Aplicaciones de las espectroscopías IR y Raman al Patrimonio … Curie Research Training/21... ·...

Aplicaciones de las espectroscopías

IR y Raman

al Patrimonio Histórico y Cultural

Concepción DomingoInstituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC

28006 Madrid, Spain

I

λ (nm)

E

?

Spectrum

Raman and IR Transitions

IR Absorptions

Raman

Energy Levels of CO2Energy Levels of CO2

667667

13351335

23502350

\\ \\

20,00020,000

Ene

rgy

Ene

rgy ,

, Dif

fere

nce

Dif

fere

nce

cmcm-- 11

ZeroZero PtPt IIRRIIRR

RamanRaman

?1?2

?3

Vibrations of CO2

No dipole change Dipole changeDipole change

IR and Raman Spectra of CO2IR and Raman Spectra of CO2

4000 2000 0Wavenumber (cm-1)

4000 2000 0

% T

rans

mis

sion Infrared

spectrum

Raman spectrum

Scat

teri

ngIn

tens

ity

Análisis de materiales para determinar:

- Producción y métodos (análisis)- Deterioro (cambios)-Conservación (asesorar)

“Scientific Examination of Art:Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis”

(Sackler NAS Colloquium), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005

http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11413

Objetos del Patrimonio

- Desde cañones sumergidos en el mar hasta miniaturas de marfil

- Piedra, papel, metal, textiles, vidrio, …

- Sustratos, Pigmentos, aglutinantes, conservantes, consolidantes, …

-

IR-spectra

Bone glue (from collagen)

Fish glue (gelatin)

Polyamide

PROTEINS

CARBOHYDRATESStarches (C6H10O5)n.

PROTEINS

OILSLinseed oil

Beeswax 70 % higher aliphatic esters, 13 % free wax acids 12% hydrocarbons

Turpentine C10H16, Turpentine is commonly used as a thinner or diluentfor oil paints and varnishes and as a raw material for the chemical industry

NATURAL RESINS

Colophony

Acrylate

SYNTHETIC RESINS

Latex

Ph. Colomban, M.-P. Etcheverry, M. Asquier, M. Bounichou, A. Tournié.« Raman Identification of Ancient StainedGlasses and their Degree of Deterioration »J. Raman Spectrosc. 37 (2006).

LA SAINTE CHAPELLE (PARIS)La revue de la céramique et du verre,148, 18-21(2006)

http://www.eu-artech.org/

MOLABMOBILE LABORATORY10 instruments are available- fibre-optics FTIR-micro Raman- fibre-optics UV fluorescence spectrometry - fibre-optics Vis-NIR spectrometry- scanning IR reflectometry- laser micro-profilometry- XRF- fluorescence spectrometry- NMR tomography- DRMS

Instituto do Arquivos Nacionais - TORRE DO TOMBO -

PortugalMay 06

Comparative characterisation of two medieval codex of the 12 th Century and

damage assesment of the parchment support

M13

MOLAB

Uni OVIEDO - Institute of Petrology - SpainApr 06

Analysis of polychromies and of the effects of consolidation in the stones of the facades of the Cathedral and Provincial Museum of

Huesca, Spain

M12

MOLAB

25th Ephorate of prehistoric and classical antiquities-

ATHENS - GreeceApr 06

In-situ identification of the penetration depth of consolidants on bioclastic limestones

through micro-drilling measurements

M11

MOLAB

Hamilton Kerr Institute, Uni of CAMBRIDGE - United

KingdomJan 06The Macclesfield Psalter & Metz Pontifical

M10

MOLAB

English Heritage - LONDON -United Kingdom

Jan 06Investigation of silver tarnish risk and remaining protection afforded by lacquers

