Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One Ϥ ϶Υ ΰ ϡΏ Ϩ ـϦΥ ΰ ϡΏ الل Ϥ ζ Γ Arabic...

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1 ِ ْ ِ حّ اىشِ ـْ حّ اىشِ ّ ِ ْ غِ تArabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One ُ اخَ مَ شَ حْ اىُ حَ ش ّ اىصThe three vowel markings حَ حْ رَ فfathah - حّ َ ض - ُ mmmhddh جَ شْ غَ مkasrah - (a) (u) (i) ْ ُ نُ ع- ْ Sukoon جّ ذَ ش- ّ shaddah ُ ْ ِ ْ ّ اىر: at-tanween ِ َ راَ حْ رَ ف- fathataan - (an) ِ اَ رّ َ ض - dhammataan - (un) ِ اَ ذَ شْ غَ م- kasrataan - (in) When vowel markings are doubled at the end of a word they are called ْ ِ ْ َ ذ(tanween). The additional vowel at the end of a word represents a ْ (noon saakinah). The ْ is not written but is only pronounced. e.g. ْ ُ ذِ جْ غَ - ذِ جْ غَ The Arabic language is made up of اخَ ِ يَ م(words) and these words are of three types they are known as: فْ شَ ح- ehuwtraP / rPwwPu وْ ؼِ ف- nrwtcA / bPuV ْ عِ ا- Noun دْ َ ت- mcxvP َ ةَ َ ر- zPAw , / wc oc ىِ إ- to

Transcript of Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One Ϥ ϶Υ ΰ ϡΏ Ϩ ـϦΥ ΰ ϡΏ الل Ϥ ζ Γ Arabic...

Page 1: Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One Ϥ ϶Υ ΰ ϡΏ Ϩ ـϦΥ ΰ ϡΏ الل Ϥ ζ Γ Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One The three vowel markings Ζ Ν ΞϡΏ Η ΐϝ

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ح اىش حـ للا اىش تغ

Arabic Grammar Rules for Madeenah Book One

The three vowel markings اىصالشح اىحشماخ

- fathah فرحح

ح - ضmmmhddh

- kasrah مغشج

(a) (u) (i)

Sukoon - عن

ج shaddah - شذ

at-tanween:اىر

fathataan - (an) - فرحرا

را dhammataan - (un) - ض

kasrataan - (in) - مغشذا

When vowel markings are doubled at the end of a word they are called

The additional vowel at the end of a word represents a .(tanween) ذ

(noon saakinah). The is not written but is only pronounced. e.g.

غجذ غجذ -

The Arabic language is made up of اخ and these words are (words) مي

of three types they are known as:

nrwtcA/bPuV- فؼو ehuwtraP/rPwwPu- حشف Noun - اع

د to -إى zPAw,/wc oc -رة mcxvP -ت

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يح د : اىج eP zPAw wc h mcxvP :rPtPAwPA رة إى ت

The table below shows the properties of an :(noun) اع

Examples Translation Properties

، طاىثح ؤس Masculine, feminine طاىة ، زمش

ب ، طال ، طاىثا غ Singular, dual, plural طاىة ، ج ص ، فشد

د ، ت ش ػاقو ػا Intellect, non-intellect طاىة ، غ قو

، اىطاىة ؼشفح Indefinite, definite طاىة نشج ،

is when an ism is indefinite or not specific, it is general i.e., the نشج

ism مراب ‘a book’ this can be any book from the different types of books.

ؼشفح is when an ism is definite or specific, it is not general i.e., the

ism اىنراب ‘the book’ or ذ مراب ح ‘Muhammad’s book’, here the book is a particular book not just any book in general.

An ism in the Arabic language can be ص (dual) meaning it shows upon

two i.e., the ism means ‘two students’ this is done by adding طاىثا ا(alif and noon)at the end of an ism.

An ism can be ػاقو possess intellect such as humans, angels and jinns or

it can be شػاقو possess no intellect such as animals, objects, trees غ

e.t.c.

