Analog VTR

47
JICA Engineering Course JICA Engineering Course JICA Engineering Course JICA Engineering Course JICA Engineering Course JICA Engineering Course JICA Engineering Course JICA Engineering Course Training Material NHK-CTI 2007 Training Material NHK-CTI 2007 Analog VTR Analog VTR Aug.20.’07 Aug.20.’07 JAPAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION JAPAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION Broadcast Master Control & Engineering Division Broadcast Master Control & Engineering Division Broadcast Engineering Department Broadcast Engineering Department Shiho Shiho Morooka Morooka

Transcript of Analog VTR

Page 1: Analog VTR

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Analog VTR Analog VTR

Aug.20.’07Aug.20.’07

JAPAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION JAPAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION

Broadcast Master Control & Engineering DivisionBroadcast Master Control & Engineering Division

Broadcast Engineering DepartmentBroadcast Engineering Department

Shiho Shiho MorookaMorooka

Page 2: Analog VTR

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AnalogAnalogAnalogAnalogAnalogAnalogAnalogAnalog VTRVTRVTRVTRVTRVTRVTRVTR

1 History1 History2 Basic Mechanism2 Basic Mechanism3 βcam3 βcam

Page 3: Analog VTR

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1. History1. History1. History1. History1. History1. History1. History1. History

11--1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR11--2 2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHKTypical types of VTRs used in NHKTypical types of VTRs used in NHKTypical types of VTRs used in NHK

Page 4: Analog VTR

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2inch-4head

HiHi--Vision VTRVision VTR(((((((( CompositeComposite ))))))))

11111111--------1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR1 Development of VTR

(((((((( ComponentComponent))))))))

(1956)

Helical

1inch(1976)

D-2

(1987)

D-3

(1990)

D-5

(1993)

D-1

(1986)

βcam βcamSP Digital βcam

βcamSX

(1995)

HD D-5

(1996)

HDCAM HDCAM SR

Mpeg-IMX

(2000)

U matic

ConsumerConsumer--useuse

Digital VTRVTRVTRVTR

(1970)

βcam(1981)

βcamSP(1986)

MⅡⅡⅡⅡ(1986)

Digital βcam

(1993)

DVC

(1993)β(1975)

EDβ(1987)

VHS(1976)

S-VHS(1987)

8mm(1982)

Hi-8(1988)

DVCPRO

(1995)

HDCAM

(1998)

DVCPRO HD

(2000)

Digital VHS

(1999)

W-VHS (1993)

DVCAM

(1996)

DVCPRO HD-LP

(2002)

HDCAM SR

(2003)

DVCPRO50

(1998)

Page 5: Analog VTR

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11111111--------2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK2 Typical types of VTRs used in NHK

D3VTR

HDD5VTR

βcamVTR

HDcamVTR

Page 6: Analog VTR

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2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism2. Basic Mechanism

22--1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording22--2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape22--3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan22--4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR22--4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR22--5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Head

22--6 Trouble Tape6 Trouble Tape22--7 Tracking7 Tracking

Page 7: Analog VTR

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・・・・ An electric current in a coil of wire produces a magnetic field.

・・・・ Any change in the magnetic field around a coil of wire will cause a voltage to be

induced in the coil.

Current and Magnetic FieldCurrent and Magnetic Field

22222222--------1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording

Magnetic fieldMagnetic fieldMagnetic fieldMagnetic field

Electric currentElectric currentElectric currentElectric current

coil of wirecoil of wirecoil of wirecoil of wire

Page 8: Analog VTR

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RecordingRecording

The signal current through the core of the

head generates a magnetic field.

The magnetic field creates a remnant

magnetization on the tape.

22222222--------1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recording1 Magnetic Recordingsignal current

Remnant magnetization

the core of

the head magnetic field

tape

ReproducingReproducing

After remnant magnetization on the

recorded-tape pass into the core of the

head , the core of the head induce a

voltage(a current) that is proportional

to the remnant magnetization’s

strength.

