el

,

A : , , : K.

en

Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture and Sports

Centre for the Greek Language Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, CultureEditor: Georgios K. Giannakis

fr

Ministre de lducation et des Cultes, de la Culture et des Sports

Centre de la Langue Grecque Macdoine antique : langue, histoire, cultureSous la direction de Georgios K. Giannakis

de

Ministerium fr Bildung und Religion, Kultur und Sport

Zentrum fr die griechische Sprache Antikes Makedonien: Sprache, Geschichte, KulturHerausgeber: Georgios K. Giannakis

Thessaloniki Thessalonique 2012

, , , ( ) ( 2007 2013 ). 2012

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1, 551 32 .: 2310 459 101, : 2310 459 107 : centre@komvos.edu.gr Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture and Sports

, , , , , , , , , 2121 / 1993 .

Centre for the Greek Language

The present volume has been published within the Action Ancient Greek Dialects of vital importance for the continuity of the Greek language and the cultural tradition A documentation project for the support of the curricula in the Universities Departments of Language and Literature, which is implemented through the Operational Programme Education and Long-life Learning of The Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture and Sports and is co-funded by the eu (European Social Fund) and through National Resources (NSRF 2007 2013 ). 2012 Centre for the Greek Language

1, Karamaouna Skra sq. 551 32 Kalamaria, Thessaloniki Tel.: +30 2310 459 101, Fax: +30 2310 459 107 E-mail: centre@komvos.edu.gr Ministre de lducation et des Cultes, de la Culture et des Sports

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Centre for the Greek Language, and as expressly permitted by the Law 2121/1993 and the other terms of the National and International Law applied in Greece.

Centre de la Langue Grecque

1, Karamaouna place Skra 551 32 Kalamaria, Thessalonique Tl.: +30 2310 459 101, Fax: +30 2310 459 107 E-mail: centre@komvos.edu.gr Ministerium fr Bildung und Religion, Kultur und Sport

Zentrum fr die griechische Sprache1, Karamaouna pl. Skra 551 32 Kalamaria, Thessaloniki Tel.: +30 2310 459 101, Fax: +30 2310 459 107 E-mail: centre@komvos.edu.gr http://www.greeklanguage.gr

ISBN 9789607779526 : Cannot Not Design

Contents

Table des matires

Inhalts

el

. Michael Zahrnt : rthur Muller Emilio Crespo : Julin Mndez Dosuna

7 11 31 53 65

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Introduction Georgios K. Giannakis The history of Macedonia in the pre-Hellenistic period Michael Zahrnt The other Greece: The archaeology of Macedonia rthur Muller Languages and dialects in Ancient Macedon Emilio Crespo Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work Julin Mndez Dosuna

79 83 101 121 133

fr

Introduction Georgios K. Giannakis Histoire de la Macdoine pendant la priode pr-hellnistique Michael Zahrnt Lautre Grce : archologie de la Macdoine rthur Muller Langues et dialectes dans la Macdoine antique Emilio Crespo Lancien Macdonien en tant que dialecte grec : une tude critique des travaux rcents Julin Mndez Dosuna

147 151 169 189 201

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Einleitung Georgios K. Giannakis Geschichte Makedoniens in vorhellenistischer Zeit Michael Zahrnt Das andere Griechenland: Die Archologie Makedoniens rthur Muller Sprachen und Dialekte im antiken Makedonien Emilio Crespo Das antike Makedonisch als griechischer Dialekt: Kritischer berblick ber die jngste Forschung Julin Mndez Dosuna

215 219 237 259 271

Appendix Bibliography Bibliographie

287 289

. , , . . (.. O. ller, G. Meyer, M. Vasmer ..) (.. . . , . ..). , , . , 150 200 ( ), , , , . . , , . , . T , , , . , . , , , . Michel Zhrt , , . , . , , . , , (8.137 ..) (2.99) . , , , . Zhrt , .

8 .

337 .. , , , , . , , , . Arthur Muller : , , . . , , . , , , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , , . , , 4 , . , , , -

, , , , , , . Arthur Muller . , , , . . , Eili Cresp , , , , Juli Mdez Dsu. , Eili Cresp , , 54 .. . , . Cresp , . , , , , . , , , , . , Cresp, 5 .., . ,

9

, , , 4 . , , , . 168 .., . , , , , (7.7.8), () ( ). Juli M Mdez Dsu , ( , ). . , , (5 .. .), . ( ), ( ), . ( * = . . 2.22c), ( .) ( = . , , . ), , ( ) , .. , , , .. , 380350 .. . , / , . , , /p t k/ [b d g] /f s x/ [v z ], , /b d g/ [v ], .

, . , , , . Eili Cresp Juli Mdez Dsu, , , . , , , , . , . . . , , . , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , ( ) ( 20072013). , .

Michael Zahrnt

*

1 * .. . 1 , , : Geyer 1930 d 1972 d & Griffith 1979 1982 Errigt 1986 Brz 1990, 1999. 2 . Zhrt 1984.

. , , , . , , . , . , , , . 5 , . , , , : (8.137 ..) (2.99) . , 479, , 429, . , . ,

el

12

Michael Zahrnt3 . Zhrt 1992 2011.

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( ). . , . . , , . , , , , , . 7 .. . , , . . , 6 , , . . , ( ), , , , . .2

. : 510 , , . , . 496 , , . 496, , . , . , , .

13

(480/79), , , ( ). , . , , , . , , , . , , . . , , , . , , , . , (. Zhrt 2007), , , , . 463, , , , . , , . , , . 446 . 5 , . , .

el

14

Michael Zahrnt4 . Zhrt 2006 . Zhrt 2010. 5 , . Zhrt 1971.

el

, .. 436 . . , , , , 433 , . , , , . . 432 . , 432 431 . 429 , , . , . , 424 , , . , 423/2 , , . , . , 413 399, , . , .

6 . tzpuls 1996 . 469 .. . Muller . 7 . Zhrt 2006b.

15

, . , . . . , , , , : , , , , . , , , . , . , 399 .. .3 399 359

el

: (Crey 1983, 260) 399359 , . . . , . , 393 .. , . , . 380 , . , 382 , , . , , .

16

Michael Zahrnt

el

, , , . . : , 380 .., , , , . , . , 343 370 . , , . 375 . , , , . 370 , . , , , , 380, , , , . 370 . , , , . . 370/69 , . . . , , . , , .

8 . tzpuls 1985.

17

, . , . . . , . . . , , , . , . . 369/8 . , , . 368 , . , . . , . 365 . , , , . , . , . , , . , , , . . 361/60 . ,

el

18

Michael Zahrnt9 : Ellis 1976 Cwkwell 1978 Griffith 1979 tzpuls & Lukpulu 1980 Brdfrd 1992 d 1994 Le Rider 1977, 1996.

. , . , , . 4.000 .4

el

, , , , . , , . : , 382379 , (371) . 357 355 . : , . , 356, . , , , 360 , , . , 350 . : 358 . , , . , , 350 , , , . , . , , . 356 , .

4.1

10 . tzpuls 1991. 11 Cllrt 1937. 12 . Griffith 1970.

19

357 . , . , . , , . , . 356, , , , , . . . , , , , . 355 , , . , , . : 353 , . : 352 , , . . . : , , , . , , , , . .

el

20

Michael Zahrnt13 . Buckler 1989 d 1937. 14 Begts 1975, 318 ..

el

: 358, . 355 , . , . 354 . 353 . , . . , , . 352 , . , . . , . . , , , , . . , , . , 348 , . 349 . . , . 352 , . . 346 , , .

15 . Begts 1975, 312 .. 16 Mrkle (1974) Ellis (1982), 346 ( ) . ( ) , . 17 . Wst 1938 Ryder 1994.

21

. , , . , 346, , , sttus qu. . , . : , . . , 346 . . . 345 , 344 . 343/2 , . , . , , , , , , 342/1 . , . . 346, , , , . . , . , 344 , . :

el

22

Michael Zahrnt18 . Zhrt 1983.

el

. , . 344/3 346. . 343 , , . 342 . , . , , , . . : 344 , 343 , , . , , , . . , . . . 340 , , , , , , . , , . 340 . . , , . , . , , . .

19 . Rebuck 1948.

23

. , , . 339 . , , , , . . . , . : , , 479. . , . , , , , , . , , . . 339 , . , , , . , 338 . . , , : , , , . . .

el

24

Michael Zahrnt20 . Schitt 1969, 1 ..

el

: . 346 , , . . , , , , . , , , , . . , , . , , , , , . , . , . , , , . . . . : , . , , , , . , . , , , . , . . , , , , . . .

21 . .., Griffith 1979, 619 .. Ellis 1976, 11 . 1992 Cwkwell 1978, 111 ., .