The أصو (Asl) origin of an ism is that it carries را ض - ‘two dhammas’ (tanween) on the last letter of the word. The tanween

generally is also a sign showing that the ism is نشج (indefinite), however

there is an exception to this because you will find that Arabic male names

such as ذ ،ػثاط ح accept tanween but they are ؼشفح (definite).

The tanween is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English

‘a’/ ‘an’.

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سط ه اىذ (١) األ

is a house This ا ز

-ا ث rPwwPu wc VutAo wc hwwPAwtcA cu haPuw حشف ىير

حشف ث ىير is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the

person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to اء أع

.(nouns of indication) اإلشاسج

اإل -را noun of indicationشاسج اع

.but it is written without the first alif ,ارا is pronounced as زا

The اإلشاسج is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects اع

things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that

have meaning such as opinion’ or‘ سأ .’knowledge‘ ػي

emtv tv VPAPitrtha bAczaPmoP افغ زا

The table below shows the properties of the اإلشاس (زا )ج اع

Indicates,points to إى اإلشاسج

the near ة اىقشThe masculine زمش اى

the singular فشد اى

The اإلشاسج اع is ؼشفح (definite).

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It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect ػاقو or

things that do not possess intellect شػاقو .غ

ا - إعرفا Interrogative or Questioning Nounاع

The Interrogative Noun ‘ا ’ is used to ask a question about something

that does not possess intellect شػاقو and it always comes at the غ

beginning of a sentence. When a word comes at the beginning of a

sentence it is called in Arabic يح .صذساىج

ا is this? What ؟ زا

حشف -أ ضج ، اإلعرفا اإلعرفا

Particle/Letter of interrogation or questioning or also known as the

Interrogative Hamzah.

The ضج اإلعرفا comes at the beginning of the sentence as do all the

nouns or particles of questioning. It can be used to ask a question about

those possessing intellect as well as the things that do not possess

intellect.

؟ زا أ د this a house? Is ت

ىذ ؟ زا أ Is this a boy?

اب -ؼ Letter of answer or reply حشف ج

اب حشف -ال ج Letter/particle of answer and negation ف

The particle of reply is used to reply to a question with affirmation ؼ

whereas the particle ال is used to reply to a question with negation.

؟ زا أ ?Is this a pen قي

،زا قي nPv wmtv tv h sPA .ؼ

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؟ ص ?Is this a shirt أ زا ق

؟ .No, this is a pen ال،زا قي

– اإلعرفا Noun of interrogation/questioningاع

emtv tAwPuucohwtyP AcxA tv xvPm wc hvb h txPvwtcA hVcxw wmcvP zmc scvvPvv

tAwPaaPrw ػاقو

Who is this man?

ػ -؟ ح اإلعرفا Question mark ال

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سط اىصا( ٢) اىذ

Noun of indication/pointing -رىل

د غجذ رىل زا ت is a mosque thatThis is a house and

is a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people رىل

that are distant or far. رىل can be broken down into three parts:

اإلشاسج -را Noun of indication اع

ىيثؼذ –ه The laam is for the far/distant اىال

Particle of address حشف خطاب -ك

Some of the grammarians say that the ‘ ’ particle of address also

indicates upon far/distant and the ‘ ’ shows upon even more or

increased furtherness/distance.

The letter/particle of address ‘ ’ is used if the person cu cVoPrw we are

addressing is masculine.

The table below shows the properties of رىل:

Indicates,points to إى اإلشاسج The far/distant ذ اىثؼThe masculine زمش اى

the singular فشد اى

All the اء اإلشاسج ؼشفح nouns of indication are أع definite.