Remnant magnetization

signal current

Remnant magnetization

the core of

the head magnetic field

tape

Page 9: Analog VTR

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VTR HeadVTR Head

22222222--------2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape

Head Gap(Front Gap)

An Enlargement of Head Gap

Structure of a Typical Head Design

Azimuth Angle

An Enlargement of a Head

Page 10: Analog VTR

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Magnetic TapeMagnetic Tape

22222222--------2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape2 Head & Tape

BinderMagnetic Powder

Analog VTR Tape

for Broadcasting

Magnetic Powder on the tape surfaceStructure of Magnetic Tape

Digital VTR Tape

for Broadcasting

Magnetic Layer

Back Coating

Under Layer

Page 11: Analog VTR

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The Tape Speed ProblemThe Tape Speed Problem

22222222--------3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan

The audio signal requires a bandwidth of about 20Hz to 20 KHz.

The video signal requires ……… about 30Hz~~~~4.2MHz.(wider than audio)

• Speeding up the tape.The method of recording the video signal is Erase Head Record Head

Audio Player Mechanism

Moving the head past the tape (Helical-Scan)

The solution of the tape speed problem is……

• Speeding up the tape.

• Reducing the gap width .

But even with the minimum narrow a gap, a

tape speed of 2500 ~~~~3800cm/s was needed to

record full bandwidth video!

Page 12: Analog VTR

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22222222--------3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan

The HelicalThe Helical--Scan PrincipleScan Principle

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22222222--------3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan3 Helical Scan

AUDIO R/P HEAD

PINCH ROLLERDRUM

DRUM ROTATION

The HelicalThe Helical--Scan PrincipleScan Principle

VIDEO R/P HEAD

S-REEL

T-REEL

GUIDE POST

GUIDE POST CTL R/P HEAD

CAPSTANERASE HEAD

Physical Relationship between Heads and Tape

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22222222--------4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR

βcam VTRβcam VTR

DrumAudio Head

Full Body Inside from Top

Supply Reel Take-Up Reel

Page 15: Analog VTR

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22222222--------4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR

βcam VTRβcam VTR

Full Erase Head

CTL Head

Capstan

Audio/TC erase Head

Audio Conf. Head

Around Drum Around Audio Head

Page 16: Analog VTR

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22222222--------4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR4 βcam VTR

βcam VTRβcam VTR

Inside from Right-SideInside from Top

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22222222--------5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head

(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)

(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)

βcam VTRβcam VTR

Disposition of Heads View (Upper)

(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec) (Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)

Page 18: Analog VTR

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Tape Recording PatternTape Recording Pattern

22222222--------5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head

←←Direction Of Tape Travel

Audio Track2222Audio Track1111

AnalogVTRVTRVTRVTR

CUECUECUECUE Track

CUECUECUECUE Track

CTLCTLCTLCTLTrack

TimeCode Track

DigitalVTRVTRVTRVTR

←←Direction Of Tape Travel

←←Direction Of Tape Travel

CTLCTLCTLCTL TrackTimeCode Track

Page 19: Analog VTR

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Guard Band RecordingHead Motion

Guard Band

Azimuth RecordingAzimuth Recording

22222222--------5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum5 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head

↑Head Gap

Azimuth Recording θ::::Azimuth Angle

Some Cross-Talks from a adjacent track are reduced by Azimuth effect.

Page 20: Analog VTR

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22222222--------6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape

Lost tracks

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22222222--------6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape6 Troubled Tape

Damaged tracks

Page 22: Analog VTR

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ヘッドオントラック

RFレベル大

トラッキングずれ

ヘッドオントラック

RFレベル大

トラッキングずれ

RF Level

22222222--------7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking

HeadHeadHeadHead On TrackOn TrackOn TrackOn Track

Shifted TrackShifted TrackShifted TrackShifted Track

BigBigBigBig((((Normal)Normal)Normal)Normal)

Tracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RFTracking & RF--------SignalSignalSignalSignalSignalSignalSignalSignal

RFレベル低下

RFレベル小

オフトラック

RFレベル低下

RFレベル小

オフトラック

RFRFRFRF Level

Relationship between Tracking and RF-Signal

RFRFRFRF-Signal

Off TrackOff TrackOff TrackOff TrackReducedReducedReducedReduced

SmallSmallSmallSmall

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22222222--------7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking7 Tracking

The video playback head is mounted on a bimorph, which is made up of two thin

flexible strips of a piezo-ceramic material bonded together.