25

, . . : , , , , . , . . , , . . . , 348. , . 4.2

el

. 346, . , , . , , 346, , . , 346 , , . . , . . (380) , ,

26

Michael Zahrnt22 346 . 16.60.5 . , 99104 . , 119 .. , 6.1.12.

el

. , , . 370 . : 346 , , : ,... . . 380, 2 , , (, 142149 3.6.914). , . 4 . ( 10.000 ) . 380 . , , , : , 352. , . , , , . 352 346, , , . . . , , , . , , . 353 5.000 , . , ,

23 21. Ellis 350 , Cwkwell Griffith . . Errigt (1981) , . , , , . Buckler (1996), , , . .

27

. . 350 . . , ( ) , . 352 , . . . . , . , . , , , , , . 351 , . 350 . : , , , . , , . , . , , , , . ,

el

28

Michael Zahrnt24 . Schitt 1969, 3 .. Jehe 1994, 139 .. bckgrud f the iterstte reltis durig the 4th cetury . Perl 1985.

el

. . , , . , . , . . , . . , . , , . , , . , . . , , , . , ( ), , . 337, , . , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , . ,

29

, . , , . . , , , , . , . . , , , , . , , . . . , 350. , . . . 336 10.000 . , 336. : 334 , , , .

el

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rthur Muller

:

1

: , , . : , , , ( ), , , , . . 5 , , . 4 , , , , . , (Grd Tur), Grd ), , 17 19 . , L euzey, 1861. 1827 , 1912 . , , . , . , 1977, . ,

el

32

Arthur Muller

el

, , , , , . . , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , .2

, , . , , . , , . , . , , , . , ,

2.1

:

33

. . , , , . 2.2

, , , , . . , 432 , . , . , 9. (30 ), 5. (17 ). 35,60. (120 ) . , , , . . 4 , 348. ( 5.2.13) , 4 , 5 , , . , (. 3.3.2) . , . , 110 150., 9. , 15. . , 47., 6., , 9., . , , (. 4). ,

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34

Arthur Muller

(. 3.2), . , . , , , 315 . . 2.3

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2 .. , , , ( 10.4.1) . , . , , , . (300 100 . ), 4 . , , () . , , . , , ( ) . , . , , . , . . , ( 28,5.), , . 336, . .

:

35

, ( 7), . , , . . . , . , . , , , , . ( 26.) , , . , , . 4 , , (47 36 .), , ( ), ( ) ( ). , (), , , . . , 4 . , , (). , . , (2 .), , . 2.4

el

, . , , . ,

36

Arthur Muller

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. , . 22., . , , . , , , , . 2 , . , . , , . , : , , , . , , , . 2.5

, , , , . , , . , , , , . . , , . , , . , (. 300 ..),

:

37

. . , , , . , , . , , , , , . ( ) . ( ). , 357 . (2,2 .) (7,5 .) . (5 .). , , , . , . (4.103 108) (422 ..). , . .3 :

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, . , , : . (), . , . ( ), ,

3.1

38

Arthur Muller

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, . , (300..), . , , , , . , , 4 . . , , , . , , , , . 3.2

. 1950 . 2.000 3.000.. . , . , , . , , . 4 , . , , , , , . , , (pus sectile). pus ). , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , ,

:

39

, , . . , , . , . . , , , , . , , . , , . , , , . . . (5.) . , , , . 3.3

el

, . , , , , , . 3.3.1

, (), , . L euzey, 1891 20 . , , , , . (104,5 88,50 . 9.250..)

40

Arthur Muller

el

. , 44 44 ., . , , . , , , . , (. 300 ..) . , , , , , . , ( 6 .) . , , . ( 10 .), , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , . 4 . , , , , . 3.3.2

, , , (. 2.2) . ( . 60.000 ..) , . , , 14

:

41

. , . ( 2 .). ( 154 .) , ( 15 .) . , , , (35 30 .) , ( 22 12 . 12 .), . , , , . ( 50 .) , . () (7 5 .) . , , . 4 3 . 3.3.3

el

, , , , . , . . , , . , . , , , .

42

Arthur Muller

4

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4 . , , , , , , . , , . . , , . , , , . . , . , , . (, , ), . , . , . , , , , . . , , . , 4 , () , . , , . , (, ),

:

43

, , () . , , , . . , . (, ) (, , , [. ]), . , , , . , . . , , . . , (262 238 .). , , , . , , , . , , . . , , . , , , , : , , [ ], ( 7.12.6). , , , .5

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, ,

44

Arthur Muller

, . , . , , . 5.1 ()

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() , , . , . . , , . , , . ( ) (4 4 .) . . (. 350 ..) , . , 110 . 12 13 ., , . (3,50 2,10 ., 3 .) , , . , , . . , , . , 340 , . 1962 , , , , . ( 3 2 .) 330, , (. . 5354 ), , .

:

45

, 76,6 . ( ), . , , , (, ). , 4 . . , , . (. 300 ..) (4 2 .). , . , . . , , . 5.2 :

el

, . , . , , . , , . , , , , . () . , , ( 947d-e). , . , .

46

Arthur Muller

el

, , , , . , . , . , , , 4 4 3 , 2 . , , , . , , , 4 . , . , , , . , , , , . , . , , , . , . 5.3 : 5.3.1

, . , 1987, . (. 10,7 7,7 7,9 .), . ,

:

47

. . , (5,51 4,48 ., 5,8 .), : , , . ( 2 .) . , . . 340 , . , , , 1977, . ( 5,5 .) , , , . ( 1,1 .) , , (, , ) , . , ( ), , . , . (4,50 3,3 .) ( 4,50 .), ( 5,3 .), . , , , . , (, , ), , ( , , ). , , , , . . , . , ,

el

48

Arthur Muller

el

. , , . , , , 336 . . , , . . , . , . , , ( ) . , ( 24.) , . , . , , 310 . , 1938, , . , . , , , , . , , (4,56 2,5 .) ( 4,56 .). ( ) ( ) . , 300 .. 5.3.2

( ) 19 2004 ,

:

49

. , . , 1954, , . (4,82 4,90 ., 5,26 .) , . , (6,50 2,12 ., 7,70.), , (8,68 8,60 .). , , , , . : ( ) ( ), , ( , ), . , , . . . , , . , . 4 . . : , , . , . , ( ). ich , 19 , . . 3 . , , , , (3,92 3,05 .),

el

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Arthur Muller

. . . , , . , . 3 . 5.3.3

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, , 20 . . , 1994, . ( 3 .) . , , . , , . , , . , , , . , . 4 . 5.4

4 2 , . , , , . . 63.., . 3 2 . , . , , , .

:

51

6

, . , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , 4 , . , , , , . , , , . , .

el

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Emilio Crespo

1 11 Juli Mdez Dsu . 2 , , , ( ), , (. 8.137139). , . 3 . 4 tzpuls (1996, 2 ., 1518) : , , , . , , .

, 5 4 .. 4 .. (360/59338 ..). 20 , . (. tzpuls 2006, 16 ..). , , (. Ris & Wrthigt 2010). 1986 (. , . 287), , , Brixhe, Dubis, , Mss .2

el

, . , , . 5 .. . , .

54

Emilio Crespo5 . Tstsglu, Prssglu & ureure es 2006 Berb 2004 2005. 6 , 3 .. 7 437 .., (. 4.106.1). 8 . se & Nielse 2004, 1356 .. 9 1999, Mkedisch Der Neue Puly, Trersprche . , .

( 4 . ..) . : , 140 , .3

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, , , (. 9.4 ) . (, , , , , ), (, , , ), (, , .), (), . . , .4

1986 , , (Restsprche), Restsprche), ), . , 400 .. , , . , , . () . (SEG 31.649, . 480 ..). 4 ..

10 . Brixhe & Pytu 1988. . tzpuls 1996, 2 ., . 5 (, 345): , , , . 6 (, 330): , , , , , , . , 4 .. .. IG 12.2 526 (, 336 ..) , (. Rhdes & Osbre 2003, . 83) . 156 (, 334 ..) () ( ) (. Rhdes & Osbre .., . 86). (357/6 ..), , , (SIG 194 tzpuls .., 2 ., . 40 Rhdes & Osbre .., . 49). 11 d (1994b) . 12 7 , . 13 . , . 287. 14 , (7.323b) , . (IG 10.2.2.1.36, ) s , . tzpuls 2007b, 233 .. 15 ( ) , (. Mdez Dsu 1985, 389394).