M9

MOLAB

Courtauld Institute of Art, Department of Conservation and Technolgy LONDON -

United Kingdom

Dec 05Non-invasive analysis of materials from

paitings by Paul Cezanne in the CourtauldInstitute Gallery, London

M8

MOLAB

National Art Museum of Romania BUCHAREST -

RomaniaSept 05The Four Gospels Book from HumorM

7MOLAB

Institute of inorganic chemistry - Academy of Science of Czech

Republic-PRAGUEJune 05

Study of the painting technique of Johann Baptist Lampi, father and son, at the

Moravian Gallery in Brno

M6

MOLAB

Hermitage Museum - SAINT-PETERSBURG - Russia

May 05Scientific non-destructive examination of

Leonardo paintings in The Hermitage Museum

M5

MOLAB

Archaeologic Institute of Macedonia & Thrace -

THESSALONIKI - Greece

March-April 05

Investigation of the St. Euthymios chapel wall paintings at the Basilica of St. Demetrius

in Thessaloniki.

M4

MOLAB

National Gallery - LONDON -United Kingdom

March 05A technical study of Leonardo’s "Virgin of the

Rocks" and associated Leonardesquepaintings

M3

MOLAB

Victoria & Albert Museum -LONDON - United Kingdom

March 05Composition and structure of lustre

decorations on original Italian Renaissance lustreware

M2

MOLAB

Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'Archéologie - BESANCON -

FranceJuly 04Examination of "Lamentation over the dead

Christ" by Agnolo BronzinoM1

MOLAB

Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya (MNAC) -

Restoration and Preventive Conservation Department

BARCELONA - Spain

Study of surface layers and other substances applied in the past on the Parianand Pentelic marbles of the Greek sculpture of Esculapio from Empúries (Girona): control

of cleaning methodologies

M21

MOLAB

Wallace Collection LONDON -United Kingdom

Study of the composition and structure of lustre decorations on original Italian

Renaissance lusterware at the Wallace Collection

M20

MOLAB

Gemeentemuseum DEN HAAG - The Netherlands

Art technological research toward the Victory Boogie Woogie (1942-1944) by Piet

Mondriaan

M19

MOLAB

Victoria and Albert Museum LONDON - United KingdomOct 06

Study of gemstones, metal alloys and enamels in historical jewellery at the Victoria

and Albert Museum, by non-destructive techniques

M18

MOLAB

Staatliche Kunstammlungen Dresden - Porzellansamlung

DRESDEN - GermanyJune 06Paint on early Meissen Stoneware

M17

MOLAB

Gemäldegalerie- Staatliche Museen zu BERLIN - Germany

June 06

A technical study of the paintings "Amorvincit omnia" by Caravaggio, "Portrait of a lady (Dorotea)" and "Reclining nude of a

woman in a landscape (Cerere)" by Sebastiano del Piombo

M16

MOLAB

Sopritendenza speciale per il polo museale di NAPOLI - ItalyMay 06Drawing and colour in designing a painting :

Polidoro artwork in Capodimonte

M15

MOLAB

Instituto Portugues de Concervaçao e Restauro -

LISBOA - PortugalMay 06Casas pintadas de Evora

M14

MOLAB

http://www.eu-artech.org/files/UserReportBurgio.pdfProject: Study of the composition and structure of lustre decorations onoriginal Italian Reinassance lustrewareUser Group Leader: Lucia BurgioLocation: Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom

http://www.eu-artech.org/files/UserReportStoulig.pdfProject: Study of the painting Lamentation on the dead Christ by Agnolo di Cosimo di Mariano, called Il Bronzino, 1545User Group Leader: Claire StouligLocation : Musée des Beaux Arts et de Archeologie, Besançon, France

FT-IR spectra collected on whitish and yellowish lacunas present in the lower part of the paintingshowed particular absorptions at 2135, 2235, 2304, 2378 cm-1 together with a band at 1207 cm-1 characterized by a reststrahlen shape. They have been compared with the reflectance spectrum of a typical protein, animal glue, presenting all the main features of this substances: amide I-1670 cm-1, carbonyl stretching vibration; amide II-1580cm-1, combination of CN and NH vibrations; amide III-1470 and 1406 cm-1, CH bending vibrations