The strips bend when a voltage is applied across them, and they are mounted so that

this causes the head to move at right angles to the recorded track.

AutoAutoAutoAutoAutoAutoAutoAuto--------TrackingTrackingTrackingTrackingTrackingTrackingTrackingTracking

Auto-Tracking by Play Head

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3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam

33--1 Outline1 Outline33--2 Typical Type2 Typical Type33--3 βcam SP3 βcam SP33--4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab33--4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab33--5 Tape Path5 Tape Path33--6 Rotating Drum6 Rotating Drum’’s Heads Head

33--7 Audio Head7 Audio Head33--8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern33--9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System33--10 CTDM System10 CTDM System

Page 25: Analog VTR

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3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam3. βcam

33--11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking33--12 Maintenance12 Maintenance33--13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter33--14 Adjustment14 Adjustment33--14 Adjustment14 Adjustment33--15 Error Messages15 Error Messages

Page 26: Analog VTR

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Betacam VTRBetacam VTR

� 1/2inch tape in cassette� Analog components recording

33333333--------1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline1 Outline

� Analog components recording

� CTDM system

� Guard band-Azimuth recording

� (Auto Tracking Play Head)

SONYSONYSONYSONYSONYSONYSONYSONY BVWBVWBVWBVWBVWBVWBVWBVW‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐7575757575757575

Page 27: Analog VTR

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33333333--------1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)1 Outline(Notes1)

In 1970's, ENG began to become the main stream in the news covering , but 3/4 inch Umatic-

VTR was lack of mobility because of not being separated the video-engineer from the

cameraman .

Then we looked forward to the appearance of the combined camera with VTR.

In 1981 , Sony announced Beta Cam format installed VTR with camera which was based on

consumer Beta-VTR with a small body and a good quality of the video picture .

A recording-speed to the tape is the same as being used fundamentally with the consumer-VTR,

and for obtaining a high quality of the video more than Umatic-VTR, it is separated a color and for obtaining a high quality of the video more than Umatic-VTR, it is separated a color

signal(C) from the luminance signal(Y) , and is adopted the format of the separate track with

two Heads .

When a NTSC composite signal is changed into the base band of the color differential

signal R-Y and B-Y , Each signal becomes 1.5MHz and 0.5MHz.

Beta Cam format increase that both frequency to 1.5MHz for emphasizing color character.

And after the compression ,each color-differencial-signal is considered that includes 3MHz

because those signals of 1.5MHz are compressed in the time-axis in two times.

In 1987 ,Beta Cam SP (Superior Performance) appeared that performance was enhanced and

developed for the studio-use as well.

(Beta Cam was developed for ENG-use at first.)

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33333333--------1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)1 Outline(Notes2)

Recording and Play Back(Reproduce) time was expanded into about 90 minutes, and the

improvement of the quality of video and sound was achieved by utilizing of the metal video tape

with a compatibility of the conventional Beta Cam.

The Large-size cassette-tape was developed with thickness 25mm ,Length 254mm and width

145mm for recording more than 90 minutes.

There is size of 2.5 times in comparison with the standard cassette .

The track pattern of the Beta Cam SP is the same as conventional Beta Cam .

Emphasized FM career by 1.3MHz with a metal-tape , and the frequency of the Luminance signal Emphasized FM career by 1.3MHz with a metal-tape , and the frequency of the Luminance signal

became 4.5MHz (-3dB) and SN ratio became more than 51dB.