55

. 5 .. 8 7 .. (. . 2), . , (. 1992). , . (5.22, 8.137139), . , (2.80.57, 2.81.6, 4.124.1) ( 1324b) , . ( 108 154), , ( ). , ( 24, 31, 308) . , , , , , , . , , , , , (. 5.24). , (31.29.15) , .5 1

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, 1986 1993 (. 1993 Vutirs 1996, 1998 Bull. pigr. 1994, 413 Dubis 1995 ONeil 2006). 4 .. . : : , * *a a [i] [u] [e] []: [e] [e]: [ig] > [i]: : , , [t], , [st]: .

56

Emilio Crespo16 , .

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/t/ [d], (. 5.3 ). a a , : , () : , . . . . . , . (. Mdez Dsu 2007b 6 ), . .. , . . 5.1 [i] [u]

(. . ) [] [u], . , , . , Brixhe (1999, 47 ..) . 5.2 > [gi]

> [gi] . 5.3

, Dubis (1995) , . (IG 1.89, , 423/2 ..)

17 , , . 8. 18 () . . 26. 19 . 8. 20 . 1993 Bull. pigr. 1994, 385 Brixhe 1999, 42 .. Pytu Tritphyllpulu 2007b.

57

. : (. 72), , (. 61), (. Mss 1998 tzpuls 2006, 43). tzpuls (1987a 2006, 42) ( ) , . (. ) (. SEG 27.277 Bull. pigr. 1977, 269 1984, 250). , . , . tzpuls (2007a, 167176), . elly (2007, 196 ..), , , 5 ..6

el

. . () , 5 .. [] ( -, ). - -. . () 4 .. (. Curber & Jrd 2003). (. 1) , (. 7) (. 10), . (. , & 1997 SEG 47.885, 3 . ..) : , [] > [a], . Mdez Dsu (2007b) (. Mdez Dsu ). , dez dez , . (.

58

Emilio Crespo21 IG 1.89 (, 423/2) , . tzpuls 1996, 2 ., . 62 ( 4 . ..). . tt zpuls .., 79 (, , . 350300 ..). (SEG 49.750, , , ) : , , , . 22 , . 23 . Lexicon of Greek Personal Names [LGPN] IV. 24 shibbleth Mdez Dsu (2007b, 284).

), , (. 1.281, 9.2) .7

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. , , . . . . tzpuls (2000, 103), : 1 , (.. ) (.. ) 2 : , 3 : (), (), ( , ) 4 , (.. ).8 , , , ,

4 .. .. , , , , . , . shibbleth, shibbleth, , . (. 1993): (SEG 35.798, , 4 . ..), (SEG 35.775, , . 350 ..), (SEG 35.804, , 300275 .., ). tzpuls (1987a) , , , , , . (. Ppzglu 1988). (SEG 40.541, , . 350300 ..). (. Mss 1984 tzpuls 2007a, 171). , , (1.281) (. ) .

25 29247 (= ): , . 26 tzpuls (1987 2006, 42) () ( ) (. SEG 27.277 Bull. pigr. 1977, 269 1984, 250). () (), , . [ ]. 27 Lejeue, (preyciee) . 28 . 29 ( ), , , , ( ), , [] ( ) .

59

: , , . : , . 657, , 303, () 108, , , 433, . . , , . (IG 13.89.64, , 423/2 ..), (5.3). , (. Mss 1998, 118). [][], . , 5 .. , (. tzpuls 2007a, 170 elly 2007, 212 ..). , , , , , . , 352350 .. (. tzpuls 1996, 2 ., . 88 357 ..)9 , , , ,

el

( retscher ), , (*b > b, *d > d, *g > g). b , d , g ). , , , , (*b > p, *d > t, *g > k) . retscher, . . (1993, 28), . , : .. (SEG 39.567a, , , 5 . ..) (SEG 54.612, , , 4 . ..) (SEG 2005.682) (SEG 50.264, , 5 4 . .. . SEG 47.944).

9.1

60

Emilio Crespo30 (. 5.3). 31 (. Brixhe & Pytu 1994, 199), . 32 . IG 11.2.137, , 313302 145, , 302 .. 154, 296 .. Ttki 1998, 339 tzpuls 2007, 171, . 79 . EKM 4, 223 .. SEG 54.603.

, , , , . , , , . , . 9.2

el

Brixhe & Pytu (1994b), Brixhe (1999) (2001, 322 .. = Pytu 2007, 433443) , . . , . (7.73), , . 5 , , . : edes *deh , , ( ) ( ) *ber . , . . , , , , : . . tzpuls (2000, 2007a . Dubis, Bull. pigr. 2000, 210 elly 2007) (EKM 4, 223 .. . SEG 54.603), .

33 *g (.. < *seig, < *gi, < *ger, , < *ge, *g). 34 , t (thrs ) ts (), dke (). . Lejeue 1972, 30. 35 Grss (*trp > *hk > ) (. Lejeue 1972, 56 ..).

61

, [e]. . , , , *g- [e]. e]. ]. *ge > *ke , ge ke [e] ( , .. e-qe-t [hekts], qe-t [kts], . .), , , (. Dubis, Bull. pigr. 2000, 210 elly 2007, 213 t tzpuls 2007b, 230 ..). , : 1 : *b, *d, *g, *g > p, t, k, k 2 [e()] 3 , , , , . . *geb(e)l- . . . gebl (. Chtrie, DELG s.v. ). , . * . * . , : 1 : *geb(e)l- 2 : kepl 3 ( Grss): kepl 4 , : kebl(s). , . . , . . .

el

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tzpuls (1987b, 2000, 2006, 2007a) B, , , , , . , (, ) (, ) . , , , , , : 1 (b, d, g > , , ) 2 (p, th, k > f, , ) 3 (f, , > , , ).el

9.3

Brixhe (1999, 58 ..), , , 1 .. (. Lejeue 1972, 55, 61). (. Lejeue .., 54 ..), . , , . , (5.3), tzpuls, 4 .. . , , . , , (//, //, //) , /d/, (/l/, //), . /b, d, g/ [, , ] . , , , : , , (. 6 ) ], [ (IG 1.89.72, 423/2 ..). , . tzpuls (2000, 115 ..), . , : (= *), (= ). , 5 . (. elly 2007, 196 ..).

36 , , (. Fergus 1959). () . Fish 1967.

63

, , , , , , . , . , . , . , : , . . . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . (. , 51.6 14.11), , (. 3.32) (. 17.101.2). , , . () [diglssi], . (Curtius 6.9.3436, 6.11.4), .

9.4

el

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Emilio Crespo

10

el

, . , , , . , . 5 .. . , 4 , , . , , , . 168 .. . , . , , (7.7.8), () ( ).

37 . SEG 48.847 (, , 6 . ..). 38 (. , 27.5).

.

Julin Mndez Dosuna

:

1 1 , . . Alcrc Als Diz . 2 , , (Sw 2006, 117 118): . , ( ) , .

. , , , ( ). ( ), 4 .. , , , (. Pytu 2007 ). : . : .. . ( ), ( ), . ( * = . . , 2.22c), ( .) ( = . , , . ). : , , , . , , . ( , . , . 287), . 380350 .. (SEG 43.434 . 1993 Vutirs 1996, 1998 Dubis 1995) ( ), (. 5.2 ). , .

el

66

Julin Mndez Dosuna3 Clvi (1999, 279) . 4 (edie) . 5 (IG 11.2.161.102, 186.5 ., 278 ..). 6 4 () 2001 2002, 2007. 7 . (SEG 37.590, 23, , 189 ..). * (). , ( 29248 [= ]), , , , /p/ ( ): , , [ , , : ]. 8 (IG 3.89.72, 423/2 ..;) . . 9 . (SEG 55.600.2, [ ], 3 . ..). 10 /p/ /b/ [] [] [f] [v]. f] ] v]. ]. [f] [v] . f] ] v] ] /d/ d/ / .

, . Clvi (2007, 2010), , Adrds (2005, 3637), rrcks (2010, 79 122, . 1), . .2 ( )

el

( ) (*b, *d, *g). , *b, *d, *g /p t k/ ( , , ). , , , *b, *d, *g /b d g/ ( ). , d, g , b / .. . vs. . B ( ) (< *ber), . vs. . (. ), . vs. . ( < *bhu-sl) vs. . . , . (t tzpuls 2007), . (. tzpuls 1987, 1998, 1999), , (1896, 1911) (1992, 1992b). *b, *d, *g > /b d g/ , *p, *t, *k : . .. (= ), (. ), ( ), (. ) . (Lut verschiebug) : *p,*t, *k *bh, *dh, *gh *b, *d, *g /p t k/ /ph th kh/ (/f x/ ) /b d g/ (~ [ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) > > >

/p t k/ ( ) ~ [b d g] ( ) /f x/ ( ) ~ [v ] ( ) /b d g/ ( ) ~ [v ] ( )

, 5 4 ..: .

