Kitty Genovesecase with Kitty Genovese AltruismAltruism Prosocial behaviorProsocial behavior Prosocial behavior =>"voluntary actions that are intended

to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals" (Eisenberg and Mussen 1989, 3). This definition refers to consequences of a doer's actions rather than the motivations behind those actions.

Prosocial behavior refers to a pattern of activityProsocial behavior refers to a pattern of activity, whereas, altruism is the motivation to help others out altruism is the motivation to help others out of pure regard for their needs rather than how the of pure regard for their needs rather than how the action will benefit oneself.action will benefit oneself.

SexSex Birth orderBirth order Year of studyYear of study Quantity and quality of Quantity and quality of

educationseducations

A S S E R T I V E N E S S A S S E R T I V E N E S S Аssertive, assertive behavior behavior that interact

with people while standing up for your rights. Being assertive is to one's benefit most of the time but it does not mean that one always gets what he/she wants. The result of being assertive is that

1) you feel good about yourself 2) other people know how to deal with you and there is nothing

vague about dealing with you.

Assertive people have the following characteristics: They feel free to express their feelings, thoughts, and desires. They know their rights. They have control over their anger. It does not mean that they

repress this feeling. It means that they control it for a moment and then talk about it later in a logical way.

SexSex Birth orderBirth order Year of studyYear of study Quantity and quality of Quantity and quality of

educationseducations

REALISTICS

CONVENTIONAL

ARTISTIC

SOCIAL

ENTERPRISING

INVESTIGATIVE

PROBLEMPROBLEM

Is there connection between empathy, altruism and assertiveness at psychology students?

Key words:Key words:-level of empathy, altruism, assertiveness-level of empathy, altruism, assertiveness-year of study-year of study-sex of the students-sex of the students-birth order-birth order-quantity and quality of the educations-quantity and quality of the educations

Multy method triangulation

Quantitative researchQuantitative research

IRI (Index of interpersonal reaction) (Davis,1996)

Scale of altruism (Raboteg-Šarić, 1993)

Scale of assertiveness(Zdravković, 2004)

Qualitative researchQualitative research

Focus groups

SampleSample

Students from faculty of Philosophy (2007/08)

SWSP PSYCH PEDAG. Sp. Ed.

First year

Fourth year

Altruism Assertiveness

Empathy

Altruism - .05 .31**

Аassertiveness

.05 - -.20**

Empathy .31** -.20** -

Social WorkSocial Work Empathy and altruismEmpathy and altruism

(р<.01, (р<.01, rr=.31)=.31) Empathy and Empathy and

assertivenessassertiveness(р<.01, (р<.01, rr==-.24)-.24)

Empathy and altruismEmpathy and altruism(р<.01, (р<.01, rr=.39)=.39)

PsychologyPsychology Empathy and altruismEmpathy and altruism

(р<.01, (р<.01, rr=.31)=.31) Empathy and Empathy and

assertivenessassertiveness(р<.05, (р<.05, rr==-.21)-.21)

Empathy and altruismEmpathy and altruism(р<.05, (р<.05, rr=.34)=.34)

Special EducationSpecial EducationPedagogyPedagogy

Learning area N M σ F-test

p

Global empathy

Social Work 154 93.62 11.18

Psychology 95 97.34 11.11

Pedagogy 75 97.95 11.38

Special education

56 95.93 11.18

Total 380 95.74 11.31 3.453.45 <.05<.05

Graphical approach of the arithmetical means for the scale of global empathy at students from different learning areas

SWSP PSYCH PEDAG. Sp. Ed.

Global empathy

Learning area N M σ F-test p

Altruism

Social Work 154154 73.3773.37 8.578.57

Psychology 9595 72.8172.81 7.757.75

Pedagogy 7575 72.1972.19 7.987.98

Special education

5656 76.0476.04 5.265.26

Total 380380 73.3973.39 7.907.90 2.892.89 <.05<.05

Graphical approach of the arithmetical means for the scale of altruism at students from different learning areas

SWSP PSYCH PEDAG. Sp. Ed.

Altruism

Learning area N M σ F-test p

Assertiveness

Social Work 154154 63.5463.54 7.827.82

Psychology 9595 63.0863.08 10.3610.36

Pedagogy 7575 62.5362.53 9.579.57

Special education

5656 64.1464.14 8.948.94

Total 380380 63.3263.32 9.009.00 .40.40 >.0>.055

Graphical approach of the arithmetical means for the scale of assertiveness at students from different learning areas

SWSP PSYCH PEDAG. Sp. Ed.

Assertiveness

Year of study

N M σ t-test p

Global empathy

First 255 94.98 11.75

Fourth 125 97.30 10.23 -1.88 >.05

Altruism First 255 72.44 8.62

Fourth 125 75.34 5.74 -3.41 <.01

Assertiveness

First 255 63.09 8.87

Fourth 125 63.78 9.30 -.70 >.05

sex N M σ t-test p

Global empathy

Male 55 87.64 10.45

Female 325 97.12 10.88 -6.01 <.01

Altruism Male 55 70.14 11.97

Female 325 73.94 6.86 -3.34 <.01

Assertiveness

Male 55 61.80 7.93

Female 325 63.57 9.16 -1.35 >.05

Birth order N M σ t-test p

Global empathy

Only child 27 94.37 13.95

First born 161 95.61 10.99

Middle born 38 93.18 11.82

Last born 154 96.76 10.99 1.20 >.05

Altruism Only child 27 74.92 7.45

First born 161 73.44 7.33

Middle born 38 70.00 12.23

Last born 154 73.90 7.02 2.93 <.05

Assertiveness Only child 27 70.18 9.90

First born 161 62.40 8.63

Middle born 38 61.84 7.61

Last born 154 63.43 9.08 6.40 <.01

Altruism Assertiveness

Emapthy Quantity of educations

Altruism - .05 .31** .16**

Assertiveness

.05 - -.20** .10*

Empathy .31** -.20** - .05

Quantity of educations

.16** .10* .05 -

* * Correlation significant at level Correlation significant at level р<.05р<.05** ** Correlation significant at level Correlation significant at level р<.01р<.01

Quality of educations

N M σ t-test p

Global empathy

Useful 77 96.23 11.70

Partly useful 78 96.63 9.66

Not useful 4 98.00 7.44

total 159 96.95 9.60 .45 >.05

Altruism Useful 77 76.62 4.56

Partly useful 78 74.25 5.73

Not useful 4 68.25 9.32

total 159 73.04 6.54 8.28 <.01

Assertiveness

Useful 77 64.38 9.72

Partly useful 78 63.04 10.11

Not useful 4 63.75 2.75

total 159 63.72 7.53 .45 >.05

C O N C L U S I O NC O N C L U S I O N

How much adopted competences prepare the students for adequate practical work?

Are our students concurrent at the labor market and at the ,,European countries” after ECT system in the high education?