A CN ratio improves about 6dB with the metal video tape toward the usual oxidized-iron tape.

And the deterioration of the video-quality by dubbing is decreased by this improvement of the

signal characteristic as well.

The video-quality of the 3rd generation of SP is equivalent to 1st generation of the usual format.

FM-audio was introduced with SP.

Dynamic-Range is beyond 85dB.

Dolby-C is used for the the fixed audio Head as before.

FM audio-signal is recorded in the Low frequency of FM-modulated Chrominance-signal with

frequency-multiplexed.

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33333333--------2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type2 Typical Type

BVW-10 BVW-60 BVW-65PlayBackPlayBack

ONLYONLY

SPSP

DTDT

BVW-10 BVW-60 BVW-65

BVW-40 BVW-70 BVW-75

ONLYONLY

Recording Recording

PlayBackPlayBack

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33333333--------3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP-------- Superior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior Performance (Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)(Notes1)1. High quality pictures using metal particle tape

Thanks to the usage of metal particle tape and the newly developed video head, “Beta Cam SP”

offers a much higher video quality, compared to the original “Beta Cam” format, by improving

signal-to-noise(S/N) ratio, frequency response, linear waveform distortion and fine reproduction

characteristic.

Owing to this improvement, the video quality is highly enhanced and is maintained even after

multiple dubbings.

The high durability of the metal particle tape meets professional standards, especially for the

broadcasting of commercials.broadcasting of commercials.

2. 4 Audio channels

In addition to the two conventional channels of longitudinal (LNG) audio, two channels of

frequency modulated audio (AFM) are recorded on the chrominance track (only when metal

particle tape is used).

The wide dynamic range of the AFM audio enable the unit to handle any unexpected surge of the

recording signal level.

The metal particle tape also gives the LNG audio excellent frequency response and low distortion.

3. Longer recording and playing time

The “Beta Cam SP” format allows a maximum of 100 minutes for recording and playback by

utilizing a large cassette.

In addition, the small(conventional) size cassette tape(maximum 35-minute) can be used.

Page 31: Analog VTR

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33333333--------3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP3 BetaCam SP-------- Superior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior PerformanceSuperior Performance (Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)(Notes2)4. Compatibility with conventional “Beta Cam” VTRs

The BVW-70(P) automatically distinguishes the type and size of cassette tape, and performs

the recording and playback with the appropriate format.

Oxide cassette tapes recorded on a conventional VTR can be played back on the BVW-70(P).

Metal cassette tapes recorded on the BVW-70(P) can be played back on conventional

“BetaCam” format VTRs which has been modified a little.

Characteristics of Video Characteristics of Audio

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33333333--------4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab4 Function of the Cassette Plug and Tab

Oxide/Metal tape

OPEN : Metal tape

CLOSE:Oxide tape

S cassette MISS REC

(for Metal tape)

S cassette MISS REC

(for Oxide tape)

Video tape thickness

OPEN : thick(20μm)

CLOSE:thin(15μm)

Reel hub diameter

OPEN : large

CLOSE:small

Back of a video cassette

Page 33: Analog VTR

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33333333--------5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path5 Tape Path

DrumAudio Head

Audio Head

Drum

Supply Reel Take-Up Reel

Inside from Top

Supply Reel Take-Up Reel

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33333333--------6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Rotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head

YYYY

CCCCCH1CH1CH1CH1(Play)(Play)(Play)(Play)

(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)

(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)

DT HeadDT HeadDT HeadDT Head

Heads View (Upper)

YYYY

CCCC

CH2CH2CH2CH2(Play)(Play)(Play)(Play)

(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)(Play&Rec)

Heads View (Side)

DT HeadDT HeadDT HeadDT Head

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33333333--------6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Rotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating DrumRotating Drum’’s Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Heads Head (Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)(Notes)

Head Cylinder rotates 30rps.