11 , ( Tedrss (1974) ) , . 12 (. tzpuls 1999, 235 2007, 162, 165, . 1). . 13 . . . f- > . h > : . ft > . hd ['aa] . 14 : . robot dbil [r'd'deil] / ( voz dbil ['b()'eil], abad dbil [a'ba()'eil] ). 15 Alcrc Als Diz, Ls Pls Gr C Cri, .

67

, (SEG 35.775 , 350 .) , . 6 (Dubis 1995, 195196). Dubis (tzpuls 2007). , , , / () , : , , ([ls], [te]) ( /b d g/ , . Mdez Dsu 19911993 2009, 8284). . . , , : . [pte] > . ['pe()de]. (__, R__, __R) __, R) ) . : . > . ct > ['kd] > . cd ['ka] . ptre(m) > ['pde] > . pdre ['pe] fther > Lt. Stephus (ph = [f]) > . Esteb [es'te] > . Rphus > . rb ['ra] . trifliu(m) > . trbl ['tel], . , tel], el], el], l], l], ], (. ptre > . pdre) : prte > prte , ltu > lt , syphi ( . *supi) > . zpa , , z zfa . , /v /, (.. /'i/ vs. /'di/), di/), /), ( ) [ ] /b d g/: .. dis ['djs] , el dis [el'djs] u dis ['u'djs] l disa [l'js] , a Dis [a'js] pr Dis [p'js] . . . [t]: pt ['pd] (), uchch [u'dd] ( . ['pt], [u'tt]). /p/ pt (sdhi), .. la pt [l'bd]. l'bd]. 'bd]. bd]. ]. /p t k/, la pt [la'bd] [la'aa] la bt [la'd] [la'aa] lvd [la'aa] (.) ( . [la'pt], [la't], [la'aa] ). . , . , , /p t k/ > /b d g/, /f x/ > /v / . , .

el

68

Julin Mndez Dosuna16 , , , , : . . pce > . pke / bke (Michele 1977, 238240, 529 ..). 17 . , IG 9.2.325B.6, (, . ), . 18 o , . 19 . tzpuls 1991, 3843, . 7.5, , 357 .. 20 , . . / . - . - h; . Sw (2007, 177178) // > /a/, - ( . / ), Sw ( ). , Sw , // > /a/ . , . ( . h > h > .

el

(sdhi), .. , T [hverek], [hdrevls]) hverek], hdrevls]) verek], verek], k], k], ], ls]) ls]) s]) s]) ]) , . , (< ). (tzpuls 1999, 239 2007, 165, 170) (.. , ), /m/: . * > , *- > . ( [phi ]). , , . . , ( ) (.. ) . , (tzpuls 2007, 171) , (, ) . (, ). . , p, t, k v, d, g (Rhlfs 1966, 194, 199, 205): . . *puperu > . pver , . Episcpu > vescv . epte > . ipte , . pe > . pe . ptre > . pdre , . strt > . strd . prtu > . prt , . vit > vit . spic > spig , . pcre > . pgre . urtic > . rtic , . icu > . ic . , , . (2008) . , , . . * - (. . ), . - < *hbr(e)u. : (*) (*). *b, *d, *g, (tzpuls 2007, 172) : K- (. ) , . K- / , *b, *d, *g ( Grss), .. *gebl > . *kepl > [kepl] () > [kefl] () > . [kevl] (). . , . , . , *g.

23 ( . -[tth] . -- [tt] ). (tzpuls 2007, 173) , . , . k, g, k ( q) , . 24 . (, ). 25 Brixhe (2010, 65) . 26 [st]. /t/ /s/, , s/, /, //, [st] (Lejeue 1972, 47, . 7. 110, . 8 Mdez Dsu 1985, 333394).

69

*-. *ge > *ke > [pe] > [fe] > [ve] ke > pe . (.., 239 240) -, (. ): .. (. < ), , , . . . (< *ket), ket), ), , ke > * > / . Brixhe (Brixhe & Pytu 1988, 1994b Brixhe 1999 Pytu 2007, 439). Brixhe (1999) (. tzpuls 2007 ). Brixhe , . , . ONeil (2006, 205) . : , . , , . ONeil Neil Neil : *b, *d, *g , . /b d g/ , . , . ONeil (. ) . 8. /d/ ( ) * / * ( ). ONeil .. , .3

el

(tzpuls 2007b) . (< *hek) *ki > [ki] > .

70

Julin Mndez Dosuna27 .w .j (. > > *. j > *.j > . Mdez Dsu 1994). [w], . . qu > . cqu ['k.kw]. 28 (SEG 49.846.2, 2 . ..), (SEG 49.847, 2/1 . ..), [] [] (SEG 49.849.23, . 1 . ..), [] (SEG 49.850.1, . 150200 ..), [] (SEG 49.851.1, . 150200 ..). , SEG, . 29 Tab. Heracl. 1.63, 69. 30 . *ts (< *ds) *tw (Mdez Dsu 1991, 3233): h (. ) SEG 17.442.4 (, 550500 ..;) (. ) SEG 19.628.3 (/, 550500 ..;). 31 . (. 6).

el

, : . *kis > (. ) (). , , . , /k/ . . /t/ . . () ( *) . , (< *hekw), (< *hek) ( * < *luk), *k > , . , , . , / , - -- / --. , -- / -- . , , , , . ( /) . tj --. ()/()o. ()- (< *edj) + (< *her) () ( ()- + < *wrw ). tj > t- >t > tt . () / ()o t. , , : / t > tt t tt (Mdez Dsu 19911993), Mdez dez dez () tt > tt . , *thj (76 . ..), . , (. , ), . Buck 1955, 70. , : ; , ([s] > [z]), /f x/ (. tzpuls 1991, 3843, . 7.19, , 357 ..) (. = ). , -- . . , , Brixhe, -- , . tt > tt , t tt , / [tt] > [tt] *tj tt] ] tj j j j j / [tt] > [tt] > [ss] ().

32 /y()/ > /u()/ . Mdez Dsu 1993c, 117120.

71

4

. (< -) (. -, . ) , . (SEG 36.556, , 350300 ..). : .. : (. 2), (. 4), (. 4, 6), (. 6) . - (< -) (. -, . -): (. 1), (. 2). (2008, 236, 240) : (< ) vs. [ili'ci] (< . ), (. ), [il'tus] (. . , 17.9 = . ), d ['zd] ( zd] ] ( ) (< * . , ). , . (= ), (IG 10.700.1, , 2 . ..), (SEG 2.436.79, , . 198 ..). . , . . /u()/ .. /y()/ ( 1993, 11 Pytu 2007, 438 Brixhe & Pytu 1994b, 213 Brixhe 1999, 4749). , (2008, 236, 240) [u] [i] (< ): [a'ustus] , (. [a'ists]), [ku'xtir] (. . / , ), ['frut] (< . . * - , . > ['frii]). /u()/ u()/ ()/ . , [y], ([y] > [u]) ([y] > [i]). , y] i]). ] ]). , [u] (Newt 1972, 1923): . [us'tci] ( , -), [ku'luri] ( , , ), ['fusk] ( ). : [y'ek] > [uek] ( [i'ek]). y'ek] 'ek] ek] ] uek] ek] ek] ] i'ek]). 'ek]). ek]). ]). , .. [cy'li] > [cu'li] > [tu'li] > [tsu'li] ( [ci'a]). /k/ // [y] . I E O Y 4.3 4.2

4.1

el

72

Julin Mndez Dosuna33 (Vutirs 1998, 89) L> > E, I. 34 . , (Vutirs .., 9). 35 (.. , ) (. ). /e/ /i/, /E/. , E/. /. . (Mdez Dsu 1993c). 36 , , . = . . () , (. ) . , **. 37 (1993, 15, . 55) , : .. : : = : x. .

el

: (. 3) , L (. 3) , (. 3) (. 6) . (1993, 14) E , .. (185 ..), (2 . ..;). /e/ /i/ /e/ /i/ /r/. Dubis (1995, 194) e, ei i . , . 6 /e/ () /i/ (). (. e/ EI>) / >) i/ I>). / >). 1993, 10), : (= ) (SEG 37.583, , 352/1 ..) . I ( ) (SEG 40.542.8 17, , 359336 ..). , , . (1993, 1417 Pytu 2007, 438) , // > [] ] ] : (SEG 36.626.22, 323303 ..), ( 4 . ..) (tzpuls 1988), (Vuli 1948, 165, 341 Gr Tplic, 212 ..), . = (SEG 37.583, , 400348 ..), Brixhe (1999, 47) tzpuls (2007, 164) 4 .., . . ONeil (2006, 197) , . , Brixhe (1999, 4551) tzpuls (2007, 169) /e/ //. , , . Brixhe (.., 5051), , /e / /i u/: [pe'i] > . [pi'i], [p'li] > . [pu'i]. : . , , , . , /e/ //: .. = , = , . , // /e/ (.. = ) /e/ (< /ei/) /i/ (.. - = ). Brixhe (1985, 366 .., 370371 Brixhe 1999, 50) Grca R (1987, 126128 tzpuls 2007, 169)

38 . . ( , , , , ) /i u/ () /e /: ['er] , [pe'i] . pe'i] 'i] i] ] / .