.but is written without the alif راىل is pronounced رىل

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Some of the grammarians say that the اء اإلشاسج have three levels أع

شاذة : شالز

ة – زا For the near/close ىيقش

ذ -رىل For the far/distant ىيثؼ

عظ -راك For the middle between near and far ىي

ع ال اىثؼذ جر ال ث ا ىير

The particle of alert/bringing to attention and the laam indicating upon

the distant or far will never come together in a noun of indication i.e;

.’ ‘ this is wrong-ارىل

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سط اىصاىس ( ٣) اىذ

ف حشف ذؼ -اه Definite Particle (al) ش

The definite particle اه is prefixed to an ism which is نشج (indefinite)

and it causes it to become ؼشفح (definite), and it also causes the

tanween at the end to be dropped. The definite particle (al) corresponds

to the English ‘the’.

doctor. aThis is زا

ة ا doctor is sitting. The ىطث

The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters. Of these 14 are called Solar

Letters غح اىحش ف اىش , and the other 14 are called Lunar Letters

شح ف اىق . اىحش

In the articulation of the Solar Letters the tip or the blade of the tongue is

involved in the pronunciation. The tip or the blade of the tongue does not

play any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters, (refer to lesson 3,

pg.19 Madinah bk.1).

When اه is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Solar Letter the laam of

‘al’ is not pronounced but is written, and the first letter of the ism takes a

shaddah – . For example, ظ .(ash-shamsu) اىش

When اه is prefixed to an ism beginning with a Lunar Letter the laam of

‘al’ is pronounced and written. For example, ش .(al-qamaru) اىق

In the definite particle اه (al) the ا (a) is known as ضج اى صو the

Connecting Hamzah. If it is not preceded by a word it will be

pronounced with the vowel marking - (fathah). If it is preceded by a

word it is dropped in pronunciation, though remains in writing.

صاه ط اىطاىة جاىظ : ذس اى The student is sitting and the اقف

teacher is standing, (wa l-mudarrisu…).

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ح يح اإلع اىج is a beneficial sentence ( ذج ف يح (ج , and it is made

up of 2 parts known as اىخثش ا ثرذأ ى (al-mubtada wa l-khabar).

ثرذأ اى

ثرذأ (1) meaning the beginning or اإلترذاء is from the Arabic word اى

starting, and from its origin is that it comes at the beginning of the

sentence.

ثرذ (2) أاى is an ism that is the subject of talk or discussion.

ثرذ (3) أاى is ع شف (marfoo’) meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter of the ism.

ثرذ (4) أاى in its أصو (origin) precedes اىخثش (the khabar).

ثرذأ (5) ؼش is (origin) أصو in its اى فح (definite).

اىخثش

ثرذ is that which comes after اىخثش (1) أاى in its أصو (origin).

ثرذأ gives information or news about اىخثش (2) and by which it ,اى

completes a benefit with ثرذأ .اى

ح يح اإلع اىج

ثرذأ ش اىخث اى

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.(indefinite) نشج is (origin) أصو in its اىخثش (3)

ع is اىخثش (4) شف (marfoo’) meaning it takes a dhammah or dhammataan on the last letter of the ism.

ح يح اإلع اىج

غجذ .The mosque is near اى

ثرذأ اىخثش اى

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اتغ (٤) سط اىش اىذ

حشف اىجش

(1) اىجش حشف is a Letter/Particle that enters upon an ism only.

اىجش حشف (2) changes the state of the ism to س جش (majroor),

meaning the ism takes kasrah/kasrataan on the last letter.

اىجش حشف (3) can have many meanings and its meaning is not known

or complete until it enters upon a sentence. Then its exact meaning is

known from the context of the sentence.

ع شف حشف اىجش

د د اىث اىث ف

س جش

ذ ح د ف the house inMuhammad isاىث

–أ اعرفا اع ىي ecxA ci fxPvwtcAtAo icu eahrP نا

ehuwtraP ci thuu -اىجش حشف

From- ػيOn/Above- nA -ف

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اعرفا اع نا ىي is an ism which is used to ask a question about the

whereabouts of someone/something.

is the book? Whereاىنراب؟ أ

نرة؟ ?It is on the desk/table ػي اى

فصو شاى Detached Pronoun-اىض

فصو (1) شاى is a type of ism that is used to indicate upon the اىض

خاطة or the ,(Absent) غاءب (Addressed), or the (Speaker).