MOLAB at the Musée des Beaux Arts et de Archeologie, Besançon, France

http://www.eu-artech.org/files/User%20Report%20MOLAB_Putna.pdfProject: Romanian illuminated medieval manuscripts – Scientific research on thematerials and techniquesUser Group Leader: Mihai Lupu,

National Art Museum of Romania , Bucharest, RomaniaLocation: Monastery of Putna, Suceava County, Romania

Research on the materials and techniques was carried out usingthe following MOLAB in-situ techniques: XRF, micro-Raman, fiber-optic Mid FT-IR and NIR

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Yeso

Carbono

Números de onda/cm-1

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)

200 300 400

Bermellón

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)


200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Yeso

Carbono


Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)

200 300 400

Bermellón

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)

Números de onda/cm-1Arqueta 2

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

**

*

Carbono

Cara frontalRojo Amarillo Negro

Fosfato (PO43-)

Oropimente (As2S3)

Bermellón (HgS)*

*

*

* **

**

*

*

**

*

* *

*

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.a

.)


200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

II

"Cal" (soporte)

I

I

II

Carbono

* Anhidrita (CaSO4)

*

*

*

Bermellón (HgS)

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.a

.)Números de onda/cm-1

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Corona CaraAzul Verde

Carbono *

**

Lateral con figuras: San Juan

Oropimente (As2S3)

**

***

*

Indigo (C16H10N2O2)

Blanco de plomo (2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2)IYeso (CaSO4.2H2O)I

"Cal"

Anhidrita (CaSO4)IBermellón (HgS)

**

*

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.a

.)


1000 1100

0,1

I

I

II

400 800 1200 1600 2800 3200

Madera

LC

C

L

LC

L

C

C

C

C

L: LigninaC: Celulosa

L

L

L

L

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)


200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

* Yeso

Interior de la tapaFondo azul oscuro Estrellas amarillas

Oropimente (As2S3)

Indigo (C16H10N2O2)

"Cal"

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)


200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

**

*

Carbono

Cara frontalRojo Amarillo Negro

Fosfato (PO43-)

Oropimente (As2S3)

Bermellón (HgS)*

*

*

* **

**

*

*

**

*

* *

*

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.a

.)


200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

II

"Cal" (soporte)

I

I

II

Carbono

* Anhidrita (CaSO4)

*

*

*

Bermellón (HgS)

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.a

.)Números de onda/cm-1

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Corona CaraAzul Verde

Carbono *

**

Lateral con figuras: San Juan

Oropimente (As2S3)

**

***

*

Indigo (C16H10N2O2)

Blanco de plomo (2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2)IYeso (CaSO4.2H2O)I

"Cal"

Anhidrita (CaSO4)IBermellón (HgS)

**

*

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.a

.)


1000 1100

0,1

I

I

II

400 800 1200 1600 2800 3200

Madera

LC

C

L

LC

L

C

C

C

C

L: LigninaC: Celulosa

L

L

L

L

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)


200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

* Yeso

Interior de la tapaFondo azul oscuro Estrellas amarillas

Oropimente (As2S3)

Indigo (C16H10N2O2)

"Cal"

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)


Arqueta 1

RESULTADOSDe los resultados de los análisis Raman y de los estudios estilísticos se concluye que la “Arqueta 1” perteneciente sin duda a finales del siglo XIV, presenta los pigmentos puros, utilizando una finísima capa de yeso como imprimación, mientras que el resto que estilísticamente pertenece a los últimos años del siglo XVII o principios del XVIII, ha utilizado diversos componentes de origen orgánico como puede ser el lienzo y el óleo y que incluso la pintura aplicada en toda ella, resulta ser anterior a 1900, ya que se advierten los mismos elementos, sin restauraciones pictóricas modernas.