73

/e/ // , , . (. ) /e/, : , > , > j, j (Mdez Dsu 19911992,1993, 1993b, 2002). // > /u/ . , *wosn (. . ). . , ., . (tzpuls 1988, 45). tzpuls , , (25 . ..). Brixhe, / . , . , (Newt 1972, 189 ..). / , /i u/ : ['eie] ['ei], ['e]. : , > [i'tri] > [ma'tr] , ['pd]. , [i] : [i'tri] > *[i'tr] > ['tr], i] ] i'tri] 'tri] tri] ] i'tr] 'tr], i'tr] i'tr] 'tr] tr] ] 'tr], tr], ], ['eie] > ['ei], ['emi]. , (Vutirs 1998, 9, 23) , . . , E O . 1. Brixhe (2008) // () [] () / O>) / >) E>) >) . , , (: IG 10.296, , 2 . ..) ( , IG 9.2.791, ) : (. , SEG 36.548.4, , 3 . ..), (. , .. . 4), (. , .. . 11), (. , SEG 37.494.10, , 3 . ..), (. , .. . 12), . , Brixhe . 4.4

el

74

Julin Mndez Dosuna39 Brixhe . (. cses ppuyes). . , Brixhe, (SEG 36.548.21), ([epip.t]) ([epit.t]) . (IG 9.2.1233.1, 2, , 3 . ..). 40 Brixhe (20 2001).

el

. Brixhe : - > - , .. . (tute cse p tute ppuyte): /j/. Brixhe : ( !) . // [] / / // > /u/ ( /e/ > /i/;). , i/;). /;). [] > [] () [] > [u] (/ ] ] ] u] (/] ] ) . [] > [] > [u] (, , [e] > [] > [i]) . Brixhe . yd ( ). (Mdez Dsu 2007, 367377), : > . ['de], > [i'te], > ['e], > ['ale], > [cu're]. cu're]. 're]. re]. ]. , //. , // /e/ , : . . . (SEG 36.548.19) (.., 20) , > ['tp], > ['tp] , > ['erif] , > ['uk]. , // .5

. . (Vutirs 1998, 2034 Dubis 1995 Brixhe 1999 tzpuls 2007 Pytu 2007 ONeil 2006 2008). (. , . 287) : 1 .. : (. 2), (. 4), (. 4, 6), . 2 - 1 : (. 1), (. 2)

5.1

41 Brixhe, ONeil , Neil Neil . . . , , . . . , . . , (< . . *hjd + k te). .. , , , (., ., . . . Ruijgh 1996, 402, 424, 490). , (. , SGDI 2171.1112, , 10050 ..), (Cresp 1993). Wckergel * , * (. Mlis Tejd 1992, 337338, . 28). , , ( .. , ) . 42 Dubis (1995, 192) : ( /) 43 , ( 104bc) (= o) . (. 895). 44 , , . > , , . 45 Alcrc Als Diz : , : , [] (IPArk 15A.33 49, . 360350 ..). , Brixhe, , , , , ( > ) . 46 , - : (IG 9.2.257.4, , 5 .).

75

3 ( ) ( ): (. 2) 4 (= .. ) 5 -: (. 3) 6 > (. 2), (. 7) 7 : (. 3) 8 : (. 8). 15 . [u()] (. 4.2) u()] ()] , . 23 , . . . . - . . - , . , . 45, . (, , , ). 78 . Brixhe (1999, 45) : 1 , -- *-ms *sm (*, = . , ), A -- : . (. 4), (. , . 5). , (5 . ..) (. 29 Orth = PCG 29), (7.323b) , . Clvi (1999, 279) , (2007b, 234) IG 10.2.2.36.2 ( , 23 . ..), * , (. . , ., . , .. < *krs , ). 2 Brixhe (. 3) ( ). ONeil (2006, 197) , , , Brixhe, - (Mdez Dsu 1985, 473 ..). . (1) (.. > /i/) (2) i/) /) [u], , (2008, 231235) u], ], : 3 /w/ () [v], w/ / v], ], : ( ), , , (< *) , , . (. ) ,

el

76

Julin Mndez Dosuna47 . 48 . 49 : [] , . 50 . 51 . Jseph 1997, . 52 .

el

* (. Z ). , . (= , . SEG 41.575, , . 350250 ..), (= , . EAM 1.94a.2, , 21 . ..). 4 /a/ (< /a/) /u/ (< /:/) : [vt'ru] + (< * . mare ), o [vt'uru] ( . o, ) [r'kut] r kut , * * ( ), [ur'kut] . (= ). ., . vs. . , . (;) vs. .. , . , , , . [] [u], ] u], ] ], , . , * * . , : , . , *. , (, . 74) , . [a] (. ) . [u] . [a] , , (llegr): . , , , . , , . (.., 235236) : 1 /er/ > /ar/: ( ) [pr'p] < * < (. , ), *, * (. ). 2 /r/ > /ar/, /re/ > /ra/: , < * < * < (. ). , . , /er/ > /r/ er/ r/ / / (Buck 1955, 2324 Mdez Dsu 1985, 395412): . . , , (. , , ), . , (. ). /er/ > /ar/

53 e__a > a__a. /e/ , . 54 - , - . . Sw (2009) . 55 ( 2003) . . . Mdez Dsu 2007b 2008, 53. 56 . 57 , 4 . ( , ) * . 58 - 4 . Vtter (1995) , , , . - [] (3 . ..) - [] (2 . ..) . 59 -o (, ) -: [i] > []. - : -o ([i] > [i]) () - ([i] > [ei]) (). . -o, . Lejeue 1941 -, . Mdez Dsu 2007, 367377.

77

, : , > [ara'], . , . /r/ > /r/ ( r/ r/ / r/ r/ / /r/ > /ra/) . , : 1 *ke > : . . - (. ), . . , . 2 : . . , . . ( ) ) < *-. 1930 4 .. (, & ., . 2493A, , 871). (Mdez Dsu 2007b, 283284). : , [] ; , , ; : (. 1), (. 2, 3) vs. .. , - (. 1) vs. .. : (. 3). : (. 1), (. 2), [] (. 3) (. 3) 4 (//) (/i/) i/) /) : , , , . *dj, *gj > (. 1), (. 3) . , . > (. 3) vs. . . 3 . (. 1), (. 3) . , -. - (, . 2) . -. : (//) (//) (. 1), (. 1), (. 2), (. 3) EI (/e/) (//) > (. 3) . - (, . 2) . - ( ) 3 . (. 1), (. 3) . ( ), . 5.2el

78

Julin Mndez Dosuna60 , -o 3 .. (. Mdez Dsu 1985, 413 ..). 61 yd , . Mdez Dsu 1993b. dez dez (Mdez Dsu 2008, 7677).

el

, (. 1), (. 3). , . , yd ( > > ) . , . . , . , (Mdez Dsu 2008, 6869). , Lhte (2006, 91, 4 . ..) (. 1), (. 2), (. 2), (. 4) .. (. 1), (. 2), (. 3). , . . *, . . , . , . , . , , , . , .6

, . , : /p t k/ [b d g] /f s x/ [v z ] .

.