Two Luminance signal Heads and two color signal Heads are stuck to each of the

upper cylinder for ch1 and ch2 symmetrically, And two more Erasing Heads are stuck.

And also from Type of BVW-60, confidential Heads developed for checking the

condition during recording ,then Type of BVW-65 and BVW-75 utilize AutoTracking

Head as confidential Heads.

The luminance and color signal are completely separated and are recorded as two

component signals on each recording track .component signals on each recording track .

The video-quality was remarkably improved without mutual interference of the

luminance and the color ,because of excluding color-subcareer signal.

Though a Luminance signal and a color signal are recorded separately , R-Y and

B-Y signals time-compressed by 1/2 are recorded in 1 scan-line alternately.

The two audio signals are recorded on the top edge of the tape ,and a control

(CTL) signal and a Time Code are recorded on the bottom edge, and they are used for

editing .

The track width of the Luminance signal and the Chrominance signal are both

73µm, and the track width between Y and C signal is 80.5µm .

A tape speed is 118.6mm /s of about 6 times of consumer-Bata.

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33333333--------7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head7 Audio Head

Audio Full Erase(BVW-75)

Audio/TC Rec Haed

Audio/TC Head

Drum

Full Erase Head

CTL Head

Audio/TC Rec Haed

Audio Confidence Head

Blade

CapstanAudio Conf Head

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33333333--------8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern8 Tape Pattern

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Frequency Modulator

Video in(composite)

33333333--------9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System9 Component Recording System

Component Recording SystemComponent Recording SystemTapeTape

Rec AmpDecoder

CTDM

Component in

R-Y

Y

C

Y

C

RF Equalizer

TBC

TBCTBC :::::::: Time Base Corrector

HeadAmp

Frequency Demodulator

R-Y

B-Y

Y

Y

C

DUB in

Video out(composite)

CTDMCTDM :::::::: Compressed Time Division Multiplex

R-YB-Y

Y(component)

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33333333--------9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)9 Component Recording System(Notes)

As the characteristics of Beta Cam’s recording system, it is to record three signals of

Luminance signal, R-Y and the B-Y signal separately.

After adding synchronous signal , Luminance signal is frequency-modulated after

Emphasis and then it is recorded.

Also only one Luminance signal uses one track.

On the other hand , for recording two signals of R-Y and B-Y in one track,two

signals are compressed with the time-axis in each of 1/2.

Then, it is multiplexed in a 1H (line) period, and recorded in one track.Then, it is multiplexed in a 1H (line) period, and recorded in one track.

This multiplex method is being called CTDM(Compressed Time Division Multiplexed

Chrominance Signals).

There are two audio channels and one control track, one Time Code track .

Moreover, FM audio is multiplexed on the Chrominance signal for the hi-fi audio ,and it

is recorded in the Chrominance signal track in Beta Cam SP(not usual Beta Cam).

It's a way to reproduce Luminance signal ,demodulation and de-emphasis.

Since R-Y and B-Y signals were compressed by 1/2 in the recording , then those signals

are needed to be expanded two times one more by CCD-Memory for getting two the

original separate signals (R-Y and B-Y signals).

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33333333--------10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System10 CTDM System

CTDM : Compressed

Time

Division

Multiplex

Two CCD analog line memories are used for

each color differential signals, they write

data in a line , and that data are read in a next

Process of CTDM (For

Recording)

Process of CTDM Decoded (For reproduction)

data in a line , and that data are read in a next

line at a half time of writing.

There are here respectively two sets, and

they are written and read in every line

alternately.

R-Y and B-Y signals are compressed and are

expanded again on the time-axis.

Therefore R-Y and B-Y signals are late

against Y signal for 2 lines , and those

signals need time-adjust during Play Back .

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33333333--------10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal10 CTDM Signal

Two color difference signal R-Y and B-Y are

compressed with time-axis by 1/2 , and those are

collected in 1 scan line.

A synchronous signal called a Beta-Cam-sync is

Luminance

Signal

CTDM : Compressed Time

Division Multiplex

added to the Luminance signal and color signal.