La “Arqueta 2”, pese a las dificultades expuestas por el manejo físico, al presentar el mismo bermellón, nos permite fecharla antes de finales del siglo XIX, aunque como ya se ha dicho anteriormente el análisis estilístico y visual de los elementos imposibilita su adscripción al siglo XVI, en que estaba datada.

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Carbonatos "mixtos"

A-6

C-1b

P-3b

P-5P-3a

C-1a

*

*

****

* *

*

* Massicot

*

* Anglesite

*

*

* Laurionite

* *

* Hydrocerrusite

*

* Litharge

* *

* Carbon

**

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)

Números de onda /cm-1200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Inte

nsid

ad R

aman

(u.

a.)

**

* Calcita* Cerrusite

A-4b

A-8a

A-8b

*

* Hydrocerrusite

**

***

* Laurionite* Phosgenite

*

*

*

Números de onda /cm-1

1000 1050 1100

*

*

*

*

3000 2800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

*

Tegovakon solid (2 years)

6 days

2 days

1 hour

Tegovakon over glass

Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

3100 3000 2900 2800 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

1 hour

2 hours

2 days

5 days

2 months

Tegosivin modified (Silo) solid (>1 year)

δ C-Si-CνSi-O-Si

Tegosivin over glass

Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

3000 28001600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

5 days

2 days

2 hours

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Tegosivin (10% wt in White Spirit) over glass

Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)

Raman Microscope 50Xλlaser = 785 nm

The strong fluorescence of thebiocalcarenite stone at 785 nmmade impossible to detect thespectra of the consolidant andof the water-repellent on thecorrespondingly impregnatedsamples.

Possibilities of the molecular Infrared and Raman spectroscopies to monitor the polymerization process of water repellents and consolidants in treated stones

(collaboration with the IEG group of the TNCH )

The increasing use of portable instruments, also Raman and infrared spectrometers, for in situdiagnosis and characterization of materials and their conservation state in artworks, has led us to investigate the real possibilities that both vibrational spectroscopies have for monitoring in real time the polymerization process of silicon-based water repellents and consolidants in stones after application of the corresponding treatments. A particular stone (biocalcarenite) widely used in the Spanish Architectural Heritage, has been chosen as laboratory model stone.

4000 3000 2000 1000

Tegovakon / KBr

3 months

2 days

1 min

IR A

bso

rban

ce(a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

10 min

3 months

2 days

Tegosivin / KBrIR

Abs

orba

nce

(a.u

.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3500 3000 1500 1000 500* * **

3 months

2 days

2 hours

11 min

Tegosivin (10% wt in White Spirit) / KBr

IR A

bsor

banc

e (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

IR Transmission spectra ofthe products squeezedbetween KBr disks. The IR reflection of the stonehad a very strong calciteband which prevented fromobserving the silane-basedcompounds bands.

FT-Raman spectra of the impregnated stones excited at 1064 nm showed strong calcite bands, but the detailed study of the C-H stretching region allowed to conclude:1) The evaporation of the White Spirit employed as solvent in the water-repellent case, finished 14 days after application. This period coincides with the largest loss of weight of the corresponding specimen.2) The decrease with time of the integrated intensity of the marked region in the consolidant case showed a trend which someway correlated with the loss of weight directly measured, specially from the 14 day on. Then, our Raman data support the “weight control” as good choice for indication of curing.

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

4 days

7 days

9 days

11 days

14 days

16 days

28 days

42 days

2 days

Ram

an In

tens

ity (

a.u.

)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Stone/ Tegovakon

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

42 days

28 days

16 days

14 days

11 days

9 days

7 days

4 days

2 daysR

aman

Inte

nsity

(a.

u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Stone/ Tegosivin 10 wt in WS1064

nm

3000 2800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

*


6 days

2 days

1 hour


Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

3100 3000 2900 2800 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

1 hour

2 hours

2 days

5 days

2 months


δ C-Si-CνSi-O-Si


Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

3000 28001600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

5 days

2 days

2 hours

Wavenumbers / cm-1


Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)



3000 2800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

*


6 days

2 days

1 hour


Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

3100 3000 2900 2800 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

1 hour

2 hours

2 days

5 days

2 months


δ C-Si-CνSi-O-Si


Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

3000 28001600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

5 days

2 days

2 hours

Wavenumbers / cm-1


Ram

an In

tens

ity (a

.u.)