فصو (2) شاى .you can begin a sentence with it اىض

فصو (3) شاى ثرذأ is a type of a اىض

فصو (4) شاى ؼشفح is اىض (definite).

5) The dhameer and can be used for those who possess intellect

and things that do not possess intellect. If they are used for the latter they

will have the meaning ‘it’.

فصو شاى اىض

د I -أا You -أ -nw/tmP -He/It د You-أ

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?Where is ‘Aaishaػاءشح ؟ أ

اىغشفح is in the room Sheف

اػح ؟ أ ?Where is the watchاىغ

ش ش is on the bed Itػي اىغ

The table below shows the properties of فصيح اءس اى the) اىض

Detached Pronouns):

ػذد Number

ظ جGender

ذه Indicates upon

فصو شاى اىضDetached Pronoun

ف شد اى(1)

زمش اى

ehaP

The Absent- اىغاءب - nw/eP

فشدج اى(1)

ؤس اىFemale

The Absent- اىغاءتح - She/It

فشد اى(1)

زمش اىehaP

خاطة د The Addressed- اى You-أ

فشدج اى(1)

ؤس اىePdhaP

خاطثح د The Addressed-اى You -أ

فشد اى(1)

ش زم اى

ؤس اى

رني I/Me - أا The Speaker- اى

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شف اىص ع (Prevented from Tanween) is a ePud that is used

for a particular group of nouns which do not accept tanween and when

they are in a state of س جش (kasra) they take Fathah.

This particular group of nouns further divides up into many categories

and from them is the category known in the Arabic language as:

ش أىف س تغ أ غ اىد ح Female Names Without Alif اىؼي

This category contains Female Names which do not accept tanween but

there is a condition ' ششط' for them not accepting tanween and that is,

that the names are made up of more than 3 letters. This category of

names is divided up into into 3 types ztwm regards to their femininity.

ع شف اىص

ضج ح ش ح فاط

س Femininity-اىرأ

-Wording(In)ىفظ ؼ (In)Meaning- ؼ ىف - ظ(In)Meaning and Wording

9tA zc

ة ،ص ش ح ح آ ،فاط ضج،طيحح ح

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The طح ج شت (Round Taa) is a letter that is added at the end of an ism

and it signifies femininity of a word.

The diagram above shows that there are 3 categories of femininity in

female names without alif:

1) In wording and meaning - names which are feminine in their

wording i.e. they end in taa marboota and in their meaning i.e. they

are names which are used for females.

2) In meaning - names which are used for females but not feminine in

wording.

3) In wording - names which are feminine in wording but not

meaning, they are names which are used for males.

The origin of nouns ending with the طح ج شت (Round Taa) is only to

distinguish the feminine from the masculine. And you will mostly find

that with the صفاخ (Adjectives) i.e. ح /مش مش (Generous, Noble).

ف The Definition:اىرؼش

اىفؼ اض -و اى ا قثو ص اىز ا اىض قغ ف ا ده ػي حذز .اىرني

The Past Verb-that which indicates upon an event/happening taking place

in the time which is before the time of speaking/conversation.

The Verb/Action -اىفؼو

ش اىفؼو ضاسع اىفؼو األ اى اض اىفؼو اى

The Past Verb The Present Verb The Command Verb

!Write(you)-امرة He Writes-نرة He Wrote-مرة

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؟ ػثاط ?Where is Abbaas أ

رة to the head teacher He went

For every action we have a doer or the one who performs the action. In

Arabic the doer of the action is called اىفاػو (al-faa’il).

ف The Definition:اىرؼش

اىفاػو اإلع س قثي فؼي زم ع اى شف .اى

ع is an ism which is (the Doer) اىفاػو شف takes dhammah or اى

dhammataan on the last letter and mentioned before it is its فؼو verb.