Introduction

Georgios K. GiannakisThe geerl chrcter f the lguge f the kigd f ciet Mcedi d its relti t Greek hs sice tiquity bee the subject f debte, fteties clred by tesi, seties cducted t ecessrily strictly scietific gruds, but geerlly schlrly criteri hve previled. The debte revlves rud tw i theses: e schl f thught hlds tht Mcedi is idepedet IdEurpe lguge (e.g., O. ller, G. Meyer, M. Vser, d thers); the secd schl f thught believes tht Mcedi is prt f the dilect gegrphy f Aciet Greek (e.g., G. N. tzidkis, . , d thers). A sht f the secd psiti is represeted by uber f schlrs wh hve bee wrkig the tpic durig the lst tw r three decdes d hld tht Aciet Mcedi belgs t the NrthWester dilect grup, with clse ffiities t the Dric grup. The i difficulty i tcklig the prble f idetificti f Mcedi is the frgetry teril, which csists f c. 150 glsses, pprxitely 200 prper es (thrpys d plce es), crpus f epigrphicl teril writte i Attic kie but with certi survivls d/r ifluece fr the spke lguge f Mcedi, d uber f refereces i ciet uthrs. wever, the chieveets f histricl liguistics d dilectlgy f Aciet Greek durig the lst three decdes hve uch ctributed t the clrificti f the issue f the lguge f the ciet Mcedis. T the se ed f crucil iprtce re ls the fids f rchelgicl excvtis i the re, the study f which hs dded iterdiscipliry tuch t the whle tter, fct tht ects the iterpretti f the liguistic teril s well. The studies i the preset vlue represet the ccuulted kwledge f fur schlrs wh specilize i the study f the lguge d culture f ciet Greece, f Mcedi i prticulr. As required by the ture f the tpic, their pprch is iterdiscipliry. The first study fcuses the histry f ciet Mcedi up t the elleistic perid, the secd study exies the rchelgicl fids, the third study tckles the issue f the phillgicl dt d the liguistic p f Mcedi, wheres the lst chpter fcuses the exiti f the lguge issue. The c feture tht fuctis s the uifyig thred fr ll fur essys is the bjective study f the relevt issues by fur uthrities i the study f the lguge, the histry d the rchelgy f ciet Mcedi. The i fcus f the vlue is the relti f Mcedi t Aciet Greek, re specificlly its psiti withi the dilect gegrphy f ciet Greece, ert supprted by evidece fr the ctiguus disciplies f phillgy, histry, d rchelgy. Prfessr Zhrts essy gives utlie f histricl fcts whereby Mcedi bece ledig pwer, ily durig the reig f Perdiccs, Philip, d Alexder. I this study e fids histricl utlie f the begiigs f the kigd f Mcedi bsed the ldest refereces by ciet histris, ily erdtus d Thucydides. The tw histris were t tht distt fr the fcts they re reltig, d their vyges red the with filirity with the cditis d the fcts theselves i the regi. Furtherre, i their wrks they ke excursus the lder histry f Mcedi: i erdtus (8.137.) the fudig f the Mcedi kigd, d i Thucydides (2.99) but its evluti up t the Persi Wrs. The tw histris exie the erly histry f Mcedi i the frewrk f referrig t evets f the histry f Greece i geerl, fr, s they believed, the evets i the tw res were relted t e ther. Zhrt tlks f the expsi f the Mcedi kigd s well s its reltis t bth the eighbrig tis d t the Atheis, especilly durig the Pelpesi Wr. The essy clses by etiig Philips ert t uite the Greeks i their c ert t luch excursi gist the Persis, s decided i the Cgress t Crith (337 BC), d filly the pssig f the ledership t his s Alexder, wh ws t fulfill his fthers pl t puish the Persis, the ld eey f the ellees. I su, the essy prvides the geerl histricl bckgrud withi which Mcedi ce it histry, ws rgized d evlved it gret wrld pwer f tiquity; it ls prvides the frewrk withi which e shuld red the rest f the essys f the bk.

80 Georgios K. Giannakis

Arthur Muller discusses the rchelgicl evidece, which pits t picture siilr t tht fr ther regis f Greece, s fr s the city plig, the teples d scturies, d the beliefs f the Mcedis twrds their ded d the like re ccered. I Mcedi the istituti f kigship survived till quite recetly, fct tht ers the resercher the pprtuity t dcuet with specific evidece the structure f the kigd f Mcedi, d t the se tie t be ble t ke re plusible hyptheses with regrd t this istituti i prehistric Greece. As ted by Arthur Muller, fr this ecessrily icplete verview we derive t the se tie the sese f filirity, f dierece, d f the rigility f Mcedi uets. By the ter familiarity we refer t the fct tht ll relevt fetures re Greek, ely the frs d their expressi, fr city plig d resideces, scturies d tbs t teril prducti i geerl [i] the custs, wy f life d beliefs tht culd be cected with these uets, d [i] religius prctices d buril custs. As fr the feture f difference, he refers t the fct tht i Mcedi e ls eets certi fetures which re cpletely bset fr Greece f the citysttes, e.g., the plces, eril grves, d the curt rt, ll f which re sscited with the istituti f kigship, sethig tht i the rest f Greece ws give up fr erly perid. Yet, this dierece is lwys trslted it lguge with exclusively Greek types, ideed lguge chrcterized by zig cherece, sice the rchitecture f the fcdes the plces d Mcedi tbs is essetilly ideticl, s is the wll decrti f plces, ristcrtic resideces, d uetl tbs. Filly, with respect t the feture f originality, the uthr clis tht 4thcetury Mcedi hd t siply brrwed fr the ther Greek citysttes frs d dels but i st cses its ctributi t their further evluti ws crucil. Recet studies shw tht Mcedi hd y ivetis tht i the pst were sscited with ther ceters f tiquity, such s the cstructi f lrge residetil cuities tp f elevted res, lrge cldes i public buildigs, cpsite rchitecturl style, the structurl style i huse decrtis, d the pictril style i the sics. I certi istces, like pitig, Mcedi is the ly plce tht preserves such style. Muller ccludes his study by sttig tht future reserch will reffir the specil psiti f Mcedi i the study f civilizti f ciet Greece. The fidigs f Arthur Muller prve t be f specil sigificce fr the iterpretti f the liguistic teril, which is ttepted i the ext tw essys f the vlue. This fct supprts the view tht, s i the cse f the rchelgicl teril, the Mcedi lguge t is clsely relted t Aciet Greek s e f its dilects. The ext tw chpters tckle the issue f the lguge f Mcedi. Mre specificlly, withi phillgicl frewrk, Prfessr Eili Cresp discusses the liguistic stte f ciet Mcedi, ccludig tht Mcedi is dilect f Greek

with specil cectis t the NrthWester Greek dilects, cclusi tht fids further supprt i the lst essy by Juli Mdez Dsu. Eili Cresp ers geerl evluti f the lguges d dilects which, directly r idirectly, re ttested i ciet Mcedi i writte dcuets f the 5th 4th ceturies BC. Accrdig t the uthr, the liguistic picture tht eerges fr the exiti f these dcuets discvered i the gegrphiclly ultivried but pliticlly uified regi f Mcedi pits t liguistic sic csistig f lcl Greek dilects d t lest e re IdEurpe lguge. With regrd t this IdEurpe lguge Cresp tlks f liguistic dstrte, which is ttested ly i se glsses i Greek texts f the re, s well s t tw r three phlgicl fetures tht rther pit t Phrygi d Thrci. Furtherre, it is pssible tht ther lguges were ls used, such s Illyri, which hve t bee preserved i texts r i refereces by ciet uthrs. Filly, se freig thrpys etied i texts f Greek writers, pit t spekers f Phrygi, Thrci, d Illyri. Prfessr Cresp is f the pii tht the ukw IdEurpe lguge ws still i rl use t the tie f the first writte texts i the 5th cetury, d we y ssue tht it ws preserved isfr s its trces i the pruciti f Greek re visible i Greek texts. O the ther hd, the lcl Greek dilects used i the citysttes tht were ccessed by the kigd f Mcedi were grdully replced i the writte lguge by AtticIic kie, perhps eve t erlier tie th i ther Greek territries s es t cpe with the cuictive eeds durig the id4th cetury. The lcl Mcedi dilect, which ws st likely ever used s the lguge f stte dcuets, cesed t be used fr writig privte dcuets s well, s it ws superseded i ll fuctis by AtticIic kie. The dispperce rte f the lcl dilects ws ccelerted durig the R cquest f Mcedi i 168 BC, while the rle f AtticIic kie ws further stregtheed. It is durig this perid tht the rl use f the lcl dilects d f the ukw IdEurpe lguge fded. As result, these lcl lguges disppered cpletely, wheres the lst referece t the Mcedi dilect i the rl speech ces fr the erly prt f the Christi er whe Strb (7.7.8) reprts tht se () Mcedis were biligul (), i.e., they spke the kie d the lcl dilect. The lst essy by Prfessr Juli Mdez Dsu is creful d detiled lysis f the liguistic teril tht speks i fvr f Mcedi beig dilect f Aciet Greek (the s clled elleic ypthesis, s he tes). The lguge hs y fetures i c with the NrthWester Greek dilects. Dsu ges discussig ll the evidece i supprt f his view, e.g., ciet testiies with regrd t the Greek idetity f the Mcedis, the glsses fr esychius Lexic (5th c. AD), like . (AG ), . ), (AG ), .