Possibilities of the molecular Infrared and Raman spectroscopies to monitor the polymerization process of water repellents and consolidants in treated stones

(collaboration with the IEG group of the TNCH )

The increasing use of portable instruments, also Raman and infrared spectrometers, for in situdiagnosis and characterization of materials and their conservation state in artworks, has led us to investigate the real possibilities that both vibrational spectroscopies have for monitoring in real time the polymerization process of silicon-based water repellents and consolidants in stones after application of the corresponding treatments. A particular stone (biocalcarenite) widely used in the Spanish Architectural Heritage, has been chosen as laboratory model stone.

4000 3000 2000 1000

Tegovakon / KBr

3 months

2 days

1 min

IR A

bso

rban

ce(a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

10 min

3 months

2 days

Tegosivin / KBrIR

Abs

orba

nce

(a.u

.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3500 3000 1500 1000 500* * **

3 months

2 days

2 hours

11 min


IR A

bsor

banc

e (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1


4000 3000 2000 1000

Tegovakon / KBr

3 months

2 days

1 min

IR A

bso

rban

ce(a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

10 min

3 months

2 days

Tegosivin / KBrIR

Abs

orba

nce

(a.u

.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3500 3000 1500 1000 500* * **

3 months

2 days

2 hours

11 min


IR A

bsor

banc

e (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3000 2000 1000

Tegovakon / KBr

3 months

2 days

1 min

IR A

bso

rban

ce(a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3000 2000 1000

Tegovakon / KBr

3 months

2 days

1 min

IR A

bso

rban

ce(a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

10 min

3 months

2 days

Tegosivin / KBrIR

Abs

orba

nce

(a.u

.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

4000 3500 3000 1500 1000 500* * **

3 months

2 days

2 hours

11 min


IR A

bsor

banc

e (a

.u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1


FT-Raman spectra of the impregnated stones excited at 1064 nm showed strong calcite bands, but the detailed study of the C-H stretching region allowed to conclude:1) The evaporation of the White Spirit employed as solvent in the water-repellent case, finished 14 days after application. This period coincides with the largest loss of weight of the corresponding specimen.2) The decrease with time of the integrated intensity of the marked region in the consolidant case showed a trend which someway correlated with the loss of weight directly measured, specially from the 14 day on. Then, our Raman data support the “weight control” as good choice for indication of curing.

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

4 days

7 days

9 days

11 days

14 days

16 days

28 days

42 days

2 days

Ram

an In

tens

ity (

a.u.

)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Stone/ Tegovakon

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

42 days

28 days

16 days

14 days

11 days

9 days

7 days

4 days

2 daysR

aman

Inte

nsity

(a.

u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1


nm

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

4 days

7 days

9 days

11 days

14 days

16 days

28 days

42 days

2 days

Ram

an In

tens

ity (

a.u.

)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Stone/ Tegovakon

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

42 days

28 days

16 days

14 days

11 days

9 days

7 days

4 days

2 daysR

aman

Inte

nsity

(a.

u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Stone/ Tegosivin 10 wt in WS

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

4 days

7 days

9 days

11 days

14 days

16 days

28 days

42 days

2 days

Ram

an In

tens

ity (

a.u.

)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Stone/ Tegovakon

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

42 days

28 days

16 days

14 days

11 days

9 days

7 days

4 days

2 daysR

aman

Inte

nsity

(a.

u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1


3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

4 days

7 days

9 days

11 days

14 days

16 days

28 days

42 days

2 days

Ram

an In

tens

ity (

a.u.

)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Stone/ Tegovakon

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

4 days

7 days

9 days

11 days

14 days

16 days

28 days

42 days

2 days

Ram

an In

tens

ity (

a.u.