شف ع

غجذ رة ذ إى اى Haamid went to the mosqueحا

س اىفاػو فؼو جش

اض

You will find that اىفاػو is not always apparent after the verb رة.

That is because in the past-tense verbs for the Male Absent if اىفاػو is

not apparent then the ش ' (pronoun) ض ' (He) will be اىفاػو. nnd

this dhameer is known as غررش ش اى you ,(The Hidden Dhameer) اىض

will not see it in writing or pronounce it even though it is there.

?Where is Muhammad أ

غجذ خشض اى left from the mosque He

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The four signs of an ism

There are 4 signs by which an ism is known, and you will not find these

signs entering upon the verbs or particles/letters, so they are specific to

the nouns. These 4 signs can be used to distinguish between the اء أع

(nouns) and the أفؼاه (verbs) and ف .(particles) حش

(1) The first sign is that the ism accepts .(tanween) ذ

(2) The second sign is that اه (alif and laam) can enter upon the ism.

(3) The third sign is that ف اىجش can enter upon (particles of jarr) حش

the ism.

(4) The fourth sign is that the ism can take اىجش (kasrah/kasrataan) on

the last letter.

اه ذ

غجذ اى ذ صي ف ح Muhammad prayed in the mosque

(kasrah)اىجش حشف اىجش

اخ ػال (٤)اإلع

ف - - اىجش اه اىجش حش – –ذ

-

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ظ ( ٥) سط اىخا اىذ

: اإلضافح ، اإلع ش حشف اىجش ػي ذقذ اىغ غثح ت

ه غ ضاف األ غ اىصا اإلع .ضاف إى

is a relationship between two nouns with a (al-idhaafah) اإلضافح

hidden particle of jarr, the first noun is called ضاف (mudhaaf) and the

second noun is called ضاف إى (mudhaaf ilaih).

ف زااإلضافح ذ ذؼش ض ذف ص اى ذخص .اف أ

This Particular idhaafah gives benefit by giving ف to make) ذؼش

definite) to the mudhaaf or ص .(to narrow down/particularise) ذخص

Meaning, if the ضاف إى is ؼشفح (definite) then the ضاف will

become ؼشفح , if the ضاف إى is نشج (indefinite) then the ضاف

will be particularised or not so general but it will not be ؼشفح (definite).

ضاف ضاف إى

ط زا ذس This is the teacher’s bookمراب اى

ؼشفح

اإلضافح

ضاف ضاف

ذ مراب ح

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The Idhafaah construction has a حشف اىجش which is omitted/hidden.

This حشف اىجش gives meaning to the Idhaafah, there are 3 different

ف اىجش that an Idhaafah can have, (1) حش ,(in) ف (from/part of)

and اىال ( ) (for/belonging to).

At the moment we have only taken one meaning of the Idhaafah the اىال

(ه )حشف اىجش which has the meaning of, for/belonging to/possession.

So when we say ذ ح it literally means, ‘the book belongs to مراب

Muhammad or Muhammad’s book ( ذ ح (مراب ى .

(اىال)اىجش حشف

ضاف اى إى ضاف اى

ا س داء جش – Always

Majroor

ال – Does not accept tanween

Does not accept alif laam –قثو اه ال

اإلشاس -(cyPu wmPuP) -اك ذ اع اىثؼ نا ج ىي

is a noun which is used to indicate/point to a place that is distant or اك

far.

صاه ؟ : ذ ح مراب ?Where is Muhammad’s bookأ

نرة over thereIt is on the table اك ػي اى

(under) -ذحد نا اى /اع نا ا تؼذ )ظشف اى (جش

نا اى .is a noun of place and the ism that follows it is majroor اع

ثح نرة ذحد اىحق emP Vho tv xAmPu wmP whVaP اى

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The particle ا (O!) is used when we want to call somebody and the

person we are calling is the ism which comes after this particle and it is

known as اد اد There are 5 types of .(the one being called) اى ,اىwe will study 3 for now.