81 Introduction

(pssibly * = G ; cf. Mced. fr AG ccrdig t Plutrch 2.22c), ( s.) (perhps = Attic gll, bile, eric i itesties), , (perhps fr ) , r , , etc.; thr ) , , thrpys like , , , , etc.; iscriptis, with the st sigifict the curse tblet f Pell dtig t c. 380350 BC. I his study Dsu ers idepth d fully dcueted lysis f the vilble evidece d its specil chrcteristics, ily fr the pit f view f phetics d phlgy, prvig the clse cecti f Mcedi t the rest f the ciet Greek dilects. Of curse, Mcedi ls shws certi phetic fetures tht dier fr ll ther Greek dilects, e.g., the vicig f the viceless stps /p t k/ t [b d g] d f the viceless ctiuts /f s x/ t [v z ], lthugh with regrd t this pit e culd thik f siilr chges tht tk plce i ther dilects f Greek lter , i.e., the pruciti f /b d g/ s ctiuts [v ] rther th s viced stps, suggesti first de by G. Bbiitis severl yers g. I cclusi, the fur essys f the bk help i decisive wy i clrifyig the idetity f the lguge f the kigd f ciet Mcedi. The histricl evidece, the rchelgicl fids lg with eleets f culture, tgether with the phillgicl d liguistic teril dubt plce Aciet Mcedi g the dilects f Aciet Greek. Mre prticulrly the lst tw essys by Eili Cresp d Juli Mdez Dsu, wh lyze d discuss the liguistic evidece, clssify Mcedi g the NrthWester Greek dilects with strg siilrities t the Dric grup. Whe the histricl, rchelgicl, phillgicl, d ther relevt evidece ligs with the liguistic evidece the fil utce is uch re cplete d fuller picture, sethig tht is the i f this vlue d, hpefully, the ed result f the cbied evidece f the essys i it. I wish t thk Prfessr I. N. zzis, Presidet f the Cetre fr the Greek Lguge, Prfessr Atis Regks, Directr f the Liguistics Divisi f the Ceter, fr their ethusistic edrseet f the prject f the ciet Greek dilects d their cstt supprt, the trsltrs f the texts, d the persel f the Divisi f Liguistics f the Ceter, especilly Mri Arppulu, Mri Chriti, stti Gkpulu, A Lichu, d teri Zi fr their ssistce editril tters d the preprti f the texts fr publicti, s well s fr the verll hdlig f the pprprite pperwrk with respect t the successful cpleti f the prject. The preset vlue hs bee pled s prt f the Acti Aciet Greek Dilects f vitl iprtce fr the ctiuity f the Greek lguge d the culturl trditi A dcuetti prject fr the supprt f the curricul i the Uiversities Deprtets f Lguge d Literture, which is ipleeted thrugh the Opertil Prgre

Educti d Lifelg Lerig f The Miistry f Educti d Religius Airs, Culture d Sprts, d is cfuded by the E.U. (Eurpe Scil Fud) d by Ntil Resurces (NSRF 20072013). We re therefre grteful t the Miistry fr selectig this prject s prt f its develpet plig.

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Michael Zahrnt

The history of Macedonia in the pre-Hellenistic period*

1 Introduction*All dtes i this rticle refer t BC ge. 1 I ctrst, tdy there is csiderble uber f histries f Mcedi, f which ly se re etied here, pririly the st recet: Geyer 1930; d 1972; d & Griffith 1979; Skellriu 1982; Errigt 1986; Brz 1990, 1999. 2 Fr ssesset f bth texts d dditil surces ccerig the erly histry f Mcedi see Zhrt 1984.

Thugh histries f Mcedi were writte uerus ccsis i tiquity, e f these hve ce dw t us. As rule, ifrti but Mcedi durig the perid befre Philip II ws pssed ly whe it r its rulers bece ivlved i Greek histry geerlly r whe they hd dipltic, ilitry, r se ther type f reltis with specific Greek citysttes; withi this ctext, histris hd the pprtuity durig their exiti f Greek histry t csider Mcedi s well. This hppeed t greter extet fr the first tie durig the ge f the Persi Wrs, whe Mcedi twice ce uder Persi ctrl, the Persi ig Xerxes twice rched thrugh its territry, d the Mcedi ig Alexder I ws frced t tke prt i Xerxes cpig gist Greece. Mcedi ce gi ppered the Greek hriz whe durig the Pentekontaetia the Athei vl stte expded t its brders d clshes bece ievitble. Filly, y liks with Greek histry resulted durig the Pelpesi Wr, prticulrly its first hlf, whe ilitry pertis were cducted chiefly i the Chlcidice peisul d eighbrig regis, d whe the Mcedi ig Perdiccs II sided ltertely with the Atheis d the Sprts. We we ur st vluble ifrti the ciet histry f Mcedi dw t the ed f the 5th cetury t erdtus d Thucydides, the frer histri f the Persi Wrs, the ltter f the Pentekontaetia d the Pelpesi Wr. Neither uthr ws chrlgiclly frreved fr the evets they were describig; by virtue f their trvels they were sehw filir with the cditis i the regi, d i their wrks they dded digressi the erlier histry f Mcedi: erdtus (8.137.) the fudig f the kigd f Mce .) ) Mced, d Thucydides (2.99) its evluti dw t the Persi Wrs. er erdtus tk as his strtig-pit the rrtive f a issi f ig Alexder I f Mced t Athes i the sprig f 479, d Thucydides beg fr the descripti f the icursi f the Thrci ig Sitlces gist Mcedi i lte fll 429, which tk plce with the Atheis cset. erdtus d Thucydides exied erly Mcedi histry, strtig fr descriptis f evets i Greek histry, sice fr bth histris evets i the tw regis were itercected. erdtus etis three brthers, descedets f Teeus (d thus f ercles, s f Zeus), wh left Args d rrived vi Illyri i Upper Mcedi i erdtus, this ter deted the re betwee the Pieri Mutis d Mt. Olypus. There they etered service s shepherds i the curt f the lcl kig. Whe the kig expelled the t lg fterwrds, fter crssig river they ce t ther prt f Mcedi, where they settled i the

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Michael Zahrnt3 O Mcedi durig the perid f the Persi Wrs see Zhrt 1992 d 2011.

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fthills f Mt. Beri er the sclled Grdes f Mids. They cquered this regi, d with it s their bse they cquered the rest f Mcedi. The yugest brther, Perdiccs, bece the fuder f the dysty. This histry f the fudig f the Mcedi kigd tkes us t the re rud the lwer lic, which erdtus csidered t be the regi either side f the river, which he clled Makedonis. ere the rther slpes f the Pieri Mutis, the existece f Aege, the first cpitl f the Mcedi kigd (i.e., derdy Vergi with its rewed tbs), hs bee cfired fr se decdes w. It is here where the prcess f frig the Mcedi kigd beg fr the id7th cetury BC. Iitilly the Mcedis cquered Pieri suth f the uth f the lic, fllwed by Bttie, which exteded rud the Theric Gulf s fr s the Axius. They the crssed the river d cquered the plis re s fr s der Thessliki. Thus they previled thrughut the etire Theric Gulf regi; filly, shrtly befre the ed f the 6th cetury, they ls cquered the eighbrig regis t the west d rthwest, viz. Erde d Alpi. Erde exteded westwrd beyd the uti rge tht eclses the cetrl pli. Its cquest de pssible expsi twrds Upper Mcedi, where ly Lycestis, Orestis, d EliEli ei, regis surruded by utis tht hd their w rulers. The extet t which they belged t the kigd f Mced depeded the pwer f successive cetrl regies. I y cse, these regis wuld ly ce uder the rule f the Mcedi kig fter the filure f Xerxes expediti. 2 Early history of Macedonia The erliest begiigs f Mcedi histry rei shruded i drkess. Our first relible ifrti ccers the ge f Persi dice ver Eurpe territry. I 510, the Persi geerl Megbzus cquered the rthrth er cstl regi f the Aege d ccepted thrugh dipltic chels the surreder f thekig Ayts I. Thus Mcedi, still wek d cfied t the pli rud the Theric Gulf, ce uder Persi diti withut fight, t ll pperces s vssl stte uder the gverce f the lcl dysty. The first kig ws Ayts I, wh c. 496 ws succeeded by his s Alexder I, uder whse rule the cutry succeeded i thrwig the Persi ylk fr uber f yers, sice the Ii revlt hd iterrupted reltis with Persi vssl d subject sttes i the Blks. Durig this perid f free Mcedi, specificlly i 496, erdtus etis tht Alexder I ppered i Olypi. Appretly Alexder ws the first Mcedi t prticipte i the Olypic Ges, hvig first bee cpelled t prve his Greek descet. Fur yers lter, freed ws lredy thig f the pst, sice fter the suppressi f the Ii revlt d the recvery f the regis either side f the strits f the ellespt, the Persi geerl Mrdius ppered with bth ld d se frces t reestblish Persi rule s fr s the brders f Thessly. Thus were creted the presuppsitis fr the cpig f Xerxes (480/79), i the curse f which Persi ld frces, fter rchig thrugh Thrce, et up with the fleet tht ws silig lg the cst t There (the re f derdy Thessliki). Alexder ws csequetly frced t c ccpy the Persi ry, d thus we fid Mcedi sldiers d their kig fllwig the Persi ry util the Bttle f Plte. But whe the Persis were defeted t Plte d their survivig frces withdrew fr Eurpe, Alexder ppers t hve defected fr the Gret ig, first turig gist the Persis wh were i retret d shrtly therefter ccupyig

The history of Macedonia in the pre-Hellenistic period4 Regrdig these evets d their descripti by Thucydides see Zhrt 2006, s well s Zhrt 2010 fr the iprtce f Mcedi i the utbrek f the Pelpesi Wr.