)

Wavenumbers / cm-1

Stone/ Tegovakon

3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

42 days

28 days

16 days

14 days

11 days

9 days

7 days

4 days

2 daysR

aman

Inte

nsity

(a.

u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1


3000 2800 1600 1200 800 400

initial

42 days

28 days

16 days

14 days

11 days

9 days

7 days

4 days

2 daysR

aman

Inte

nsity

(a.

u.)

Wavenumbers / cm-1


nm

"IV International Conference on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy inArt and Archaeology", http://www.chimica.unimore.it/RAA2007/raa2007.htm-----------------------------------------------------------------------------"Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology"J. Raman Spectrosc. 2006; 37: 962–965Procc. III International Conference on the Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology------------------------------------------------------------------------------http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11413(Sackler NAS Colloquium) Scientific Examination of Art:Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005

http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309096251&page=162Raman Microscopy in the Identification of Pigments on Manuscripts and Other Artwork, R.J.H. CLARK162-185-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Smith GD, Clark RJHRaman microscopy in archaeological science JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE 31 (8): 1137-1160 AUG 2004 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

http://www.chem.ucl.ac.uk/resources/raman/index.html---------------------------------------------------------------Raman Microscopy Research in The British LibraryThe analysis of materials used in the making and for the conservation of manuscripts incunabula and works of arthttp://www.bl.uk/about/collectioncare/pdf/raman.pdf-----------------------------------------------------------------Raman microscopy techniques for the characterisation of pigmentsTracey D. Chaplin, & Robin J. H. Clarkhttp://www.rms.org.uk/downloads/5_-_Chaplin-Clark.pdf------------------------------------------------------------------http://www.chim.unifi.it/raman/------------------------------------------------------------------Database of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemistry of mineralshttp://rruff.info/------------------------------------------------------------------www.?s.unipr.it./~bersani/raman/raman/spettri.htm------------------------------------------------------------------www.sbg.ac.at/min/service/service_daten.htm-------------------------------------------------------------------www.ens-lyon.fr/LST/Raman/index.php-------------------------------------------------------------------minerals.gps.caltech.edu/FILES/raman/Caltech_data/index.htm

The application of Raman Spectroscopy for the Non-destructive Analysis of Art Objectshttp://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn163/idn163.htm

"Identification and Classification of Natural Organic Binding Media and Varnishes by Micro-Raman Spectroscopyhttp://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn164/idn164.htm

Peter Vandenabeele and Luc Moens

----------------------------------------------------APPLICATION OF RAMAN TECHNIQUESFOR PAPER COATINGSShivashanker Bitlahttp://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BitlaS2002.pdf

---------------------------------------------------CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSCOPY IN CHEMICAL ANDPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COATED AND PRINTEDPAPERSJouko Vyörykkähttp://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2004/isbn9512272318/isbn9512272318.pdf

minerals.gps.caltech.edu/FILES/raman/Novosibirsk_Russia/Index.htm-----------------------------------------http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/cgi-bin/direct_frame_top.cgi?lang=engSpectral Database for Organic Compounds SDBS---------------------------------------------FT-IR SPECTRA OF BINDERS AND COLORANTShttp://www.ut.ee/katsekoda/IR_Spectra/---------------------------------------------www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/rasmin/E_index.htm----------------------------------------------www.irug.org-----------------------------------------------newton.mli.kvl.dk/users/engelsen/specarb/specarb.html (Carbohidratos)-----------------------------------------------

http://goya.fmc.cie.uva.es/Pigmentos/inicio.htm- Colorimetría (CR) - Difracción de Rayos X (DRX) - Espectroscopía µRAMAN- Espectroscopía FTIR(ATR) ---------------------------------http://www.ehu.es/udps/database/database.php

ESPAÑA

http://www.ehu.es/udps/database/database1.html

Aplicaciones de las espectroscopías IR y Raman al Patrimonio … Curie Research Training/21... ·...

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