اد اى

(١ ) فشداىؼي ذ : اى ح ذ،ػثاط ا The first type is when we call،حا

somebody by their name i.e. O Muhammad!, Haamid!, ‘Abbaas!, and so

on.

دج ( ٢) قص The second type is، سجو، ا أعرار : اىنشج اى

when we call somebody and we intend a particular or specific person i.e.

O Teacher!, Man!, and so on.

ضاف ( ٣) : اى د خاىذ ا ػثذ للا The third type is when the one ،ت

being called is mudhaaf i.e. O ‘Abdallaahi!, O Daughter of Khaalid!,

and so on.

It is important to note that the first and the second types of اد end in

one dhamma, not tanween. As for the third type then the Mudhaaf will be

ب ص (take Fathah on the last letter).

The words and اع begin with hamzatu l-wasl. When preceded by a ات

word the kasrah ( -) is dropped in pronunciation, i.e.

ذس ط . تاله طاىة اى ات ة تاله ، اىطث اع ة ، ط طث ذس اى ات

ا ػثاط

اد -ػثاط ء حشف اىذا -ا اى

O- Particle of calling Abbaas- The one being called

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سط اىغادط ( ٦) اىذ

ج ز ن is an iron This

-ا ث rPwwPu wc VutAo wc hwwPAwtcA cu haPuw حشف ىير

حشف ث ىير is a letter that is used to alert or to bring to attention the

person who is being addressed and it is mostly connected to اء أع

.(nouns of indication) اإلشاسج

اإلشاسج ر Noun of Indication اع

.but it is written without the first alif ار is pronounced asز

The اإلشاسج is used to point or indicate to people, animals, objects اع

things which can be felt or touched and can also indicate to things that

have meaning such as قاػذج ‘principle’ or حح .’advice‘ ص

حح ز .This advice is beneficial - افؼح ص

The table below shows the properties of ز .

Indicates,points to إى اإلشاسج

the near ة اىقشthe feminine ؤس اى

the singular or (non-intelligent

plurals) فشد اى

The اإلشاسج اع is ؼشفح (definite).

It can be used to indicate or point to those possessing intellect ػاقو or

things that do not possess intellect شػاقو .غ

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-Generally words ending in ج (taa marboota) are regarded as feminine so

when we indicate to them we use the ز اإلشاسج اع . However there

are exceptions to this, (refer to lesson 4 under ‘types of femininity’).

صاه عاس : اج ج ز دس ز .This is a car and this is a bike ح

-Body parts that are in pairs are regarded as feminine.

صاه : ز أر ز emtv tv hA Phu hAm wmtv tv hA PdP ػ

-Also words which are particular to females are regarded as feminine.

صاه : أخد ز اى ز ذط د ت ا This is the engineer’s اإل

sister and this is the imaam’s daughter.

Particle of Jarr (for, belongs to, )حشف اىجش - ه

The particle of jarr ه enters upon an ism and causes it to take اىجش (kasrah).

؟ ز ى ز to Yaasir. belongsis this? This Whose اعش ى

س جش

ذ اىح belongs to AllaahAll Praise ل

Note that the word becomes للا by just dropping the alif and no laam ل

will need to be added to the word.

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اتغ اىذسط اىغ (٧)

Noun of Indication -ذيل

ثح طث ضح ذيل ز ش is a nurse. thatThis a doctor and

ذيل is a noun of indication it is used to indicate/point to objects or people

that are distant/far and feminine. ذيلcan be broken down into three parts:

اإلشاسج -ذ Noun of indication اع

ىيثؼذ –ه The laam is for the far/distant اىال

Particle of address حشف خطاب -ك

Some of the grammarians say that the ‘ ’ particle of address also

indicates upon far/distant and the ‘ ’ shows upon even more or

increased furtherness/distance.

The letter/particle of address ‘ ’ is used if the person cu cVoPrw we are

addressing is masculine.