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Ee di (the lter Aphiplis), which s util the hd bee uder Persi ctrl. There he tk s y sldiers s prisers f wr, tht by sellig the s slves he ws ble t cstruct gilded sttue which ws set up i the teple prtic f Delphi, where there were ther dedictis by sttes f ild Greece d Sicily i ery f the Greek victries t Slis, Plte, d ier. Appretly the Mcedi kig, wh hd fr but yer bee the side f the Persis, succeeded i giig cceptce t the grup f Persi Wr victrs. e ls ged t persude erdtus tht he hd lwys bee secret supprter f the Greeks. The picture prvided by erdtus f this fried f the Greeks the Mcedi thre exerted lstig ifluece, d resulted i Alexder hiself wh i his tie hd cllbrted with the Persis cquirig the epithet Philhellee, i ctrst with the ther Alexder, wh fught gist the Persis d ws lter clled the Gret. Alexder t ly tured gist the retretig Persis; he ls cquered the regis betwee the Axius d the Stry, ely Cresti, Mygdi, d Bislti. This very quickly brught hi it cflict t ly with eighbrig Thrci tribes, but with the Atheis (cf. Zhrt 2007), whse vl stte fter Xerxes filed cpig icluded lrge uber f Greek cities lg the shres f the rther Aege. I the Stry re i prticulr, the Atheis hd bece disgreeble tgists, fr they hd set their sights the frest welth i the cutrys hiterld required fr ship cstructi, s well s the ies lcted there. Oe f the few pieces f ifrti we hve fr this perid is eti tht fllwig his retur fr Thss i 463, the Athei geerl Ci ws ccused f ctig gist Athei iterests, sice it ws presued tht he ws bribed by ig Alexder t t explit the pprtuity fr further cquests i Mcedi, thugh this wuld hve bee esy tter fllwig the victry gist Thss. It is ls sigifict tht few yers erlier, the Athei plitici Theistcles, wh hd bee strcized d cdeed t deth i bseti, fud refuge t the curt f the Mcedi kig fter fleeig Athes. Furtherre, the Mycees wh escped fr their held i the wke f Argive ttcks, ged t settle i Mcedi uder Alexders prtecti. is s Perdiccs, fllwig his fthers exple, ls received, i 446, the isties, wh were expelled fr their held t Eube by the Atheis i 446. Whe Alexder died i the id5th cetury, he hd ppretly t sufficietly esured the successi g his five ss, g wh Perdiccs II ppered s successr, while i the fllwig perid tw f his brthers pper exercisig pwer i dieret prts f the Mcedi kigd. Athei ttepts t settle clists lg the Mcedi brders ctiued d ideed ejyed prtil success, s e.g. i 436, whe Aphiplis ws fuded the lwer Stry. This city ctrlled pssge crss the river as well as the rute it the hiterld. wever, whe the Atheis gt t the pit f supprtig iterl rivl t Perdiccs, his brther Philip (wh ruled the re rud the Lwer Axius, fr which he ws lter expelled) s well s Derds f Eliei, Perdiccs blished the llice he hd ccluded with with the Atheis durig the first yers f his rule d i 433 pursued cllbrti with disgrutled Athei llies i the Chlcidice the e hd, d the ther with Sprt d Crith, which fter its defet i Crcyr (Crfu) ws seekig revege. Ad i fct, i the fllwig yer the Mcedi kig ged t icite the Crithi cly f Ptide the isthus f Pllee, the ihbitts f Bttie further rth, st f the Chlcidis wh dwelt i Sithi, d lrge uber f ild cities, t revlt gist

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Michael Zahrnt5 O this issue s well s further reltis betwee the Mcedis d Chlcidis cf. Zhrt 1971. 6 O urbis i Mcedi cf. tzpuls 1996, especilly p. 469. the iprtce f Archelus. See ls Muller i this vlue.

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Athes. Thrughut the etire wr he de ld vilble fr settleet i Mygdi t thse Btties d Chlcidis wh revlted. Thus the Atheis fud theselves i 432 fcig t ly the Mcedi kig, but ls thse f their llies wh hd revlted, icited by Perdiccs. stilities s fcused recverig the cities tht hd revlted; teprry greeet ws chieved with the Mcedi kig i 432, d llice ws fred i 431. But s erly s the suer f 429, Perdiccs ws secretly sedig thusd Mcedis t Acri t supprt the Sprts. The Atheis bece wre f this d s i the fllwig witer icited the Thrci kig Sitlces gist the Mcedi kig; Sitlces ivsi i Lwer Mcedi ws utter filure. The chief ctributi t svig Perdiccs belged t the cvlry f Upper Mcedi. Fr the ext fur yers Perdiccs ws left i pece by the Atheis, wh hd the udertke pertis ther fields f bttle. The victries they chieved clled frth fer, hwever, s i ccert with the Chlcidis Perdiccs icited i 424 the disptch f Pelpesi frce t the rther theter f wr. e ws pririly iterested i receivig ilitry supprt gist Arrhbeus, the ruler f Lycestis. Ideed, Perdiccs twice ged t prpt his ew llies t itervee i Upper Mcedi, thugh withut the successful utce he hd hped fr, d s i 423/2 he ce gi etered it trety with the Atheis, which he itied fr but five yers, util he ce re teprrily w ver Athes rivls. A siilrly questible plicy may hve erged bth the Atheis as well as the Sprts, thugh i regrd t Perdiccs we shuld ber i id tht he eeded t ly t defed hiself gist the Atheis, but ls t cfrt erts t gi idepedece by the rulers f Upper Mced. It ust ls be ckwledged tht he ged t successfully eu euver his wy betwee wrrig prties d thus preserve t csiderble extet the idepedece d territril itegrity f his kigd. Fte reserved re frtute perid f rule fr his s d successr Archelus (413399), sice fllwig the Sicili disster pressure by the Atheis hd cesed. Reltis with the Atheis were t ce reversed, sice the ltter depeded Mcedi tiber fr shipbuildig. Archelus essetil iprtce durig this perid ws i the field f destic plicy, ilitry refrs, d culturl spirtis. Thus, he t ly prted the estblishet f cities i Mcedi d hsteed the extesi f its rd etwrk, but ls ebrked the frti f hevilyred iftry. At the se tie, he secured d prtly exteded the budries f his kigd. is culturl plicy ws especilly tewrthy. T be sure, Pidr hd lredy cpsed eciu t Alexder I d ideed it is presued tht the pet hd resided fr tie i his curt, just s Melippides the dithyrbist f Mels d ippcrtes f Cs lter sjured t the curt f his successr, Perdiccs II. Mcedis substtive itegrti it Greek culture, hwever, ws wed t Archelus. e etrusted the decrti f his plce t the utstdig piter Zeuxis, d ivited uerus Greek pets t his curt, icludig the epic pet Cherilus f Ss, the usici Titheus f Miletus, s well s the Athei trgic pets Agth d Euripides, wh iter li prduced his trgedy the Bacchae there. Filly, t Archelus is wed the estblishet f gystic d usicl ctests, the Olympia, which hecefrth tk plce s til Mcedi ctests t Di, i the fthills f Mt. Olypus. I the fil yers f his reig, Archelus successfully iterveed i Thessly behlf f the persecuted ristcrtic fily f the Aleude, relized territril gis, d secured his ifluece i Lriss. Ad s the presuppsitis fr further expsi f Mcedi pwer were lredy give whe Archelus ws ssssited i 399.

The history of Macedonia in the pre-Hellenistic period7 O Ayts III cf. Zhrt 2006b.

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3 Macedonia during 399 359 A Aeric cllegue stutely bserved: Mcedi kigs teded t die with their bts (Crey 1983, 260), d ideed the yers betwee 399 d 359 were rife with turil d disputes ver the thre, by res f which Mced ws uble t reti the psiti it hd chieved uder Archelus. It ws ly i the secd hlf f these frtydd yers tht there were se itervls durig which Mced t ly ged t cslidte its pwer desticlly, but ls t preset se pwer i freig irs. We shll w shw whe d h