The Beta-Cam-sync is bigger than the usual sync-

signal generally being used.

FM career is high-frequncy so that moire may not

occur again.

It becomes possible by this that it gets the sync-

signal information for high SN ratio at the time of

the Play Back and then relations between the

Luminance signal and the chrominance signal can

be maintained in the high precision.

CTDM

Signal

Page 42: Analog VTR

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33333333--------11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking11 Dynamic Tracking

Y

C

HeadGap Azimuth recordingCheck H-SYNC Timing !

Moving of Head with tape track

Y

C

Y

Ctime lag

mistracking !

Y

Ctime lag

mistracking !

Y

C

Y

C

Page 43: Analog VTR

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Training Material NHK-CTI 2007

33333333--------12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance12 Maintenance

General maintenance1111....The confirmation of the Head use time.

2222....Cleaning of the video/audio Head and the tape path.

3333....Play Back check (with reference tape.))))

・The confirmation of a degree of chrominance astringency with the color bar.

・・・・General maintenance once four months

・・・・A regular manufacturer Overhaul usually once a year

・The confirmation of a degree of chrominance astringency with the color bar.

・The confirmation of the frequency characteristics with the multi-Burst.

・The confirmation of the tracking.

・The confirmation of the audio level and, the quality of sound with 1kHz.

4444....Recording and Play Back check.

・Select the color bar and 1kHz of the test signal for the input signal,

and adjust the input level with that test signal.

・Record that signal and reproduce that signal.

Then, confirm whether there is a wrong point in the video and audio.

・Record the signal with 1kHz and 0VU, and reproduce that signal.

Confirm it with the audio level, S/N, the wow flatter, and so on.

5555....The confirmation of the basic movement of VTR.

The confirmation of the movement and control such as Play Back, Recording,

Forward and Rewind.

Page 44: Analog VTR

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33333333--------13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter13 Digital Hours Meter

Time indicated : We have to increase the number by ten.

T1 T2 T3 CTT1 T2 T3 CT

T1T1T1T1:::: OPERATIONOPERATIONOPERATIONOPERATION

Total time for turning on electricity

T2T2T2T2:::: DRUM RUNNINGDRUM RUNNINGDRUM RUNNINGDRUM RUNNING

Total time for a drum rotating with tape threading

T3T3T3T3:::: TAPE RUNNINGTAPE RUNNINGTAPE RUNNINGTAPE RUNNING

Total time for a drum rotating besides tape touching a drum

in FF, REW, PLAY, SEARCH, REC or EDIT modes.

CTCTCTCT::::THREADINGTHREADINGTHREADINGTHREADING

Total number of times of tape threading and unthreading

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33333333--------14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment14 Adjustment

Check levels of luminance signal and chrominance signal.Color BarColor Bar

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33333333--------14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment14 :Adjustment

Check synchronization of luminance signal and chrominance signal.

Timing is matched.

Bowtie SignalBowtie Signal

Luminance signal is delayed

for chrominance signal.

Chrominance signal is delayed

for luminance signal.

Page 47: Analog VTR

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33333333--------15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages15 Error Messages

ErrorErrorErrorError----1111::::REEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLE----1111

When tape slacking is detected during unthreading or tape breaking is detected

during threading, tape protection operation is done and this message is displayed.

ErrorErrorErrorError----2222::::REEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLEREEL TROUBLE----2222

When tape breaking is detected in REC, SEARCH, FF and REW modes,

ErrorsErrors

When tape breaking is detected in REC, SEARCH, FF and REW modes,

tape protection operation is done and this message is displayed.

ErrorErrorErrorError----10101010::::HumidHumidHumidHumid

Displayed when humid condensation is detected.

ErrorErrorErrorError----20202020::::CASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCKCASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCKCASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCKCASSETTE COMPARTMENT MOTOR LOCK

When cassette up/down operation is not completed, tape protection is done and

this message is displayed.