The table below shows the properties of ذيل:

Indicates,points to إى اإلشاسج The far/distant ذ اىثؼThe feminine ؤس اىThe singular فشد اى

All the اء اإلشاسج ؼشفح nouns of indication are أع definite.

The letter in is dropped when joined to the laam and kaaf and the ذ

laam takes a sukoon ذيل.

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اء ة اإل أع اء شاسج ىيقش اإلشاسج أع

ذ ىيثؼ

رىل زا

ح ز ذيل آ

na-I’raab- اإلػشاب

ف :اىرؼش

اإلػشاب اخش ذ : ش أ الخرالف غ و اىني ا اخيح اىؼ ا اىذ ػي

ىفظا شا أ .ذقذ

The Definition:

The I’raab is: Changing of the endings of the words because of the

changing of the active elements entering upon them (the change is)

apparent or not-apparent.

حاالخ اإلعThe cases of the ism

اخ األصيح اإلػشاب ػال The origin signs of ‘Iraab

اع اإلػشاب أ Types of ‘Iraab

ع شف - /- فغ اىش

ب ص - / اىصة -

س جش - / اىجش -

The above definition for I’raab mentions the ending of words changing

what is meant by this is the changing of vowel markings that are on the

end or last letter of a word. It also mentions that it is the active elements

that enter upon a word that cause the change at the ending of a word, an

example of active elements are the ف The active .(letters/particles) حش

element is called و و in Arabic and the plural is (al-‘aamil) اىؼا ا .اىؼ

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The definition also mentions that the change of a word can be apparent or

not apparent. What is meant by ىفظا apparent change is when the vowel

markings at the end of a word can be pronounced and when the vowel

markings at the end of a word cannot be pronounced then the change

isا ش .not apparent. This part will be explained in more depth later ذقذ

The table above illustrates types of I’raab and its origin signs.

فغ is when the end or last letter of a word takes a dhammah (ar-raf’u) اىش

or dhammataan ت د / اىث د

is when the end or last letter of a word takes a fatha (an-nasbu) اىصة

or fathataan ت را / اىث د

is when the end or last letter of a word takes a khasrah or (al-jarru) اىجش

khasrataan ت د / اىث د

Also when an ism is in the state of فغ ع it is called (ar-raf’u) اىش شف (marfoo’).

When an ism is in the state of اىصة (an-nasbu) it is called ب ص mansoob).

When an ism is in the state of اىجش (al-jarru) it is called س جش (majroor).

و ( ( اىؼا

ه فؼ ت

اض فؼو ب ص س اإلع جش

صاه تاىغ ح اىذجاج ذ ر تح ص : hdm vahxomwPuPm wmP ن

rmtrbPA

with the knife.

( اىجش حشف ( و اىؼا

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ع اىفاػو شف

The example above shows the three types of I’raab , ذ ع is ص شف the

و ع which is causing it to be (active element) ػا شف is the فؼو

اض (past tense verb) جاجح , رتح is اىذ ص ب the و active) ػا

element) which is causing it to be ب ص is the اض past tense) فؼو

verb) رتح, ن س is (knife) اىغ جش the و which (active element) ػا

is causing it to be س جش is the (ب )حشف اىجش .

The words which fall into the definition of I’raab as mentioned above are

known in Arabic as ؼشب (mu’rab).

(al-binaa) اىثاء

are words which do not show change in their endings and (al-binaa) اىثاء

they are considered by the grammarians to be the opposite of words

which take اإلػشاب (al-I’raab), as mentioned above. The words which

fall into this category are called (mabni).

ف ذؼش ث ا: اى و تغثة آخش رغش ال ا اخيح اىؼ ا اىذ .ػي

Definition of ث (mabniyy): That which it’s ending doesn’t change because of the active elements entering upon it.

The definition explains that words which are ث their endings do not

change because of the و ا entering upon them, but (active elements) ػ

rather they are built upon one ending which doesn’t change at all.

However, these words can grammatically have a place in I’raab but they

will be in the position or state of فغ،اىصة،اىجش due to their place اىش

in the sentence. This point will be elaborated upon later.

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ث .....ػي Built upon……

صيح أExamples

اع اىثاء أ Types of Al-binaa

ث ػي عن ، ف ، زا، ؼ - -عن

ح ػي ض ث س ، ح ح ح - -ض

ث ػي فرحح د ، رة، أ - - فرحح أ

ث د، ه، ؤالء ػي مغشج ، أ - -مغشج ز

The table above shows that words which are ث can fall into four types

of endings which do not change due to the و ا ,entering upon them ػ

rather they are fixed or built upon that particular ending. There are four

possible endings, .

ضاف ضاف إى

صاه : ?Whose book is thisزا؟ مراب

ث ػي عن

The above example shows that the word is ضاف إى and we

know that the mudhaaf ilaih is always majroor (takes kasrah), however

the word (who) is ث ػي عن (built upon a sukoon) so the

ending will always show a sukoon even though it is in the position or

state of اىجش (al-jarr) due to its place in the sentence. So the و ػا

(active element) does not affect the ending of a word that is ث (mabni).

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اىذ ( ٨) سط اىصا

)ha-lhmha(- اىثذه

ثرذأ ثش اىخ اى

جو زا .This man is a trader . ذاجش اىش

(al-badal)اىثذه

In the above example the ism جو اىثذه is grammatically known as اىش

(al-badal), it used in a sentence in order to give ذ م and (emphasis) ذ

to the word that precedes it. So in the above (clarity or explanation) تا

example the ism جو it ,زا is giving emphasis and clarity to the word اىشis telling us that the one being indicated to is ‘the man’.It can also be

understood that the badal is the same the thing as the word which

precedes it, i.e. the man is the one being indicated to and the one being

indicated to is the man.

Another example can be used to explain this, if I had a book in my hand

which I was indicating to and I said to my teacher, ‘this is new’ ' زا

ذ 'جذ . It would be understood that the book is new and if I was to

mention the book in my sentence I would say in Arabic, زا اىنراب

ذ جذ . By mentioning ' اىنراب' , I have put a صادج (extra or additional

word in the sentence which is known as اىثذه (al-badal). It is important

to note here that if I were to say in Arabic, ‘ ’ this would not

be considered to be a complete or beneficial sentence. To make it a

beneficial sentence we must add a خثش (khabar), as shown in the example

above. The subject of اىثذه and the types of al-badal will be covered

later on inshaallaah.

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اإلع قص س س اى قص اى اإلع

ط ذس اى نا ش أ نيرش اىطاىة The teacher is from. اإ

America and the student is from England.

ذ غرشف رة إى حا .Hamid went to the hospital.اى

اإلع س اى قص

ف ح :اىرؼش ؼشب آخش أىف الص اع س قص اى حح اإلع فر

ا قثيا غ ج س ػي .اىحشماخ ذقذ

Definition: al-ismul-maqsoor, it is an ism mu’rab which has an

inseparable or binding alif on its end and the letter before it takes a fatha

and all the vowel markings on it are not apparent.

The words ا نيرش ع،إ نا، ش غرشفأ ، all end with an binding alif

or the letter which looks like the letter (ya) except that it doesn’t

have the two dots but it is pronounced as an alif. Also the ismul-maqsoor

is ؼشب (mu’rab) it takes اإلػشاب (al-I’raab) but the I’raab is ش ذقذ(taqdeer) not apparent. The examples above illustrate this, the ismul-

maqsoor (nouns ending with the binding alif at the end) are preceded by

ف اىجش ف اىجش but the change caused by the حش ,is not apparent حش

the case of ىجش ا (al-jarr) cannot be seen. The Ismul-maqsoor falls into

one of the categories or types of words where the I’raab is ا ش please) ذقذ

refer back to the definition of I’raab).

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